Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Crown lands Victoria Management"

One of the few remaining points of agreement among Stuart scholars is that the Crown's political difficulties, especially the conduct of foreign affairs and wars, stemmed in large part from inadequate revenues. The Crown's “ordinary income”—so named by scholars but not by law or tradition—was eroded in the early seventeenth century by inflation, royal extravagance, and increased demands upon government. The bulk of the ordinary income came from the Crown lands whose traditional structures and management were unable to compensate for inflation. B. P. Wolffe has shown that medieval monarchs had never viewed Crown lands as a source of revenue in the same manner as parliamentary taxes or the customs. Rather, Crown lands were used primarily for the uneconomical purpose of providing royal bounty to political elites. Wallace MacCaffrey has argued that the royal clients in the bounty system shifted during the Tudor era from the feudal barons to an emerging state bureaucracy. Moreover, by the seventeenth century the list of clients grew again to include members of Parliament, especially the Commons which increasingly held the fate of royal finances in their hands. Finally, Linda Levy Peck has emphasized another profoundly entrenched English attitude, modeled after classical Roman authorities: the Crown must husband its resources against waste or corruption lest it become impoverished and the body politic decay. A monarch without ample treasure could command neither private (i.e., clients) nor public (i.e., national policy) authority.

The nature of forest tenure arrangements is analysed in terms of requirements, rights and responsibilities. The standards of private management of Crown lands frequently fall below public expectations because: (a) the benefits that rights confer on tenure holders are entirely, or partially, appropriated for the Crown through the imposition of stringent legal requirements; and/or (b) the rights, themselves, are of ambiguous legal status and non-compensable, thus introducing considerable uncertainty into forest tenure arrangements. Without security, tenure holders have less incentive to voluntarily manage Crown forests.Who should manage Crown forests? — is a judgmental question that depends on society's notions of what is morally correct or equitable. Who will manage Crown forests? — is an economic and legal question, the answer to which depends on the existence of legal rights and on the legal requirements imposed by forest tenure agreements.

An attempt is made to identify the seven most important features of Canadian forestry that determine the nature and level of silviculture practice. They are considered to be: the dominance of extensive reserves of old-growth timber often at risk; the unbalanced age class structure of many licencee areas and management units; the dominance of provincial Crown ownership of timber and the evolution of Forest Management Agreements and Tree Farm Licences; the intractable nature of the problem of silviculture on small private ownerships; the recognition of the social role of silviculture in alleviating unemployment; the lack of silviculture decision models; and the systematic tightening of silviculture performance standards on Crown lands.

A condensed history of forestry and forest management in New Brunswick's Crown Forest during the 20th century is presented. It begins with a description of the advanced state of forest management in New Brunswick today. The description provides a sharp contrast to the subsequent detailing of forestry operations, and lack of forest management, that characterized the early decades of the 20th century. A gradual improvement followed, as professional forestry education and technology combined to elevate forestry practice. Next examined is forestry practice and its change across several distinct periods: the inter-wars period (1914–1938), WWII and aftermath (1939–1957), two decades of profound change (1958–1980), and the modern era (1981–2005). It is concluded that a few key events and individuals explain the gradual evolution of forestry in New Brunswick from controlled exploitation to sustainable management. Also suggested is that the Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management at the University of New Brunswick must continue to attract the brightest and best to its forestry programmes, if New Brunswick is to maintain its leadership position in management of public forests. Key words: forest management, history, Province of New Brunswick, technological advances, forestry practice, key personnel, Crown Lands and Forests Act

Current management of known bald eagle nesting habitat on Weyerhaeuser Company lands in Oregon and Washington states is described. Observations of continued nesting productivity indicate that with careful planning successful integration of forest and eagle habitat management is achievable. Forest management programs can provide nesting habitat concurrent with the production of forest products by manipulation of forest stand structure using site-specific management plans. Factors to be considered in maintaining suitable nesting habitat relate to the specific location and prominence of the area relative to the surroundings and tree crown conditions within areas of potential eagle use. Management for nesting habitat must be directed towards the entire potential nesting site, rather than at individual nest trees for maintenance of successful eagle nesting. Key words: Bald eagle, wildlife management, forest management, endangered species.

