Готові списки джерел за темами / Crop residue management

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Crop residue management"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 27 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Crop residue management"

KUMAR, KULDIP, K. M. GOH, W. R. SCOTT, and C. M. FRAMPTON. "Effects of 15N-labelled crop residues and management practices on subsequent winter wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and recovery under field conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 136, no. 1 (February 2001): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008522.

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Nitrogen-15 enriched ammonium sulphate was applied to micro-plots in a field in which two leguminous (white clover and peas) and two non-leguminous (ryegrass and winter wheat) crops were grown to produce 15N-labelled crop residues and roots during 1993/94. Nitrogen benefits and recovery of crop residue-N, root-N and residual fertilizer-N by three succeeding winter wheat crops were studied. Each crop residue was subjected to four different residue management treatments (ploughed, rotary hoed, mulched or burned) before the first sequential wheat crop (1994/95) was sown, followed by the second (1995/96) and third wheat crops (1996/97), in each of which residues of the previous wheat crop were removed and all plots were ploughed uniformly before sowing. Grain yields of the first sequential wheat crop followed the order: white clover > peas > ryegrass > wheat. The mulched treatment produced significantly lower grain yield than those of other treatments. In the first sequential wheat crop, leguminous and non-leguminous residues supplied between 29–57% and 6–10% of wheat N accumulated respectively and these decreased with successive sequential crops. Rotary hoed treatment reduced N benefits of white clover residue-N while no significant differences in N benefits occurred between residue management treatments in non-leguminous residues. On average, the first wheat crop recovered between 29–37% of leguminous and 11–13% of non-leguminous crop residues-N. Corresponding values for root plus residual fertilizer-N were between 5–19% and 2–3%, respectively. Management treatments produced similar effects to those of N benefits. On average, between 5 to 8% of crop residue-N plus root and residual fertilizer-N was recovered by each of the second and third sequential wheat crops from leguminous residues compared to 2 to 4% from non-leguminous residues. The N recoveries tended to be higher under mulched treatments especially under leguminous than non-leguminous residues for the second sequential wheat crop but were variable for the third sequential wheat crop. Relatively higher proportions of leguminous residue-N were unaccounted in ploughed and rotary hoed treatments compared with those of mulched and burned treatments. In non-leguminous residue-N, higher unaccounted residue-N occurred under burned (33–44%) compared with other treatments (20–27%).

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Hiel, Marie-Pierre, Sophie Barbieux, Jérôme Pierreux, Claire Olivier, Guillaume Lobet, Christian Roisin, Sarah Garré, Gilles Colinet, Bernard Bodson, and Benjamin Dumont. "Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils." PeerJ 6 (May 23, 2018): e4836. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4836.

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Society is increasingly demanding a more sustainable management of agro-ecosystems in a context of climate change and an ever growing global population. The fate of crop residues is one of the important management aspects under debate, since it represents an unneglectable quantity of organic matter which can be kept in or removed from the agro-ecosystem. The topic of residue management is not new, but the need for global conclusion on the impact of crop residue management on the agro-ecosystem linked to local pedo-climatic conditions has become apparent with an increasing amount of studies showing a diversity of conclusions. This study specifically focusses on temperate climate and loamy soil using a seven-year data set. Between 2008 and 2016, we compared four contrasting residue management strategies differing in the amount of crop residues returned to the soil (incorporation vs. exportation of residues) and in the type of tillage (reduced tillage (10 cm depth) vs. conventional tillage (ploughing at 25 cm depth)) in a field experiment. We assessed the impact of the crop residue management on crop production (three crops—winter wheat, faba bean and maize—cultivated over six cropping seasons), soil organic carbon content, nitrate (${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) soil content and uptake by the crops. The main differences came primarily from the tillage practice and less from the restitution or removal of residues. All years and crops combined, conventional tillage resulted in a yield advantage of 3.4% as compared to reduced tillage, which can be partly explained by a lower germination rate observed under reduced tillage, especially during drier years. On average, only small differences were observed for total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil, but reduced tillage resulted in a very clear stratification of TOC and also of P and K content as compared to conventional tillage. We observed no effect of residue management on the ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ content, since the effect of fertilization dominated the effect of residue management. To confirm the results and enhance early tendencies, we believe that the experiment should be followed up in the future to observe whether more consistent changes in the whole agro-ecosystem functioning are present on the long term when managing residues with contrasted strategies.

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Liu, Jian, and David A. Lobb. "An Overview of Crop and Crop Residue Management Impacts on Crop Water Use and Runoff in the Canadian Prairies." Water 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202929.

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Although crop and crop residue management practices are mainly used for increasing crop yield, they and the resulting changes in crop growth affect one or more hydrological components, including runoff. Based on published research in the Canadian Prairies, this paper reviews the effects of crop type, quantity of crops and crop residues, crop variability within landscapes, tillage, and stubble management practices on crop water use (termed including evaporation, transpiration and interception), snow trapping, and water infiltration, with the aim to discuss major impacts of crop and residue management on runoff. Rainfall runoff is influenced by rain interception and crop water use, and it can be reduced by choosing appropriate crop types, increasing above-ground biomass, or increasing coverage on the soil surface, activities which coincide with the farmer’s efforts of increasing crop productivity. However, although high stubble and reduced tillage for maintaining good residue cover help conserve soil moisture and improve soil health, they increase snowmelt runoff potential. The review emphasizes the need of future research to assess the agronomic and environmental trade-offs of crop residue management, the linkage between crop water use and runoff, and the impacts of crop and residue management on runoff across various temporal and spatial scales.

