Готові списки джерел за темами / Cross linkage

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Cross linkage"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Cross linkage"

1

Chien, Mei-Se, Neng-Huei Lee, and Chih-Yang Cheng. "Housing markets’ linkage between China and Taiwan." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 826–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-01-2019-0005.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the linkage of regional housing markets between Taiwan and China as increasing economic integration. Design/methodology/approach Two time-varying estimations of cointegration tests, Gregory and Hansen (1996) cointegration test with structural break and the recursive coefficients of cointegration (Hansen and Johansen, 1993) are applied to trace the possible dynamic linkage of cross-border regional housing prices between Taiwan and China. Findings First, the estimating results of the long-run relationships show that increasing housing prices in Beijing and Shanghai decrease Taipei’s house prices, while Shenzhen and Chengdu have converse effects. The technologies’ levels of Taiwanese industries surrounding the cities in China will affect the direction of the linkage of regional housing prices between the two economies. Second, in light of causalities of these five housing prices’ changes, Beijing and Shanghai lead Taipei and Shanghai leads Chengdu, which, in turn, leads Shenzhen. Finally, the results of time-varying cointegration tests show that some critical economic and political incidents changed the linkages of housing prices between Taipei and the four cities in China. Originality/value Although some empirical works examined the linkages between cross-border house prices in Europe and the USA, study has looked at the linkages of cross-border housing prices between Taiwan and China. This is an interesting topic insofar as house price integration has implications for wealth effects that feed into consumer expenditure in both Taiwan and China. The empirical evidence overall displays the existence of the integration of regional housing markets between Taiwan and China. For the longer-term future, increasing economic integration between China and other Asia countries will result in greater and more diversified cross-border housing markets and pools of investors.
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2

Jain, Rajat, Sayan Basu, and Prashant Garg. "Corneal collagen cross-linkage in keratoconus." British Journal of Ophthalmology 97, no. 1 (October 19, 2012): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302322.

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3

Witte, Susan, Rogerio M. Pinto, Prema Filippone, C. Jean Choi, and Melanie Wall. "Engaging patients in the HIV care continuum through referral-making behaviours and patterns: A descriptive cross-sectional study." International Health Trends and Perspectives 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v2i1.1546.

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Introduction: HIV continuum of care consists of five steps needed to effectively treat and prevent the spread of HIV. Linkage to and retention of patients to this Continuum of Care is a global priority. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the quality of this Continuum, as people living with HIV, have had to shelter reducing their access to services. As well, HIV agencies have had to close, reduce hours, and shift personnel. Purpose and Methods: The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional study was to examine the person-centered referral-making behaviors and patterns used by providers to engage patients in the care continuum. Three classes of linkage behaviors among 285 providers in 34 community agencies in New York City were identified using latent class analysis. Results: These linkage behaviors include High (48%); Moderate (34%); and Low (18%). Both High and Moderate consisted of a blend of active and passive strategies and tracking systems. The High included more active strategies such as escorting patients to appointments. Linkage class membership was significantly associated with frequency of linkages to primary care (p=.020). COVID-19 disruptions demonstrate how the Care Continuum has been undermined by insufficient organizational resources. Conclusion: Findings suggest, addresses gaps in linkages should enhance the overall Continuum of Care provided to individuals diagnosed and living with HIV.
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4

Turpin, JA, CA Schaeffer, SJ Terpening, L. Graham, M. Bu, and WG Rice. "Reverse Transcription of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 is Blocked by Retroviral Zinc Finger Inhibitors." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 8, no. 1 (February 1997): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800107.

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The Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys zinc fingers of retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) proteins are prime antiviral targets due to conservation of the Cys and His chelating residues and the absolute requirement of these fingers in both early and late phases of retroviral replication. Certain 2,2′-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs) chemically modify the Cys residues of the fingers, thereby inhibiting in vitro replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We examined the consequences of DIBA interaction with cell-free virions and their subsequent ability to initiate new rounds of infection. The DIBAs entered intact virions and chemically modified the p7NC proteins, resulting in extensive disulphide cross-linkage among zinc fingers of adjacent p7NC molecules. Likewise, treatment of Pr55gag-laden pseudovirions, used as a model of virion particles, with DIBAs resulted in Pr55gag cross-linkage. In contrast, monomeric p7NC protein did not form cross-linkages after DIBA treatment, indicating that the retroviral zinc finger proteins must exist in close proximity for cross-linkage to occur. Cross-linkage of p7NC in virions correlated with loss of infectivity and decreased proviral DNA synthesis during acute infection, even though DIBAs did not inhibit virus attachment to host cells or reverse transcriptase enzymatic activity. Thus, DIBA-type molecules impair the ability of HIV-1 virions to initiate reverse transcription through their action on the retroviral zinc finger, thereby blocking further rounds of replication.
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5

Wilson, William A., Sandra E. Harrington, Wendy L. Woodman, Michael Lee, Mark E. Sorrells, and Susan R. McCouch. "Inferences on the Genome Structure of Progenitor Maize Through Comparative Analysis of Rice, Maize and the Domesticated Panicoids." Genetics 153, no. 1 (September 1, 1999): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.1.453.

