Готові списки джерел за темами / Decision making rule

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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Decision making rule"

1

Schmitt, Richard. "Methods of Democratic Decision-Making." Radical Philosophy Review 21, no. 1 (2018): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/radphilrev20184385.

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The paper reflects on the methods democratic systems use for arriving at decisions. The most popular ones are elections where the majority rules and deliberative democracy. I argue that both of these do not measure up to the demands of democracy. Whether we use voting with majority rule or deliberative methods, only a portion of the citizenry is allowed to rule itself; minorities are always excluded. Instead of voting with majority ruler or deliberative methods, I suggest that we employ mediation (ADR) to reach agreement in democratic publics.
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2

Ebitz, R. Becket, Jiaxin Cindy Tu, and Benjamin Y. Hayden. "Rules warp feature encoding in decision-making circuits." PLOS Biology 18, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e3000951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000951.

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We have the capacity to follow arbitrary stimulus–response rules, meaning simple policies that guide our behavior. Rule identity is broadly encoded across decision-making circuits, but there are less data on how rules shape the computations that lead to choices. One idea is that rules could simplify these computations. When we follow a rule, there is no need to encode or compute information that is irrelevant to the current rule, which could reduce the metabolic or energetic demands of decision-making. However, it is not clear if the brain can actually take advantage of this computational simplicity. To test this idea, we recorded from neurons in 3 regions linked to decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventral striatum (VS), and dorsal striatum (DS), while macaques performed a rule-based decision-making task. Rule-based decisions were identified via modeling rules as the latent causes of decisions. This left us with a set of physically identical choices that maximized reward and information, but could not be explained by simple stimulus–response rules. Contrasting rule-based choices with these residual choices revealed that following rules (1) decreased the energetic cost of decision-making; and (2) expanded rule-relevant coding dimensions and compressed rule-irrelevant ones. Together, these results suggest that we use rules, in part, because they reduce the costs of decision-making through a distributed representational warping in decision-making circuits.
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3

Sardelis, Dimitris A., and Theodoros M. Valahas. "Decision Making: A Golden Rule." American Mathematical Monthly 106, no. 3 (March 1999): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2589677.

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Sardelis, Dimitris A., and Theodoros M. Valahas. "Decision Making: A Golden Rule." American Mathematical Monthly 106, no. 3 (March 1999): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029890.1999.12005032.

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5

Taylor, Elizabeth, Kelsey Hewitt, Robert A. Reeves Dr, Stephen H. Hobbs Dr, and W. F. Lawless. "Group Decision-making: Consensus Rule Versus Majority Rule." Procedia Technology 9 (2013): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.055.

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6

TANIMOTO, Keishi. "Process of Group Decision Making under Decision Rule." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 21 (2004): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.21.233.

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7

Wang, De Xing, Hong Yan Lu, and Hong Wei Lu. "Rule Acquisition Based on Inconsistent Decision-Making Information System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 1975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.1975.

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Rule acquisition is a hot topic in the field of data mining. And the inconsistent information systems are widespread nowadays. However, rules acquisition methods are always the difficulty of rough set theory application in inconsistent decision information systems; So the paper proposes a new rule acquisition method. Firstly, we use maximum distribution reduction method for knowledge reduction in single decision-making inconsistent information system and then we use decision-making resolution matrix and decision-making matrix function to get the decision rules. Finally, we mine the rules from inconsistent decision-making information systems.
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8

Farhad, Ali. "SCAFFOLDING OF ETHICAL DECISION MAKING." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.4.2/002.

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Ethical guidelines for safeguarding the Human subject were published in 1979 to provide the idealistic groundwork for existing laws prevailing research for human subjects. The guidance and rule in this regards had already been set forth by “Nuremberg Code” and “Helsinki Declaration” but the Belmont Report has done a yeoman service in developing the three basic fundamental ethical rules which are: respect for person, beneficence and justice. Indeed there are many other principles applied in ethical decision making during research but these rules are providing inclusive scaffolding for ethical decision making in research concerning human subjects.
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9

Paraschiv, S., S. Onoprienko, and I. Spasenko. "As for decision making rules based on research results while forensic science activities." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 23, no. 1 (July 27, 2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.07.

