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Статті в журналах з теми "Current climatic conditions"
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Hayat, Umer, Haiwen Qin, Jiaqiang Zhao, Muhammad Akram, Juan Shi, and Zou Ya. "Variation in the potential distribution of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) globally and in Pakistan under current and future climatic conditions." Plant Protection Science 57, No. 2 (March 1, 2021): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/41/2020-pps.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous moth species that mainly damages various crops and ornamental plants. This widely distributed pest is particularly a nuisance in Pakistan where it damages many crops, e.g., wheat and vegetables. To assess the risk of damage by this moth, we used the CLIMEX model to predict the distribution of A. ipsilon under current and future climatic conditions. Using the literature data, we collected information on the biology and ecology of A. ipsilon relevant for modelling the distribution of this species in Pakistan and worldwide under current and future climatic conditions. Our results revealed that under future climatic scenarios, the highly favourable habitat area of A. ipsilon (ecoclimatic index EI > 30) would decrease globally from 19% at present to 14% in the future, and the moderately favourable habitat area (0 < EI ≤ 15) would increase from 21 to 29%. We found that the northern areas of Pakistan will become highly suitable for the establishment of A. ipsilon. Under the current climatic conditions, the optimal habitats of A. ipsilon (EI > 30) comprised 10% and moderately favourable habitats (EI < 17) accounted for 25% of the total land area in Pakistan. Under future climatic scenarios, the optimal habitat area of the moth in Pakistan could decrease to 5% and the moderately favourable habitat area could cover 63% of the entire land area. The results can be applied in the protection of various crops and ornamental plants against A. ipsilon in Pakistan as well as worldwide.
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Elsen, Paul R., William B. Monahan, Eric R. Dougherty, and Adina M. Merenlender. "Keeping pace with climate change in global terrestrial protected areas." Science Advances 6, no. 25 (June 2020): eaay0814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay0814.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Protected areas (PAs) are essential to biodiversity conservation, but their static boundaries may undermine their potential for protecting species under climate change. We assessed how the climatic conditions within global terrestrial PAs may change over time. By 2070, protection is expected to decline in cold and warm climates and increase in cool and hot climates over a wide range of precipitation. Most countries are expected to fail to protect >90% of their available climate at current levels. The evenness of climatic representation under protection—not the amount of area protected—positively influenced the retention of climatic conditions under protection. On average, protection retention would increase by ~118% if countries doubled their climatic representativeness under protection or by ~102% if countries collectively reduced emissions in accordance with global targets. Therefore, alongside adoption of mitigation policies, adaptation policies that improve the complementarity of climatic conditions within PAs will help countries safeguard biodiversity.
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El Afandi, Gamal, and Mohamed Abdrabbo. "Evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration Equations under Current Climate Conditions of Egypt." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 10 (October 14, 2015): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i10.819-825.481.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Precise estimation of the reference evapotranspiration is very important and vital in different fields such as agriculture, hydrology and meteorology. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of different reference evapotranspiration methods compared to Class-A pan or E-pan over different agro-climatic regions in Egypt. In this study, Egypt has divided into several agro-climatic regions according to the average air temperature and the reference evapotranspiration from Class-A pan. These were Nile Delta in the north, middle and Upper Egypt. Four reference evapotranspiration (ETo) methods namely; Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves, Thornthwaite and FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) have been evaluated in this study. The results revealed that, there were statistically no significance between E-Pan and PM at P-value less than 0.05, while the other equations had significant differences. The Hargreaves equation reported the highest ETo value at all regions while Thornthwaite was the lowest one. The difference percentage ratios between FAO-56 Penman-Monteith, Blaney-Criddle, Thornthwaite and Hargreaves and E-Pan were 3.7, -13.3, -24.8 and 10.7 respectively. Hence, FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method has proved its capability in estimation of reference evapotranspiration over different agro-climatic regions in Egypt. Therefore, it could be used over any region in Egypt especially those have no reference evapotranspiration instruments.This study is a regional research, similar studies has been made for different regions by many researchers. Therefore, the determined results in this study can be used for regions with similar climatic conditions.
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Hällfors, Maria, Susanna Lehvävirta, Tone Aandahl, Iida-Maria Lehtimäki, Lars Ola Nilsson, Anna Ruotsalainen, Leif E. Schulman, and Marko T. Hyvärinen. "Translocation of an arctic seashore plant reveals signs of maladaptation to altered climatic conditions." PeerJ 8 (November 20, 2020): e10357. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ongoing anthropogenic climate change alters the local climatic conditions to which species may be adapted. Information on species’ climatic requirements and their intraspecific variation is necessary for predicting the effects of climate change on biodiversity. We used a climatic gradient to test whether populations of two allopatric varieties of an arctic seashore herb (Primula nutans ssp. finmarchica) show adaptation to their local climates and how a future warmer climate may affect them. Our experimental set-up combined a reciprocal translocation within the distribution range of the species with an experiment testing the performance of the sampled populations in warmer climatic conditions south of their range. We monitored survival, size, and flowering over four growing seasons as measures of performance and, thus, proxies of fitness. We found that both varieties performed better in experimental gardens towards the north. Interestingly, highest up in the north, the southern variety outperformed the northern one. Supported by weather data, this suggests that the climatic optima of both varieties have moved at least partly outside their current range. Further warming would make the current environments of both varieties even less suitable. We conclude that Primula nutans ssp. finmarchica is already suffering from adaptational lag due to climate change, and that further warming may increase this maladaptation, especially for the northern variety. The study also highlights that it is not sufficient to run only reciprocal translocation experiments. Climate change is already shifting the optimum conditions for many species and adaptation needs also to be tested outside the current range of the focal taxon in order to include both historic conditions and future conditions.
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Chuchma, Filip, and Hana Středová. "Discrepancy in climatic zoning of the current soil productivity evaluation system." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 45, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2015-0023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Pedologic-ecological estimation in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) means determination of land agronomic productivity and its economical pricing and is expressed as a five position numeral code and mapped as iso-lines. The first position of the code is the climatic region representing approximately the same conditions for agricultural plant growth and development. This climatic regionalization was based on the climatic data from 1901–1950. Currently, there is the need to update their existing zoning due to the technological progress of measurement and development of climate models including estimation of future climate. The aim of the paper is (i) to apply actual climatic data to climatic regionalization and (ii) to estimate what climatic conditions are relevant for actually valid climatic regions. The original methodology currently enables us to unequivocally classify only 17% of the entire territory of the Czech Republic (and 18% of Czech agricultural land). A substantial part of the territory does not fit neatly into individual climatic regions. Subsequently the actually valid ranges of climatic characteristics of individual climatic regions were determined. The GIS layers of individual climatic variables computed with data from 1961–2010 were one by one covered by GIS layers of individual climatic regions based on data from 1901–1950. Interval ranges of climatic region variables determined in this way are valid for the period 1961–2010. The upper limit of air temperature sum above 10 °C and annual air temperature in most of the climatic regions was significantly shifted up in 1961–2010. An increase in precipitation is noticeable in wet climatic regions. Moisture certainty in vegetation season and probability of dry vegetation are the most problematic in terms of Estimated Pedologic-Ecological Units (EPEU) climatic zoning. This should be taken into account when fixing the official soil price.