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Abstract Corn and rice genetic linkage map alignments were extended and refined by the addition of 262 new, reciprocally mapped maize cDNA loci. Twenty chromosomal rearrangements were identified in maize relative to rice and these included telomeric fusions between rice linkage groups, nested insertion of rice linkage groups, intrachromosomal inversions, and a nonreciprocal translocation. Maize genome evolution was inferred relative to other species within the Panicoideae and a progenitor maize genome with eight linkage groups was proposed. Conservation of composite linkage groups indicates that the tetrasomic state arose during maize evolution either from duplication of one progenitor corn genome (autoploidy) or from a cross between species that shared the composite linkages observed in modern maize (alloploidy). New evidence of a quadruplicated homeologous segment on maize chromosomes 2 and 10, and 3 and 4, corresponded to the internally duplicated region on rice chromosomes 11 and 12 and suggested that this duplication in the rice genome predated the divergence of the Panicoideae and Oryzoideae subfamilies. Charting of the macroevolutionary steps leading to the modern maize genome clarifies the interpretation of intercladal comparative maps and facilitates alignments and genomic cross-referencing of genes and phenotypes among grass family members.
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6

Terauchi, Ryohei, and Günter Kahl. "Mapping of the Dioscorea tokoro genome: AFLP markers linked to sex." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-001.

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Two framework linkage maps were constructed for the genome of the dioecious wild yam species Dioscorea tokoro. The pseudo-testcross strategy was employed, using 271 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), five sequence-tagged microsatellite sites, one isozyme, and one morphological marker. For the two parents DT7 and DT5 used in the cross, 13 and 12 linkage groups, respectively, were identified. The total map lengths were 669 and 613 cM, respectively, for DT7 and DT5, which cover more than 75% of the D. tokoro genome. Ten AFLP markers heterozygous only in the male parent showed tight linkages with the sex of its progeny, which suggests that male is the heterogametic sex (XY) and the female is the homogametic sex (XX).Key words: Dioscorea tokoro, yam, linkage map, AFLP, sex determination.
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7

Messmer, M. M., M. Keller, S. Zanetti, and B. Keller. "Genetic linkage map of a wheat×spelt cross." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98, no. 6-7 (May 1999): 1163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051181.

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8

Chang, Myung Chul, T. Ikoma, and J. Tanaka. "Cross-linkage of hydroxyapatite/gelatin nanocomposite using EGDE." Journal of Materials Science 39, no. 16/17 (August 2004): 5547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsc.0000039284.70028.fa.

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9

Zhang, Xin, Zai Liang Chen, and Hui Gao. "Constant-Universal Joint of Double Cross-Cross Ring Based on Spatial Linkage." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 1544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.1544.

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This paper discuss the develepment of constant-universal joint and bing up a new type of constant-universal Joint through analysing the advantages and disadvantages of constant-universal joint and simulation of movement with PROE that testified its possibility of constantspeed.the new type constant-universal Joint can attain the same function of Thomson constant-universal Joint,iding capacity,low friction loss and bearing axial load.Further,it get a more effective centring type.
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10

Sosinski, Bryon, W. V. Baird, S. Rajapakse, R. E. Ballard, and A. G. Abbott. "Generation of a Highly Saturated Linkage Map in Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Using AFLP and RFLP Markers." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 592b—592. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.592b.

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We have developed a highly saturated genetic linkage map in peach (diploid, 2n = 16) using two separate crosses. The first population consists of 48 randomly selected F2 individuals which were generated by selfing an F1 from the cross of `New Jersey Pillar' x KV 77119. This progeny set exhibits segregation for gross morphological traits including: canopy shape, fruit flesh color, and flower petal color, size, and number. The second population contains 48 F2 progeny derived from the cross of `Suncrest' x `Bailey'. These progeny segregate for quality traits such as fruit diameter, weight, flesh color, cling vs. free stone, soluble solids, pH of juice extract, and fruit developmental period. Nine linkage groups were identified in the first cross, which cover 590 cM of the genome. In the second cross, eight linkage groups were found that contain several significant chromosomal intervals contributing to fruit quality characteristics by QTL analysis. Anchor loci present in both maps were used to join the linkage groups to create a single combined map of the peach genome. Physical mapping is currently underway to assign the each linkage group to the appropriate chromosome.
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Дисертації з теми "Cross linkage"

1

Tona, Rolf. "Bioconjugation and cross-linkage of diene-modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides via the Diels-Alder reaction /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/04tona_r.pdf.

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2

Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi. "Outcomes of children transferring out of Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital HIV cohort using linkage to the National Health Laboratory Service Data." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24873.