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While forensic research, obtained results should be evaluated in order to ensure adoption of correct conclusion regarding the research object. For this purpose forensic experts should use established decision rules to substantiate a statement about conformity of an object or certain requirements, or parameters, or characteristics. Currently, the need to ensure that a decision is made based on results of forensic examination using the concept of decision rules is constantly increasing. Therefore, consideration of the issue of establishing rules for making decisions while forensic science activity at international and national levels is relevant. Relevance of this issue is justified not only by the requirements of ІSO/ IEC 17025:2017 for testing laboratories but by the requirements for the objectivity of expert opinion. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 recognizes that there is no single rule for deciding on conformity. In other words, in a specific situation there will be its own decision making rule. This also applies to forensic science activity. Therefore, this article purpose is necessary for forensic science activity to determine: general guidelines for choosing appropriate decision-making rule; directives for determining the components of decision making rules depending on the object and the task of forensic examination; rules for applying certain requirements to the research results of carried out in accordance with requirements of research methods, research object and the type of quantitative or qualitative research. Thus, this article defines and considers the process of establishing the rules for making decisions, criteria which the rules for m
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10

Novak, Stéphanie. "Decision rules, social norms and the expression of disagreement: the case of qualified-majority voting in the Council of the European Union." Social Science Information 49, no. 1 (February 19, 2010): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018409354473.

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When a group has to make a decision, one can assume that the members’ incentives to state their position vary according to the different decision rules. Decision-making in the Council of the European Union offers an opportunity to study how a decision rule influences the way members of a group state their position. Indeed, in several areas, decisions must be made by qualified-majority voting. But the combination of this rule and of social norms specific to the Council discourages the minority from expressing itself at different stages of decision-making. Decisions seem to be made without opposition at two main stages of the decision-making process: during the plenary sessions, representatives do not vote; according to the official Council records, a high proportion of measures are adopted without opposition.
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Дисертації з теми "Decision making rule"

1

Appel, Jacob M. "Toward a model rule Statutory imprecision and surrogate decision-making for pregnant women." Thesis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1535747.

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This paper seeks to investigate how concerns regarding pregnant women have been resolved by state legislatures when drafting surrogacy and advance directive statues. It also examines two related questions: Have narrow concerns regarding a relatively rare phenomenon had a significant and potentially detrimental impact on overall state policy regarding end-of-life decision making? And what lessons can be drawn from these experiences for understanding future policy battles at the nexus of bioethics and public health?

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2

Yaakob, Abdul Malek Bin. "Multi criteria decision making methodology for fuzzy rule based systems and networks using TOPSIS." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/multi-criteria-decision-making-methodology-for-fuzzy-rule-based-systems-and-networks-using-topsis(8efb475a-4f98-4d5c-846d-f01b01328dda).html.

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Fuzzy systems and networks are vital within the armoury of fuzzy tools and applicable to real life decision making environments. Three types of fuzzy systems introduced in literatures which are systems with single rule base, systems with multiple rule bases and system with networked rule bases. This research introduces novel extension of the Technique of Ordering of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods and uses fuzzy systems and networks to solve multi-criteria decision making problems where both benefit and cost are presented as subsystems. In conjunction, the implementation of fuzzy sets type-1, type-2 and Z-number of proposed approaches is also presented. Furthermore, literatures have observed that tracking the performance of criteria is crucial by controlling the estimation of uncertainty of the criteria. Thus, the decision maker evaluates the performance of each alternative and further observes the performance for both benefit and cost criteria. This research improves significantly the transparency of the TOPSIS methods while ensuring higher effectiveness in comparison to established approaches. Ensuring the practicality and the effectiveness of proposed methods in a realistic scenario, the problem of ranking traded stock is studied. This case study is conducted based on stocks traded in a developing financial market such as Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. The ranking based on proposed methods is validated comparatively using performance indicators such as Spearman Rho correlation, Kendall Tau correlation, Root Mean Square Errror and Average Absolute Distance by assuming ranking based on return on investment as a benchmarking. Based on the case study, the proposed methods outperform the established TOPSIS methods in term of average rank position.
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3

Qua, John F. "Optimum levels of work in process (WIP) for navy field contracting organizations a decision rule /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA241831.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.
Thesis Advisor: Lamm, David V. Second Reader: Caldwell, William J. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 1, 2010. DTIC Identifier(s): Contract administration, decision making, navy, WIP(work in process), backlogs, regression analysis, small purchase actions, procurement, theses. Author(s) subject terms:Decision rule, contracting, small purchase, backlog. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64). Also available in print.
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4

Monene, Malose Samuel. "The rule of law, prosecutorial independence and accountability in a nascent constitutional democracy." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/581.