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Maximova, Nina, Komali Kantamaneni, Gennady Morkovkin, Darya Arnaut, and Louis Rice. "The Transformation of Agro-Climatic Resources of the Altai Region under Changing Climate Conditions." Agriculture 9, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9040068.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research examines the transformation of the agro-climatic conditions of the Altai region as a result of climate change. The climate of the Altai region in Russia is sharply continental and characterized by dry air and significant weather variability, both in individual seasons and years. The current study is determined by the lack of detailed area-related analytical generalizations for the territory of the Altai region over the past 30 years. Most of the published data dealing with an integrated analysis of the agro-climatic conditions in the Altai region date back to the late 1960s and early 1970s; in most cases, this data is from climate reference-books based on the generalized data from the first half of the 20th century. To make accurate forecasts and to efficiently manage agricultural production in the Altai region, area-related data on the state and dynamics of agro-climatic changes have been analysed. The results reveal that in the period between 1964 and 2017, significant climatic changes occurred in the territory of the Altai region. These climatic changes affected the growing season length, which increased due to a shift in the dates of the air temperature transition above 10 °C, to earlier dates in spring and to later dates in autumn. Furthermore, the current study also revealed that the foothills of the Altai Mountains are the most moistened parts of the region and the Kulunda lowland is the most arid part. In the Altai region, the accumulated temperatures and amounts of precipitation during the growing season increased significantly, and the values of integrated coefficients and indices that reflect the moisture supply conditions for the territory also changed significantly. Based upon the results, a schematic map of the current precipitation distribution on the Altai region’s territory has been generated. These results and this map may be used to conduct more detailed studies in the field of agro-climatology and to update the current borders of agro-climatic areas and revision of the agro-climatic zonation scheme.
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Sparks, Darrell. "A Climatic Model for Pecan Production under Humid Conditions." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 5 (September 1996): 908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.5.908.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A multiple regression model was developed from historical data, 1945-92, to predict pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] production in a humid climate. Variables were production trend (year of production), previous year's production, and climatic indices for the previous and current year. Production trend was used to measure change in production with time. Previous year's production was the index of alternate bearing. Variables for previous year's climate were heating degree-days for April-October and cumulative rainfall during May-July and 1-15 Sept. Variables for current year's climate were cumulative rainfall during April-August and 1-15 Sept. The indicator used for scab [Cladosporium caryigenum (Ell. & Langl.) Gottwald] infection was the highest cumulative sum of 2 or more days of consecutive rain occurring in May, June, or 1-15 July. The R2 for the model was 0.908. Production trend was the most important factor influencing production during the 1945-92 study period. Importance of the other variables in decreasing order were previous year's rainfall in May-July, consecutive rainy days, previous year's production, current year's 1-15 Sept. rainfall, previous year's heating degree-days, previous year's rainfall for 1-15 Sept., and current year's rainfall during April-August. Previous year's conditions had a greater effect on production than current year's. The recent decline in pecan production in the southeastern United States is due to an unfavorable change in climate.
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Al-saeed, Yahya Wisam, Abdullahi Ahmed, and Erika Anneli Pärn. "An 80-year projection of nZEB strategies in extreme climatic conditions of Iraq." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 472–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-02-2019-0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe Middle Eastern terrain is expected to encounter unprecedented climatic conditions before the turn of the next century (circa. 80 years), emanating from extreme heat waves that exceed the critical threshold of habitable conditions. This threatens to cause a significant challenge that is exacerbated by a gap between the supply and demand of affordable energy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of utilising nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) to improve the performance of residential buildings in Iraq and the Middle East.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses Iraq as a case-study because of the breadth of climatic conditions experienced across its wide-reaching territory and also because of the recent critical infrastructural challenges following the geo-political crisis. Three virtual buildings were simulated for Baghdad, Mosul and Basra cities to narrow the confines of the region to achieve nZEB under current and future climatic weather scenarios.FindingsThe findings showed that in all three cases studies, the buildings located within the three climatic regions in Iraq could achieve both significant annual energy reductions as well as nZEB standards which could range from 41 per cent to 87 per cent for current climatic conditions and 40 per cent to 84 per cent by 2080. An analysis has also been carried out for the three case-study cities which revealed significant operational-cost savings achievable through nZEB buildings.Originality/valueThere are currently limited studies that investigate such positive potential for nZEB strategies under the current and predicted future climatic scenarios in the Middle East.
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Dijkman, Teunis J., Morten Birkved, Henrik Saxe, Henrik Wenzel, and Michael Z. Hauschild. "Environmental impacts of barley cultivation under current and future climatic conditions." Journal of Cleaner Production 140 (January 2017): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.154.
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Alexander, Jake M. "Evolution under changing climates: climatic niche stasis despite rapid evolution in a non-native plant." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1767 (September 22, 2013): 20131446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1446.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A topic of great current interest is the capacity of populations to adapt genetically to rapidly changing climates, for example by evolving the timing of life-history events, but this is challenging to address experimentally. I use a plant invasion as a model system to tackle this question by combining molecular markers, a common garden experiment and climatic niche modelling. This approach reveals that non-native Lactuca serriola originates primarily from Europe, a climatic subset of its native range, with low rates of admixture from Asia. It has rapidly refilled its climatic niche in the new range, associated with the evolution of flowering phenology to produce clines along climate gradients that mirror those across the native range. Consequently, some non-native plants have evolved development times and grow under climates more extreme than those found in Europe, but not among populations from the native range as a whole. This suggests that many plant populations can adapt rapidly to changed climatic conditions that are already within the climatic niche space occupied by the species elsewhere in its range, but that evolution to conditions outside of this range is more difficult. These findings can also help to explain the prevalence of niche conservatism among non-native species.