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Sarkar, Sukamal, Milan Skalicky, Akbar Hossain, Marian Brestic, Saikat Saha, Sourav Garai, Krishnendu Ray, and Koushik Brahmachari. "Management of Crop Residues for Improving Input Use Efficiency and Agricultural Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239808.

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Crop residues, the byproduct of crop production, are valuable natural resources that can be managed to maximize different input use efficiencies. Crop residue management is a well-known and widely accepted practice, and is a key component of conservation agriculture. The rapid shift from conventional agriculture to input-intensive modern agricultural practices often leads to an increase in the production of crop residues. Growing more food for an ever-increasing population brings the chance of fast residue generation. Ecosystem services from crop residues improve soil health status and supplement necessary elements in plants. However, this is just one side of the shield. Indecorous crop residue management, including in-situ residue burning, often causes serious environmental hazards. This happens to be one of the most serious environmental hazard issues witnessed by the agricultural sector. Moreover, improper management of these residues often restrains them from imparting their beneficial effects. In this paper, we have reviewed all recent findings to understand and summarize the different aspects of crop residue management, like the impact of the residues on crop and soil health, natural resource recycling, and strategies related to residue retention in farming systems, which are linked to the environment and ecology. This comprehensive review paper may be helpful for different stakeholders to formulate suitable residue management techniques that will fit well under existing farming system practices without compromising the systems’ productivity and environmental sustainability.

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Uddin, MT, and K. Fatema. "Rice crop residue management and its impact on farmers livelihood - an empirical study." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 2 (August 17, 2016): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i2.29330.

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The study aimed to examine the present status of rice crop residue management and its impact on farmers livelihood covering two sub-districts in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. A total of 100 farmers (50 for crop residue practicing farmers and 50 for the farmers involved in traditional farming) were selected randomly for data collection. A combination of descriptive, statistical and mathematical techniques were applied to achieve the objectives and to get the meaningful results. The results of descriptive statistics showed that retention was found higher in far distance plots from homestead. No retention of crop residues was found in case of Aus and Aman rice. The whole retention was found only in case of Boro rice. The shortage of labour in season and the wage rate were also important factors for the retention of crop residues. However, farmers perceptions about the use of crop residues were mostly adding organic matter to the crop field followed by mulching and feeding animal. The recycling of resources among crop retention and livestock has the great potential to return a considerable amount of plant nutrients to the soil in the rice based crop production systems. Due to crop residue practices, crop and livestock both were benefited through resource interdependences. The sampled farmers were benefited from retention of crop residues by improving soil quality, soil moisture, etc.; and farmers used less amounts of fertilizer, irrigation water, etc. for the succeeding crops. Consequently, succeeding crop productivity, profitability and annual income were increased significantly. The result of logit regression model shows that age of household head, farm size, agricultural income and non-farm income were found as significant variables in explaining the variation in crop residue adoption of farm households. To assess the livelihood pattern of sample farm households through asset pentagon approach, noteworthy improvement was found s on different capitals. The study identified some problems regarding crop residue management and finally, recommended that if the farmers get proper training for such management, it would be helpful to improve their livelihood.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 189-199, 2016

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Amgain, LP, and AR Sharma. "Preceding crops and residue management practices on performance of mustard under zero-till semi-arid condition." Agronomy Journal of Nepal 3 (October 23, 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.8983.

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A field experiment was conducted in 2010/11 and 2011/12 at New Delhi to study the performance of zero-till rainfed mustard. The influence of preceding rainy season crops, viz. pearl millet, cluster bean and green gram; and residue management, viz. no residue, crop residue and Leucaena twigs mulching on this mustard crop was observed. Pooled analysis of mustard seed yield was significantly higher (+51%) in 2010/11 (1.80 t/ ha) than 2011/12 (1.19 t/ha) due to favourable weather condition in the first year. Further, Leucaena twigs mulching resulted higher seed yield of 2.17 t/ha in 2010/11 than 1.94 t/ha in 2011/12. Green gram as preceding crop resulted significantly higher mustard yield in 2010/11, while it was higher after cluster bean in 2011/12. Interaction between crop residue and preceding rainy season crops on growth parameters exerted significant variations, while yield attributes showed the mixed response. Cluster bean with Leucaena twigs led to higher yield of mustard, followed by green gram with crop residue. Economic analysis exhibited the highest net return of mustard grown after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs mulching. From the findings it is observed that growth indices, yield, and yield attributes and economics of mustard were influenced significantly by preceding crops and crop residue application. The effect of Leucaena twigs was found better in 2010/11, while both crop residues and Leucaena twigs mulching were equally effective in 2011/12. Cluster bean as preceding crop to mustard resulted higher yield and net returns, followed by green gram and cluster bean with crop residues. It was suggested that mustard after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs was a high yielding and profitable cropping system under zero-till semi-arid condition. It was concluded that growing mustard after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs mulching resulted increased yield and profitable cropping system for rainfed areas in zero-till semi arid condition of New Delhi. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 23-32 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.8983

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PRASAD, R., B. GANGAIAH, and K. C. AIPE. "Effect of crop residue management in a rice–wheat cropping system on growth and yield of crops and on soil fertility." Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (October 1999): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447979935403x.