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Thesis (LLM. (Development and management law)) --University of Limpopo, 2010
This study probes the topical issue of prosecutorial independence in post 1994 South Africa in order to begin to determine how the new democratic constitutional dispensation has and should have affected the independence of our prosecutors. It also explores, albeit introductorily, the intersection of prosecutorial and judicial independence by suggesting that the much vaunted judicial independence in South Africa can prove mythical if prosecutorial independence is not vigorously and unflinchingly championed. The study also looks into what role accountability plays both as a pro and a con for prosecutorial independence within the parameters of the rule of law. Furthermore a comparative analysis of some fellow Commonwealth of Nations jurisprudences is embarked upon with a view to see what lessons can be learned and which prosecutorial approach tutorials are worth bunking. With a critical approach which is historical, contemporary and contextual, the study goes on to marry South African legal instruments, prosecutorial policies and other relevant literary insights to contemporary intersections ,interactions and frictions between law and politics in South Africa. The study seeks to begin to suggest a rule of law based but reasonably accountable prosecutorial approach for this country.
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5

Dörfler, Thomas [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Gehring. "Security Council Sanctions Committees: From power-based to rule-based decision-making? / Thomas Dörfler ; Betreuer: Thomas Gehring." Bamberg : Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120985269/34.

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6

Gao, Quanjian. "An empirical study for the application of the evidential reasoning rule to decision making in financial investment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-study-for-the-application-of-the-evidential-reasoning-rule-to-decision-making-in-financial-investment(bfb64016-55cf-4785-a7ba-4ba8663c755f).html.

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The aim of this thesis is to explore the adaptability of the Evidential Reasoning (ER) Rule as a method to provide a useful supporting tool for helping investors make decisions on financial investments. Decision making in financial investment often involves conflicting information and subjective judgment of the investors. Accordingly, the ER Rule, extended from the original popular Evidential Reasoning algorithm and developed for MCDM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making), is particularly suited for handling conflicts in information and to allow for judgmental weighting on the sources of evidence. In order to do so, a specific EIA (Efficient Information Assessment) process modeled by the mass function of Dempster-Shafer Theory has been constructed such that the underlying architecture of the model satisfies the requirement of the ER rule. The fundamental concern is to define and assess “efficient information”. For this purpose, a process denoted the Efficient Information Assessment (EIA) is defined which applies the mass function of Dempster-Shafer theory. Any relevant information selected from an expert’s knowledge database is “efficient” if the data is fully in compliance with the requirement of the ER rule. The logical process of the EIA model proceeds with a set of portfolio strategies from the information recommended by top financial analysts. Then, as a result, the model enables the ER rule to make an evaluation of all strategies for helping investors make decisions. Experiments were carried out to back-test the investment strategy using data from the China Stock Market & Accounting Research (CSMAR) Database for the four-year period between 2009 and 2012. The data contained more than 270,000 reports from more than 4,600 financial analysts. The risk-adjusted average annual return of the strategy outperformed that of the CSI300 index by as much as 10.69% for an investment horizon of six months, with the p value from Student’s t-test as low as 0.02%. The EIA model serves as the first successful application adapting the ER Rule for a new and effective decision-making process in financial investment, and this work is the only empirical study applying the ER Rule to the opinions of financial analysts, to the best of my knowledge.
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7

Shesham, Sriharsha. "Integrating Expert System and Geographic Information System for Spatial Decision Making." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1216.

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Spatial decision making is a process of providing an effective solution for a problem that encompasses semi-structured spatial data. It is a challenging task which involves various factors to consider. For example, in order to build a new industry, an appropriate site must be selected for which several factors have to be taken into consideration. Some of the factors, which can affect the decision in this particular case, are air pollution, noise pollution, and distance from living areas, which makes the decision difficult. The geographic information systems (GIS) and the expert systems (ES) have many advantages in solving problems in their prospective areas. Integrating these two systems will benefit in solving spatial decision making problems. In the past, many researchers have proposed integrating systems which extracts the data from the GIS and saves it in the database for decision making. Most of the frameworks which have been developed were system dependent and are not properly structured. So it is difficult to search the data. This thesis proposes a framework which extracts the GIS data and processes it with the help of ES decision making capabilities to solve the spatial decision making problem. This framework is named GeoFilter. This research classifies various types of mechanisms that can be used to integrate these two systems.
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8

Elgebeily, Sherif. "Turning the focus inwards : the decision-making process in the Security Council and the international rule of law." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2014. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/97061/turning-the-focus-inwards-the-decision-making-process-in-the-security-council-and-the-international-rule-of-law.