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Background and Rationale: Paediatric antiretroviral (ART) care in the Western Cape Province (WCP) has evolved following South Africa's (SA) massive roll-out of antiretroviral therapy in 2004 in response to the country's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Decentralization of paediatric ART services was adopted in scaling up access to ART services for children living with HIV. Although children now mainly initiate ART at lower level facilities, sick or very young infants continue to initiate ART at tertiary health facilities and become eligible for transfer to lower level facilities after stabilization at tertiary health facilities. There has been limited assessment of the effectiveness of this model of ART care since its implementation. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to determine the proportion of children that successfully transferred from Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCWMCH) to referral facilities for continued ART within 18 or 48 months of their last appointment at RCWMCH. Successful transfer was defined in two ways: a laboratory test performed by a lower level facility (i) ≤18 months or (ii) ≤48 months after transfer date. The first interval corresponds to guideline recommendations for annual CD4/viral load monitoring; the second captures all children retained in care. Our secondary objectives are as follows: 1. To identify the determinants of successful transfer from RCWMCH. 2. To describe the CD4 and viral load outcomes of children that successfully transferred to referral lower health facilities within WCP. 3. To determine the feasibility of using the SA National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) data for routine monitoring of children transferring between paediatric ART sites. Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed. The study population was children below the age of 16 years who were initiated onto ART at RCWMCH and transferred out to lower level facilities within the WCP from December 31, 2007 - January 1, 2012. We described children's characteristics before transfer out and post-transfer date. In those who successfully transferred, we compared their immunological and virological status at transfer out and at the first visit within 48 months after the transfer out date, using median change for continuous variables and difference in proportions for categorical variables. Results: Data from 1127 children with median age of 5.6 months (interquartile range [IQR] 3.1-19.9) was included; at ART initiation 85% had WHO stage III/IV disease and 57% were severely immunosuppressed. A total of 725 (64%) children were transferred; 69% (496) and 76% (541) successfully transferred within 18 and 48 months respectively. Since there is about 90% compliance with annual CD4/viral load monitoring guidelines, we estimate that up to 85% of children may have actually successfully transferred. Median time to successful transfer was 5.4 months (IQR 3.7-7.8). Among the 184 children (25%) who did not transfer successfully, 11% returned to RCWMCH. In patients who successfully transferred, median (IQR) CD4% increased between transfer out and first visit post-transfer [25.1% (17.3-33.8%) vs 30.2% (22.9-36.6%), p-value = 0.0000]. Children who had their transfer sites recorded in the database and those transferred before 2010 were identified to be associated with successful transfer (adjusted odds ratio (aOR 7.99, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (2.3-28.5 and aOR 5.21, 95% CI 1.5-18.4 respectively). Conclusion: The proportion of children remaining in HIV care by 48 months after transfer out was at least 76% and 92% of those that transferred successfully reached the referral facility and undergoing a laboratory test within 18 months of transfer out. In children who successfully transferred, CD4% and viral load suppression improved after transfer. This suggests that paediatric ART decentralization is feasible with good outcomes. However, outcomes in those who were lost after transfer out need further investigation.
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3

Ghaemmaghami, Houman. "Robust automatic speaker linking and attribution." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60832/4/Houman_Ghaemmaghami_Thesis.pdf.

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This research makes a major contribution which enables efficient searching and indexing of large archives of spoken audio based on speaker identity. It introduces a novel technique dubbed as “speaker attribution” which is the task of automatically determining ‘who spoke when?’ in recordings and then automatically linking the unique speaker identities within each recording across multiple recordings. The outcome of the research will also have significant impact in improving the performance of automatic speech recognition systems through the extracted speaker identities.
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4

Berger, Stefan. "Regulation of intellectual property rights and trade." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7591.

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This thesis consists of three essays on the regulation of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and trade in open economies. The rst chapter investigates the di erences in Intellectual Property Rights between countries. The analysis of a cross-country panel reveals that the protection of IPRs is higher in countries that are (i) richer, (ii) more productive in R&D and (iii) more open to trade. It is then shown that the rst two facts can be explained in a model where innovations are a global public good and where demand for innovations is non-homothetic in income. The second chapter addresses the third observation. If trade is driven by large di erences in productivities across countries and sectors then having strong IPR protection can become more bene cial for the individual country, since a part of the associated costs are passed onto the trading partners. The third chapter aims to explain why and when countries link agreements on trade with agreements that regulate the provision of global public goods. It shows that a linkage is particularly attractive if countries are di erent in size.
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5

Johnson, Francis X. "Exploiting cross-level linkages to steer the bioenergy transition." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-155686.

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This thesis develops the notion of the bioenergy transition as the long-term transformation of biomass from a local resource into a global commodity. An historical assessment is combined with interdisciplinary analysis that focuses especially on liquid biofuels and highlights the environmentally innovative case of bioethanol. The bioenergy transition is investigated from several different perspectives: technical-economic, socio-economic, socio-technical and political-economic. Linkages across different levels from household to global are analysed in relation to the effectiveness of bioenergy policies. In addition to studies at household and national levels, a North-South perspective is taken by including two major regions: the European Union (EU) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The relation of EU biofuels policy to international climate and trade regimes is assessed to show how regional-global linkages affect policy design and implementation. Household bioenergy markets in developing countries are poorly articulated and difficult to link to other sectors; a detailed choice model in Ethiopia showed that product-specific factors should be evaluated to inform design of programmes and policies. Municipal and sub-national markets for bioenergy have been successfully linked to national policies to coordinate supply and demand in Brazil and Sweden. Regional market development for biofuels has great potential in southern Africa but regional-national linkages currently remain unexploited. National level efforts remain quite important in terms of energy security and environmental innovation, as evidenced in Brazil, Malawi and Sweden. Biofuels sustainability criteria in the EU Renewable Energy Directive (EU-RED) were evaluated in relation to the international climate and trade regimes and were found to shift some costs onto developing countries. One of the mechanisms for assuring biofuels sustainability is bilateral agreements, which remain untested but potentially effective. Cross-level linkages were often unexploited in the cases studied; national approaches cannot easily capture complementarities across sectors and scales in biophysical and economic terms. Linking biofuels markets across different levels from household to global through regional development policies and specialised governance mechanisms could help to steer the bioenergy transition towards sustainability.

QC 20141112

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6

Sorensen, E. Todd. "Cross-linkable polyimide blends for stable membranes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10086.

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7

French, Joseph Jerome. "Linkages between U.S Cross-border Portfolio Equity Flows and Equity Markets." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1075.