We investigated calendar- and age-based average yield curves used in management planning for Crown lands in New Brunswick. These yield curves are derived from the same data and growth models, but are averaged differently. We found that even-flow and non-declining harvest volumes generated by strategic planning models are sensitive to the yield curve type used as input. Strategic harvest volumes per five-year period varied as much as 30% when yield curve type used was changed. Key to this change was the coarsely aggregated stratification required by calendar-based yield curves. Level of aggregation affected whether model constraints could be met, and changed model outputs. Key words: strategic management planning, yield curves

Study of the investment behaviour of a tenure-holding forestry firm in Canada has policy implications and is, therefore, important. Investment by a firm in establishing a plant was analyzed in an earlier issue (June 1986) of this journal. In this paper, the firm's investment in the management of Crown forest lands is investigated. The impacts of tenure conditions, taxation, and technological progress have been analyzed. Tenure insecurity has been found to be only partly responsible for a firm's less than enthusiastic behaviour regarding investment in forest management. Long rotation is by far the single most important factor inhibiting expenditure on forest management inputs. A judicious mixture of tenure and taxation regulations can be used as a policy instrument for encouraging intensive forest management. Anticipation of even very modest secular increases in profits due to technological progress can make intensive forestry a desirable economic activity.

The regenerating land base of Crown forest lands harvested under even-aged forest management systems since 1975 was about 14 million ha in 1995. Most harvested areas are regenerating successfully. Natural regeneration plays a much bigger role in Canadian forestry than planting or seeding. The area of forest land that remains understocked after harvesting is shrinking. The data presented were provided through the REGEN component of the National Forestry Database Program by the provincial and territorial agencies responsible for the management of forest resources in their jurisdictions. Key words: forest inventory, forest regeneration, Canadian forests

Changes in human attitudes and societal values significantly influence forest management objectives and approaches. There are important signs indicating the emergence of a new social contract for forestry on Crown lands in Canada. From the perspective of forest companies, it is imperative to manage forests for multiple purposes under a tiered and nested relationship with various stakeholders. Resource professionals, including foresters, face several challenges in their effort to facilitate innovative institutional reforms and manage forests across scales. Key words: corporate social responsibility, social licence to cut timber, stakeholders, sustainable forest management

Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in agricultural soils through changes to management may help to mitigate rising greenhouse gas emissions and sustain agricultural productivity and environmental conditions. However, in order to improve assessment of the potential for increasing SOC storage in the agricultural lands of Victoria, Australia, further information is required on current SOC levels and how they are related to environmental conditions, soil properties and agricultural management. Therefore, we measured stocks of SOC at 615 sites in pasture and cropping systems in Victoria, encompassing eight regions, five soil orders and four management classes (continuous cropping, crop–pasture rotation, sheep or beef pasture, and dairy pasture), and explored relationships between the C stocks and environment, soil and management. The results showed an extremely wide range in SOC, from 2 to 239 t C/ha (0–30 cm). Most of this variation was attributable to climate; almost 80% of the variation in SOC stock was related to annual rainfall or vapour pressure deficit (i.e. humidity). Texture-related soil properties accounted for a small, additional amount of variation in SOC. After accounting for climate, differences in SOC between management classes were small and often not significant. Management practices such as stubble retention, minimum cultivation, perennial pasture species, rotational grazing and fertiliser inputs were not significantly related to SOC stock. The relationships between SOC and environment, soil and management were scale-dependent. Within individual regions, the apparent influence of climate and soil properties on SOC stock varied, and in some regions, much of the variation in SOC stock remained unexplained. The results suggest that, across Victoria, there is a general hierarchy of influence on SOC stock: climate > soil properties > management class > management practices.