Дисертації з теми "Current climatic conditions"
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Bai, Yang. "Simulating Surface Flow and Sediment Transport in Vegetated Watershed for Current and Future Climate Condition." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The complex interaction between flow, vegetation and sediment drives the never settled changes of riverine system. Vegetation intercepts rainfall, adds resistance to surface flow, and facilitates infiltration. The magnitude and timing of flood flow are closely related to the watershed vegetation coverage. In the meantime, flood flow can transport a large amount of sediment resulting in bank erosion, channel degradation, and channel pattern change. As climate changes, future flood frequency will change with more intense rainfalls. However, the quantitative simulation of flood flow in vegetated channel and the influence of climate change on flood frequency, especially for the arid and semi-arid Southwest, remain challenges to engineers and scientists. Therefore, this research consists of two main parts: simulate unsteady flow and sediment transport in vegetated channel network, and quantify the impacts of climate change on flood frequency. A one-dimensional model for simulating flood routing and sediment transport over mobile alluvium in a vegetated channel network was developed. The modified St. Venant equations together with the governing equations for suspended sediment and bed load transport were solved simultaneously to obtain flow properties and sediment transport rate. The Godunov-type finite volume method is employed to discretize the governing equations. Then, the Exner equation was solved for bed elevation change. Since sediment transport is non-equilibrium when bed is degrading or aggrading, a recovery coefficient for suspended sediment and an adaptation length for bed load transport were used to quantify the differences between equilibrium and non-equilibrium sediment transport rate. The influence of vegetation on floodplain and main channel was accounted for by adjusting resistance terms in the momentum equations for flow field. A procedure to separate the grain resistance from the total resistance was proposed and implemented to calculate sediment transport rate. The model was tested by a flume experiment case and an unprecedented flood event occurred in the Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona, in July 2006. Simulated results of flow discharge and bed elevation changes showed satisfactory agreements with the measurements. The impacts of vegetation density on sediment transport and significance of non-equilibrium sediment transport model were accounted for by the model. The two-dimensional surface flow model, called CHRE2D, was improved by considering the vegetation influence and then applied to Santa Cruz River Watershed (SCRW) in the Southern Arizona. The parameters in the CHRE2D model were calibrated by using the rainfall event in July 15th, 1999. Hourly precipitation data from a Regional Climate Model (RCM) called Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), for three periods, 1990-2000, 2031-2040 and 2071-2079, were used to quantify the impact of climate change on the magnitude and frequency of flood for the Santa Cruz River Watershed (SCRW) in the Southern Arizona. Precipitation outputs from RCM-WRF model were bias-corrected using observed gridded precipitation data for three periods before directly used in the watershed model. The watershed model was calibrated using the rainfall event in July 15th, 1999. The calibrated watershed model was applied to SCRW to simulate surface flow routing for the selected three periods. Simulated annual and daily maximum discharges are analyzed to obtain future flood frequency curves. Results indicate that flood discharges for different return periods are increased: the discharges of 100-year and 200-year return period are increased by 3,000 and 5,000 cfs, respectively.
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Hwargård, Louise. "Swedish companies' current use of carbon offsetting - underlying ethical view and preparedness for post-2020 carbon market conditions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413308.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed by nations all over the world. The new climate agreementwill replace previous Kyoto Protocol post-2020 and will likely change the conditions for using carbonoffsetting. It is probable that even more stringent controls will be required to ensure a credible carbon marketwhich avoids double counting and secures environmental integrity. Voluntary use of offsetting has to becompatible with the new rules set under the Paris Agreement to manage these risks. More countries will countemission reductions to their new nationally determined contributions, and therefore increases the risk ofdouble counting. Hence, the purpose of this master thesis was to reveal how the Swedish companies’ currentuse of voluntary carbon offsetting is compatible with the likely carbon market post-2020. The companiesreasons as why they use voluntary carbon offsetting, together with their underlying ethical view, based ontheir practices around carbon offsetting, were investigated. Eight qualitative semi-structured interviews withSwedish companies using voluntary carbon offsetting were conducted during February - March in 2020. Theresult was analysed through the ethical theories consequentialist and duty-based theory to understand theirunderlying ethical view in relation to their carbon offsetting. The result showed that there are two primaryreasons as why companies use voluntary carbon offsetting. The first reason is that voluntary carbon offsettingis a part of their strategy to reduce their climate impact, and the second reason is to gain the trust of customersand marketing themselves through voluntary carbon offsetting. The thesis concludes that for the companies’to best guarantee the expected outcome of their offsetting, and be compatible with the post-2020 carbonoffsetting, they should have a combination of consequentialist and duty-based underlying ethical view withstrong follow up. Furthermore, regardless of reason for using voluntary carbon offsetting, or their ethicalview towards the action, the companies may choose to move to the alternative of financially supportingthe host countries in their work to reduce their GHG emissions instead of offsetting post-2020.
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Kujawa, Haley A. "Evaluation of uncertainty in a Maumee River Watershed Soil and Water Assessment Tool under current conditions and future climate projections." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555575109524802.
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Radchenko, Andrii, Mykola Radchenko, Eugeniy Trushliakov, Serhiy Kantor, and Veniamin Tkachenko. "Statistical Method to Define Rational Heat Loads on Railway Air Conditioning System for Changeable Climatic Conditions." Thesis, 2019. http://eir.nuos.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/4323.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Statistical Method to Define Rational Heat Loads on Railway Air Conditioning System for Changeable Climatic Conditions / A. Radchenko, M. Radchenko, E. Trushliakov, S. Kantor, V. Tkachenko // 5th Intern. Conf. on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI). – Nanjing, 2019. – P. 1294–1298A statistical method of defining rational heat loads on railway air conditioning system with taking into account the current changeable heat loads corresponding to current climatic conditions on the route lines has been proposed. According to this method the rational designed heat load on refrigeration machine, matching current changeable climatic conditions on the route lines and providing efficient operation of refrigeration machine of air conditioning system with maximum (close maximum) refrigeration capacity production (refrigeration output) for definite period of operation (monthly, seasonal or annular period) is defined through statistical treatment of data sets of hourly refrigeration capacities corresponding to the current climatic conditions on the route lines by their summation during the operation period for various installed (designed) refrigeration capacities of machine. The method is based on the hypothesis of different rates of refrigeration capacity production increment for the period of operation with increasing the installed refrigeration capacity, that is revealed in slowing down the rate of refrigeration capacity production increment at over increased installed refrigeration capacity. Proceeding from this hypothesis the rational value of heat load on railway air conditioning system is chosen close to the value that corresponds to the maximum refrigeration capacity production for the period of operation. Such rational value of designed heat load on railway air conditioning system provides reduction of refrigeration machine capacity and its cost by 15…20 % as compared with traditional its designing for the maximum heat load. The operation of refrigeration machine in partial modes for enlarged installed refrigeration capacity chosen traditionally – for the maximum heat load needs application of expensive inventor compressors to control motor speed matching current changeable heat loads.
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Gladics, Amanda J. "Dietary responses of marine predators to variable oceanographic conditions in the Northern California Current." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29000.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Variable ocean conditions can greatly impact lower trophic level prey assemblages in marine ecosystems, with effects propagating up to higher trophic levels. Our goal was to better understand how varying ocean conditions influence diets and niche overlap among a suite of low- to mid trophic level predators. We studied the diets of common murres (Uria aalge) over 10 contrasting years between 1998 and 2011, a period in which the Northern California Current experienced dramatic interannual variability in ocean conditions. Likewise, murre diets off Oregon varied considerably. Interannual variation in murre chick diets appears to be influenced by environmental drivers occurring before and during the breeding season, at both basin and local spatial scales. While clupeids were an important diet component throughout the study period, in some years murre diets were dominated by Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) and other years by osmerids (likely Allosmerus elongatus and Hypomesus pretiosus). Years in which the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and local sea surface temperatures were above average during summer months also showed elevated levels of clupeids in murre diets, while years with higher winter
ichthyoplankton biomass and summer northern copepod biomass anomalies had fewer clupeids and more sand lance and smelts. Years with higher Northern Oscillation Index values during summer months also showed more smelts in the murre diets. Nesting phenology and reproductive success were correlated with diet as well, reflecting demographic consequences of environmental variability mediated through bottom-up food web dynamics.
