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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

1

Pinto, Paulo, Michael McVay, Marc Hoit, and Peter Lai. "Centrifuge Testing of Plumb and Battered Pile Groups in Sand." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1569, no. 1 (January 1997): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1569-02.

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Pile groups are generally used under structures subject to heavy axial loads or large lateral forces with or without scour. The focus in this paper is only on pile groups subject to large lateral forces. Currently, little, if any, full-scale lateral load data exist on pile groups that vary pile head fixity or batter. Reported here is the summary of a series of centrifuge tests on free- and fixed-head plumb and battered pile groups. Influence of pile head constraint, pile spacing, soil density, and vertical dead load is reported for groups ranging from 3 × 3 to 3 × 7 in size. Results reveal a significant lateral resistance of fixed- over free-head pile groups; fixed-head piles develop significant axial forces; battered piles without vertical dead loads are generally no better than plumb piles; and in the case of plumb piles, the use of multipliers to represent group interaction is valid.

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2

Morrison, C. J., and D. R. Hayhurst. "Design-development of a variable load tension—compression creep testing machine." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v211025.

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The design and development is described of a variable load tension-compression creep machine (±50 kN) which overcomes the disadvantages of servo-hydraulic and recirculating ball screw testing machines. The use of dead weight levers to apply specimen loads ensures the achievement of low running costs. Screwed end specimens are used with a 25.40 mm parallel sided gauge length and a diameter of 12.70 mm. It is shown that, provided modest rates of loading (0.4 kN/s) are used, high accuracy ‘through zero’ loadings can be achieved. The machine has been shown to operate satisfactorily for long periods under tension-compression high temperature creep.

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3

Mustapha, Khameel Bayo. "On the Dynamic Model of a Functionally Graded Spinning Structural Element of an Aircraft Appendage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 629 (October 2014): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.629.89.

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The use of advanced materials in automotive, aerospace and communication technologies has called for re-assessment of classical models of many structural elements. The primary objective of this study relates to the use of a higher-order continuum model for discerning the contribution of certain geometric and material properties on wave propagation behavior of a spinning appendage of an aircraft appendage. The spinning appendage is characterized by a through-thickness functional material gradation and subjected to an axial dead load. The foundation of the present model rests on the trio of the mechanics of functionally graded solid structures, the extended Hamilton’s principle and the thin beam theory. Numerical results from the wave mechanics analyses reveal the noticeable influence of axial dead load and attendant wave splitting effect caused by the gyroscopic moment of the system. The wave mechanics result paves the way for the non-destructive damage testing of the element.

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4

Abdou, Samia, Wuzhen Zhang, and John W. Fisher. "Orthotropic Deck Fatigue Investigation at Triborough Bridge, New York." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1845, no. 1 (January 2003): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1845-17.

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The Triborough Bridge connects the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx in New York City. The bridge has suspended spans with a total length of 2,700 ft (823 m). The existing concrete deck is being replaced with an orthotropic steel deck to reduce the overall dead load. Before deck replacement, a prototype steel orthotropic deck was installed on the main span for a length of 120 ft (36.6 m). About 300 strain gauges were installed at critical locations to investigate the fatigue strength under static and dynamic loads of the AASHTO fatigue truck and under normal traffic. The strain gauge testing was done in three phases, and structural refinements were made to the deck system between phases. Traffic monitoring was conducted for the most critical locations over a 30-day period during Phase III. The results from three phases of the strain gauge testing, including influence lines and traffic monitoring data, were used to calculate fatigue stress ranges and the fatigue life for each detail. In addition to strain gauge testing, a finite element analysis of the orthotropic deck was performed with loading criteria set by AASHTO load and resistance factor design. The results from the finite element analysis were compared with the results obtained from the strain gauge testing. It was concluded that the heavy trucks on the bridge cause fatigue stresses higher than what had been anticipated by AASHTO. The investigation assisted in modifying the design to obtain a longer service life for the deck system under heavy-truck traffic.

