Готові списки джерел за темами / Custom and practice

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Custom and practice"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 26 липня 2024
Оновлено: 27 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Custom and practice"

1

Rosenhead, Jonathan. "Custom and Practice." Journal of the Operational Research Society 37, no. 4 (April 1986): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1986.61.

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2

Putra, Muhamad Restu Andhika Esa, and Ahmad Ruslan. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE YASINAN TRADITION OF THE INDONESIAN SOCIETY." Alfuad: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan 5, no. 2 (November 26, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jsk.v5i2.4312.

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The Coronavirus pandemic has been running for over 1 year, subsequently, numerous customs and ropensities for the Indonesian public have changed. One of the changing local area customs is the yasinan custom, this practice is regularly held by Indonesian individuals one time each week. In this custom where individuals assemble and read Surah Yasin together, however this get-together practice is exceptionally opposing to be done as of now during the pandemic and when the PSBB was carried out. Along these lines, the creator is keen on directing this examination, determined to perceive how much impact the pandemic has on the yasinan custom and how individuals manage it and keep up with the practice
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3

Pippard, John. "ECT custom and practice." Psychiatric Bulletin 12, no. 11 (November 1988): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.12.11.473.

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4

Kalinowska-Wójcik, Agnieszka. "Zwyczaj jako kreator normy prawnej na przykładzie regulaminu Sejmu." Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 77, no. 1 (2024): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2024.01.03.

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Parliamentary custom has been present in modern parliament since its inception. The functioning of the British or German parliament shows that customs can co-create or supplement parliamentary procedure. In the Polish parliament, customs also regulate a number of proceedings. The subject of this article is the custom found in the practice of the lower house of the Polish parliament – the Sejm. Examples of customs that have been transformed into norms of the Sejm’s rules of procedure despite their long practice are indicated and discussed. However, the analysis of these examples does not give a clear answer to the question of the reasons for turning custom into law. It shows the inconsistency and discretionary nature of the changes. It is also in vain to find purposefulness and consistency in the creation of norms on the basis of custom.
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5

Novikova, Yuliya Gennad'evna. "Legal custom and universal practice in the Russian criminal proceedings." Юридические исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.4.35160.

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Анотація:
The object of this research is the assemblage of social relations arising in the sphere of criminal justice in the course of eliminating legal gaps and contradictions. The subject of this research is the legal custom as one nontraditional sources of law for the Russian criminal proceeding, which is applied in the absence of norms consolidated in the normative legal acts, which are aimed at regulating the corresponding legal relations. Analysis is conducted on the essence of the concept of legal custom, means of formation, classification, and methods of application in criminal proceedings. Special attention is given to the methods of authorization of legal custom by the state, which may entail the recognition of this source of law as independent or transformation into another source of law. The main conclusions that also determine the scientific novelty of this research are as follows. 1. The system of Russia criminal procedure law is characterized by the development processes, which imply the formation and application of such an nontraditional source of law as legal custom. 2. Legal custom represents the rules not prohibited by law for performing procedural actions and making procedural decisions, which are translated into practice through repetition by the of the proceedings in the absence of the enforceable rule of law. 3. According to the method of formation, legal customs in criminal proceedings can be classified into dispositive (based on the voluntary will of the participants) and imperative (formed through tacit administrative influence). 4. Imperative legal customs are the negative phenomena of legal reality and cannot be attributed to the sources of law. 5. Authorization of legal custom as an independent source of law consists in its “tacit” approval by the government authorities. Textual consolidation of legal custom entails its transformation into a new form of law. 6. Universal practice is one of the characteristics of legal custom and a possible means for its legalization.
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6

Yusof, Muhammad Yusri Salleh, and Mohd Anuar Ramli. "Local Wisdom of Tahlīl and Tunggu Kubur Practices in Death Custom among The Malays in Malaysia." UMRAN - International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies 8, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/umran2021.8n2.396.

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Анотація:
Custom plays a significant role in any organised community as well as in the building of mutual harmony and avoiding conflicts. The establishment of a custom is the result from the interaction between the wisdom of the local intellectuals and its environment to meet the needs of the local community. The Malay community is a group that is rich with traditions, ranging from the birth customs, marriage and death. Basically, in the practice of the Malay customs there exists two polemics in which forms two opposing schools of thought. First is the fundamentalist that rejects most local customary practices. Second, is the traditionalist as they only accept the valid customs practised in society and reject invalid customs. These opposing views can be seen in various customary practices, for example in the death custom or ceremonies such as tahlīl (recital ceremony for the deceased), talqīn (recital for the deceased during burial), and tunggu kubur (grave waiting). Therefore, this study focuses on exploring the practice of tahlīl (recital ceremony for the dead) and tunggu kubur (grave waiting) through the concept of the local wisdom from the perspective of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence. To achieve these objectives, this study deploys an eclectic approach and interview method. The collected qualitative data were analysed thematically. The results of the study showed that there are elements of local wisdom behind these practices. In the Malay community, tahlīl (recital ceremony for the deceased) is a form of psychological and emotional support as well as a communal approach to the family of the deceased while the practice of tunggu kubur (grave waiting) is an approach to protect the burried corpses from thefts and mystical activities. Therefore, the local wisdom implied behind the practices are valid and hence, included in the category of accepted customary practices.
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7

Bedriy, M. "Law and custom: the issue of correlation and interaction." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 72 (November 16, 2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.2.