To examine niche overlap between murres and other marine predators we employed collaborative fisheries research with synoptic observations of a major seabird colony to determine the diets of four predator species on the central Oregon coast during two years of contrasting El Niño (2010) vs. La Niña (2011) conditions. The greatest degree of dietary overlap was observed between Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and common murres, with both smelts (Osmeridae) and clupeids (primarily Clupea pallasii) observed as the dominant prey types. Diets differed between El Niño and La Niña conditions for two predators, murres and black rockfish (Sebastes melanops). During La Niña, smelts decreased, while sand lance increased in common murre diets. Black rockfish had fewer larval Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) and a greater proportion of crab species associated with the later spring transition. Chinook salmon and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) diets were similar during El Niño and La Niña conditions.
These findings underscore that the diets of common murres during chick rearing reflect local- and basin-scale biophysical processes in the Northern California Current, and are valuable for understanding the response of upper trophic level
organisms to changing oceanographic conditions. Additionally, using multiple predators across several diverse taxa to track changes in prey communities provided a way to detect seemingly subtle changes in prey communities and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of food web dynamics and ecosystem indicators.Graduation date: 2012
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Трушляков, Є. І., А. М. Радченко, А. А. Зубарєв, В. С. Ткаченко, Я. Зонмін, С. Г. Фордуй, E. I. Trushliakov та ін. "Визначення встановленої холодопродуктивності системи кондиціювання зовнішнього повітря за поточними тепловими навантаженнями". Thesis, 2019. http://eir.nuos.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/4328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Визначення встановленої холодопродуктивності системи кондиціювання зовнішнього повітря за поточними тепловими навантаженнями = Determining cooling capacity of ambient air conditioning system according to current heat loads / Є. І. Трушляков, А. М. Радченко, А. А. Зубарєв, В. С. Ткаченко, Я. Зонмін, С. Г. Фордуй // Матеріали X міжнар. наук.-техн. конф. "Інновації в суднобудуванні та океанотехніці". В 2 т. – Миколаїв : НУК, 2019. – Т. 1. – С. 447–451.Анотація. Ефективність застосування систем кондиціювання зовнішнього повітря залежить від того, наскільки повно використовуються встановлені холодильні потужності в конкретних кліматичних умовах, тобто за більш повного навантаження і тривалого часу упродовж року. За показник кількісної оцінки ефективності використання холодильної потужності систем кондиціювання повітря взято виробництво холоду – кількість виробленого холоду відповідно до його поточних витрат на кондиціювання повітря, яка в свою чергу залежить від поточних витрат холодопродуктивності та тривалості роботи системи кондиціювання за цих витрат і представляє собою їх добуток. Вочевидь, що максимальна величина поточної кількості виробленого/витраченого холоду свідчить про ефективне використання встановленої холодильної потужності. Однак, оскільки поточні витрати холодопродуктивності та їх тривалість, тобто кількість виробленого/витраченого холоду, залежать від змінних поточних кліматичних умов, то вони теж характеризуються значними коливаннями, що ускладнює вибір встановленої холодопродуктивності системи кондиціювання повітря. Вочевидь, якщо визначати кількість виробленого/витраченого холоду за його поточними величинами і нарощуванням упродовж року, то можна суттєво спростити вибір встановленої холодопродуктивності. При цьому поточна кількість виробленого/витраченого холоду спричиняє зміну темпу прирощення річного виробництва холоду зі зміною встановленої холодопродуктивності і максимальному темпу відповідає встановлена холодопродуктивність, яка забезпечує її ефективне використання. Виходячи з різного темпу прирощення річного виробництва холоду зі збільшенням встановленої холодопродуктивності системи кондиціювання повітря, обумовленого зміною теплового навантаження відповідно до поточних кліматичних умов упродовж року, вибирають таку величину проектного теплового навантаження на систему кондиціювання повітря (встановлену холодопродуктивність), яка забезпечує максимальний або близький до нього темп прирощення річного виробництва холоду, а відтак і максимальну ефективність використання встановленої холодильної потужності.
Abstract. The efficiency of the use of outdoor air conditioning systems depends on how full the installed cooling capacity is used, that is, with a more complete load and for as long as possible yearly duration in actual climatic conditions. The production of cold is taken as a criteria of a quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of using the cooling capacity of air conditioning systems – the amount of cold produced in accordance with its current demand for air conditioning, which in turn depends on the current consumption of cooling capacity and its duration and equals to their multiplication. It is obvious that the maximum value of the current amount of cold produced/consumed indicates an effective use of the installed cooling capacity. However, since the current demands of cooling capacity and their duration, that is, the amount of cold produced/consumed, depend on the changing current climatic conditions, they are characterized by significant fluctuations, which makes it difficult to choose the installed cooling capacity of the air conditioning system. Obviously, if we determine the amount of cold produced/consumed by its current values and summarized during the year, it is possible to significantly simplify the choice of the installed cooling capacity. At the same time, the current amount of cold produced/consumed causes a change in the rate of increment of the annual cold production with a change in the installed cooling capacity, and the maximum rate corresponds to the installed cooling capacity, which provides its efficient use. Proceeding from a different rate of increment of annual cold production with an increase in the installed cooling capacity of the air conditioning system due to a change in heat load in accordance with current climatic conditions during the year, the value of design heat load on the air conditioning system (installed cooling capacity) that provides maximum or close to it the rate of increment of the annual production of cold, and hence the maximum efficiency use of installed cooling capacity is chosen.
Аннотация. Эффективность применения систем кондиционирования наружного воздуха зависит от того, насколько полно используются установленные холодильные мощности, то есть при более полной нагрузке и в течение как можно более длительного времени в течение года, в конкретных климатических условиях. В качестве показателя количественной оценки эффективности использования холодильной мощности систем кондиционирования воздуха взято производство холода – количество произведенного холода в соответствии с его текущим расходованием на кондиционирование воздуха, которое в свою очередь зависит от текущих затрат холодопроизводительности и продолжительности работы системы кондиционирования при этих затратах и представляет собой их произведение. Очевидно, что максимальная величина текущего количества производимого/затраченного холода свидетельствует об эффективном использовании установленной холодильной мощности. Однако, поскольку текущие затраты холодопроизводительности и их продолжительность, то есть количество производимого/затраченного холода, зависят от меняющихся текущих климатических условий, то они характеризуются значительными колебаниями, что затрудняет выбор установленной холодопроизводительности системы кондиционирования воздуха. Очевидно, если определять количество производимого/затраченного холода по его текущим величинам и наращиванию в течение года, то можно существенно упростить выбор установленной холодопроизводительности. При этом текущее количество производимого/затраченного холода вызывает изменение темпа приращения годового производства холода с изменением установленной холодопроизводительности, и максимальному темпу соответствует установленная холодопроизводительность, которая обеспечивает ее эффективное использование. Исходя из разного темпа, приращение годового производства холода с увеличением установленной холодопроизводительности системы кондиционирования воздуха, обусловленного изменением тепловой нагрузки в соответствии с текущими климатическими условиями в течение года, выбирают такую величину проектной тепловой нагрузки на систему кондиционирования воздуха (установленную холодопроизводительность), которая обеспечивает максимальный или близкий к нему темп приращения годового производства холода, а значит и максимальную эффективность использования установленной холодильной мощности.