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5

Wu, Wen-hua, Yan Zhao, Ying Gou, Bai-cheng Lyu, Qing-zhen Lu, Zhao-kuan Lu, and Jun Yan. "An Overview of Structural Design, Analysis and Common Monitoring Technologies for Floating Platform and Flexible Cable and Riser." China Ocean Engineering 36, no. 4 (August 2022): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-022-0044-5.

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AbstractOffshore oil and gas development plays an important part in the global energy sector. Offshore platforms and flexible pipes are the key equipments in the whole offshore oil and gas development system. Because of the randomness and uncertainty of wave and current loads in the ocean environment, the structural design and mechanical analysis of the marine equipment can be highly complicated. Therefore, this paper reviews the recent works of the theoretical model, numerical simulation, and experimental test in three research areas: hydrodynamic analysis of offshore platforms, structural mechanics analysis of flexible pipe and cable, and monitoring technology of offshore floating structures under marine loads. By analyzing their main research methods and key technical difficulties, this paper provides theoretical basis and technical support for the reliability engineering application of offshore platforms and flexible pipelines. Also, China is relatively backward in the design of marine floating platform, the design, analysis and testing of flexible pipeline and cable, as well as the marine equipment prototype monitoring technology research. Calling for breakthroughs at the earliest possible stage in the above fields, prime research should be focused on and strategic planning should be made to deal with “key areas and stranglehold problems”. It is of great significance for the development of China’s deep-sea energy and resource development of independent technology and on time to achieve the “carbon peak” national strategic objectives.

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6

Mohd Noh, Hamidun, Nor Lailatul Izzatil Azwani Mohamad, Rolly Bangau, and Nur’Ain Idris. "Performance of Hollow Reinforced Concrete Beam in Structural Member." journal of Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v17i2.15296.

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Recently, the problem faced by the construction industry is a significant shortage of raw materials of concrete. Thus, the main idea of this research is to replace the use of concrete at the middle area of neutral axis of beam with voided system by incorporating PVC pipe. This research aims to reduce the concrete usage; structure’s self-weight without neglecting its strength performance. The experimental work consists of casting and testing the 1200 x 160 x 160 mm beams with (Ø40 mm, Ø50 mm, and Ø100 mm) and without void at the neutral axis. The test results indicated that the strength performance of all RC beams with voided section is stronger than the ordinary RC beam where the V50 RC beam is able to withstand loads up to 38.25 kN and has a strength increment of 49.2% compared to the ordinary RC beam. By this material optimization, the reduction of concrete usage and self-weight of the V100 RC beam recorded a reduction of up to 35.14% but in terms of its strength is relatively low compared to the V40 RC beam and V50 RC beam. This findings show a positive result in reducing the dead load without affecting the strength of the structure. Besides aiming to the reduction of concrete usage and structure’s self-weight, the idea of this research could be used and implemented in producing a lightweight structure with easy handling and installing, and at the same time focusing to meet the IBS system.

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7

Sinha, N. K., G. W. Timco, and R. Frederking. "Recent Advances in Ice Mechanics in Canada." Applied Mechanics Reviews 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149553.

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Work on the mechanics of ice, which has been carried forward on a broad front in Canada, has resulted in a number of significant advances in the last 10 years. The factors influencing the growth of various types of sea ice have been quantified fundamentally and methods for examining the resulting material structure have been developed. Extensive work has been done on strength and deformation characteristics of ice. A significant effort has been the development of analytical expressions to describe the rheological behavior of ice. Elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and creep were also treated. A great deal has been done on measuring the compressive strength of various types of naturally occurring ice and subsequently these data were combined into a suitable description of a failure envelope. Work has also been done on measuring the flexural strength, shear strength, adhesion and fracture toughness. Methods for laboratory testing and in situ measurements of mechanical properties have been developed. The problem of defining ice forces on structures has been the primary motivation for research on ice. Analytical modelling, physical modelling, laboratory studies and very extensive field studies have been used. Work done in this area has included development of methods and their application to actual problems and has benefitted greatly from the integration of all four approaches. Very significant progress has been made. Ice and ice covers have been successfully used to support various offshore activities: drilling off floating ice platforms, stabilizing grounded rubble fields to protect structures and transporting large loads over ice.