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The article is devoted to the scientific problem of the relationship and interaction of law and custom, which are important regulators of social relations. The main approaches to understanding the concept of law are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the pluralism of law understanding and the diversity of phenomena, as outlined by the term law. The identification of law with the will of the state is called into question. The concept of custom and its types are analyzed. Legal customs constitute the content of customary law as a phenomenon of social reality. The network of legally relevant customs is closely interwoven with a complex of customs without legal relevance, since each such custom can acquire the mentioned relevance, as well as lose it depending on changing historical conditions. Legal custom is characterized as a link connecting the phenomena of law and custom. The impossibility of an unambiguous definition of the concept of legal custom due to the absence of a unified concept of law in jurisprudence is explained. At the same time, the definition of legal custom in the most general sense is proposed as a general rule of conduct established in practice and corresponding to law (or a set of such rules), which has actual legal validity and public recognition. The correlation between legal custom and other customs of society (religious, ethical, household, etc.) is researched. Legal customs are customs that regulate the most important social relations. The influence of custom on law is clarified. Customs and customary law formed an important basis for the first codifications. In the future, legal customs were the first to fill the regulatory niche of new legal relations that the legislation did not have time to regulate. Adopting a new law or other normative legal act, the public authorities of even modern states usually try to establish such regulation of legal relations that would correspond to the existing practice at that time, except for cases when it is harmful or inappropriate. The impact of law on custom is analyzed, because the state is able to influence the evolution of established patterns of behavior in society through the use of other legal means. Changes in legislation that do not correspond to the customs of society may be ineffective or even lead to social resistance. Innovations of the legislator, which do not correspond to customs, can gain success and general recognition, provided that they are in harmony with the needs of society.
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8

Upadhyay, K. N. "Bride Price Tradition around the Globe and its Effect on Trafficking for the Purpose Of Marriage." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2022.89.1.044-056.

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Every phenomenon or custom has a societal history attached to it, how it develops, how it becomes suitable to people in universal and why it continues even now. There are various traditions and customs, which thwart people from realizing that bride trafficking, is a crime. History speaks about various instances of traditions and customs which are similar to the crime of bride trafficking but because they are time immoral they have got certain level of acceptance by different societies. The custom, traditions and usages bring acceptability to any practice even per se the practice is illegal and same we can find in case of Bride price tradition.
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9

Payyappilly, Ignatius. "Mapping Dowry Exchanges: Snapshots of Nineteenth Century Palm Leaves." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (July 13, 2012): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.21.2.

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The Palm leave records of the Syrian Christian communities in Kerala, belonging to eighteenth and nineteenth century, remain as evidences of the practice of dowry (Stridhanam) among the Syrian Christians and donations such as passaram, nadavazhakkam, kurippanam, kudappanam etc made to the churches and priests in relation to the marriage. Records say that this social custom, also known as Stridhanam was a crucial point of marriage and it was very often a matter of dispute and family problems. In spite of all disputes and difficulties existed in the Syrian Christian families and in the society at large because of this custom, no church record could be traced against this system. This paper is an attempt to explore and analyse the nature and practice of this social custom among Syrian Christians in the nineteenth century, who are Christian in faith and religion but are not different from the Hindus in their social customs and practices. Likewise, this paper is an attempt to analyse the social and cultural impacts of dowry (stridhanam) and the attitude of the society as well as that of Church authorities towards this custom and how did they tax the people in connection with the marriage. Keywords: Dowry; stridhanam; syrian christians; passaram; nadavazhakkam; palm leave records; christian marriage
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10

Lada, Alexey Sergeevich. "Legal custom, custom and judicial practice in labor law: correlation issues." Право и государство: теория и практика, no. 1 (2022): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2022_1_308.

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Дисертації з теми "Custom and practice"

1

Donlon, Enda. "The contribution of a custom-built online learning environment to undertaking and understanding teaching practice." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020769/.

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METIS (Mater Dei Education for Teaching Information System) is a custom-built online learning environment for teaching practice (TP) that has been developed in the context of a concurrent Initial Teacher Education (ITE) programme at the Mater Dei Institute of Education (MDI), Dublin. It is guided by three objectives ('to facilitate competency-based profiling of student-teachers', 'to facilitate reflective practice by student-teachers', and 'to facilitate the flow of information for teaching practice') and one central aim ('to facilitate the professional growth of student-teachers'). This thesis considers the contribution of METIS to the conduct and understanding of teaching practice in MDI, offering insights into reflective practice and processes of lesson planning, at the same time as suggesting ways in which online learning environments such as METIS might help student-teachers and their supervisors to operate more effectively in collaboration and as individuals. It employs a case study methodology and draws upon data obtained from semi-structured one-to-one interviews with studentteachers, TP supervisors and TP administration staff as its primary source of data, and information from within METIS itself as a secondary source. Following presentation and analysis of this data, the final chapter considers ultimately the central research question using an amended subset of Rogers' 'Diffusion of Innovation' theory. There is evidence of a number of positive contributions to TP in MDI through the introduction of METIS. These include increased transparency and clarity surrounding the assessment of student-teachers, empowering the professional development of studentteachers through the provision of online formative feedback, and overall enhanced communication between staff and students. A number of features also emerge in need of review. These include the existing mechanisms in place for facilitation of elements of reflective practice through M ETIS and the use of competency-orientated graphical components to visually illustrate student-teacher performance on TP.
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2

Smith, William Noble. "Current State of Practice Associated with the Use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the Custom Home Building Industry." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6632.