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Crop residue management is posing a serious problem in the rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system, which is widely practised in the Indian Subcontinent and China, and covers about 22.5 × 106 ha. The problem is serious because there is very little turn-around time between rice harvest and wheat sowing. Three practices, namely, residue removal, residue burning and residue incorporation were compared in two field experiments, one with the rice residues and the other with the wheat residues. Results obtained showed that both rice and wheat residues can be safely incorporated without any detrimental effects on the crops of rice or wheat grown immediately after incorporation. Incorporation of crop residue also improved soil fertility status as judged by organic carbon and available phosphorus and potassium contents. Residue incorporation should be preferred over residue burning, which results in the loss of valuable plant nutrients and is both an environmental and a health hazard.

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Raza, Muhammad Haseeb, Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Faisal, Tingwu Yan, Shoaib Akhtar, and K. M. Mehedi Adnan. "Environmental and Health Impacts of Crop Residue Burning: Scope of Sustainable Crop Residue Management Practices." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 4753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084753.

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The burning of crop residue in the open field has become a significant concern for climate change mitigation efforts worldwide. This practice has led to air quality impairment, smog, haze, heat waves, and different health problems. These could be avoided by adopting sustainable crop residue management practices (SCRMPs) and enabling farmers to engage in SCRMPs. Assessing the health effects at the household level is critical for understanding this problem and finding a solution. Using the primary dataset of 420 farmers from Punjab, Pakistan, we estimated the incurred impacts and costs of crop residue burning. We calculated the health and environmental benefits associated with adopting SCRMPs by comparing the two groups of farmers (adopters and non-adopters). Furthermore, we used a propensity score matching technique to measure the causal impact of SCRMPs adoption on health costs. The findings showed that a surprisingly large number of farmers are all aware of the adverse effects of residue burning, and many do not burn crop residues and instead use SCRMPs. This study found that households with chronic and non-chronic diseases become acute, and the severity increases during the burning period. They spend USD 13.37 to USD 8.79 on chronic and non-chronic diseases during the burning season, respectively. Consequently, the use of SCRMPs has a positive effect on healthcare costs. Our study findings highlight the meaningful implications for developing a new policy to promote the sustainable utilization of crop residues and enhance their adoption in Pakistan.

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Langeroodi, Alireza Safahani, Emanuele Radicetti, and Enio Campiglia. "How cover crop residue management and herbicide rate affect weed management and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) crop." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 6 (February 1, 2018): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000054.

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AbstractIn the conventional cropping systems, increased costs and resource pollution are attributed to the intensive use of chemical inputs. The adoption of cover crops could be a part of a suitable strategy for improving the sustainability of the agro-ecosystems due to their ability to affect nutrient and weed management. A 2-yr field experiments were conducted in Gorgan, North of Iran, with the aim of assessing the effect of cover crop residue management and herbicide rates on weed management and the yield of tomato crop. The treatments consisted in: (a) three winter soil management: two cover crops [annual medic (Medicago scutellata L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)] and no covered soil; (b) two soil tillage (no-tillage, where cover crop residues were left in strips on the soil surface, and conventional tillage, where cover crop residues were green manured at 30 cm of soil depth); and (c) three pre-emergence herbicide rates (no-herbicide application, half rate recommended or full rate recommended ). Cover crops were sown in early September and mechanically suppressed in March about 2 weeks before tomato transplanting. At cover crop suppression, annual medic showed the highest aboveground biomass [569 g m−2 of dry matter (DM)], while barley showed the lowest weed content (32 g m−2 of DM). At tomato harvesting, weed density and aboveground biomass ranged from 6.9 to 61.5 plants m−2 and from 33.6 and 1157.0 g m−2 of DM, respectively. Cover crop residues placed on soil surface suppressed weeds more effectively than incorporated residues, especially in barley, mainly due to the physical barrier of residues which reduced the stimulation of weed germination and establishment. As expected, herbicide rate decreased both weed density and biomass, even if the adoption of annual medic and barley cover crops before the tomato cultivation could allow a possible reduction of herbicide rate while maintaining similar fruit yield. Tomato yield was higher in annual medic than barley and no cover regardless of tillage management (on average 62.3, 51.8 and 50.1 t ha−1 of fresh matter, respectively) probably due to an abundant availability of soil nitrogen throughout the tomato cultivation. This was confirmed by high and constant values of tomato N status grown in annual medic and evaluated using SPAD chlorophyll meter. Although further research of cover crop residue management is required to obtain a better understanding on herbicide rate reduction, these preliminary results could be extended to other vegetable crops which have similar requirements of tomato.

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Jiang, Yongzhong, Valerii Havrysh, Oleksandr Klymchuk, Vitalii Nitsenko, Tomas Balezentis, and Dalia Streimikiene. "Utilization of Crop Residue for Power Generation: The Case of Ukraine." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 8, 2019): 7004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247004.