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8

Mirmohammadsadeghi, Mahmoudreza, Hua Zhao, and Akira Ito. "Optical study of gasoline substitution ratio and diesel injection strategy effects on dual-fuel combustion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 4 (July 16, 2019): 1075–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019864013.

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Ever growing population and increased vehicles have resulted in higher atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, thus increasing our planet’s average temperature leading to irreversible climate changes, which has led to increasingly demanding and stricter legislations on pollutant emission and CO2, as well as fuel economy targets for the automotive industry. As a result, a great deal of efforts and resources has been spent on the research and development of high efficiency and low emission engines for automotive applications in the attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and levels of nitrogen oxides and soot emissions, which affect the air quality. This research has developed strategies to investigate the combustion characteristics, engine performance and exhaust emission of diesel–gasoline dual-fuel operation in a Ricardo Hydra single-cylinder optical engine running at 1200 r/min, equipped with a high-pressure common rail injection system for diesel fuel delivery, and a port fuel injection system, designed and manufactured by the author, for gasoline fuel delivery, in order to allow for dual-fuel operations. In-cylinder pressure measurement is used for calculating all engine parameters, heat release rate and efficiency. In addition to the thermodynamic analysis of the combustion parameters, high-speed imaging of spray and combustion chemiluminescence was used for the optical analysis of the effect of the above-mentioned parameters on auto-ignition and combustion processes. Effects of different substitution ratios and diesel injection strategies at low engine loads were studied when the total fuel energy was kept constant. The three main substitution ratios used in this study include 45%, 60% and 75%, which also indicates the amount of fuel energy from port-injected gasoline, where the rest is provided by the direct injection of diesel. Depending on the testing conditions, such as injection strategy and intake conditions, some dual-fuel operations were able to deliver high efficiency and improved emissions compared to that of a pure diesel engine operation, with the diesel–gasoline operation offering more consistency in improved thermal efficiency. The optical analysis of the combustion illustrates the main difference in the flame propagation, distribution and quality for each substitution percentage, as well as the condition under examination. It was observed that combustions with higher concentration of diesel fuel having more diffusion-like combustion, especially with diesel injection timings closer to the top dead centre, where there is less time for the two fuel and air to properly mix before combustion occurs, resulted in higher temperature and levels of NOx due to the pockets of high diesel concentrations within the combustion chamber, whereas higher concentration of gasoline, especially at earlier diesel injection timings, resulted in more homogeneous fuel mixture and thus lower combustion temperatures. In other words, when the gasoline substitution ratio is lower, optimised start of injection is advanced further, so that richer diesel mixture needs longer ignition delay to have proper combustion timing, and combustion is milder and peak heat release rate is slightly lower due to less local diesel rich mixture area by means of earlier injection timing, and in terms of emissions, lower gasoline substitution ratio, decreases NOx with more homogeneous diesel mixture, and same can be said for total hydrocarbon. Performing the thermodynamics testing with an all metal piston alongside the optical testing allowed for the confirmation of these outcomes. This study not only delivers an insight to the benefits of dual-fuel engine operation, it also represents the benefits of optical engines in providing better understanding of engine operation and ways of improving it.

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9

Takabatake, Hideo. "Effects of Dead Loads in Static Beams." Journal of Structural Engineering 116, no. 4 (April 1990): 1102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1990)116:4(1102).

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10

Takabatake, Hideo. "Effects of Dead Loads in Dynamic Plates." Journal of Structural Engineering 118, no. 1 (January 1992): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1992)118:1(34).

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Дисертації з теми "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

1

Chan, Andrew Hin-Cheong. "A unified finite element solution to static and dynamic problems of geomechanics." Thesis, Swansea University, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624605.

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2

Wang, Xiaobo Elgaaly Mohamed. "Behavior of steel members with trapezoidally corrugated webs and tubular flanges under static loading /." Philadelphia : Drexel University, 2003. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1721.1/98.

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3

Jung, Sunghoon. "Nanomechanics model for static equilibrium." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FJung.pdf.