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Анотація:
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has entered the construction industry and has permeated the commercial sector. Research is continually performed to expand the capabilities and applications within the industry. However, research has historically been mostly limited to the commercial sector and has seen little expansion to other sectors of the industry including the residential sector. The potential cause for this may be the limited number of industry professionals who utilize the software to the benefit of their companies. The focus of this study was specifically the custom home building sector of residential construction in the United States because of the unique and potentially complex nature of each project. The study was performed using a Delphi Panel, which utilizes a panel of experts to reach a consensus on a given subject. In this study, the goal was to reach a consensus on the most common uses challenges and benefits of BIM within the residential sector. In the first questionnaires, the experts were asked to identify, with a series of demographic questions including the number of employees in their company, the number of homes they build each year, and the average sale price of each home. Each expert's responses to the demographic questions were cross-referenced with the responses concerning uses, benefits, and challenges to provide other industry members wishing to implement with relatable demographic references to compare with their own company demographics. The experts then identified how they used BIM, what benefits they had seen, and any challenges they faced. The uses, benefits, and challenges identified in this questionnaire were ranked in the following questionnaire to identify the most common uses, greatest benefits, and greatest challenges.The top uses identified by this expert panel were design and visualization, the creation of construction documents, and quantity take-offs. The most common benefits identified by this panel were client visualization, plan accuracy, improved client communication, and ease of plan revisions. The most common challenges identified by this panel were high software costs, the steep learning curve when training employees, and the time-consuming nature of creating and maintain models correctly.
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3

Hepburn, Jasmin Kira Rennie. "Nicolas Bohier (1469-1539) and the ius commune : a study in sixteenth-century French legal practice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22048.

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Анотація:
European legal history, as a field of scientific enquiry, is a relatively young discipline that can trace its roots back to the German jurist Savigny, whose work on the jurists of the medieval ius commune is commonly seen as the first of its kind. As one of the foremost German scholars of the nineteenth century and a fierce opponent of German codification, Savigny laid the foundation for generations of subsequent historians, not only in terms of the scope, but also in terms of the method of enquiry. Thus, in the generations after Savigny, European legal history tended to be approached in terms of general narratives charting the development of the European legal order through successive historical epochs. Within these narratives, jurists played a prominent role. Thus, the creation of the legal order of Europe was based upon a translatio studii from the Roman jurists via the medieval ius commune to civil codes of the nineteenth century. By grouping jurists into “schools” or “movements”, modern commentators, so it was argued, were able to assess the impact of these on the narrative of European legal history. Although, since the end of the Second World War, this narrative has become more nuanced, the jurists remain central to it. This has had a number of consequences. The main consequence of this focus on jurists (mostly academic figures teaching at universities) has been the marginalisation of legal practice and legal practitioners in the narrative of European legal history. And yet, as recent research on the rise of central courts in Europe has shown, legal practice clearly had an impact on the development of the European legal order. In light of these insights, this thesis seeks to contribute to the narrative of European legal history by focusing not on the works of academic jurists, but on the activities of legal practitioners. This statement requires delimitation. Rather than focusing on a number of legal practitioners over a long period of time, this thesis will focus on a single legal practitioner who flourished during a specific period in European history using the principles of a microhistory. The individual in question is the French lawyer Nicolas Bohier (1469-1539). The reasons for this specific focus are twofold. First, a focus on a specific individual and his works allows for greater scrutiny in depth, thus providing a counterbalance to (and also a means of testing and verifying) the broad sweep accounts found in most works on European legal history. In second place, Nicolas Bohier and his oeuvre cry out for a critical analysis and, until now, remain largely unstudied. As a practising lawyer and eventually president of the regional court of Bordeaux, Bohier was at the coalface of French legal practice in the sixteenth century. As a prolific writer and editor, Bohier left a rich corpus of work consisting of records of decisions of the court in Bordeaux, legal opinions as well as customs of the region. Furthermore, sixteenth-century France is a particularly exciting topic of investigation. This period not only saw the rise and solidification of Royal authority, but also saw the beginning of the homologation of customary law in France. On an intellectual level, the sixteenth century saw the rise of “legal humanism”, a particularly controversial intellectual movement in the context of European legal history as shown by recent research. This then brings us to the central point of this thesis. If, during the sixteenth century, the medieval ius commune was being replaced by “national” legal orders across Europe, as the general surveys of European legal history state, the works of a legal practitioner would show it much more clearly than the works of academic jurists. This thesis will therefore examine Bohier’s use of the term ius commune across his works to assess not only his understanding of the term, but also to assess how this concept operated in relation to other “sources of law”, for example statute and custom. Although the results of a microhistory study should not be generalised too far, it will permit us to interrogate the general narratives of European legal history of the early modern period.
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4

Hermet, Alexandre. "La convergence des pratiques conventionnelles internationales : Étude du rôle des traités dans la formation de la coutume." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020037.

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Анотація:
Cette étude cherche à mettre en lumière les différents raisonnements qui conduisent à identifier une règle coutumière internationale sur le fondement de la convergence des pratiques conventionnelles internationales. Cette hypothèse a été expressément admise par la Commission du droit international en 2018 dans ses projets de conclusions sur la détermination du droit international coutumier. Elle a en effet considéré que « [l]e fait qu’une règle soit énoncée dans plusieurs traités peut signifier, sans toutefois que cela soit nécessairement le cas, que la règle conventionnelle reflète une règle de droit international coutumier » (Conclusion 11, al. 2). Pour mener à bien cette étude, deux aspects des règles coutumières ont été distingués : d’une part leur contenu, c’est-à-dire le comportement qu’elles prescrivent, et d’autre part leur force juridique, c’est-à-dire leur qualité de règles de droit. L’influence des dispositions conventionnelles est en effet différente dans les deux situations : en ce qui concerne la substance de la coutume, cette incidence est certaine mais varie suivant l’abstraction des énoncés conventionnels en cause. En revanche, en ce qui concerne la valeur juridique de la coutume, il est nécessaire de dépasser le principe de l’effet relatif des engagements conventionnels pour qu’ils puissent attester de l’existence d’une règle coutumière
This study seeks to highlight the different rationales which lead to the identification of an international customary rule on the basis of the convergence of international conventional practices. This assumption has been expressly accepted by the International Law Commission in 2018 in its draft conclusions on the determination of customary international law. It has held that "[t]he fact that a rule is set forth in a number of treaties may, but does not necessarily, indicate that the treaty rule reflects a rule of customary international law" (Conclusion 11, para. 2). To carry out this study, two aspects of customary rules are distinguished: on the one hand, their content, that is to say the behaviour they prescribe, and on the other hand, their legal bindingness, that is to say their quality of rules of law. The influence of conventional provisions is indeed different in these two situations: as regards the substance of the custom, this incidence is certain but varies according to the abstraction of the conventional statements in question. By contrast, as far as the legal value of custom is concerned, it is necessary to go beyond the principle of relative effects of conventional commitments so that they can attest to the existence of a customary rule
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5