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There is an ongoing debate over the role that equity markets play in determining and influencing international equity flows. The first chapter of this dissertation describes the large portfolio equity flows into China and India, in order to understand the buying behavior of US investors. The rapid growth of the Chinese and Indian economies, coupled with the recent development and liberalization of their financial markets has attracted significant portfolio investment from U.S. investors. It is commonly assumed that domestic investors have an informational advantage over foreign investors; however, some recent empirical literature has questioned this assumption. Essay one dissects the nature of the relationship between foreign equity flows, equity returns, and related variables. The results of my empirical investigation provides evidence that U.S. institutional investors are making investment decisions based on long-run determinants of value rather than responding to price signals or ‘chasing returns'. I anticipate that the strong relationship between equity flows and fundamentals will strengthen as information asymmetries decline and US investors continue to develop more sophisticated methods of assessing underlying value in China and India. The second essay of this dissertation explores a new panel data set based on US gross cross-border equity flows to 20 industrialized nations combined with measures of market valuation for the period of 1977-2005. Empirical evidence of imperfect integration across world equity markets indicates that valuation matters. Consistent with relative value trading as a determinant of equity flow patterns, I find that equity flows decrease sharply with host-country market valuations—in particular the component of valuation that is forecasted to revert the following year. I also find that equity flows increase sharply with US equity market valuations. These results suggest the existence of a valuation channel for cross-border equity flows. The findings of this chapter show that US investors are informed about both domestic markets and foreign markets. Peripheral findings of this essay confirm the findings of other researches, but with a longer sample period. Consistent with existing literature, I find a negative influence of interest rates spreads, and information asymmetries on cross-border trade in equities.
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8

Guillemineau, Catherine. "The sources of cross-country output comovements : European and non-european linkages." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933797.

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This doctoral thesis consists in three chapters investigating cross-country linkages in different samples of industrialized economies. The first chapter shows that the share of the investment cycle's variance due to common international factors has increased in the United States as well in large European countries. The second chapter estimates the impact of the liberalization and internationalization of the financial and banking sectors on real GDP growth comovements. Since the late 1970s, a common international factor has contribued to most economic growth in th EU countries, the United States, Canada and Japan. Among several financial, bank and monetary indicators, equity prices, followed by portofolio investment have been by far the main drivers of this factor. The removal of controls on domestic credit emerges as the only financial liberalization policy measure with a large and negative effect on common growth before 1995. The third chapter investigates the sources of real GDP's comovements between the founding member states of the euro area. Throughout EMU, real cyclical synchronization was robustly linked to disparities in term of fiscal policy and of total factor productivity gains. Cyclical synchronization was closely related to similarities in unit labour cost growth before 2007, but not after 2007 when long-term interest rate differentials became a major cause of cyclical divergence.
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9

Andreasson, Pierre, and Jonathan Siverskog. "Cross-market linkages and the role of speculation in agricultural futures markets." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120605.

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In this study we analyse the role of speculation in forging cross-market linkages between agriculture, equity and crude oil over the period 1992-2014. The market interdependence of ten U.S. traded agricultural commodities futures is measured through the spillover index of Diebold and Yilmaz (2009, 2012) and the dynamic conditional correlation framework of Engle (2002). Utilising data from the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, ve dierent measures of speculation are constructed, which are used to examine the long-run and short-run dynamics between market integration and speculation. To explore time-varying characteristics in this relationship, and as a test for robustness, we perform a sub-sampling analysis for the periods 1992-2006 and 2006-2014. We show that cross-market linkages grew stronger post-2005, particularly in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. The results of our econometric analysis indicate that any conclusions regarding the role of speculation in this process are highly sensitive both to the choice of market integration measure, as well as to how the extent of speculation is captured. Overall, though, there is little to indicate that speculation has played an important role in creating cross-market linkages. We do provide some evidence of market integration increasing with market size, but other factors, such as inflation and exchange rates, seem to provide better explanations of agriculture-equity-energy price dynamics. In line with previous research, we also find market interdependence to increase with stock market uncertainty, which suggests that the diversification benefits of commodity futures investments are actually reduced when needed the most. Considered together with our findings on the sizes of markets, which are increasingly made up of speculators, it appears at least possible that financialisation has made food markets more vulnerable to disturbances in financial markets.
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10

Kelly, Michael John. "Cross-strike discontinuities and kinematic linkages within the Moine and Cantabrian thrust belts." Thesis, Keele University, 2014. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/631/.

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Abrupt lateral changes in thrust geometry occur in many mountain-building fold-thrust belts. Whilst many works have dealt with palinspastic reconstructions and transport-directionparallel balanced cross-sections, far fewer show a full three-dimensional architecture, or examine how lateral variations in thrust architecture can be linked via cross-strike discontinuities or transverse zones. Systematic alignments of lateral structures are suggested to be related to kinematic responses to irregularities generated across pre-existing, sometimes reactivated, sub-décollement basement faults, pre-thrusting cover strata deformation above basement faults, development of duplex structures / antiformal stacks, and / or along-strike variations in mechanical stratigraphy. New cross-strike discontinuity / transverse zone identification methodologies developed within this research incorporating thrust ramp-flat alignment analyses and branch-point, cutoff point and fault-tip point analyses, together with a variety of previously utilised identification techniques, allow spatial alignments of lateral structures to be determined. New methodologies help to better characterise the pre-thrust template and assess that template’s capacity to control subsequent lateral thrust geometries on a variety of scales during allochthon formation within two contrasting fold-thrust belts, the linear Moine Thrust Belt and the oroclinal Cantabrian Thrust Belt. Within the Kinlochewe region of the Moine Thrust Belt, a distinct compartmentalisation is identified across the Loch Maree Fault (LMF). A thrust dominated region of overturned Torridonian / Lewisian, overlying a right-way-up Cambrian succession can be clearly identified on the northern wall of the LMF, compared to a fold-and-thrust dominated section on the southern wall. Compartmentalisation is suggested to be a response to a step in basement that generated a transport-parallel lateral ramp or sidewall during thrusting. A series of potential cross-strike discontinuities / transverse zones are identified within the Cantabrian Thrust Belt. Structural disparities are suggested to have developed as a result of along-strike variations in stratigraphical thickness and regional transport during a multiphase oroclinal development.
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Книги з теми "Cross linkage"

1

Gast, Volker, and Holger Diessel, eds. Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110280692.