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Errera, Reagan Michelle. "Response of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis to Current and Projected Environmental Conditions: Salinity and Global Climate Change." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149433.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in frequency and duration worldwide. Karenia brevis, the major toxic dinoflagellate in the Gulf of Mexico, produces potent neurotoxins, known as brevetoxins. For K. brevis, only minor concentrations of brevetoxins are needed to induce toxicity and environmental conditions appear to have the most direct impact on the cellular content of these toxins. A better understanding of K. brevis biology is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying toxin production and the ecology of such HABs, as well as to better anticipate and respond to such blooms. Here we present findings on the effect of salinity and availability of carbon on cellular physiology and brevetoxin and brevenal production by K. brevis. When grown at salinities of 35 and 27, but otherwise identical conditions, total brevetoxin cellular concentration varied between 0 to 18.5 pg cell-1 and brevenal varied between 0 and 1 pg cell-1. In response to hypoosmotic stress brevetoxin production was triggered, as a result, brevetoxin production increased up to 53%, while growth rates remained unchanged. A significant hypoosmotic event of >11%, was needed to trigger the response in brevetoxin production. To determine if K. brevis was sensing changes in specific ions within seawater (K+, Cl- or Ca2+), we systematically removed one ion while keeping the remaining ions at equivalent molar concentration for salinity of 35. Dilution in seawater K+ concentrations triggered the production of brevetoxins, increasing production ≥44%. Ecosystem changes due to climate change have increased the production of toxins in other HAB species; here we examined the impact on K. brevis. We have shown that modification of pCO2 level and temperature did not influence brevetoxin production; however, predicted climate change scenarios (increased temperature and pCO2) did significantly increase the growth rate of K. brevis, by 60% at 25°C and 55% at 30°C. We suggest that K. brevis blooms could benefit from predicted increase in pCO2 over the next 100 years. Overall, our findings close a critical gap in knowledge regarding the function of brevetoxin in K. brevis by identifying a connection between brevetoxin production and osmoacclimation.
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Odaga, Geoffrey. "Funding the watchdog role : an exploratory study of the current funding climate for civil society organizations in Africa : the case of National Education Coalitions supported by the Global Campaign for Educations." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Strengthening civil society participation in development is a prerequisite to enhance access to opportunities and political influence by the poor. An active civil society can improve development accountability. In fact, Africa cannot improve its governance without investing in the role of civil society. This study examines the problem of resource mobilization for NECs in four Africa countries; assessing factors and strategies, which influence their ability to mobilize resources. Utilizing qualitative and quantitative methods, the study found that effective NECs exist in all four countries. The success of these NECs depended on “being strategic” about resource mobilization. The lack of resources mobilization strategies was a key factor in all four NECs. This often meant lack of proactiveness in resource mobilization. In its recommendations, the study presents a model aimed to encourage CSOs to organize and manage resource mobilization in ways that generate income for today, tomorrow and the future in order to sustain their watchdog role in educational development process.Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)
Книги з теми "Current climatic conditions"
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Bells, Youlsau. Republic of Palau current and projected impacts of climate change. [Melekeok]: Office of Environmental Response and Coordination, Office of the President of the Republic of Palau, 2001.
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2
Porter, Julia. The vulnerability of Fiji to current climate variability and future change. North Ryde, N.S.W., Australia: Climate Impacts Centre, School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, 1994.
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José de Fátima da Silva. El Niño: O fenômeno climático do século. Brasília, DF: Thesaurus Editora, 2000.
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Mastrandrea, Michael D. Current and future impacts of extreme events in California: Final paper : a paper from California Climate Change Center. Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2009.
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Drought and climate change on water resources: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, to receive testimony on the current drought conditions affecting New Mexico and the status of reports to be issued pursuant to sections 9503 and 9506 of the Secure Water Act regarding a review of the current scientific understanding of the impacts of climate change on water resources and an assessment of the risks associated with climate change on water resources in certain river basins, Santa Fe, NM, April 27, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.
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Winckell, Alain. Los efectos de El Niño en Tijuana, 1997-1998. Tijuana, B. C., México: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 2006.
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WaterWatch: Maps and graphs of current water resources conditions. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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WaterWatch: Maps and graphs of current water resources conditions. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. WaterWatch: Maps and graphs of current water resources conditions. [Reston, Va.?: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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10
E, Welsh Susan, Coastal Marine Institute (Baton Rouge, La.), and United States. Minerals Management Service. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, eds. Numerical simulation of Gulf of Mexico circulation under present and glacial climatic conditions. New Orleans: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 1997.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Current climatic conditions"
1
Górniak, Andrzej. "Current Climatic Conditions of Lake Regions in Poland and Impacts on Their Functioning." In Polish River Basins and Lakes – Part I, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12123-5_1.
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Squires, Victor R., and Haiying Feng. "Commentary on China’s Current Food Security Status, Future Trends, and Responses in the Face of Climate Variability." In Food Security and Land Use Change under Conditions of Climatic Variability, 147–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36762-6_8.
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Ife-Adediran, Oluwatobi Ololade, and Oluyemi Bright Aboyewa. "Climate Change Resistant Energy Sources for Global Adaptation." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1955–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractA holistic response and adaptation to climatic vicissitudes and extreme conditions as well as their associated risks to human and ecological sustainability must adequately cater for energy needs and optimization. An interventional approach should, among other measures, seek to improve the resilience of existing and prospective energy systems to climate change. The structured and policy-driven nature of adaptation measures require a bottom-up proactive approach that envisages the performance and efficiency of these systems, especially in terms of their sensitivity and vulnerability to changing climate conditions. Therefore, this chapter seeks to scrutinize various sources of energy concerning their resistance capabilities to climate change in the face of increasing global energy demands and consumption. Renewable and conventional energy sources are co-examined and compared vis-à-vis the current trends and predictions on climatic factors that are bearing on their principles of production, supply, and distribution. Findings from this chapter will serve as assessment tools for decision makers and corroborate other ongoing discourse on climate actions towards socioeconomic development and a sustainable environment.
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Haselsteiner, Edeltraud, Marielle Ferreira Silva, and Željka Kordej-De Villa. "Climatic, Cultural, Behavioural and Technical Influences on the Indoor Environment Quality and Their Relevance for a." In Future City, 201–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_10.
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AbstractResearch about indoor comfort in future years will increasingly be guided by the pressing need for decarbonizing the built environment due to climate change. Health, efficiency, and satisfaction of work and the feeling of comfort are largely determined by the interior criteria. The sustainable indoor environment is a result of complex factors: air conditioning (ventilation), indoor temperature, heating methods, lighting, and acoustic. This chapter explores and analyzes climatic, cultural, and behavioral factors that play an important role and have an influence on technology for an indoor regenerative environment. This chapter is based on an explorative literature review and reflects indoor environmental quality, users’ expectations, and users’ behavior from the perspective of different scientific disciplines. Current standards are based on a rational approach to thermal comfort, and indicators are determined on the measured subjects’ reactions during stabilized conditions in climatic chambers. It is concluded from these results that people in different environmental conditions react similarly to everyday life. Nevertheless, survey results suggest that achieving the optimal level of the indoor environment is possible when climatic, cultural, and social context is taken into account.
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Kersebaum, Kurt Christian. "Modelling to Evaluate Climate Resilience of Crop Rotations Under Climate Change." In Springer Climate, 87–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_11.