Vignon, Virginie. "L’imaginaire de la typographie : objets et pratiques d’un appareil d’incarnation." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040032.

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Анотація:
Objet de la vie quotidienne, la typographie est un produit socioculturel et un outil de délégation que l’homme place entre lui et le monde. Comment organise-t-il cette médiation ? Tel est l’enjeu principal de notre sujet.Située à la croisée de son faire et de son agir, elle est le résultat d’un processus cognitif dont les modalités de production et de circulation se fondent sur un principe de mise en relation communicationnelle d’ordre anthropogénique. En examinant l’étude de sa matérialité technique au regard de sa réalité culturelle, la typographie est autant envisagée comme un « appareil d’incarnation » – on parle de corps aussi bien pour la lettre que pour un texte – que comme creuset d’une pratique. À la fois instrument de perception et moyen d’action, elle permet, à l’échelle du caractère, l’invention typographique tout en donnant lieu à un double régime d’interprétations d’ordre technique et sémiotique. Si le parcours se déploie au cœur des pratiques de métiers liées à la conception de caractères et s’intéresse aux différents contextes d’énonciation typographique, il débouche sur une réflexion en réception, à propos des usages de la typographie, en tant que manipulation culturelle ouverte à tout un chacun, pour une ressaisie du monde
As a daily life object, typography is a sociocultural product and transfer tool that people put between them and the world. How do they organize this mediation ? That is the main issue of our subject.At the crossroads of the doing and acting concepts, typography is the result of a cognitive process, which production and circulation’s methods are based on communication’s principles from the Henri Van Lier’s Anthropogeny. Studying its technical materiality according to its cultural reality, typography is considered as an “embodiment system” – in French, we call “body” the typeface as well as the text – and also as the crucible of this practice. As a sensitive agent and practical method, typography makes typeface invention possible while creating a double regime of interpretations based on its technology and semiotics. Whereas our words are related to trade practices which are then connected to type face design and various contexts of typographical enunciation resulting in a thought about reception. The fact is that uses linked to typography exist as cultural experiments accessible to all who desire it to challenge the world
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6

May, Ester Ruby. "Virginity testing: towards outlawing the cultural practical practice that violates our daughters." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2003. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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7

Levendal, Josua. "A case study of the Customs Administrative Penalty Provision as contained in the Customs & Excise Act, No.91 of 1964 of South Africa, and a comparison of the South African regime with selected foreign customs penalty regime." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20116.

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Анотація:
The world of international trade has evolved over the centuries and, with this process of evolution, unique challenges have emerged over time. International trade, in essence, involves the movement of goods and services across borders; it is conducted mainly by private firms rather than governments. The suggested role of government is to create an environment that allows for efficient international trade. Such an environment is manifested in the provision of an adequate physical infrastructure and a transparent regulatory environment. Today, an organisation such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), whose members direct the vast bulk of international trade, plays an active role in advancing the agenda of a rules-based international trade regime. This same organization also provides, on an ongoing basis, initiatives directed to improving the facilitation of trade internationally. Examples of trade facilitation initiatives are the recent Bali-Agreement (The Trade Facilitation Agreement, 2013), signed by WTO members in 2013 in Bali, and the Revised Kyoto Convention of the World Customs Organization (WCO) which has, as its objective, the elimination of barriers to efficient international trade. This dissertation focuses on customs penalty regime as utilised by South Africa. The South African regime is compared with certain foreign and international customs penalty regimes (in this case, Canada, the United States of America and the European Union). The study further explores the appeal system available to transgressors of these regimes. The penalty - and appeal regimes is further analysed against recommendations and prescripts in international agreements to which these countries are parties, specifically the WTO Bali Agreement and the WCO Revised Kyoto Convention. A practical and transparent customs penalty regime will obviously support the agenda to improve trade facilitation, a situation that is desired by traders throughout the globe.
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8

Masieri, C. M. "L'ACCERTAMENTO DELLA RESPONSABILITÀ CIVILE DEL MEDICO TRAMITE L'UTILIZZO DELLE LINEE-GUIDA E DEGLI ALTRI DOCUMENTI SCIENTIFICI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/490018.