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2

Hangzhou Wan kua hai da qiao nan an jie xian shen hou ruan ji chen jiang kong zhi ji shu: Settlement control technology for deep and thick soft foundation of south linkage expressway of Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge. Beijing Shi: Ren min jiao tong chu ban she, 2010.

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3

Khāosaʻāt, Mingsan. Cross-sector linkages in mountain development: The case of northern Thailand. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Social Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 2002.

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4

Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Afghans in Quetta: Settlements, livelihoods, support networks and cross-border linkages. [Kabul]: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 2006.

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5

author, Ahmed Eatzaz, and Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, eds. The inter-linkages between democracy and per capita GDP growth: A cross country analysis. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2012.

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6

Altemeier, Klaus. Agricultural diversification in Indonesia: Price responses and linkages in the foodcrop sector, 1969-1988 : an outlook to 2000. Bogor, Indonesia: Regional Co-ordination Centre for Research and Development of Coarse Grains, Pulses, Roots and Tuber Crops in the Humid Tropics of Asia and the Pacific, 1991.

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7

Diessel, Holger, and Volker Gast. Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. De Gruyter, Inc., 2012.

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8

Diessel, Holger, and Volker Gast. Clause Linkage in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: Data-Driven Approaches to Cross-Clausal Syntax. De Gruyter, Inc., 2012.

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9

Okajima, Masako. Lymphocyte activation via receptor cross-linkage by macromolecules: Molecular properties influencing activation and inhibition by haptenated polymers. 1988.

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10

P. Beck, P. Stratz, S. Preuß, F. Pitel, J. Recoquillay, E. Duval, M. Rodehutscord, and J. Bennewitz. Linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci for phosphorus utilization and growth related traits in an F2-cross of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2016.133.

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Частини книг з теми "Cross linkage"

1

Guo, Rongxing. "Territorial Division and Cross-Border Linkage." In Cross-Border Management, 251–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45156-4_12.

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Mizuguchi, Junichiro, Michael Beaven, Peter Hornbeck, Wayne Tsang, and William E. Paul. "Receptor Cross-Linkage Stimulates B Cell Activation." In Antibodies, 71–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1873-6_7.

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Prakash, Pragya, Jay Rawal, Snehal Gupta, Deepak P, and Mukesh Mohania. "Cross-modal Data Linkage for Common Entity Identification." In Advanced Data Mining and Applications, 301–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95408-6_23.

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4

Barth, Marie, and Carla Schmidt. "Quantitative Cross-Linking of Proteins and Protein." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 385–400. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1024-4_26.

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AbstractCross-linking, in general, involves the covalent linkage of two amino acid residues of proteins or protein complexes in close proximity. Mass spectrometry and computational analysis are then applied to identify the formed linkage and deduce structural information such as distance restraints. Quantitative cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry is well suited to study protein dynamics and conformations of protein complexes. The quantitative cross-linking workflow described here is based on the application of isotope labelled cross-linkers. Proteins or protein complexes present in different structural states are differentially cross-linked using a “light” and a “heavy” cross-linker. The intensity ratios of cross-links (i.e., light/heavy or heavy/light) indicate structural changes or interactions that are maintained in the different states. These structural insights lead to a better understanding of the function of the proteins or protein complexes investigated. The described workflow is applicable to a wide range of research questions including, for instance, protein dynamics or structural changes upon ligand binding.
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Juhász, Levente, and Hartwig H. Hochmair. "Cross-Linkage Between Mapillary Street Level Photos and OSM Edits." In Geospatial Data in a Changing World, 141–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33783-8_9.

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6

Ahlers, Dirk. "Lo mejor de dos idiomas – Cross-Lingual Linkage of Geotagged Wikipedia Articles." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 668–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36973-5_56.

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Paul, William E., Junichiro Mizuguchi, Michael A. Beaven, Peter Hornbeck, Wayne Tsang, and Junichi Ohara. "B Lymphocyte Activation the Roles of Receptor Cross-Linkage and BSF-1." In Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation, 207–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5323-2_20.

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Song, Yuting. "Cross-Language Record Linkage Across Humanities Collections Using Metadata Similarities Among Languages." In Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, 640–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67008-9_60.

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Aoki, Takayoshi. "Cross-Linkage Between Casein and Colloidal Calcium Phosphate in Bovine Casein Micelles." In ACS Symposium Series, 164–81. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0454.ch012.

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Siu-woo, Cheung. "Regional Development and Cross-Border Cultural Linkage: The Case of a Vietnamese Community in Guangxi, China." In Where China Meets Southeast Asia, 277–311. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11123-4_15.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Cross linkage"

1

Chu, Xiaokai, Xinxin Fan, Zhihua Zhu, and Jingping Bi. "Variational Cross-Network Embedding for Anonymized User Identity Linkage." In CIKM '21: The 30th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3459637.3482214.