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AbstractDiversification of crop rotations is considered as an option to increase the resilience of European crop production under climate change. Although crop rotation design and management has been identified as an important measure to adapt to and mitigate climate change, most studies on climate change impact or adaptation so far use single-year simulations and/or single crop assessments. Crop response to various management options within a growing season is generally taken into account by most crop models. However, if simulations neglect processes and fluxes between growing seasons and potential carry-over effects related to agronomic management, the long-term sustainability of adaptation and mitigation strategies cannot be properly evaluated. Therefore, the integrated assessment of impacts, adaptation and mitigation options under current and future climatic conditions requires a continuous long-term analysis of crop sequences to take into account carry-over effects as in real conditions. The present paper provides information on crop rotation aspects, which should be considered in modelling, presents the current state of modelling for climate impact assessment, address points of uncertainty and missing aspects in modelling and draws an outlook on potential future developments with special emphasis on crop rotations. In conclusion, crop models require suitable experimental data to parameterize additional crops, which were so far not sufficiently investigated to cope with multiple opportunities in crop rotations.
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Magiri, Royford, Kaampwe Muzandu, George Gitau, Kennedy Choongo, and Paul Iji. "Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in Africa." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1835–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_19.
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AbstractThe threat of climate change and global warming is gaining worldwide recognition. The African continent, because of its size, diversity, and its new status as a “hub” of livestock production, need to gear up to mitigate the possible impacts of climate change on animal health. The aim of this review article is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of climate and climate change on the health of food-producing animals. Depending on its intensity and duration, heat stress may directly affect livestock health by causing metabolic disruptions, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, causing increased disease susceptibility, and death. Animal health could also be affected by emergence and re-emergence of vector- and non-vector-borne pathogens that are highly dependent on climatic conditions. The response to these challenges requires community participation in the adaptation of animal production systems to new environments and strengthening the efficiency of veterinary services delivery combined with well-coordinated public health services, since many emerging human diseases are zoonotic.
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Quilloy, Fergie Ann, Benedick Labaco, Carlos Casal, and Shalabh Dixit. "Crop Establishment in Direct-Seeded Rice: Traits, Physiology, and Genetics." In Rice Improvement, 171–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_6.
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AbstractThe changing climate and water availability strongly affect the current state of agricultural production. While the global temperature rises, the occurrence of extreme climatic conditions becomes erratic. This current scenario has driven the development of rice varieties and cultivation practices that require less water and favor mechanization. Although puddled transplanted rice has been more widely used in the past, direct seeding has been gaining popularity in recent years, especially due to its water- and labor-saving features. This technique allows full crop establishment from seeds that were directly sown in the field, thus avoiding puddling, transplanting, and maintaining standing water. Consequently, it offers promising positive environmental effects including decreasing the release of greenhouse gases and increasing water-use efficiency. Historically, rice varieties bred for transplanting are also used in direct seeding, which limits the maximum yield potential of field trials. The success of direct seeding relies strongly on the development of rice varieties with robust crop establishment. Anaerobic germination, seed longevity, and early seedling vigor are the key traits required to achieve this. This chapter expounds on the physiology, molecular mechanisms, genetics, and relevance of the enumerated traits for direct seeding. A brief discussion of breeding for rice varieties with improved germination under direct seeding is also provided.
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Gbode, Imoleayo E., Vincent O. Ajayi, Kehinde O. Ogunjobi, Jimy Dudhia, and Changhai Liu. "Impacts of Global Warming on West African Monsoon Rainfall." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2469–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_93.
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AbstractThe impacts of global warming on rainfall in West Africa were examined using a numerical framework for 5 monsoon years (2001, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011). Rainfall characteristics over the three climatic zones, Guinea coast, Savannah, and Sahel, were analyzed. The potential changes associated with global warming were assessed by the pseudo-global warming (PGW) downscaling method. Multiple PGW runs were conducted using climate perturbation from the 40-member ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) coupled with Community Atmospheric Model version 5.2 (CAM5.2) component large ensemble project. The model output was compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Global Precipitation Climatology Project rainfall alongside surface temperature from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Reanalysis. Results show that the estimated rainfall amount from the future climate in the 2070s increases slightly compared with the current climate. The total rainfall amount simulated for the current climate is 16% and 63% less than that of the PGW runs and observations, respectively. Also found is an increase (decrease) in heavy (light and moderate) rainfall amount in the PGW runs. These results are, however, contingent on the global circulation model (GCM), which provides the boundary conditions of the regional climate model. CESM1.0-CAM5.2, the GCM employed in this study, tends to provide a greater surface temperature change of about 4 °C. This projected temperature change consequently caused the increase in the simulated precipitation in the PGW experiments, thus highlighting the advantage of using the PGW method to estimate the likely difference between the present and future climate with reduced large-scale model differences and computational resources. The findings of this study are, however, useful to inform decision-making in climate-related activities and guide the design of climate change adaptation projects for the West African region.
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van den Hurk, Bart. "Impact-Oriented Climate Information Selection." In Springer Climate, 27–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractTo support climate adaptation decision-making, a picture of current and upcoming climate and socio-economic conditions is required, including an overview of intervention scenarios and their impact. In order to be actionable, this picture needs to rely on credible, relevant, and legitimate information, which implies the use of tested models and concepts, tailored to the decision context, and with transparent and understandable assumptions on boundary conditions and process representation. These criteria are challenged when the complexity of the problem is large and stakes are high. For many conditions, unforeseeable features and events with potentially large implications affect the problem at hand and contribute to the uncertainty that is not easily quantified, let alone eliminated. We explore storyline development approaches that help in selecting relevant and credible pathways and events that enrich the understanding of the risks and options at stake. We explore two categories of storylines (climate scenario storylines and climate risk storylines) by discussing use cases in which these were developed.
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Belyaev, V. I., L. C. Grunwald, K. A. Akshalov, T. Meinel, and L. V. Sokolova. "Modernization of Current Agricultural Technologies of Grain Production Under the Conditions of a Steppe Zone of the Altai Region." In KULUNDA: Climate Smart Agriculture, 341–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15927-6_25.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Current climatic conditions"
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Hodáková, Dominika, Andrea Zuzulová, Silvia Cápayová, and Tibor Schlosser. "The implications of climate change conditions in the pavement design." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1193.
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The design of pavement structure is as a set of several activities related to the design of road construction, dimension and model calculations. This includes calculations of load effects, taking into account the properties of the materials, the subgrade conditions, and the climatic conditions. The measurements of climatic conditions in Slovakia were the basis for assessing changes in average daily air temperatures in individual seasons. Since the 19th century we have seen in Slovakia an increase in the average air temperature of 1.5 ° C. Currently, there are scenarios of climate change until 2100. An increase in air temperature is assumed, with an increase in average monthly temperatures of 2.0 to 4.8 °C. In road construction, as well as in other areas of engineering, we must respond to current climate change and also to expected changes. The average annual air temperature and the frost index are the critical climatic characteristics are the main for the design (input parameter) and evaluation of pavement. From the practical side it is possible to use the design maps of average annual air temperature and frost index according to STN 73 6114 from year 1997. In cooperation with the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute from the long-term monitoring of temperatures, different meteorological characteristics were measured in the current period. From the measurements of twelve professional meteorological stations for the period 1971 to 2020, the dependence between two variables in probability theory is derived. The average annual air temperatures used for prognoses are collected from long-term measurements (fifty years). The design of road constructions and calculations of road construction models, which are in the system design solution (comparative calculations of asphalt pavement- and cement-concrete pavement models), we have also tested road construction materials - especially asphalt mixtures. The results were used to correct the values of input data, design criteria, as well as measures to reduce the impact of changes in climate conditions.