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4

Peña-Ramos, Carlos Enrique 1962. "CONCRETE PONDING EFFECTS IN COMPOSITE FLOOR SYSTEMS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276421.

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5

Winterling, Jason. "Monitoring dead load and construction stresses of a heavily skewed HPS bridge." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 172 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1407500871&sid=15&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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6

Hajigholi, Pedram. "Optimal block loads of dynamic load history for fatigue durability testing." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67746.

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During a vehicle’s life it is experiencing complex loading from both driving and road conditions. This accumulating of loading might be damaging to the vehicle, leading to possible material fatigue cracking, hence it is a major importance to take it into account. During the design phase the vehicle will be tested on a rig to check the durability and fatigue life. This is done on the system as a whole or at component level. But as it is difficult to reproduce the actual complex loading, a much simpler loading sequence is applied on the component(s) during these tests. The purpose of this master thesis is to use an optimization software called HEEDS, which is based on a mathematical model that is applied in the software, to identify a possible multi-level block sequence which would generate the same fatigue damage as the reference complex loading sequence. This work is fully performed in calculation software, without using actual physical testing. The selected component is a front suspension low control arm (LCA) for which life is checked at various locations. The objective is to have the relative error identified as a relative ratio.

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7

Justice, Adam L. "Testing and assessment of FRP strengthened concrete T-beam bridges in Pennsylvania." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11255.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 223 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-141).

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8

McColl, Chance C. "A matched-harmonic confluence approach to rotor loads prediction with comprehensive application to flight test." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45837.

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Future management of helicopter fleets will be more heavily based on individual component damage tracking and less on legacy usage monitoring (flight parameter-based) methods. This enhances health assessment capabilities by taking into account the actual loads on a component-by-component basis. However, accurate loads prediction in rotating frame components remains a challenge. Even with advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, prediction of the unsteady aerodynamic loads acting on the rotor blades is computationally intensive and problematic in terms of accurate loads prediction across the entire flight regime of the helicopter. High-speed flight can potentially introduce both shock and near-stall effects within a given rotor rotation. Low-speed flight can include blade-vortex interaction effects, wherein flow from a given blade (vorticity loading from tip vortices) impinges upon the preceding blade, causing unsteady aerodynamic loading that is difficult to quantity and predict numerically. Vehicle maneuvering can produce significantly higher blade pitching moments than steady flight. All of these regimes combine to represent the loading history of the rotor system. Therefore, accurate loads prediction methods, in terms of matching peak-to-peak, magnitude, phase, as well as vibratory/harmonic content, are required that capture all flight regimes for all critical structural components. This research focuses on the development of a loads prediction method, known as the Load Confluence Algorithm (LCA), and its application to the analysis of a large set of flight test data from the NASA/US Army UH-60A Airloads Program. The LCA combines measured response at a prescribed set of locations with a numerical model of the rotor system. For a given flight condition (steady flight, maneuvers, etc.) the numerical simulation's predicted loads distribution is iteratively incremented (by harmonic) until convergence with measured loads is reached at the prescribed locations (control points). Predicted loads response at non-instrumented locations is shown to be improved as well, thus enhancing fatigue lifing methods for these components. The procedure specifically investigates the harmonic content of the applied loads and the improved prediction of the harmonic components. The impact of the enhanced accuracy on loads predictions on component structural fatigue is illustrated by way of an example. Results show that, for a limited sensor set (two 3-axis sensors per blade), blade loads are accurately predicted across a full range of flight regimes. Hub loads are best modeled using the pushrod as the control point. Results also show that load magnitude has a tremendous influence on damage, with a 25% over-estimation of vibratory load resulting in a damage factor of nearly 3. This research highlights the importance of accurate loads prediction for a rotorcraft life tracking program. Small inaccuracies in loads lead to dramatic errors in damage assessment.

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9

Broderick, Rick D. "Statnamic lateral loading testing of full-scale 15 and 9 group piles in clay /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1800.pdf.

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Wannenburg, Johann. "A study of fatigue loading on automotive and transport structures." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04032008-100638/.