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2

Li, Bo, Lili Li, Dingyu Hu, Bo Peng, Qin Li, Shengyuan Xiao, Yujuan Li, and Yulin Deng. "A Study of Cross-Linkage of Formaldehyde with Human Serum Albumin." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5162247.

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3

Song, Yuting, Taisuke Kimura, Biligsaikhan Batjargal, and Akira Maeda. "Proper noun recognition in cross-language record linkage by exploiting transliterated words." In 2016 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ialp.2016.7875940.

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4

Hamon, A., and Y. Aoustin. "Cross four-bar linkage for the knees of a planar bipedal robot." In 2010 10th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichr.2010.5686851.

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Ribeiro, Luis S., Frederico Honorio, Jose Luis Oliveira, and Carlos Costa. "Leveraging XDS-I and PIX workflows for validating cross-enterprise patient identity linkage." In 2013 IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/healthcom.2013.6720686.

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Zhou, Jiayue, Xi Xiao, Zitan Wang, Haifeng Lu, Jianyun Chai, and Meng Zhang. "Accurate MTPA Strategy of PMSM Considering Cross Saturation Effect Based on Full-Flux-Linkage Model." In 2022 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce50734.2022.9947768.

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Lescevica, Maira, and Eneken Titov. "Cross-border assignment – the study method supporting internationalization of SMEs and linkage between HEIs and industry." In Research for Rural Development 2019 : annual 25th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.25.2019.063.

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8

Guruswamy, B., V. Ravindrachary, C. Shruthi, Shreedatta Hegde, and Rohan N. Sagar. "Diffusion, swelling, cross linkage study and mechanical properties of ZnO doped PVA/NaAlg blend polymer nanocomposite." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5028631.

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9

Tweed, EJ, A. Leyland, DS Morrison, and SV Katikireddi. "OP20 Using cross-sectoral administrative data linkage to understand the health of people experiencing multiple exclusion." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health Annual Scientific Meeting 2020, Hosted online by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and University of Cambridge Public Health, 9–11 September 2020. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-ssmabstracts.20.

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10

Ravi, Kiran Mysore, Junichiro Mori, and Ichiro Sakata. "Cross-Domain Academic Paper Recommendation by Semantic Linkage Approach Using Text Analysis and Recurrent Neural Networks." In 2017 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/picmet.2017.8125417.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Cross linkage"

1

Carpita, Nicholas C., Ruth Ben-Arie, and Amnon Lers. Pectin Cross-Linking Dynamics and Wall Softening during Fruit Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585197.bard.

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Анотація:
Our study was designed to elucidate the chemical determinants of pectin cross-linking in developing fruits of apple and peach and to evaluate the role of breakage cross-linkages in swelling, softening, and cell separation during the ripening. Peaches cell walls soften and swell considerably during the ripening, whereas apples fruit cells maintain wall firmness but cells separate during late stages of ripening. We used a "double-reduction" technique to show that levels of non-methyl esters of polyuronic acid molecules were constant during the development and ripening and decreased only in overripe fruit. In peach, methyl and non-methyl esters increased during the development and decreased markedly during the ripening. Non-methyl ester linkages in both fruit decreased accompanied fruit softening. The identity of the second component of the linkage and its definitive role in the fruit softening remain elusive. In preliminary examination of isolated apples cell walls, we found that phenolic compounds accumulate early in wall development but decrease markedly during ripening. Quantitative texture analysis was used to correlate with changes to wall chemistry from the fresh-picked ripe stage to the stage during storage when the cell separation occurs. Cell wall composition is similar in all cultivars, with arabinose as the principal neutral sugar. Extensive de-branching of these highly branched arabinans pre-stages softening and cell-cell separation during over-ripening of apple. The longer 5-arabinans remain attached to the major pectic polymer rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) backbone. The degree of RG I branching, as judged from the ratios of 2-Rha:2,4-Rha, also decreases, specially after an extensive arabinan de-branching. Loss of the 4-Rham linkages correlated strongly with the softening of the fruit. Loss of the monomer or polymer linked to the RG I produce directly or indirectly the softening of the fruit. This result will help to understand the fruit softening and to have better control of the textural changes in fruit during the ripening and especially during the storage. 'Wooliness', an undesirable mealy texture that is induced during chilling of some peach cultivars, greatly reduces the fruit storage possibilities. In order to examine the hypothesis that the basis for this disorder is related to abnormality in the cell wall softening process we have carried out a comparative analysis using the resistant cultivar, Sunsnow, and a sensitive one, Hermosa. We investigated the activity of several pectin- and glycan-modifying enzymes and the expression of their genes during ripening, chilling, and subsequent shelf-life. The changes in carbohydrate status and in methyl vs. non-methyl uronate ester levels in the walls of these cultivars were examined as well to provide a basis for comparison of the relevant gene expression that may impact appearance of the wooly character. The activities of the specific polygalacturonase (PGase) and a CMC-cellulase activities are significantly elevated in walls of peaches that have become wooly. Cellulase activities correlated well with increased level of the transcript, but differential expression of PGase did not correspond with the observed pattern of mRNA accumulation. When expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genes was followed no significant differences in ACC synthase gene expression was observed in the wooly fruit while the normal activation of the ACC oxidase was partially repressed in the Hermosa wooly fruits. Normal ripening-related loss of the uronic acid-rich polymers was stalled in the wooly Hermosa inconsistent with the observed elevation in a specific PGase activity but consistent with PG gene expression. In general, analysis of the level of total esterification, degree of methyl esterification and level of non-methyl esters did not reveal any major alterations between the different fruit varieties or between normal and abnormal ripening. Some decrease in the level of uronic acids methyl esterification was observed for both Hermosa and Sunsnow undergoing ripening following storage at low temperature but not in fruits ripening after harvest. Our results support a role for imbalanced cell wall degradation as a basis for the chilling disorder. While these results do not support a role for the imbalance between PG and pectin methyl esterase (PME) activities as the basis for the disorder they suggest a possible role for imbalance between cellulose and other cell wall polymer degradation during the softening process.
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Moore, Gloria A., Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Charles L. Guy, and Doron Holland. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in the Woody Perennial Plant Genus Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570565.bard.