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Dashieva, Bayarma, and Anna Ukolova. "Analysis of the Influence of Agricultural Climatic Conditions on the Allocation of Labor Resources in Agriculture." In VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference 'Current problems of social and labour relations' (ISPC-CPSLR 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.105.
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Zolotilova, O. M., N. V. Nevkrytaya, I. N. Korotkikh, and A. Yu Anikina. "Comparative assessment of Foeniculum vulgare variety ‘Oksamyt Kryma’ in different ecological zones." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-20205-9-10-61.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 2017–2019, we conducted a comparative study of morphological and biological characteristics and productivity parameters of Foeniculum vulgare variety ‘Oksamyt Kryma’ in three regions of the Russian Federations: foothill zone (Crimea), central region of the non-chernozem zone (Moscow suburbs) and western Ciscaucasia (Krasnodar Krai) to determine the most favourable conditions for cultivation. The above-mentioned zones differed greatly in meteorological and soil conditions. The highest yield (on average 18.0 kg/ha) and the greatest accumulation of essential oil (on average 9.9 kg/ha) were obtained in the Krasnodar Krai. Weather, climatic and soil conditions of the Moscow suburbs, where productivity indicators were the lowest, are unfavourable for fennel growing.
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Croce, Pietro, Paolo Formichi, and Filippo Landi. "Structural safety and design under climate change." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1129.
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<p>The impact of climate change on climatic actions could significantly affect, in the mid-term future, the design of new structures as well as the reliability of existing ones designed in accordance to the provisions of present and past codes. Indeed, current climatic loads are defined under the assumption of stationary climate conditions but climate is not stationary and the current accelerated rate of changes imposes to consider its effects.</p><p>Increase of greenhouse gas emissions generally induces a global increase of the average temperature, but at local scale, the consequences of this phenomenon could be much more complex and even apparently not coherent with the global trend of main climatic parameters, like for example, temperature, rainfalls, snowfalls and wind velocity.</p><p>In the paper, a general methodology is presented, aiming to evaluate the impact of climate change on structural design, as the result of variations of characteristic values of the most relevant climatic actions over time. The proposed procedure is based on the analysis of an ensemble of climate projections provided according a medium and a high greenhouse gas emission scenario. Factor of change for extreme value distribution’s parameters and return values are thus estimated in subsequent time windows providing guidance for adaptation of the current definition of structural loads.</p><p>The methodology is illustrated together with the outcomes obtained for snow, wind and thermal actions in Italy. Finally, starting from the estimated changes in extreme value parameters, the influence on the long-term structural reliability can be investigated comparing the resulting time dependent reliability with the reference reliability levels adopted in modern Structural codes.</p>
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Didenko, P. A. "Effect of new-generation mineral fertilizers on productivity of grapes and quality of wine in the Crimea." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-15.
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The article presents the results of the experimental study of the effect of new-generation mineral fertilizer “Nutri-Fight” and water conditioner “Spartan” (used as a tank mixture) on productivity of grapes and quality of wine produced from the red wine grape variety ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’. Experiments were carried out in the soil and climatic conditions of the mountain-valley zone of the Crimean Peninsula. The studied preparations were added to mineral fertilizer and used at such grape berry development stages as “before blooming”, “after blooming”, “pea-sized berry”, “beginning of fruit maturation”. In the course of the research we found that 2.25 l/ha of “Nutri-Fight” and 0.2 l/ha of water conditioner “Spartan” were the optimal rates and had positive effect on the grape yield and wine quality
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Besharati-Givi, Maryam, and Xianchang Li. "Performance Analysis of Fogging Cooled Gas Turbine With Regeneration and Reheat Under Different Climatic Conditions." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32201.
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One of the most efficient power plants in past decades is the gas turbine. Significant studies have been conducted on the effects of various design and operation parameters on gas turbine performance. However, it is still a challenge to find the optimal operating parameters for the best performance. One of the important parameters is the climate at which the gas turbine operates. The current study is on the performance of gas turbine with fog cooling, focusing on the effect of inlet air humidity and ambient temperature. The overall efficiency will be altered through inlet fog cooling and regenerative heating. Other components such as reheating are accompanied. The fog cooling is also compared to the chiller inlet cooling, in which the performance of coefficient (COP) varies with temperature difference. The analysis is conducted by using Aspen Plus software. The results indicate that a combination of fog cooling and regeneration as well as reheating can substantially improve the system thermal efficiency. Compared to the system with only fog cooling, the efficiency increases by 24.5 % when both regeneration and reheat systems are combined to the fogging cooled system.
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Chaikovskaya, L. A., V. V. Klyuchenko, M. I. Baranskaya, and O. L. Ovsienko. "Influence of microbial preparations and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of biological products based on effective strains of microorganisms with a range of useful properties is one of the aspects of biological farming. The long-term field experiments were conducted in the soil and climatic conditions of the Crimea. А positive effect of the combined use of mineral fertilizers (NPK calculated at P30) and pre-sown inoculation of seeds (biopreparation based on L. nimipressuralis CCM 32-3) on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain was shown. The increase in grain productivity of winter wheat by 31 % compared to control (on average for 3 years) and grain quality indicators: protein and gluten – up to 12.5% and 28.0 % (in the control 9.9% and 19.2%, respectively) was revealed.
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Ashraf Adly, Mariam. "The Influence of Diverse Building Height and Building Coverage Ratio on Outdoor Thermal Performance in Hot Climates: A Review." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021161n9.
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Although urban form can significantly affect outdoor climatic conditions, urban planners do not sufficiently consider such impact while designing new urban communities in Egypt. Proper configuration of urban blocks can make positive contribution to alleviating the adverse effects of urban climate. However, new cities are constructed to be formed from lowly dense buildings that overlook curvilinear streets networks without considering orientation. Furthermore, the use of unified building heights, spaces of low aspect ratio and high sky view factor lead to less shaded areas. The research at hand aims to shed light on literature that discuss urban form parameters and their relation with outdoor spaces thermal performance in warmer climates. These studies are classified, analysed and compared in terms of the investigated parameters, and the methodological approach of each study. The findings can help to define gaps in the existing literature while providing holistic overview of the current state of art.
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Bairakov, Idris. "MODERN PROCESSES OF DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION ARID LANDSCAPES OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC: ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1671.978-5-317-06490-7/39-45.
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The geoecological analysis of the current state of arid landscapes of the Chechen Republic has shown that the natural and climatic conditions of their functioning are extremely diverse, despite the relatively small territory. However, starting from the second half of the last century, climatic conditions began to change sharply in the direction of aridization, which coincided with the stage of the greatest anthropogenic impact, mainly grazing of small cattle. This has intensified the processes of desertification, taking on an irreversible character in the Central and North-Eastern parts, which is reflected in the maps.