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The United Nations Security Council is entrusted under the UN Charter with primary responsibility for the maintenance and restoration of the international peace; it is the only body with the power to legally authorise military intervention and impose international sanctions where it decides. However, its decision-making process has hitherto been obscure and allegations of political bias have been made against the Security Council in its responses to potential international threats. Despite the rule of law featuring on the Security Council’s agenda for over a decade and a UN General Assembly declaration in 2012 establishing that the rule of law should apply internally to the UN, the Security Council has yet to formulate or incorporate a rule of law framework that would govern its decision-making process. This thesis explains the necessity of a rule of law framework for the Security Council before analysing existing literature and UN documents on the domestic and international rule of law in search of concepts suitable for transposition to the arena of the Security Council. My analysis emerges with eight core components, which form a bespoke rule of law framework for the Security Council. I then evaluate the Security Council’s decision-making process since 1990 against this framework, illustrating where and how the rule of law has been undermined or neglected in its behaviour. I conclude by finding that the Council and other bodies are unwilling or unable to adequately regulate the decision-making process against a suitable rule of law framework, before arguing for the establishment of a Rule of Law Tribunal as a subsidiary organ to the Council under its Charter powers that would be solely responsible for both the regulation of Council practice and judicial review of its decisions.
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Esu, Alberto. "Divided power and deliberation : decision-making procedures in the Greek City-States (434-150 B.C.)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33154.

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This thesis examines the institutional design and the procedures regulating the decree-making in the poleis of the Classical and Hellenistic periods. The main contention of this thesis is that Greek decree-making is to be conceived as the result of a multi-layered system of interaction and delegation of deliberative authority among different institutions: councils, officials, assemblies and lawcourts. My thesis argues, therefore, that decree-making procedures were specifically designed to implement the concept of 'divided power', a value shared by both democracies and non-democratic regimes, and to shape the collective behaviour of the citizens when acting as decision-makers within the institutions. By adopting models from the political sciences, my thesis bridges the gap between institutional approaches to political decision-making and more recent approaches that have stressed the role of values and ideology as key factors to understand ancient Greek politics. Chapter 1 lays out the methodology of the thesis informed by the New Historical Institutionalism. Chapter 2 analyses the practice of delegation of power from the Athenian Assembly to the Athenian Council in order to enact additional measures. The careful study of the delegation-clauses sheds light on the administrative power of the Council by demonstrating that the Council played a proper policy-making role through the enactment of a decree, which was the product of Council's expertise in defined matters, such as religious affairs, foreign policy and the navy. Chapter 3 builds on the findings of the previous chapter, and shows the workings and development of delegation-clauses to the Council in two examples from outside Athens, Mytilene and Megalopolis over the longue durée. Chapter 4 deals with the deliberative procedures of Hellenistic Sparta. The Spartan 'divided power' envisaged that the Gerousia shared the probouleutic power with the ephors who could independently submit the bill to the Assembly. The Gerousia, however, held the power of nomophylakia and could veto the final decree. This chapter shows that divided power and the need of legal stability were addressed by Spartan institutions, but with different results because of the wider powers of officials in the decree-making. This chapter introduces the important issue of the balance between people's deliberation and stability of the legal order, which form an important focus of chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 5 discusses the role played by legal procedure of the adeia in fifth-century deliberative decision-making in the Assembly. This chapter provides a new comprehensive account of this legal institution. Adeia instituted a pre-nomothetic procedure, according to which the Assembly could change an entrenched piece of legislation or decree without clashing with the nomothetic ideology. Chapter 6 examines the relationship between deliberation and judicial review in the Greek poleis. The first section discusses the Athenian graphe paranomon, the public charge against an illegal decree. A thorough analysis of the legal procedure and of the institutional design shows that deliberative decisions were made within the framework of the rule of law and the graphe paranomon enforced this principle. This did not imply an institutional prominence of the lawcourts in the Athenian decision-making. The lawcourts performed an important role in the deliberative process through providing a safeguard of legal consistency by adding the legal expertise of the judges to the general rationale of the decree-making. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to the discussion of evidence of judicial review from outside Athens and the multifaceted role of the Hellenistic practice of appointing foreign judges in adjudicating public lawsuits, and especially in the judicial review of decrees.
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Piroozfar, Reza [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Zillich. "Fuzzy Logic: a Rule-Based Approach, in Search of a Justified Decision-Making Process in Urban Planning / Reza Piroozfar. Betreuer: Klaus Zillich." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021219665/34.