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Анотація:
Il presente lavoro è volto ad analizzare un particolare aspetto della disciplina della responsabilità civile del medico: si tratta dell’utilizzo di documenti medico-scientifici, variamente denominati practice parameters, practice patterns, written policies, protocols, standards, e riassumibili nella locuzione clinical practice guidelines o linee-guida per la pratica clinica, che viene fatto dai rule makers, siano essi legislatori o giudici, per individuare il criterio di giudizio della condotta tenuta dal medico. Nel primo capitolo, dopo aver brevemente accennato alle necessarie nozioni di epistemologia della medicina, al contenuto delle guidelines e alla metodologia con cui esse vengono prodotte, si dà conto di alcune interazioni tra scienza e diritto verificatesi – con riferimento ai documenti medico-scientifici in esame – nell’ordinamento dell’Unione Europea, del Consiglio d’Europa e poi in quello italiano. Lo studio della responsabilità medica, nonché quello dell’utilizzo delle guidelines, induce poi ad attingere alle risorse della comparazione giuridica. In particolare, si è imposta la scelta dell’ordinamento degli Stati Uniti d’America, in quanto proprio dalla dottrina americana è stata formulata per la prima volta alla fine degli anni ’80 l’ipotesi di utilizzare le linee-guida nei processi per medical malpractice. Nel secondo capitolo si offre perciò una ricostruzione dettagliata del sistema delle fonti e del ruolo delle giurisdizioni statali e federali nella produzione e applicazione del diritto americano, con particolare attenzione alla responsabilità civile del medico. Inoltre, per quanto attiene alla struttura della medical malpractice, si rileva che il criterio di giudizio prevalentemente utilizzato è quello della medical custom, che è ritenuta un fatto, il quale deve essere pertanto oggetto di prova dinnanzi alla giuria. Da ciò discende che nei processi relativi alla responsabilità civile del medico assumono particolare rilievo le conoscenze tecniche in materia di medical custom, però negli Stati Uniti una consulenza tecnica d’ufficio non viene praticamente mai disposta dal giudice: poiché l’onere della prova del breach of duty grava sull’attore, si osserva che l’expert witness di parte in materia di negligenza del medico diviene un requisito astrattamente necessario di procedibilità della domanda del paziente. È dunque in un’ottica essenzialmente probatoria, e cioè nell’interazione e – a volte – nella contrapposizione con quanto affermato dalla expert testimony, che la giurisprudenza e la dottrina americane concepiscono l’uso processuale delle linee-guida per la pratica clinica. Si prosegue perciò con l’analisi delle regole della Law of Evidence, con particolare attenzione al vaglio sulla expert witness testimony imposto dal c.d. Daubert test, e alle disposizioni in materia di ammissibilità dei documenti nel trial. Nel terzo capitolo, si dimostra che l’uso delle linee-guida nei processi americani per medical malpractice è un fatto assai più frequente di quello che la dottrina americana ritiene, e che le regole appena descritte in materia di Evidence costituiscono tuttora i riferimenti normativi più significativi per il giudizio di ammissibilità e rilevanza di tali documenti, più che i pochi statutes speciali in materia di linee-guida e responsabilità medica, che sembrano essere invece il modello a cui ha fatto riferimento il legislatore italiano per l’adozione del decreto Balduzzi. Nel quarto capitolo si ritorna al diritto italiano, e si ricostruisce la parabola che ha portato, nel nostro ordinamento, la responsabilità civile dall’illecito aquiliano alla responsabilità per inadempimento dell’obbligazione da contatto sociale. Si mettono inoltre in rilievo le distorsioni operate dalla giurisprudenza, che ha voluto caratterizzare la disciplina di questa responsabilità in senso oggettivo assoluto. Nel quinto capitolo, si rileva che in questo humus – assai diverso da quello della Law of Torts – viene trapiantata dall’art. 3, co. 1 d.l. 13 settembre 2012, n. 158 conv. con modif. in l. 8 novembre 2012, n. 189 l’idea di escludere la responsabilità del medico in caso di rispetto delle linee-guida, che trae ispirazione da alcuni statutes americani, i quali però – come si è detto – non rappresentano “il” modello più autorevole e diffuso in materia negli Stati Uniti. Viene poi effettuato un inquadramento delle guidelines assai differente rispetto a quanto accade oltreoceano: infatti, se l’obbligazione del medico ha ad oggetto una prestazione a regola d’arte, sinonimo di perizia, tali documenti si devono collocare a livello del criterio di qualificazione giuridica della condotta, non a quello dell’accertamento del fatto, e dunque non sono affatto prove, a differenza di quanto ritengono generalmente i giuristi americani. Si sostiene, in seguito, che in forza del principio iura novit curia e dell’esplicito richiamo di cui all’art. 3, co. 1 decreto Balduzzi, il giudice è tenuto a conoscere e a fare uso delle linee-guida per la pratica clinica nell’accertamento della responsabilità civile del medico, nella misura in cui esse siano applicabili al caso di specie e scientificamente valide. Proprio per quanto attiene al vaglio giudiziale di tali documenti, e specialmente a quello relativo alla loro validità scientifica, si propone poi all’interprete italiano di cogliere i frutti dell’esperienza americana, guardando con particolare attenzione al Daubert test. Ma nella circolazione del modello che qui si propone, si è coscienti che l’originale subisce alcune importanti modificazioni, di cui si dà conto. Infine, si definiscono i limiti entro i quali la Cassazione può sindacare l’utilizzo delle linee-guida da parte dei giudici di merito.
PHD DISSERTATION - ABSTRACT - THE ASCERTAINMENT OF MEDICAL MALPRACTICE THROUGH CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTS. This PhD dissertation aims to analyze a specific aspect of Medical Malpractice Law: the use of scientific documents – known as practice parameters, practice patterns, written policies, protocols, standards or clinical practice guidelines – by rule makers (legislators and Courts) in order to identify the standard of care for health care practitioners. In the first chapter, after a short introduction on fundamental notions of medical epistemology, guidelines’ content and their production, some interactions between Science and Law are described, picking the European Union Law, Council of Europe Law and finally Italian Law. Research on guidelines and Medical Malpractice calls for taking the advantage of Comparative Legal Studies. In particular, the legal system of the United States of America has been chosen. This because American scholars have first proposed in the ‘80s to use guidelines in Medical Malpractice trials. The second chapter offers thus a detailed picture of the sources of the law, including the role of state and federal Courts in making American Law. Focusing then on Medical Malpractice, it has to be said that the majority of the States adopted medical custom as the standard of care, which is a matter of fact, to be proven in front of the jury. According to this, in Medical Malpractice trials expert witness testimony about medical custom became very relevant, but no Court in the U.S. appoints experts. This, and the fact that the plaintiff retains the burden of proof of the breach of duty, makes partisan expert testimony mandatory for the claim of the patient to be heard by the jury. Therefore, Courts and scholars in the United States put guidelines in the Evidence Law frame, looking at how they interact – or sometimes clash – with expert testimonies. So, the chapter ends with an analysis of the Law of Evidence, with a focus on the so called “Daubert test” on expert witnesses, and one on the admissibility of documents. The third chapter demonstrates that the use of clinical practice guidelines in Medical Malpractice trials is way more frequent than American scholars think. Furthermore, it shows that the above-mentioned rules of Evidence are still the most relevant source of the law governing admissibility and relevance of these documents. Evidence Law indeed is far more relevant than the small number of state and federal statutes on Medical Malpractice that mention guidelines as a judicial tool for assessing liability. But these statutes seem to have inspired the Italian legislator seems adopting the so called “decreto Balduzzi” (see art. 3, comma 1 d.l. n. 158 of 2012 – l. n. 189 of 2012). The fourth chapter goes back to the Italian legal system, describing the path that brought Medical Malpractice from Tort Law to Contract Law through the so called “contatto sociale” doctrine. Furthermore, the case law caused some distortions of the rules that are now similar to strict liability. The fifth chapter describes a legal transplant from American Tort Law to the very different Italian legal environment: the idea of giving a defense to doctors who complied with clinical practice guidelines. Anyhow, some American state statutes, not the prevailing traditional Evidence Law pattern, have influenced the Italian legislator. Moreover, the conceptual framing of clinical practice guidelines under Italian Law is very different from the original. In Italy, Medical Malpractice is a branch of Contract Law, according to which the clinician is bound to perform treatments with the due technical expertise (“perizia”). Scientific documents can help Courts to define doctor’s behavior as coping with technical expertise, which is a matter of law. Guidelines cannot prove any fact. Therefore, they are not related to Evidence Law. The core of this PhD dissertation is that Italian Courts have to take judicial notice of clinical practice guidelines in Medical Malpractice trials. This comes out of the “iura novit curia” principle (“The Court must know the law” principle) and art. 3, co. 1 of decreto Balduzzi, which explicitly talks about clinical practice guidelines and iatrogenic injuries. The above-mentioned scientific documents have also to pass muster under a test of applicability to the case and scientific validity. This dissertation suggests taking the advantage of the American experience, in particular of the so called “Daubert doctrine”. However, even this would be a legal transplant, in which the original model would be surely modified, as this work shows. Finally, the fifth chapter describes how Cassazione Court could reverse lower Courts’ decisions that apply clinical practice guidelines in Medical Malpractice cases.
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Tshabalala, Sipho Aubrey. "The decline of piston manufacturers in the Southern African Customs Union." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20117.