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Sajjad, Muhammad, MD Islam, and Isam Janajreh. "Performance Analysis of Wind Tower Greenhouse Integration Using CFD." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23984.
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Abstract The current study investigates the effect of wind catcher-greenhouse integration on the micro-climatic conditions inside the green house. The potential application of wind tower in greenhouse systems for hot climatic conditions with water mist injection was carefully evaluated. The effect of various parameters such as air flow velocity, relative humidity, injector mass flow rate and injector position in the wind tower was studied. The variations in the temperature and relative humidity was observed in the greenhouse. The computational fluid dynamic analysis was carried out using Fluent and k-ε turbulence model was adopted for the analysis. A non-isothermal, multiple species, viscous and turbulent flow is pursued. It was observed that the addition of water injectors inside the wind catcher significantly reduced the temperature and enhanced the relative humidity of the air.
Звіти організацій з теми "Current climatic conditions"
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Aguilar, Glenn, Dan Blanchon, Hamish Foote, Christina Pollonais, and Asia Mosee. Queensland Fruit Fly Invasion of New Zealand: Predicting Area Suitability Under Future Climate Change Scenarios. Unitec ePress, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/pibs.rs22015.
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The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is a significant horticultural pest in Australia, and has also established in other parts of the Pacific. There is a significant risk to New Zealand of invasion by this species, and several recent incursions have occurred. The potential effects of climate change on the distribution and impacts of invasive species are well known. This paper uses species distribution modelling using Maxent to predict the suitability of New Zealand to the Queensland fruit fly based on known occurrences worldwide and Bioclim climatic layers. Under current climatic conditions the majority of the country was generally in the lower range, with some areas in the medium range. Suitability prediction maps under future climate change conditions in 2050 and 2070, at lower emission (RCP 2.6) and higher emission (RCP 8.5) scenarios generally show an increase in suitability in both the North and South Islands. Calculations of the shift of suitable areas show a general movement of the centroid towards the south-east, with the higher emission scenario showing a greater magnitude of movement.
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Lintern, D. G., and J. Haaf. Modeling the Mackenzie River Basin: current conditions and climate change scenarios. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/293313.
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Smith, D. Max, and Deborah M. Finch. Climate change and wildfire effects in aridland riparian ecosystems: An examination of current and future conditions. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-364.
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Smith, D. Max, and Deborah M. Finch. Climate change and wildfire effects in aridland riparian ecosystems: An examination of current and future conditions. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-364.
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Tierney, Geraldine. Climate change trends and impacts at Martin Van Buren National Historic Site: Focused condition assessment report. National Park Service, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2289957.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This assessment synthesizes information about current and projected climate and related impacts at Martin Van Buren National Historic Park (MAVA) in order to help park stewards understand, plan, and manage for climate change. Working with a group of park managers, scientists, and local stake-holders, six key park resources were identified for assessment herein: Climate, Water quantity, Phenology, Agriculture, Trees, and Cultural resources. Where data was available, this analysis assessed current condition and considered mid-century (2030–2060) and end-of-century (2100) impacts based on a range of projected future climate conditions, including reduced, low, high and highest emission pathways. Climate change stressors identified for MAVA include: Increased temperature, increased hot days, increased precipitation, increased extreme precipitation events, increased flooding and erosion, shifting ranges of both native species and pest, pathogen and weed species, and phenological shifts and mismatches.
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Mutabazi, Khamaldin, and Gideon Boniface. Commercialisation Pathways and Climate Change: The Case of Smallholder Farmers in Semi-Arid Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.046.
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The semi-arid drylands of central Tanzania have been characterised by low and erratic rainfall coupled with high evapotranspiration. Up until now, farmers of these local dryland farming systems have been able to cope with these climate conditions. However, climate change has led to new weather patterns that overwhelm traditional dryland farming practices and re-shape farmers’ commercialisation pathways. This paper explored the pathways in which smallholder farmers in Singida region in Tanzania engage with markets and commercialise in the face of climate change. The paper also examined how farm-level decisions on commercial crops and the commercialisation pathways they are part of, affect current and future resilience to climate change. Climate resilient commercialisation of smallholder dryland agriculture remains the centrepiece of inclusive sustainable development.
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Swanston, Christopher W., Leslie A. Brandt, Patricia R. Butler-Leopold, Kimberly R. Hall, Maria K. Janowiak, Stephen D. Handler, Kyle Merriam, et al. Adaptation Strategies and Approaches for California Forest Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204070.ch.
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Forest health has never been a more urgent concern in California. A variety of forest ecosystem types have experienced extraordinary combinations of stressors and disturbances over the past century, which have resulted in significant changes to forest conditions. Current conditions are a product of multiple interacting factors, including fire exclusion, historic logging practices, increased wildland-urban-interface expansion and, more recently, the effects associated with climate change. The intersection of the factors has led to high severity fire, drought linked mortality, and pest infestation and disease in the affected forests. It’s increasingly clear that the expected effects of climate change will further impact California forest ecosystems, potentially compelling and, in some cases, forcing the application of targeted adaptation strategies and approaches in the years and decades to come.
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Tarif, Kheira. Climate Change and Violent Conflict in West Africa: Assessing the Evidence. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/vhiy5372.
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West Africa is widely cited as a hotspot of climate change and insecurity. This SIPRI Insights uses a systematic literature review of academic research to build a better understanding of the relationship between climate change and violent conflict in the region. Its findings are structured around four established ‘pathways’ of climate insecurity: (a) worsening livelihood conditions; (b) increasing migration and changing pastoral mobility patterns; (c) tactical considerations by armed groups; and (d) elite exploitation of local grievances. The literature review highlights a number of important variables in the relationship between climate change and violent conflict in West Africa: maladaptation to livelihood insecurity; migration away from climate-exposed areas; escalating farmer–herder conflicts; and sometimes weak, sometimes divisive, sometimes exploitative governance. Despite these findings, the literature review reveals current research and policy discussions on climate change and violent conflict in West Africa are informed by a very limited amount of academic research.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.
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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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Jokinen, Pauli, Pentti Pirinen, Juho-Pekka Kaukoranta, Antti Kangas, Pekka Alenius, Patrick Eriksson, Milla Johansson, and Sofia Wilkman. Climatological and oceanographic statistics of Finland 1991–2020. Finnish Meteorological Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361485.
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This report consists of climate statistics for air pressure, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, snow depth, wind, sunshine and global radiation for the normal period covering the years 1991–2020. In addition for the first time oceanographic statistics for sea water level, sea water temperature and sea ice are included. Based on the station and gridded data the new 1991–2020 normal period is approximately 0.6 °C warmer in Finland compared to the previous 1981–2010 period. The new normal period is approximately 1.3 °C warmer when compared to the 1961–1990 period. Climate and oceanographic statistics can be used for example when anomalies for current conditions need to be calculated and put in a historical context. In addition they help in decision-making when it is needed to approximate conditions months into the future. And lastly normal periods provide a way to monitor the progression of climate change. The calculation of the normal period statistics have been carried out following the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) guidelines. Like with previous normal periods, some stricter guidelines were followed nationally, for example in the way missing observations were handled. The period 1991–2020 is both nationally and internationally the official normal period before the next one covering 2001–2030 is taken into use.