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Книги з теми "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

1

A, Squire Vernon, ed. Moving loads on ice plates. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

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2

Gowda, Shankare. Duration of load effect on curved glulam beams: Part 2. Long term load tests and analysis. Espoo, Finland: VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1998.

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3

M, Kwaśniewski, Li Xiaochun 1964-, and Takahashi Manabu 1955-, eds. True triaxial testing of rocks. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Balkema, 2012.

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4

Blight, Geoffrey. Assessing loads on silos and other bulk storage structures: Research applied to practice. London: Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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5

Barczak, Thomas M. Canopy and base load distribution on a longwall shield. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1992.

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6

Shukla, A. Dynamic failure of materials and structures / Arun Shukla, Guruswami Ravichandran, Yapa D.S. Rajapakse, editors,. New York: Springer, 2010.

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7

Fellenius, Bengt H. Basics of foundation design: A geotechnical textbook and a background to the UniSoft programs. Richmond, B.C: BiTech Publishers Ltd., 1996.

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8

Fellenius, Bengt H. Basics of foundation design. 2nd ed. Richmond, B.C: BiTech Publishers Ltd., 1999.

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9

Reese, Lymon C. Behavior of piles and pile groups under lateral load. McLean, Va: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, 1986.

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10

Halicka, Anna. Studium stanu naprężeń i odkształceń w płaszczyźnie styku i strefie przypodporowej elementów zespolonych z udziałem betonów skurczowych i ekspansywnych: A study of the stress-strain state in the interface and support zones of composite structures with shrinking and expansive concretes. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Lubelskiej, 2007.

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Частини книг з теми "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

1

Rouse, Marshall, and Dawn Jegley. "Testing a Multi-bay Box Subjected to Combined Loads." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, 173–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22449-7_21.

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2

"Full-scale testing of concrete deck slabs under fatigue-causing axle loads." In Research and Applications in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 301–2. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15963-138.

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3

Ullner, C. "Instrumented Indentation Test." In Hardness Testing, 167–233. ASM International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310167.

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Abstract Instrumented indentation hardness testing significantly expands on the capabilities of traditional hardness testing. It employs high-resolution instrumentation to continuously control and monitor the loads and displacements of an indenter as it is driven into and withdrawn from a material. The scope of application comprises displacements even smaller than 200 nm (nano range) and forces even up to 30 kN . Mechanical properties are derived from the indentation load-displacement data obtained in simple tests. The chapter presents the elements of contact mechanics that are important for the application of the instrumented indentation test. The test method according to the international standard (ISO 14577) is discussed, and this information is supplemented by information about the testing technique and some example applications. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the extensions of the standard that are expected in the future (estimation of the measurement uncertainty and procedures for the determination of true stress-strain curves).

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4

"Trucks were used later in various positions and strains were measured due to these truck loads. Stresses were calculated from measured strains and compared with analytical stresses calculated based on the design assumptions which are according to AASHTO Standard Specifications. Reasonable agreement between the analytical and experimental results was obtained for dead loads where the steel girders were acting alone without the concrete composite action. Furthermore the diaphragms connecting girder 5 (the instrumented girder) to girder 4 were only loosely connected under the dead loading. Differences in magnitude and distribution pattern, however, were observed for the live loading. These differences are basically due to the conservatism in AASHTO load distribution method as well as the inability of the two dimensional composite beam approach in depicting the actual three dimensional behavior of the bridge system The testing of the bridge was sponsored by Maine Department Of Transportantion, James Chandler is the Bridge Design Engineer. The analytical results presented in this paper were calculated by Steve Abbott of MODT. The interest and support of Jim and Steve as well as Karel Jacobs, also of MDOT, Is greatly appreciated. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials, Standard Specification for Highway Bridges 2. Newmark, N., "Design of I-Beam Bridges", Transactions ASCE, Vol. 74, No. 3, Part I, March, 1948. 3. Heins, C.P. and Kuo, J.T.C., "Live Load Distribution on Simple Span Steel I-Beam Composite Highway Bridges At Ultimate Load", CE Report No. 53, University of Maryland, College Park, MD., April, 1973. 4. Heins, C.P. and Kuo, J.T.C., "Ultimate Live Load Distribution Factor For Bridges", Journal Of The Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. ST7, Proc. Paper 11443, July 1975." In Composite Steel Structures, 52. CRC Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286359-12.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

1

Li, Feng, Yongzhi Wang, and Andrea Da Ronch. "Flight Testing an Adaptive Feedforward Controller for Gust Loads Alleviation on a Flexible Aircraft." In AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-3100.