Research Thesis  Submitted  in  Fulfilment  of  the  Requirements  for  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of   Philosophy  in  Economics, School of Economic & Business Sciences Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, SA
The world is facing a sustainability crisis due to depletion and degradation of environmental and natural resources faster than they can be generated. Many of these resources are not partitioned by private property rights, and are held as state property, common property, or as open-access. Common Property Resources (CPRs) have two distinct attributes: (1) limited or nontrivial exclusion (it is difficult to exclude multiple individuals or users from appropriating from the resource) and (2) substractability (the resource features rivalry in consumption), meaning that appropriation by one reduces the overall resource availability and thus, subtracts from what can be appropriated by others. Examples include fisheries, grazing lands, irrigation systems, and ground water basins. Because no one has property rights or control over such resources, users of CPRs are frequently assumed to be caught in an inescapable dilemma - overexploitation of the resource. Thus, unlike the ‘invisible hand’ of Adam Smith in competitive markets, in the case of CPRs the self-interested behavior does not yield economic efficiency or optimal outcome or Pareto optimality. This study sought to understand the evolution of management dynamics and operation of governance structures developed by resource users and other stakeholders in three large scale CPRs in Kenya. The objectives are to (1) examine the evolution of management dynamics. (2) Examine the management model applied and its functioning. (3) Explore the governance structures and challenges of implementing them. (4) Explore critical variables related to user groups, institutional arrangements and external environment in the resource system. (5) Suggest measures to improve on the management and governance of the resource system. In addition, the study gives a comparative analysis of the management models applied in the three CPR systems. The general theoretical literature on CPRs has focused mainly on two basic but important conditions or categories. First, small scale communally owned and governed resources, in ii terms of the physical or geographical size of the resource system with well-defined boundaries. Secondly, group or users size, characterized by small numbers with similar identities and interests. This study therefore, contributes to literature by using large scale CPR case studies in terms of physical size of resource system and number of users and examining the evolution and dynamics in the management model and governance structures. A Qualitative Research (QR) methodology is adopted and analytical tools of institutional analysis and an empirical foundation based on field data applied. A survey research design is used. Both primary and secondary data was sourced and a pilot study was conducted to test reliability of research instruments. Data is documented, compiled and presented in form of tables, figures and general descriptions. Data analysis and synthesising is done by working through the data to arrive at a conclusion to answer the research questions and achieve the purpose of the study. The study findings show that management and governance issues in the three CPRs have evolved over time both in terms of the scale and involvement of other stakeholders in decision making process in the resource system. Specifically, the collaborations among state agencies, other stakeholders and resource users through their associations has enabled monitoring and enforcement not only be effective but also legitimate and consequently, lead to sustainable resource use. The management models used in the three CPR case studies are identified as the Partnership Fisheries Management (PFM) in Lake Victoria fishery, Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in Mwea Rice Irrigation Scheme and Holistic Management Framework (HMF) in Laikipia group grazing lands. The governance structures applied in the three CPRs are generally position, boundary, choice or authority, aggregation, information, payoff and scope rules. The degree of application of each set of rules however, depends on the nature of the resource system. They are designed, developed, implemented, monitored, enforced, sanctioned and arbitrated by the resource users, state lead agencies, departments and ministries iii and other stakeholders or actors. Each of these actors are involved in varying degrees in the various phases depending on their role and interest in the resource system. The management and governance structures can be strengthened and improved by enhancing certain administrative, health, safety, environmental issues and increased state support and involvement in the resource system. The co-management model design which is applied in the three CPRs yield various benefits to the resource-dependent community, public, state and resource system because it incorporates state and local (resource users) managers in decision making. However, the degree of participation of other stakeholders, challenges faced and other internal and external factors, depend on the nature of CPR, ownership and control of the CPR by resource users and the technical infrastructural investments required for the operation of the system. These results add to existing knowledge on Sustainable Development (SD) environment nexus by providing facts to multidisciplinary environmental and natural resources scholars regarding the dynamics of large scale CPR systems. Provide an in depth understanding of CPR management issues for the formulation of national strategies for SD, fisheries, Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), and irrigation farming. Lastly, they provide ways of responding to increasing challenges of shared water resources (Lake Victoria) in addition to strengthening of relations within the East African Community (EAC). Key words: Actors, bio-physical and community attributes Common Property Resources, governance structures, institutions, large scale, management models, resource users, resource systems
GR2018

The ownership and management of Scotland’s foreshore has been a matter of a prolonged controversy; rights over the foreshore were contested for much of the nineteenth century, most notably between the Crown and private proprietors, and concerns over how, and by whom, the Crown-owned foreshore should be managed became prominent in the mid-nineteenth century and remain an active issue today. The paper discusses the management during the period between 1833 and the present, and especially the changes brought about by the Crown Lands Act 1866, culminating in the devolution of the Scottish Crown-owned foreshore to the Scottish Government in 2017. The paper shows how the management was switched over the period between various government departments passing successively from the Barons of His Majesty’s Court of Exchequer in Scotland to the Office of Woods and Forests, the Board of Trade, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Shipping and finally back to the successors of the Office of Woods, the Crown Estate Commissioners. A theme runs through the paper: whether the public interest should be the touchstone for how the foreshore should be managed or whether it should be managed so as to realise the greatest amount of revenue that can legitimately be obtained, and how, if at all, these two principles can be reconciled or whether there is an inherent conflict between them; and indeed whether, given the virtual monopoly which the Crown has over the foreshore, its management should be treated in a different way from all the other Crown estate assets.