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Renewable energy is expected to play a significant role in power generation. The European Union, the USA, China, and others, are striving to limit the use of energy crop for energy production and to increase the use of crop residue both on the field and for energy generation processes. Therefore, crop residue may become a major energy source, with Ukraine following this course. Currently in Ukraine, renewable power generation does not exceed 10% of total electricity production. Despite a highly developed agriculture sector, there are only a small number of biomass power plants which burn crop residues. To identify possibilities for renewable power generation, the quantity of crop residues, their energy potential, and potential electricity generation were appraised. Cluster analysis was used to identify regions with the highest electricity consumption and crop residue energy potential. The major crops (wheat, barley, rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean) were considered in this study. A national production of crop residue for energy production of 48.66 million tons was estimated for 2018. The availability of crop residues was analyzed taking into account the harvest, residue-to-crop ratio, and residue removal rate. The crop residue energy potential of Ukraine has been estimated at 774.46 PJ. Power generation technologies have been analyzed. This study clearly shows that crop residue may generate between 27 and 108 billion kWh of power. We have selected preferable regions for setting up crop residue power plants. The results may be useful for the development of energy policy and helpful for investors in considering power generation projects.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Crop residue management"

Myers, Brian. "Variable crop residue management." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35271.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Jeffery R. Williams
Production agriculture is constantly evolving to become more efficient and productive. Crop residue serves as a valuable source of nutrients for the soil, but it is increasingly abundant with today’s enhanced crop genetics. If new technology can effectively provide a way to micro-manage crop residue levels within a field, the benefits will go beyond soil health. Surplus crop residue can be collected for secondary income while leaving the optimum amounts in the field to maintain the environment and soil health as well as promote future crop growth. The main objective of this study is to create a budget model that will determine the economic impact of crop residue removal on a controlled basis. The goals are to determine crop residue removal practices that are sustainable for the long-term, while also enhancing soil quality and increasing grain yield in future years. A sub-objective is to build a business case for producers to invest in variable crop residue management. The hypothesis presented in this study is that the increased complexity and price of a variable rate system is offset by more supplemental profits, increased crop yields, and better management of soil health and nutrients. The negative perceptions of crop residue removal include the fear of soil erosion or loss of soil organic matter. By developing a budget model that is easy to use, takes advantage of existing field data for inputs, and allows producers the ability to look at their operations on a sub-field level, this study aims to provide the necessary motivation to invest in new technology that will increase their productivity. By entering their site-specific crop residue return rate data into a budget model, along with prices and costs related to combine and auxiliary equipment, corn and corn stover, transportation and logistics, and nutrient replacement, they will come up with a return per acre for both constant rate and variable rate collection. The budget model determines whether it is economically viable to harvest crop residue from a continuous corn rotation at a variable rate across a field, rather than at a constant rate, using a producer’s own specific field data. To validate the concept, data from a joint study between John Deere and Iowa State is entered into the model. Prescriptions for corn stover return rates are provided from the study for pre-defined grid areas. Prescriptions are derived from a combination of data including grain yield, soil loss due to wind and water erosion, climate, topography, and soil sample data at time of planting (Nelson, et al. 2004). The average corn stover removal percentage was less for variable rate collection than constant rate collection, 26.05% to 31.85%. However, the assumption that grain yield and corn stover yield are positively correlated did not prove to be true in this case study. The variable rate plots had a lower average grain yield of 158.84 bushel/acre, compared to 160.46 for the constant rate plots, but they had more total corn stover available and therefore a higher return rate of 3.70 tons/acre, compared to 3.05 for the constant rate plots. This case study illustrates that less corn stover can be returned to the field through constant or variable rate collection while sustaining higher grain yields than a conventional harvest that would return all of the corn stover to the field. This case study demonstrates that variable rate collection can be more expensive than constant rate, but not in every situation. Every unique field site will require a specific crop residue management recommendation that is determined by both economic and environmental factors.

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Collins, Shane. "Residue composition influences nutrient release from crop residues." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0171.

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[Truncated abstract] A greater adoption of stubble retention, minimum-till and no-till farming practices for the purposes of conserving soil, water and fertility requires a greater understanding of the complexity of physical and chemical interactions between the soil and crop residues. There is currently insufficient knowledge to allow reliable predictions of the effects of different residue types in different environments on soil fertility and crop growth, owing to the many residue characteristics and environmental interactions that have been shown to affect decomposition or nutrient release. The role of fibre and nutrient composition in nutrient release from crop residues, and implications for residue management techniques, were studied. Canola, lupin and field pea residues, obtained from farmland in Meckering and Northam, Western Australia, were separated into upper and basal stems, leaves, and siliques or pods. This was done to provide materials with a wide range of chemical and physical characteristics, and also allowed consideration of differential residue management of plant organs, such as comparing harvested canola siliques and retained canola stubble. Pre-treatment by chopping and/or humidification was applied to residues to provide some information about the processes of nutrient release. Residues were subjected to simulated rainfall to assess nutrient leaching from plant material, and placed on soil in pots in constant-temperature glasshouse conditions to assess decomposition. Amounts and rates of change of residue fibre and nutrients were determined throughout leaching and decomposition. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis was used to assess the location of diffusible ions in air-dried residues and the effects of humidification on nutrient positioning and release. ... However, the release of calcium and magnesium depended on the decomposition of the more recalcitrant components such as cellulose and lignin, as supported by microscopy results showing changes in nutrient distribution following humidification. The proportionality of amounts of calcium and magnesium leached and released during decomposition is likely to suggest a similarity of chemical form more than similarity of function or position of the two elements. Management of crop residues for maximising and optimising the timing of release of different nutrients will need to take into account the placement of different plant types and parts, particle sizes distribution and pre-treatment of material to efficiently manage short- and long-term soil fertility to sustain crops, particularly on degraded soils. Significant nutrient release of potassium, sulphur and magnesium from crop residues can be achieved from surface placement, with the release of potassium and sulphur managed by modifying residue particle size through appropriate harvesting, ploughing or sowing implement selection. High nutrient uptake crops and plant parts where they can be economically viable to grow or separated by the harvesting technique are particularly valuable as sources of nutrients and soil organic matter.