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As is true for all crops, production of Citrus fruit is limited by traits whose characteristics are the products of many genes (i.e. cold hardiness). In order to modify these traits by marker aided selection or molecular genetic techniques, it is first necessary to map the relevant genes. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in perennial plants has been extremely difficult, requiring large numbers of mature plants. Production of suitable mapping populations has been inhibited by aspects of reproductive biology (e.g. incompatibility, apomixis) and delayed by juvenility. New approaches promise to overcome some of these obstacles. The overall objective of this project was to determine whether QTLs for environmental stress tolerance could be effectively mapped in the perennial crop Citrus, using an extensive linkage map consisting of various types of molecular markers. Specific objectives were to: 1) Produce a highly saturated genetic linkage map of Citrus by continuing to place molecular markers of several types on the map. 2) Exploiting recently developed technology and already characterized parental types, determine whether QTLs governing cold acclimation can be mapped using very young seedling populations. 3) Determine whether the same strategy can be transferred to a different situation by mapping QTLs influencing Na+ and C1- exclusion (likely components of salinity tolerance) in the already characterized cross and in new alternative crosses. 4) Construct a YAC library of the citrus genome for future mapping and cloning.
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3

Amzeri, Achmad, Kaswan Badami, and Gita Pawana. Inheritance of resistance to downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis) in crossing of Madura Maize Plant (Zea mays L.). Innovative Scientific Information & Services Network, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2019.1.

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Hybridization of Back cross is one method to get varieties that are resistant to downy mildew. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on inheritance characteristics of downy mildew resistance. This research was conducted at the experiment center of Agro-Technology Study Program of Agriculture Faculty, University of Trunojoyo Madura. Research of Assessment of resistance to Downy Mildew used a randomized block design with 18 treatments (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 in three sets of crosses, namely LGL x Mdr-3, T12 x Mdr-1 and E02 x Mdr-2) and three replications so there were 54 experimental units. Identification of polymorphic RAPD markers for endurance to downy mildew through Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) was done by amplifying the DNA in the resistant pool and susceptible pool. The random primers used were 120 primers from 6 operon groups, namely OPA, OPB, OPC, OPD, OPF and OPG. The results showed that the inheritance pattern of maize genetic resistance to downy mildew followed a segregation pattern of 3:1 with a degree of dominance between -1 and 0, and was controlled by incomplete partially negative dominant gene. OPC-07 was a marker that was linkage close to the resistance to downy mildew with a genetic distance of 1.9 cM.
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4

Rose, Andrew, and Mark Spiegel. Cross-Country Causes and Consequences of the 2008 Crisis: International Linkages and American Exposure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15358.

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5

Swanson, David. Stability of ice wedges in Alaska's Arctic National Parks, 1951-2019. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293324.

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Ice-wedge polygons are a striking and widespread feature of the arctic landscape. Ice wedges are vulnerable to thaw because they are nearly pure ice bodies near the surface, with little insulating overlying material. Ice-wedge polygon monitoring is a part of the permafrost monitoring program for the National Park Services Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network (ARCN, the five National Park units in northern Alaska). The present report is a re-analysis of ice-wedge condition in three study areas, based on satellite images taken in 2019 and 2020 (sampling episode 3). Results are compared to previous analyses based on aerial photographs from 1950-51 (episode 1) and satellite images from 2006-2009 (episode 2). Significant ice-wedge degradation occurred between sampling episodes 1 and 2 in one of the study areas (in Kobuk Valley National Park, KOVA). Sampling episode 3 revealed relatively minor changes from episode 2 in all three areas. This is somewhat surprising given the record warm temperatures that occurred between sampling episodes 2 and 3. Apparently the recent warming did not cross any thresholds that would trigger immediate and widespread visible changes in ice wedges, or insufficient time has elapsed since the recent onset of warmer temperatures in 2014. However, the effects of previous ice-wedge degradation continued to be manifested in new drainage channels that formed by linkage of pits from previous ice-wedge degradation. The Noatak National Preserve (NOAT) study area was affected by wildfires in 1977 and 2010, and comparison of burned to unburned areas in subsequent sampling episodes failed to show significant new ice-wedge degradation brought about by these fires.
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6

Fridman, Eyal, Jianming Yu, and Rivka Elbaum. Combining diversity within Sorghum bicolor for genomic and fine mapping of intra-allelic interactions underlying heterosis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597925.bard.