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Книги з теми "Decision making rule"

1

Schauer, Frederick. Playing by the Rules: Philosophical Examination of Rule-based Decision-making in Law and in Life. Oxford: OUP, 1992.

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2

Carrera, C. Investment decisions under majority rule. [Colchester]: University of Essex, Dept.of Economics, 1985.

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3

(Australia), Administrative Review Council. Automated assistance in administrative decision making: Issues paper. [Barton, ACT: Administrative Review Council], 2003.

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4

Die Ausserkraftsetzung der Legalität durch das Opportunitätsdenken in den Vorschriften der [Paragraphen] 154, 154a StPO: Zugleich ein Beitrag zu einer kritischen Strafverfahrensrechtstheorie. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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5

Playing by the rules: A philosophical examination of rule-based decision-making in law and in life. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1991.

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6

Laws, Pennsylvania General Assembly Task Force and Advisory Committee on Decedents' Estates. A health care decision-making proposal: A prudent investor rule ; Other proposed amendments. Harrisburg, Pa. (108 Finance Bldg., Harrisburg 17120): General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Joint State Government Commission, 1998.

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7

(Australia), Administrative Review Council. Automated assistance in administrative decision making: Report to the Attorney-General. Barton, A.C.T: Administrative Review Council, 2004.

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8

Improved Decision-making in Data Mining: A Heuristic Rule Induction Approach to Decision Tree Creation and Model Selection. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2008.

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9

Aaltola, Mika. The rhythm, exception, and rule in international relations: The case of mad cow disease. Tampere: University of Tampere, Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, 1999.

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10

Gunsteren, Herman R. van. The Quest for control: A critique of the rational-central-rule approach in public affairs. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Decision making rule"

1

Catalani, Mario S., and Giuseppe F. Clerico. "How and When Unanimity is a Superior Decision Rule." In Decision Making Structures, 15–29. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50138-8_2.

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2

Zhang, Guangquan, Jie Lu, and Ya Gao. "Rule-Set-Based Bi-level Decision Making." In Multi-Level Decision Making, 251–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46059-7_10.

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Shimotomai, Nobuo. "Decision-Making in the Party." In Moscow under Stalinist Rule, 1931–34, 27–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21607-9_3.

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Hu, Chenyi. "Interval Rule Matrices for Decision Making." In Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing, 135–46. London: Springer London, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-326-2_6.

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Larichev, O. I. "Measurement of Differences in Preferences Expressed by a Simple Additive Rule." In Essays In Decision Making, 168–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60663-2_12.

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Saad, Inès, and Salem Chakhar. "Decision Rule Aggregation Approach to Support Group Decision Making." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 163–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48641-9_12.

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Mazur, Grzegorz. "The Golden Rule and Proxy Decision Making." In Philosophy and Medicine, 115–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2196-8_7.

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Fryc, Barbara, Krzysztof Pancerz, and Zbigniew Suraj. "Approximate Petri Nets for Rule-Based Decision Making." In Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing, 733–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-25929-9_93.

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Yager, Ronald R. "Intelligent rule-based risk modeling for decision making." In The Routledge Companion to Risk, Crisis and Security in Business, 457–67. 1st Edition. | New York : Routledge, [2018] | Series: Routledge international handbooks: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315629520-30.

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Liu, Han, and Alexander Gegov. "Collaborative Decision Making by Ensemble Rule Based Classification Systems." In Studies in Big Data, 245–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16829-6_10.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Decision making rule"

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Pham, D. T., and A. A. Afify. "RULES-6: a simple rule induction algorithm for supporting decision making." In 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2005. IECON 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2005.1569243.

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Grandi, Umberto. "Interaction and Expressivity in Collective Decision-Making." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/816.

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Collective decisions among human and artificial agents can be enhanced by allowing for more interaction among decision-makers and by letting them express more information about their preferences. In this paper I present ongoing research on two settings: iterative voting, which repeatedly applies a voting rule until decision-makers converge to an outcome, and delegative voting on multiple issues.
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Ishibuchi, Hisao, Isao Kuwajima, and Yusuke Nojima. "Relation between Pareto-Optimal Fuzzy Rules and Pareto-Optimal Fuzzy Rule Sets." In 2007 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Multi-Criteria Decision-Making. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcdm.2007.369415.