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During the period of the years 1952 to 2009, there have been only two automotive piston manufacturers in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). SACU is comprised of the following five member states; South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland. Owing to the SACU agreement, these countries have enjoyed fairly good trade flows in goods and services amongst each other. The role of the abovementioned piston manufacturers was the provision of piston components to engine assembling companies in the SACU region as well as for sale to the aftermarket.
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Austen-Peters, A. O. "Custody of investments : law and practice /." Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/319230996.pdf.

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Книги з теми "Custom and practice"

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Baer, Walter E. Collective bargaining: Custom and practice. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1989.

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Boyd, Robert. Independent schools: Law, custom and practice. Bristol: Jordans, 1998.

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Y, Yaron, and Qanaï Avraham, eds. An introduction to Karaite Judaism: History, theology, practice, and custom. Troy, NY: al-Qirqisani Center for the Promotion of Karaite Studies, 2003.

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1969-, Ruppel Oliver Christian, ed. Women and custom in Namibia: Cultural practice versus gender equality? Windhoek, Namibia: Macmillan Education Namibia, 2008.

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Powell, Philip. Notes for UK immigration lawyers on custom & practice in the Indian sub-continent. London: [The Author], 1992.

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Montefiore, Joshua. A commercial dictionary: Containing the present state of mercantile law, practice, and custom. Clark, N.J: Lawbook Exchange, 2004.

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Huang, Philip C. Code, custom, and legal practice in China: The Qing and the Republic compared. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2001.

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1939-, Levy Abraham, ed. Ages of man: A plain guide to traditional Jewish custom, practice, and belief in modern times. London: Darton, Longman, and Todd, 1985.

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1939-, Levy Abraham, ed. The Jewish book of why and what: A guide to Jewish tradition, custom, practice, and belief. New York, NY: Shapolsky Publishers, 1989.

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Gubbay, Lucien. Ages of man: A plain guide to traditional Jewish custom, practice and belief in modern times. London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 1985.

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Частини книг з теми "Custom and practice"

1

Davis, Leonard. "Custom, Practice and Impression." In The Philippines People, Poverty and Politics, 1–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07168-5_1.

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Komatineni, Satya, and Dave MacLean. "Principles and Practice of Custom Layouts." In Expert Android, 61–80. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4951-1_3.

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White, Ian Kennedy, and Rosane Lessa Pagano. "Challenging Custom and Practice in Course Design." In Higher Education Management and Operational Research, 225–38. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-976-3_13.