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Jochmann, Peter, Karl-Ulrich Evers, and Walter L. Kuehnlein. "Model Testing of Ice Barriers Used for Reduction of Design Ice Loads." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37385.

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The drilling rig Sunkar, owned and operated by Parker Drilling under contract to Agip KCO, was the first drilling rig in the North Caspian Sea. In this area sea ice may occur between November and April. The original ice protection concept of the drilling rig was based on the fact that ice loads were partly taken and/or reduced by two rows of heavy piles. As an alternative concept ice model tests for Sunkar with installed ice barriers (Ice Rubble Generators) around the rig were carried out in the Large Ice Model Basin of HSVA in order to establish the design ice loads and to prove that the design forces can be reduced significantly by using these ice barriers. The test series were carried out in 1.3 m thick level ice with a bending strength of 770 kPa. Ice drift angle, ice drift speed, spacing between the ice barriers, as well as the angle of the ice barriers were varied. The design water level simulated in the model tests was about 4 m. As maximum measured ice load values are a result of coincidental ice failure occurrences these values are much more scattered than the mean values of ice model tests. Even if an individual model test could be repeated exactly, i.e. exactly within measurable limits, the maximum load would be different. Therefore the design load needs to be obtained by using a sophisticated statistical approach. To establish the design load an extreme value distribution, a Gumbel-Probability-Distribution (GPD) for each individual model run has been applied. The ice model tests have shown that a significant ice force reduction can be achieved if the drilling rig Sunkar is protected with ice barriers. The reduction of the maximum horizontal global ice load amounts to approx. 63% when Sunkar is protected by ice barriers. The ice barriers initiate ice rubble and areas of rafted ice as well as ice accumulation between the barriers, which lead to ice bridging with a spacing of 60 to 80 m between the ice barriers. As a final result it was found that the stability of Sunkar will be sufficient under any angle of drifting ice if ice barriers are installed.

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Gu¨rtner, Arne, and Joachim Berger. "Results From Model Testing of Ice Protection Piles in Shallow Water." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92100.

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The development of oil and gas fields in shallow icy waters, for instance in the Northern Caspian Sea, have increased the awareness of protecting offshore structures by means of ice barriers from the impacts of drifting ice. Protection could be provided by Ice Protection Piles (IPPs), installed in close vicinity to the offshore structure to be protected. Piles then take the main loads from the drifting ice by pre-fracturing the advancing ice sheet. Hence, the partly shielded offshore structure could be designed according to significant lower global design ice loads. In this regard, various configurations of pile arrangements have been model tested during the MATRA-OSE research project in the Ice Model Test Basin of the Hamburg Sip Model Basin (HSVA). The main objective was to analyse the behaviour of ice interactions with the protection piles together with the establishment of design ice loads on an individual pile within the pile arrangement. The pile to pile distances within each arrangement were varied from 2 to 8 times the pile diameter for both, vertical and inclined (30° to the horizontal) pile arrangements. Two test runs with 0.1 m and 0.5 m thick ice (full scale values) were conducted respectively. The full scale water depth was 4 m. Based on the model test observations, it was found that the rubble generation increases with decreasing pile to pile distances. Inclined piles were capable to produce more rubble than vertical piles and considerable lower ice loads were measured on inclined arrangements compared to vertical arrangements. As initial rubble has formed in front of the arrangements, the rubble effect accelerated considerable. Subsequent to the build-up of rubble accumulations, no effect of the pile inclination on the exerted ice loads could be observed. If piles are used as ice barriers, the distance between the piles should be less than 4D for inclined piles and 6D for vertical piles to allow sufficient rubble generation. Larger distances only generated significant ice rubble after initial grounding of the ice had occurred.