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Seth, Ashish, and Kirti Seth. "Decision Making through Multi Rule Algorithm: An Extension to 1 Rule Algorithm." In 2012 3rd International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology (ICCCT 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccct.2012.12.

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Chen, Chengyuan, Guorong Chen, and Lixiao Feng. "Multi-expert decision making using rough-fuzzy rule interpolation." In 2016 IEEE International Conference of Online Analysis and Computing Science (ICOACS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoacs.2016.7563054.

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Chen, Chengyuan, and Qiang Shen. "OWA-based fuzzy rule interpolation for group decision making." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fuzz-ieee.2014.6891804.

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LIU, JUN. "SOME CLARIFICATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES OF BELIEF-RULE BASED DECISION MODEL." In Conference on Uncertainty Modelling in Knowledge Engineering and Decision Making (FLINS 2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813146976_0017.

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Herrmann, Jeffrey W. "Decision Making in Course Design." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59047.

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Decision making is an important feature of design. Although engineering design refers to the design of products and technical systems, design activities occur in many other professions, including education. As education moves from teaching to learning, engineering faculty are becoming course designers who make many decisions when designing a course. Although many course design processes have been described, previous work has not considered course design as an interrelated set of decisions. To plan a course, a designer must make decisions. The course designer must select following elements: the purposes of the course, the content, its sequence, the instructional resources, and the instructional processes. These decisions occur at different “levels”: some determine “small” parts of the course (such as the media for one activity), and some determine “large” parts of the course (such as the sequence of topics). This paper, an initial step towards decision-based instructional design, describes the decisions that need to be made to design a typical academic course, the different ways in which these decisions are logically related to each other, and the objectives relevant to these decisions. These descriptions, which focus on the logical relationship between the decisions, do not form a complete course design process. Designing better courses requires selecting better alternatives for the many decisions that must be made. The objectives used to guide these decisions are thus a critical part of course design. These objectives include meeting a specific need in a satisfactory way, using an established rule or heuristic, maximizing effectiveness, optimizing a metric that is correlated with effectiveness, reducing the costs and resources required to develop and offer the course, and maximizing cost-effectiveness. This paper presents a simple model that describes the relationships between the course design, the instructor’s actions, the students’ actions, the initial and recurring costs of a course, the course effectiveness, and the utility (value) of the course. Based on this model, one could formulate a comprehensive instructional design problem: select the course design that maximizes the expected utility (value). Although there may be other factors that should be included in this model and we may currently be far away from formulating and solving this comprehensive instructional design problem, it can serve as a goal to motivate future research. This paper presents a new perspective for understanding course design, and elaborating this view can increase our understanding of engineering education and help those who are designing engineering courses. Describing these steps as decisions is an important step towards helping instructors make better decisions, which can yield more effective course designs and enhance student learning. This paper adds to our knowledge of engineering education by identifying the types of decisions involved and the objectives that can be used to make those decisions.
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Nasrollahi, Pouyan, Shahram Jafari, Mehdi Jamaseb, and Alireza Nikooee. "Decision making of humanoid soccer robots using rule based expert systems." In 2013 5th Conference on Information and Knowledge Technology (IKT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ikt.2013.6620075.

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Yaakob, Abdul Malek, Alexander Gegov, and Siti Fatimah Abdul Rahman. "Decision making problem solving using fuzzy networks with rule base aggregation." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fuzz-ieee.2017.8015423.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Decision making rule"

1

Papadopoulos, Yannis. Ethics Lost: The severance of the entrenched relationship between ethics and economics by contemporary neoclassical mainstream economics. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp1en.