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He, Yuxin. "Crop residue management and its impacts on soil properties." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19043.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Agronomy
DeAnn R. Presley
Crop residue removal for livestock feeding and biofuel production at large scales must be evaluated to assess impacts on soil productivity and properties. Among all the potential negative impacts, wind erosion is a major concern in the central Great Plains. We conducted an on-farm study from 2011 to 2013 by removing crop residue at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) to determine the effects of crop residue removal on soil wind erosion parameters such as dry aggregate size distribution including soil wind erodible fraction (EF <0.84 mm aggregates), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD), dry aggregate stability, and soil surface roughness. The sub-model of Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) developed by the USDA-ARS, Single-event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP) is a stand-alone companion software package that can be applied to simulate soil loss and dust emission from a single windstorm event. We applied measured data (i.e. EF, GMD, GSD, and roughness) to SWEEP for predicting wind velocity that can initiate wind erosion and soil loss under each crop residue removal condition with wind velocity at 13 m sˉ¹. The threshold wind velocity to initiate wind erosion generally decreased with increase in crop residue removal levels, particularly for residue removal >75%. The total amount of soil loss in 3 hours ranged from about 0.2 to 2.5 kg mˉ² and depends on soil condition and crop residue cover. On the other hand, high-yielding crops can produce abundant crop residue, which then raises the question that if a farmer wants to reduce residue, what could they do without removing it? The application of fertilizer on crop residue to stimulate microbial activity and subsequent decomposition of the residue is often debated. We conducted wheat straw decomposition field experiments under different fertilizer rates and combinations at three locations in western Kansas following wheat harvest in 2011 and 2012. A double shear box apparatus instrumented with a load cell measured the shear stress required to cut wheat straw and photomicrography was used to measure the cross-sectional area of wheat straw after shearing. Total C and N were also analyzed. The fertilizer rate and timing of application during summer 2012 and Fall 2013 at the Hays site had impacts on wheat straw shear stress at break point. Across site years, earlier (fall) fertilizer application generally resulted in lower remaining aboveground biomass as compared to a spring application. Multivariate and linear regressions suggested that N and C:N ratio partially explain the results observed with respect to treatment effects on winter wheat residue decomposition.

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Gelder, Brian Keith. "Land management database development methods for delineating management units and estimating crop and residue cover /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Battaglia, Martin. "Crop residue management effects on crop production, greenhouse gases emissions, and soil quality in the Mid-Atlantic USA." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86483.

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Cellulosic biomass-to-bioenergy systems can provide environmental and economic benefits to modern societies, reducing the dependence on fossil-fuels and greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving rural economies. Corn (Zea mays L.) stover and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) residues have particular promise given these crops are widely grown and their cellulosic fractions present a captured resource as a co-product of grain production. Annual systems also offer the ability to change crops rapidly in response to changing market demands. However, concerns exist about residue removal effects on soil health, greenhouse gases emissions and subsequent crop productivity. The carbon footprint and the crop yield productivity and soil health responses resulting from the removal of crop residues has been studied extensively over the last 20 years, but this research has been largely conducted in the Corn Belt. To investigate the impact of crop residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA, combinations of corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) and wheat straw (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Mgha-1) were soil applied in a corn-wheat/soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation in Virginia's Coastal Plain. Corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) was applied in a continuous corn cropping system in the Ridge/Valley province. For each system, residues were applied following grain harvest over two production cycles. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete design with four replications. The highest rates of stover retention resulted in greater greenhouse gas emissions in year 1, but not year 2 of these studies and did not affect overall global warming potentials. Stover application also increased soil carbon but had little effect on other measures of soil quality. Stover K levels were greater with high rates of stover retention. Overall, these studies indicate little effect of residue removal or retention (above typical residue production rates) on subsequent crop production, greenhouse gas emissions, or soil health measures in the short term. This study is one of the first to assess residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA and is the first study to investigate the impacts that managing more than one crop residue in a multi-crop system. Longer-term research of this type may be warranted both to determine the consequences of residue management and to start building a regionally-specific body of knowledge about these practices.
Ph. D.

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Zheng, Baojuan. "Broad-scale Assessment of Crop Residue Management Using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Imagery." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19201.