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Dobson, Alan, and Dave Fogg. "Fatigue Testing and Analysis of a Deep Water Steel Tube Umbilical." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57151.

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Rapid analysis of dynamic umbilical structures during the design phase requires a robust mathematical model of the component stresses due to static and alternating loads. The following discusses the validation of a model, through full scale testing, used to assess the stresses and strains present within steel tubes, in umbilical structures typically used in dynamic service in deep waters, such as found in the Gulf of Mexico and offshore West Coast of Africa. The validation focuses upon the complexity of the mathematical model and the influence of tension magnitude the stick-slip mechanism and the stress variation around the circumference of the tubes when under the influence of bending loads.

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Tsourkas, Andrew, and Gang Bao. "Real-Time Observations of the Behavior of Cells Under Controlled Pressure and Shear Loads." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0404.

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Abstract The effect of mechanical loading on cells has aroused a great deal of interest in recent years. It is now widely accepted that mechanical loading is critical for both cell form and function. Although shearing of cells through fluid flow and tensile testing of cells have been widely practiced, there is still a lack of experiments focusing on the effects of controlled pressure and shear loads on cell behavior. The presence of compressive and shear deformations can be seen in a variety of cells ranging from chrondocytes during walking to cardiac myocytes during the cardiac cycle. The aim of our research is to relate the rate and magnitude of shear deformation in addition to applied pressure to issues such as restructuring of the cytoskeleton (i.e. microtubules), alterations in ion release and influx, and changes in cell function. The effects of changing the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) on the cellular response under pressure and shearing are also studied. By observing the effects of combined compression and shear on cells such as chondrocytes and cardiac myocytes, we hope to better understand the causes of diseases like osteoarthritis and congestive heart failure in connection to mechanical loads.

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Chan, Brendan J., Corina Sandu, Erin Hissong, and Steve Southward. "Development and Design of a Cost-Efficient Tire Mechanics Testing Apparatus." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49013.

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Most tire models need experimentally obtained data as input for simulation purposes. The study of tire mechanics requires the accuracy and repeatability of a controlled environment. However, the accessibility and cost of tire testing machines make it prohibitive for exploring tire mechanical properties for academic studies. Moreover, most industrial tire testing machines are designed for general tire testing, and would require an extensive amount of time and resources to adapt for academic research. To study tire mechanical behavior for modeling purposes, a tire mechanics test apparatus has been developed at the Center for Vehicle Systems and Safety (CVeSS), Virginia Tech. The tire mechanics test apparatus has been designed as an interchangeable attachment to an existing modular quarter car test rig developed at the Institute for Advanced Learning and Research (IALR) in Danville, Virginia, to save on cost, as well as to maintain repeatability of testing. The physical limitations of maximum tire vertical load for various tire testing machines are also among the main motivations for developing the tire mechanics test apparatus. The current configuration of the tire mechanics test apparatus provides the capability to study the vertical load - deflection characteristics of the tire, as well as the static footprint of the tire under various vertical loads. Future planned enhancements to the setup include the addition of a soil bin and an instrumented rolling drum for tire shear force studies.

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Bérest, P., H. Gharbi, D. Jehanno, C. J. Peach, B. Brouard, and L. Blanco-Martin. "Creep Tests on Salt Samples Performed at Very Small Stresses." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-0707.