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Busetto, Penelope. "Sex, custom and madness." In The Tripartite Matrix in the Developing Theory and Expanding Practice of Group Analysis, 87–99. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003425915-9.

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Kaufmann, Martin W., and Patrice M. Mich. "Custom External Coaptation as a Pain Management Tool: Veterinary Orthotics and Prosthetics." In Pain Management in Veterinary Practice, 155–60. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118999196.ch13.

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Nevile, Maurice. "1. Objects of Agreement: Placing Pins to Progress Collaborative Activity in Custom Dressmaking." In Objects, Bodies and Work Practice, edited by Dennis Day and Johannes Wagner, 3–32. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781788924535-004.

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Jacques, Roy. "Post-Industrialism, Postmodernity and O.R.: Toward A ‘Custom and Practice’ of Responsibility and Possibility." In Operational Research and the Social Sciences, 703–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0789-1_107.

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Hollings, Anni. "Custom and practice." In Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management, 71–72. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800378841.c.33.

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Brodie, Douglas. "Custom and Practice." In The Employment Contract: Legal Principles, Drafting, and Interpretation, 145–56. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199269662.003.0009.

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Abstract The terms of the employment contract may be derived, to a greater or lesser 9.01extent, from custom and practice. A practice in the relevant trade or industry, or geographical area, may be incorporated on the basis that it is reasonable, certain, and notorious.1 This formula is not particular to the law of the employment contract but is simply the conventional test, applied in a variety of contexts, for the establishment of binding custom.
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Beham, Markus P. "Schrödinger’s Custom." In The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law, 87–102. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009025416.006.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Custom and practice"

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Minaeva, Tatiana S. "Organization of customs supervision in Russia and Sweden in the first quarter of the 18th century." In Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-06.

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In the first quarter of the 18th century, Russia and Sweden pursued a policy of protectionism, but showing interest in the growth of customs revenues, the governments of both states paid little attention to the organization of high-quality customs supervision. The growth of smuggling and duty evasion with the imperfection of the customs system have become the main problems of the custom departments of Russia and Sweden. In various solutions to the issue of organizing border surveillance, the Russian and Swedish authorities used identical custom management methods. They began a gradual reorganization of the central administrative bodies, expanded the practice of analyzing the activities of customs and outposts with the help of customs inspectors, adopted regulations aimed at strengthening the discipline and responsibility of custom officers and military personnel involved in the organization of custom supervision.
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Davrajh, Shaniel, Thegaran Naidoo, Glen Bright, NS Tlale, and CM Kumile. "Automated Visual Inspection of Moving Custom Parts." In 2008 15th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmvip.2008.4749538.

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Tsunoda, Masateru, Akito Monden, Kenichi Matsumoto, Sawako Ohiwa, and Tomoki Oshino. "Analysis of Attributes Relating to Custom Software Price." In 2012 Fourth International Workshop on Empirical Software Engineering in Practice (IWESEP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwesep.2012.19.

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Sfiligoi, Igor, Daniel McDonald, Rob Knight, and Frank Würthwein. "Testing GitHub projects on custom resources using unprivileged Kubernetes runners." In PEARC '23: Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3569951.3597586.

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Gogoi, Bikash, Unnikrishnan Cheramangalath, and Rupesh Nasre. "Custom code generation for a graph DSL." In PPoPP '20: 25th ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3366428.3380772.

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Rivera, Sergio, Mami Hayashida, James Griffioen, and Zongming Fei. "Dynamically Creating Custom SDN High-Speed Network Paths for Big Data Science Flows." In PEARC17: Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing 2017. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3093338.3104155.

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Llanos-González, Ana Belén, Natalia Arteaga-Marrero, Enrique Villa, Marta Elena Gómez Gil, Ana Martín Medina, Orlando Acosta Fernández, Nuria Mañes Bonet, Juan Bautista Ruiz-Alzola, and Javier González-Fernández. "Custom-made phantoms for thoracic ultrasound diagnostic and therapeutic applications in clinical practice." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2782.

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Colegrove, Patrick Tod, and Tammy Westergard. "Making the Abstract Straightforward: A Pilot of Immersive VR in an Allied Health Program of Study." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.13163.

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Emerging technologies in education are offering new tools for teaching and learner engagement. Today’s study and practice can include use of digital technologies far beyond looking at a flat screen: virtual reality, augmented reality, interactive 3D objects and 360 video can provide immersive and impactful teaching and learning. There are a variety of definitions for these “realities” but the overarching impact is one of powerful, immersive, visual learning. Immersive virtual reality in a learner-centric environment can provide more presence and engagement for students, enabling the possibility of enhanced learning experiences relative to conventional classroom practices. This paper presents early results of a pilot study leveraging the possibilities of VR technology in service to an existing program of study in allied health services:graduates surveyed report high degrees of confidence in course materials learned by means of the custom VR components developed, reporting the adjunct course materials substantially helped learners in understanding otherwise difficult to grasp concepts of the course.
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Barry, Jonathan, Melissa Lee, Tad Bostick, Curtis Cheatham, Agustin Maqui, and Chris Schneider. "Improved Drilling Performance Using an Innovative Cloud-Based Ecosystem and Bespoke Operator Technology." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216240-ms.