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In this paper we examine the evolution of the relation between ethics and economics. Mainly after the financial crisis of 2008, many economists, scholars, and students felt the need to find answers that were not given by the dominant school of thought in economics. Some of these answers have been provided, since the birth of economics as an independent field, from ethics and moral philosophy. Nevertheless, since the mathematisation of economics and the departure from the field of political economy, which once held together economics, philosophy, history and political science, ethics and moral philosophy have lost their role in the economics’ discussions. Three are the main theories of morality: utilitarianism, rule-based ethics and virtue ethics. The neoclassical economic model has indeed chosen one of the three to justify itself, yet it has forgotten —deliberately or not— to involve the other two. Utilitarianism has been translated to a cost benefit analysis that fits the “homo economicus” and selfish portrait of humankind and while contemporary capitalism recognizes Adam Smith as its father it does not seem to recognize or remember not only the rest of the Scottish Enlightenment’s great minds, but also Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments. In conclusion, if ethics is to play a role in the formation of a postcapitalist economic theory and help it escape the hopeless quest for a Wertfreiheit, then the one-dimensional selection and interpretation of ethics and morality by economists cannot lead to justified conclusions about the decision-making process.
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Herbert, George. The Unintended Consequences of Economic Sanctions. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.100.

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Economic sanctions are associated with a range of adverse effects, with variable levels of supporting evidence for different kinds of negative consequences. It is frequently challenging to demarcate the boundary between the intended and unintended consequences of sanctions. This rapid review is based on an assessment of 75 separate articles or reports. It found that sanctions apply pressure on targeted states by inflicting economic damage, but the economic disruption is frequently broader than intended with economic damage not being restricted to targeted states. With sections possibly having a negative humanitarian impact, declining health outcomes, increasing the possibility of conflict, terrorism, and undermine the rule of law in targeted states. It also finds that the impact of sanctions on democratisation and respect for human and economic rights remains disputed. Despite the volume of studies published on this topic, there are weaknesses in the evidence base. Many – though not all – econometric studies do not distinguish sufficiently between different kinds of sanctions. As a result, sanctions regimes that may have quite different effects often lumped together, making it challenging to assess whether sanctions can be designed in a way that is likely to avoid specific kinds of adverse effects. In addition, on some important issues, there are major inconsistencies between the findings of different econometric studies. In some cases these inconsistencies are paired with technical debates around whether the methodologies employed on different studies adequately address issues related to the potential endogeneity between the decision to impose sanctions and trends in variables of interest.
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Böhm, Franziska, Ingrid Jerve Ramsøy, and Brigitte Suter. Norms and Values in Refugee Resettlement: A Literature Review of Resettlement to the EU. Malmö University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771776.

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As a result of the refugee reception crisis in 2015 the advocacy for increasing resettlement numbers in the overall refugee protection framework has gained momentum, as has research on resettlement to the EU. While the UNHCR purports resettlement as a durable solution for the international protection of refugees, resettlement programmes to the European Union are seen as a pillar of the external dimension of the EU’s asylum and migration policies and management. This paper presents and discusses the literature regarding the value transmissions taking place within these programmes. It reviews literature on the European resettlement process – ranging from the selection of refugees to be resettled, the information and training they receive prior to travelling to their new country of residence, their reception upon arrival, their placement and dispersal in the receiving state, as well as programs of private and community sponsorship. The literature shows that even if resettlement can be considered an external dimension of European migration policy, this process does not end at the border. Rather, resettlement entails particular forms of reception, placement and dispersal as well as integration practices that refugees are confronted with once they arrive in their resettlement country. These practices should thus be understood in the context of the resettlement regime as a whole. In this paper we map out where and how values (here understood as ideas about how something should be) and norms (expectations or rules that are socially enforced) are transmitted within this regime. ‘Value transmission’ is here understood in a broad sense, taking into account the values that are directly transmitted through information and education programmes, as well as those informing practices and actors’ decisions. Identifying how norms and values figure in the resettlement regime aid us in further understanding decision making processes, policy making, and the on-the-ground work of practitioners that influence refugees’ lives. An important finding in this literature review is that vulnerability is a central notion in international refugee protection, and even more so in resettlement. Ideas and practices regarding vulnerability are, throughout the resettlement regime, in continuous tension with those of security, integration, and of refugees’ own agency. The literature review and our discussion serve as a point of departure for developing further investigations into the external dimension of value transmission, which in turn can add insights into the role of norms and values in the making and un-making of (external) boundaries/borders.
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Vecherin, Sergey, Derek Chang, Emily Wells, Benjamin Trump, Aaron Meyer, Jacob Desmond, Kyle Dunn, Maxim Kitsak, and Igor Linkov. Assessment of the COVID-19 infection risk at a workplace through stochastic microexposure modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43740.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on economy. Decisions regarding the reopening of businesses should account for infection risks. This paper describes a novel model for COVID-19 infection risks and policy evaluations. The model combines the best principles of the agent-based, microexposure, and probabilistic modeling approaches. It takes into account specifics of a workplace, mask efficiency, and daily routines of employees, but does not require specific interagent rules for simulations. Likewise, it does not require knowledge of microscopic disease related parameters. Instead, the risk of infection is aggregated into the probability of infection, which depends on the duration and distance of every contact. The probability of infection at the end of a workday is found using rigorous probabilistic rules. Unlike previous models, this approach requires only a few reference data points for calibration, which are more easily collected via empirical studies. The application of the model is demonstrated for a typical office environment and for a real-world case. The proposed model allows for effective risk assessment and policy evaluation when there are large uncertainties about the disease, making it particularly suitable for COVID-19 risk assessments.
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Vakaliuk, Tetiana, Valerii Kontsedailo, Dmytro Antoniuk, Olha Korotun, Serhiy Semerikov, and Iryna Mintii. Using Game Dev Tycoon to Create Professional Soft Competencies for Future Engineers-Programmers. [б. в.], November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4129.