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Heterosis, the enigmatic phenomenon in which whole genome heterozygous hybrids demonstrate superior fitness compared to their homozygous parents, is the main cornerstone of modern crop plant breeding. One explanation for this non-additive inheritance of hybrids is interaction of alleles within the same locus. This proposal aims at screening, identifying and investigating heterosis trait loci (HTL) for different yield traits by implementing a novel integrated mapping approach in Sorghum bicolor as a model for other crop plants. Originally, the general goal of this research was to perform a genetic dissection of heterosis in a diallel built from a set of Sorghum bicolor inbred lines. This was conducted by implementing a novel computational algorithm which aims at associating between specific heterozygosity found among hybrids with heterotic variation for different agronomic traits. The initial goals of the research are: (i) Perform genotype by sequencing (GBS) of the founder lines (ii) To evaluate the heterotic variation found in the diallel by performing field trails and measurements in the field (iii) To perform QTL analysis for identifying heterotic trait loci (HTL) (iv) to validate candidate HTL by testing the quantitative mode of inheritance in F2 populations, and (v) To identify candidate HTL in NAM founder lines and fine map these loci by test-cross selected RIL derived from these founders. The genetic mapping was initially achieved with app. 100 SSR markers, and later the founder lines were genotyped by sequencing. In addition to the original proposed research we have added two additional populations that were utilized to further develop the HTL mapping approach; (1) A diallel of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that was tested for heterosis of doubling time, and (2) a recombinant inbred line population of Sorghum bicolor that allowed testing in the field and in more depth the contribution of heterosis to plant height, as well as to achieve novel simulation for predicting dominant and additive effects in tightly linked loci on pseudooverdominance. There are several conclusions relevant to crop plants in general and to sorghum breeding and biology in particular: (i) heterosis for reproductive (1), vegetative (2) and metabolic phenotypes is predominantly achieved via dominance complementation. (ii) most loci that seems to be inherited as overdominant are in fact achieving superior phenotype of the heterozygous due to linkage in repulsion, namely by pseudooverdominant mechanism. Our computer simulations show that such repulsion linkage could influence QTL detection and estimation of effect in segregating populations. (iii) A new height QTL (qHT7.1) was identified near the genomic region harboring the known auxin transporter Dw3 in sorghum, and its genetic dissection in RIL population demonstrated that it affects both the upper and lower parts of the plant, whereas Dw3 affects only the part below the flag leaf. (iv) HTL mapping for grain nitrogen content in sorghum grains has identified several candidate genes that regulate this trait, including several putative nitrate transporters and a transcription factor belonging to the no-apical meristem (NAC)-like large gene family. This activity was combined with another BARD-funded project in which several de-novo mutants in this gene were identified for functional analysis.
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7

Allock, Harry R., and Charles G. Cameron. The Synthesis and Characterization of Small Molecule and Photo-Cross- Linkable High Polymeric Phosphazenes Bearing Cinnamate Groups. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada279782.

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8

Alviarez, Vanessa, Brian Cevallos Fujiy, and Tomasz Święcki. Cross-Border Intra-Firm Trade and the Propagation of Idiosyncratic Shocks: A New Dataset. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004327.

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We study how disruptions in international production networks propagate across countries. We use comprehensive data on natural disasters around the globe over the last two decades from the EM-DAT and SHELDUS database to identify exogenous shocks to sourcing foreign inputs. We then trace out the effect of these shocks on activity of multinationals located in the United States. and their network of foreign affiliates using U.S. Bill of Lading microdata and data on domestic and international ownership linkages from Orbis. Our findings indicate that major natural disasters can have an economically significant negative impact even far from the directly affected areas. Furthermore, the strength of the propagation depends on whether the shocks led to disruptions in intra-firm or arms-length trade. This technical note provides detailed information on the construction of the novel dataset used in Alviarez et al. (2021).
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9

Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Pathogenicity and Sclerotial Development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Involvement of Oxalic Acid and Chitin Synthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571357.bard.

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Анотація:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the nearly 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S. sclerotiorum in colonizing host plants and their linkage to fungal development may provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants. This proposal involved experiments which were successful in generating genetically-engineered plants harboring resistance to S. sclerotiorum, the establishment and improvement of molecular tools for the study of this pathogen and the analysis of the linkage between pathogenicity, sclerotial morphogenesis and two biosynthetic pathways: oxalic acid production and chitin synthesis. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity, established reliable molecular techniques to facilitate experimental manipilation and generated transgenic plants which are resistant to this econimically important fungus.
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10

Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Phosphorylative Transduction of Developmental and Pathogenicity-Related Cues in Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586472.bard.

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Анотація:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the more than 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean, and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. This proposal involved experiments that examined the involvement of protein phosphorylation during morphogenesis (hyphal elongation and sclerotia formation) and pathogenesis (oxalic acid). Data obtained from our laboratories during the course of this project substantiates the fact that kinases and phosphatases are involved and important for these processes. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S . sclerotiorum in infecting and proliferating in host plants and this linkage to fungal development will provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants including interference with fungal pathogenic development. The original objectives of this grant included: I. Clone the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit gene from S.sclerotiorum and determine its role in fungal pathogenicity, OA production (OA) and/or morphogenesis (sclerotia formation). II. Clone and characterize the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the protein phosphatase PP2A holoenzyme complex and determine their role in fungal pathogenicity and/or morphogenesis as well as linkage with PKA-regulation of OA production and sclerotia formation. III. Clone and characterize the adenylate cyclase-encoding gene from S . sclerotiorum and detennine its relationship to the PKA/PP2A-regulated pathway. IV. Analyze the expression patterns of the above-mentioned genes and their products during pathogenesis and determine their linkage with infection and fungal growth.
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