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ABSTRACT: From 1996 to 2021, uniaxial creep tests were performed on salt samples in dead-end drifts of the Varangéville (France) and Altaussee (Austria) mines to take advantage of constant temperature and hygrometry. The applied loads were from 0.05 MPa (relative) to 4.5 MPa, i.e., much smaller than the loads currently applied during standard creep tests performed at the laboratory. Main conclusions are: (1) Steady state is reached after a long period (longer than 8 months). (2) Cumulated transient creep is relatively large (3) Strain rates are faster (than extrapolated from high stresses) by 4-5 orders of magnitude (4) Steady state strain rate is a linear function of the applied stress (approximately) in the σ < 3 MPa domain (5) Strain rate is a decreasing function of grain size (6) The transition between the linear (n = 1) and the non-linear (n = 3 to 5) behavior seems to range between 3 MPa and 4.5 MPa (7) No creep is observed in a very dry environment (8) No threshold for salt creep (or smaller than 0.05 MPa) is observed (9) In the small stress domain, reverse creep is observed. 1. INTRODUCTION It has been suspected for long (Spiers et al., 1990; Urai and Spiers, 2007) that, in the small deviatoric stress domain (σ < 3 MPa), the governing mechanism for salt creep was pressure solution — rather than dislocation creep. A consequence should be that creep rate in this domain is much faster - by several orders of magnitude - than extrapolated from tests performed in the high stress domain. In addition, creep rate should be a decreasing function of grain size; it should be a linear function of the applied stress, and the presence of a small amount of brine at the grains interface should be a necessary condition for active creep. These statements were based on theoretical arguments, geological evidence and the results of tests performed on artificial salt.

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Weerasekara, Lalinda, and Dharma Wijewickreme. "Soil Loads on Polyethylene Natural Gas Pipelines Subjected to Relative Axial Ground Displacements." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29132.

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The performance of buried natural gas pipeline systems in areas subjected to permanent ground displacements is an important engineering consideration since geotechnical hazards can be a major cause of damage to these utilities. Although pipe-soil interaction models exist, there is only limited experience with pipeline materials other than steel, and particularly in relation to polyethylene (PE). With this background, a detailed research program involving full-scale physical model testing of buried pipeline systems was undertaken, and performance of straight PE pipes subject to relative axial soil movement was investigated as a part of this work. A closed-form solution was derived to account the nonlinear material response of MDPE pipes subject to relative axial soil movement, and the analytical results are compared with the results obtained from the full-scale testing. This closed-form solution provides a rational framework to estimate the response of the pipe (level of strain, force) and even the mobilized frictional length along the pipe for a known amount of ground displacement. The approach, in turn, could be used in estimating the relative axial soil displacement needed for pipe failure, which is an important consideration in the evaluation of the field performance of MDPE pipe systems located in areas of potential ground movement.

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Bulsara, Vispi H., Yoomin Ahn, Srinivasan Chandrasekar, and Thomas N. Farris. "Mechanics of Polishing." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1096.

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Abstract A model has been developed to determine the number and sizes of abrasive particles involved in material removal in polishing, and the forces acting on these particles. The effect of particle size on these parameters has been simulated for a range of particle sizes. It is shown that when polishing with abrasive powders having relatively broad size distributions, only a very small percentage of the particles are involved in material removal. Further, these particles are comprised of the larger particles occurring in the tail end of the particle size distribution. The average force on a particle is found to be in the range of 5–200 mN under typical polishing conditions, which is of the order of loads used in micro-indentation hardness testing. These predictions of the model are consistent with observations pertaining to polished surfaces and the polishing process.

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Karimian, Hamid, Dharma Wijewickreme, and Doug Honegger. "Buried Pipelines Subjected to Transverse Ground Movement: Comparison Between Full-Scale Testing and Numerical Modeling." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92125.

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A research program has been undertaken to study the behaviour of buried steel pipelines subject to lateral horizontal ground movements, and to provide appropriate data to calibrate and validate numerical model(s). A large sand chamber (2.5 m W × 3.8 m L × 2.5 m H) available at the University of British Columbia was employed to conduct full-scale lateral pullout tests on steel pipelines, with different diameters and buried in sand simulating different overburden ratios. Numerical analyses were performed using finite-difference-method-based software with the soil response simulated using Mohr-Coulomb and hyperbolic elastic constitutive models. The input parameters for the initial computer modeling were based only on element testing results. The numerical predictions, using the two soil constitutive models, are compared with the results of lateral pullout tests. The numerical model, after validation with full-scale test results can be used to predict soil loads on pipe for different overburden ratios, pipe sizes and soil properties.

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