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The article presents the possibilities of using game simulator Game Dev Tycoon to develop professional soft competencies for future engineer programmers in higher education. The choice of the term “gaming simulator” is substantiated, a generalization of this concept is given. The definition of such concepts as “game simulation” and “professional soft competencies” are given. Describes how in the process of passing game simulations students develop the professional soft competencies. Professional soft competencies include: the ability to work in a team; ability to cooperate; ability to problem-solving; ability to communicative; ability to decision-making; ability to orientation to the result; ability to support of interpersonal relations; ability to use of rules and procedures; ability to reporting; ability to attention to detail; ability to customer service; ability to sustainability; ability to the manifestation of professional honesty and ethics; ability to planning and prioritization; ability to adaptation; ability to initiative; ability to Innovation; ability to external and organizational awareness.
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Халік, Олена Олександрівна. Особливості образів батьківської та майбутньої сімейної системи у сучасних студентів жіночої статі та їх взаємозв’язок з рівнем перфекціонізму. Гнозис, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3791.

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У статті аналізуються особливості образів батьківської та майбутньої сімейних систем у сучасних студентів жіночої статі, визначаються збалансованість та незбалансованість вказаних родин. З’ясовано, що третина образів майбутньої родини є незбалансованими, з домінуванням заплутано-хаотичного типу. Встановлено зв’язок перфекціонізму спрямованого на інших та соціально обумовленого перфекціонізму з окремими показниками образу майбутньої сім’ї. This article deals with the analyze of the female students’ perceptions of their parental family and their own future family systems. Author determines the balanced and extreme families. It was found that a third of all perceptions of the future family are extreme, with the dominance of chaotically engaged type. It is proved that there are significant differences between the perceptions of the parental family and their own future family. It was found that the most of the female students choose a model of mid-range family, like their parental families are. There is the statistically significant positive correlation between the index of socially prescribed perfectionism conformism and emotional bonding, emotional ties, family boundaries, decision making and family time. There is a significant negative correlation between other-oriented perfectionism, family flexibility, and discipline in the family and relationship rules.
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Rao, Krishna D., Andrés I. Vecino Ortiz, Tim Roberton, Angélica Lopez Hernandez, and Caitlin Noonan. Open configuration options Future Health Spending in Latin America and the Caribbean: Health Expenditure Projections & Scenario Analysis. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004185.

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Latin American and Caribbean countries will face significant increases in future health expenditures. A variety of factors are responsible - population growth and aging, the epidemiological transition to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and economic growth and technology, among others. Increasing health expenditures are particularly concerning to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) given growing levels of debt, insufficient fiscal revenues, and high out-of-pocket payments. The projected average annual per capita CHE growth rate from 2018-2050 is slightly higher in Latin American countries (3.2%) than in the Caribbean (2.4%). The share of health expenditure in GDP is projected to increase to 2030 in all LAC countries except for Guyana. The effect of demographics and epidemiology on health spending growth are more modest. Among strategies to control NCD risk factors, a focus on hypertension control generally had the strongest effect on restraining CHE growth except in countries where smoking is particularly prevalent. The main driver of health expenditure growth is economic growth and technology, demonstrating the importance of adopting policies such as explicit prioritization systems and benefit plans that establish common rules for payers and providers that encourage cost-effective decisions. The underlying model for making projections and analyzing alternative scenarios is publicly available.
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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.

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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.
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