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Tillage practices have changed dramatically during the past several decades as agricultural specialists have recognized the unfavorable environmental effects of mechanized tillage. Alternatively, conservation tillage management can mitigate adverse environmental impacts of tillage, such as soil and water degradation. Adoption of conservation tillage has continued to increase since its first introduction, which raises questions of when and where it is practiced. Spatial and temporal specifics of tillage practices form important dimensions for development of effective crop management practices and policies. Because Landsat has been and will continue to image the Earth globally, it provides opportunities for systematic mapping of crop residue cover (CRC) /tillage practices. Thus, the overall objective of this study is to develop methodologies to improve our ability to monitor crop management across different landscapes in a time-efficient and cost-effective manner using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery, which is addressed in three separate studies. The first study found that previous efforts to estimate CRC along a continuum using Landsat-based tillage indices were unsuccessful because they neglected the key temporal changes in agricultural surfaces caused by tilling, planting, and crop emergence at the start of the growing season. The first study addressed this difficulty by extracting minimum values of multi-temporal NDTI (Normalized Difference Tillage Index) spectral profiles, designated here as the minNDTI method. The minNDTI improves crop residue estimation along a continuum (R2 = 0.87) as well as tillage classification accuracy (overall accuracy > 90%). A second study evaluated effectiveness of the minNDTI approach for assessing CRC at multiple locations over several years, and compared minNDTI to hyperspectral tillage index (CAI), and the ASTER tillage index (SINDRI). The minNDTI is effective across four different locations (R2 of 0.56 ~ 0.93). The third study, built upon the second study, addressed the Landsat ETM+ missing data issue, and devised methodologies for producing field-level tillage data at broad scales (multiple counties). In summary, this research demonstrates that the minNDTI technique is currently the best alternative for monitoring CRC and tillage practices from space, and provides a foundation for monitoring crop residue cover at broad spatial and temporal scales.
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Isaac, Gura. "Crop rotation and crop residue management effects under no till on the soil quality of two ecotopes in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2934.

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The degradation of soil quality due to undesirable farming practices has reached alarming scales in the Eastern Cape and this has had negative repercussions on soil productivity and the environment in general. There is growing evidence that conservation agriculture (CA) practices involving minimal mechanical disturbance, maintaining permanent surface cover and embracing diverse crop rotations increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and therefore has potential to mitigate soil quality deterioration. A study was carried out at two sites located in two ecotopes to investigate the effects of crop residue retention and crop rotations in a no till system on overall soil quality using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) as the soil quality assessment tool. The CA study trials were laid out in 2012 at two different locations, one at the Phandulwazi Agricultural High school within the Phandulwazi Jozini ecotope and the other one at University of Fort Hare Research Farm within the Alice Jozini ecotope. The experiment was laid out as a split-split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Tillage treatments were applied on the main plots while crop rotation treatments were applied as subplots. Crop residue retention treatments were applied as sub-sub plots. The rotational treatments were maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS), maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). The initial assessment of the overall soil quality of the two ecotopes using the SMAF soil quality index (SQI) revealed that the soils at the Alice site were functioning at 80% while the soils at the Phandulwazi site were functioning at 79 percent of their optimum capacity. The slight difference in the soil quality of the two ecotopes could be attributed to their different soil organic C contents where the Alice Jozini ecotope had significantly higher soil organic C contents than the Phandulwazi Jozini ecotope. After 3 years of continuous treatment application, crop residue retention significantly improved most of the measured soil quality parameters. Generally across the sites, more soil organic C, microbial biomass C (MBC), ß-glucosidase (BG) activity, mineral N, extractable P and K, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, and macro-aggregates were recorded in treatments where crop residues were retained. Crop rotations alone did not have a significant impact on most of the measured soil quality indicators. The crop rotations influenced significantly the availability of mineral N across the two sites, highlighting the importance of using a legume in rotations on available N for the subsequent crops. Most of the measured soil attributes were not significantly influenced after 3 years of continuously applying combined treatment of CA components. Mineral N (NO3 + NH4), K, Zn and Fe were significantly impacted on by the interactions of CA components at the Phandulwazi site, while N, Cu, Zn and Mn were significantly increased at the Alice site. Low response of SOC to combined CA treatments in the short-term prompted the need to examine treatment effects on individual soil carbon fractions. The interaction of crop rotation and residue management techniques were significant on the fine particulate organic matter – C fractions and microbially respired C. These soil C fractions were more sensitive to short-term treatments of combined CA components than SOC and MBC, therefore they can be used as short-term indicators of CA effects on SOM. Soil organic carbon, MBC, extractable P and K, soil pH, EC, b, AGS (aggregate stability) and BG activity were measured and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) used to calculate soil quality index (SQI) values for each treatment. The combination of the crop rotations with crop residue retention showed the potential to significantly improve SQI values in the long term. The highest soil quality improvement at both sites was achieved by the maize-wheat-soybean (MWS) rotation with crop residue retention.

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Tao, Hsiao-Hang. "Crop residue management in oil palm plantations : soil quality, soil biota and ecosystem functions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ebcc3bd9-45c0-4d22-9fef-71dff4abecd3.