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Abstract This paper describes how an operator implements continuous improvement methodologies using real-time drilling data analytics in a novel cloud-based ecosystem. Standardized key performance indicators (KPIs) are benchmarked and tracked in real time for the entire drilling team to monitor and take corrective, collaborative action. In addition, the operator has implemented its own proprietary technology in the form of custom-built applications. The methods in this paper are used in basins and environments globally. The underlying principle is simple: capture and visualize real-time data, measure and track rig fleet KPIs benchmarked against safe, iterative goals, and evaluate trends over time. In practice, this often requires significant human resources. Advanced analytics tools now automate most of this process. Leveraging a wide range of purpose-built and custom applications to analyze real-time information and generate metrics, decision-makers can witness the effect of process change rapidly. Leadership focus on the specific KPIs emphasizes to the workforce the importance of using the noted tools to drive performance.
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Chan, Y. Sing, F. B. Song, S. W. Ricky Lee, C. R. Yang, and Jeffery C. C. Lo. "Comparison of Fatigue Crack Initiation/Propagation and Daisy-Chain Resistance in Lead-Free Solder Joints Under Temperature Cycling Test." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52219.

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It has been a common practice in the microelectronics industry to evaluate the long-term solder joint reliability using the accelerated temperature cycling (ATC) test. The thermal fatigue failure mechanism of solder joints during the ATC test involves the initiation of microcracks and, subsequently, their propagation and coalescence for a complete joint separation. Traditionally, the industry employs methods based on the measurement of the daisy-chain resistance to monitor the failure of the solder joints. Yet, there is no specific study to investigate the relationship between the resistance change during the ATC test and the crack formation of the solder fatigue. This study aims to provide an experimental investigation on such relationship. A custom-made sample is designed and fabricated in the study. The fatigue crack growth in solder joints of certain custom-made assemblies can be directly inspected during the test. The daisy-chain resistance is real-time monitored. The test results reveal that the electrical resistance monitoring approach is not effective in detecting the fatigue crack initiation and subsequent propagation. As a result, a partially degraded interconnect cannot be identified. Therefore, new monitoring methods should be developed for this purpose.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Custom and practice"

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Mayas, Magda. Creating with timbre. Norges Musikkhøgskole, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.686088.

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Unfolding processes of timbre and memory in improvisational piano performance This exposition is an introduction to my research and practice as a pianist, in which I unfold processes of timbre and memory in improvised music from a performer’s perspective. Timbre is often understood as a purely sonic perceptual phenomenon. However, this is not in accordance with a site-specific improvisational practice with changing spatial circumstances impacting the listening experience, nor does it take into account the agency of the instrument and objects used or the performer’s movements and gestures. In my practice, I have found a concept as part of the creating process in improvised music which has compelling potential: Timbre orchestration. My research takes the many and complex aspects of a performance environment into account and offers an extended understanding of timbre, which embraces spatial, material and bodily aspects of sound in improvised music performance. The investigative projects described in this exposition offer a methodology to explore timbral improvisational processes integrated into my practice, which is further extended through collaborations with sound engineers, an instrument builder and a choreographer: -experiments in amplification and recording, resulting in Memory piece, a series of works for amplified piano and multichannel playback - Piano mapping, a performance approach, with a custom-built device for live spatialization as means to expand and deepen spatio-timbral relationships; - Accretion, a project with choreographer Toby Kassell for three grand pianos and a pianist, where gestural approaches are used to activate and compose timbre in space. Together, the projects explore memory as a structural, reflective and performative tool and the creation of performing and listening modes as integrated parts of timbre orchestration. Orchestration and choreography of timbre turn into an open and hybrid compositional approach, which can be applied to various contexts, engaging with dynamic relationships and re-configuring them.
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Seybold, Patricia. Customer Scenario Mapping Community of Practice. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/csmcommunity.

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Zankovsky, Sergey S., and Petr P. Battakhov. DISSERTATION LAW: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, PRACTICE AND CUSTOMS IN RUSSIA. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1556-4590-7677-88654.

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The article considers the normative and practical aspects of the dissertation law, work of dissertation councils and certain elements of the procedures for defending dissertations. The importance of thorough preparation for the defense is emphasized and its directions are defined. Special attention is paid to the quality of the provisions submitted for defense. The analysis of typical errors in the formulation of such provisions is given.
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Kramer, Mitchell. Best Practices in Customer Self-Service. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/bp05-31-07cc.

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Seybold, Patricia. What Are Customer Experience Best Practices? Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/bp4-28-05cc.

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Lees, Matthew. Best Practices in Acquiring Customer Community Members. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/bp02-01-07cc.

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Lees, Matthew. Best Practices in Engaging Customer Community Members. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/bp8-17-06cc.

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8

Ripoll, Santiago. Death and Funerary Practices in the Context of Epidemics: Upholding the Rights of Religious Minorities. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.001.

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Анотація:
This working paper explores the challenges that emerge when public health measures to mitigate the risk of infection during an epidemic infringe on the rights of religious communities to say a final farewell to their loved ones according to their custom. The paper aims to answer these questions: how does epidemic response in the context of death and burials frame and impact religious minority rights? And in turn, how do sectarian dynamics reposition themselves in the context of epidemic response?
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Poitras, Maurice V. Adoptable Afghan Customs or Practices in a Military Operations Environment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada506264.

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10

Jourdain, Jean-Loup. Evaluation Tool to Implement Good Practices in the Area of Customer Management for Water and Sewerage Operators. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008832.

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Анотація:
The following is a tool developed by the Water and Sanitation Division of the IDB for evaluating customer management practices in use by water and sewerage utilities. In order to facilitate the use of this tool, all matters which relate to customer management have been grouped into four main functional areas: the "Billing Factory" (or the recurrent billing and collection activities); Revenue Management; Customer Care (management of contacts with customers); and Customer Marketing, a relatively new activity in water and sewerage companies, which aims to study and propose solutions tailored for various types of customers. The tool is an Excel program, designed to be freestanding. This tool may be used in two major ways, as a support for dialogue between a professional of customer management and an external expert, or directly by the company itself to measure the consistency of different approaches to customer management and perceptions regarding their effectiveness.
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