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The application of crop residues is one of the most common agricultural practices used to maintain soil ecosystems and crop productivity. This thesis focuses on the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agroecosystem, an important tropical crop that has expanded rapidly over the past four decades. Both land conversion and business-as-usual practices within the plantations have contributed to soil degradation. The application of oil palm residues, such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and oil palm fronds, are thought to have positive effects on the soil ecosystem; yet there is currently a deficit of knowledge on their effectiveness. This thesis aims to examine the effects of oil palm residue application on soil physicochemical properties, soil biota, and ecosystem functions. It reports the results of extensive field trials, sample collection, and statistical analysis of crop residue applications in oil palm plantations in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Four key results emerged from the thesis. First, in this study site land conversion from secondary forest to oil palm does not affect litter decomposition rate, but positively influences soil fauna activity. Second, there is greater soil fauna activity following EFB application than oil palm fronds or chemical fertilizers, and the fauna activity is highly associated with changes in soil chemical properties and soil moisture conditions. Third, EFB application enhances soil ecosystem functions, through the direct provision of organic matter, and by influencing soil biota. Finally, over 15 years of application, EFB appears to be effective in maintaining or increasing annual crop yield in comparison to chemical fertiliser treatment. Temporal changes in crop yield under EFB application appear to be associated with climatic conditions and soil organic carbon. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the potential of oil palm residue applications to increase soil quality, soil biota, and ecosystem functions. They also provide useful information for a wider audience of soil ecologists, agricultural managers, and policy makers to improve sustainable management of the oil palm ecosystem.

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Suriadi, Ahmad. "Structural stability and Na-Ca exchange selectivity of soils under sugarcane trash management." Title page, Contents and Abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ASOM/09asoms961.pdf.

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Ducamp, Fernando Arriaga Francisco J. "Effect of rye residue on soil properties and nitrogen fertiization of cotton." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1532.

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Книги з теми "Crop residue management"

US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. USDA crop residue management action plan. [United States]: USDA, 1992.

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L, Hatfield Jerry, and Stewart B. A. 1932-, eds. Crops residue management. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1994.

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Bull, Leonard. Crop residue management and tillage system trends. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, ERS, 1996.

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Great, Plains Residue Management Conference (1994 Amarillo Tex ). A future using residue management: Proceedings : Great Plains Residue Management Conference, August 15-17, 1994, Amarillo, Texas. [United States]: The Council, 1994.

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1943-, Shaffer M. J., Larson William E. 1921-, and United States. Agricultural Research Service., eds. NTRM, a soil-crop simulation model for nitrogen, tillage, and crop-residue management. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1987.

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Bull, Leonard. Residue and tillage systems for field crops. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Resources and Technology Division, 1993.

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1930-, Langdale G. W., Moldenhauer W. C, and United States. Agricultural Research Service, eds. Crop residue management to reduce erosion and improve soil quality: Southeast. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1995.

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Moldenhauer, W. C., and Robert I. Papendick. Crop residue management to reduce erosion and improve soil quality: Northwest. Edited by United States. Agricultural Research Service. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1995.

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Moldenhauer, W. C., and L. N. Mielke. Crop residue management to reduce erosion and improve soil quality: North central. Edited by United States. Agricultural Research Service. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1995.

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Moldenhauer, W. C., and R. L. Blevins. Crop residue management to reduce erosion and improve soil quality: Appalachia and northeast. Edited by United States. Agricultural Research Service. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1995.

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Частини книг з теми "Crop residue management"

Prasad, Rajendra, and J. F. Power. "Crop Residue Management." In Advances in Soil Science, 205–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3030-4_5.

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Reddy, P. Parvatha. "Crop Residue Management." In Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production, 83–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2702-4_6.

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Reddy, P. Parvatha. "Crop Residue Management and Organic Amendments." In Agro-ecological Approaches to Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture, 29–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4325-3_3.

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Yadvinder-Singh, H. S. Sidhu, M. L. Jat, Naveen Gupta, C. M. Parihar, and H. S. Jat. "Crop Residue Management in Conservation Agriculture." In Conservation Agriculture in India, 158–78. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292487-10.

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Molina, J. A. E., M. J. Shaffer, R. H. Dowdy, and J. F. Power. "Simulation of Tillage Residue and Nitrogen Management." In Soil Erosion and Crop Productivity, 413–30. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1985.soilerosionandcrop.c22.

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Kumar, Ravindra, Anil Kumar, and Dang Nguyen Thoai. "Solar Thermal Application for Crop Residue Management." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 303–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9678-0_27.

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Blanco-Canqui, Humberto, and Rattan Lal. "Crop Residue Management and Soil Carbon Dynamics." In SSSA Special Publications, 291–309. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub57.2ed.c17.

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Kronstad, W. E., W. L. McCuistion, M. L. Swearingin, and C. O. Qualset. "Crop Selection for Specific Residue Management Systems." In ASA Special Publications, 207–17. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub31.c12.

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Triplett, G. B., and J. V. Mannering. "Crop Residue Management in Crop Rotation and Multiple Cropping Systems." In ASA Special Publications, 187–206. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub31.c11.

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Kumar, Parmod, Surender Kumar, and Laxmi Joshi. "The Extent and Management of Crop Stubble." In Socioeconomic and Environmental Implications of Agricultural Residue Burning, 13–34. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2014-5_2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Crop residue management"

Kaspar, Tom. "Residue and Compaction Management." In Proceedings of the 1992 Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-444.

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Johnson, Richard. "Residue Management with Chisel-Type Implements." In Proceedings of the First Annual Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-383.

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Hanna, Mark, Don Erbach, Tom Kaspar, Muhammed Iqbal, and Stephen Marley. "Corn Planter Attachment Effects on Soil and Residue." In Proceedings of the 1995 Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-542.

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Hanna, H. Mark, Dwaine S. Bundy, Jeffery C. Lorimor, Steven K. Mickelson, and Stewart W. Melvin. "Manue Application Effects on Residue, Odor, and Placement." In Proceedings of the 1995 Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-569.

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Zimprich, Jeffrey J. "Crop Residue Management- Part of Farming in the Future." In Proceedings of the 1992 Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-404.

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Sawyer, John E., Jose L. Pantoja, and Daniel W. Barker. "Effect of a rye cover crop and crop residue removal on corn nitrogen fertilization." In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-75.

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Nafziger, Emerson D. "Continuous corn response to residue removal, tillage, and nitrogen." In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-108.

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Al-Kaisi, Mahdi, and Jose Guzman. "Residue biomass removal and potential impact on production and environmental quality." In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-78.

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Mallarino, Antonio P., Ryan R. Oltmans, Jacob R. Prater, Carlos X. Villavicencio, and Louis B. Thompson. "Nutrient uptake by corn and soybean, removal, and recycling with crop residue." In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-269.

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Richard Lee Bengtson and H Magdi Selim. "Impact of Sugarcane Residue Management Strategies on Water Quality and Crop Yield." In 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.37214.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Crop residue management"

McNairn, H., D. Wood, Q. H. J. Gwyn, R. J. Brown, and F. Charbonneau. Mapping Tillage and Crop Residue Management Practices with RADARSAT. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219178.

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Rawitz, Eliahu, J. F. Power, Amos Hadas, Wallace W. Wilhelm, Dan Wolf, and Yona Chen. Tillage and Crop Residue Management Practices for Improved Crop Production and Soil Structure Maintenance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1985.7566585.bard.

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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.

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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation

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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.

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VanderGheynst, Jean, Michael Raviv, Jim Stapleton, and Dror Minz. Effect of Combined Solarization and in Solum Compost Decomposition on Soil Health. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594388.bard.

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In soil solarization, moist soil is covered with a transparent plastic film, resulting in passive solar heating which inactivates soil-borne pathogen/weed propagules. Although solarization is an effective alternative to soil fumigation and chemical pesticide application, it is not widely used due to its long duration, which coincides with the growing season of some crops, thereby causing a loss of income. The basis of this project was that solarization of amended soil would be utilized more widely if growers could adopt the practice without losing production. In this research we examined three factors expected to contribute to greater utilization of solarization: 1) investigation of techniques that increase soil temperature, thereby reducing the time required for solarization; 2) development and validation of predictive soil heating models to enable informed decisions regarding soil and solarization management that accommodate the crop production cycle, and 3) elucidation of the contributions of microbial activity and microbial community structure to soil heating during solarization. Laboratory studies and a field trial were performed to determine heat generation in soil amended with compost during solarization. Respiration was measured in amended soil samples prior to and following solarization as a function of soil depth. Additionally, phytotoxicity was estimated through measurement of germination and early growth of lettuce seedlings in greenhouse assays, and samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial communities. Amendment of soil with 10% (g/g) compost containing 16.9 mg CO2/g dry weight organic carbon resulted in soil temperatures that were 2oC to 4oC higher than soil alone. Approximately 85% of total organic carbon within the amended soil was exhausted during 22 days of solarization. There was no significant difference in residual respiration with soil depth down to 17.4 cm. Although freshly amended soil proved highly inhibitory to lettuce seed germination and seedling growth, phytotoxicity was not detected in solarized amended soil after 22 days of field solarization. The sequencing data obtained from field samples revealed similar microbial species richness and evenness in both solarized amended and non-amended soil. However, amendment led to enrichment of a community different from that of non-amended soil after solarization. Moreover, community structure varied by soil depth in solarized soil. Coupled with temperature data from soil during solarization, community data highlighted how thermal gradients in soil influence community structure and indicated microorganisms that may contribute to increased soil heating during solarization. Reliable predictive tools are necessary to characterize the solarization process and to minimize the opportunity cost incurred by farmers due to growing season abbreviation, however, current models do not accurately predict temperatures for soils with internal heat generation associated with the microbial breakdown of the soil amendment. To address the need for a more robust model, a first-order source term was developed to model the internal heat source during amended soil solarization. This source term was then incorporated into an existing “soil only” model and validated against data collected from amended soil field trials. The expanded model outperformed both the existing stable-soil model and a constant source term model, predicting daily peak temperatures to within 0.1°C during the critical first week of solarization. Overall the results suggest that amendment of soil with compost prior to solarization may be of value in agricultural soil disinfestations operations, however additional work is needed to determine the effects of soil type and organic matter source on efficacy. Furthermore, models can be developed to predict soil temperature during solarization, however, additional work is needed to couple heat transfer models with pathogen and weed inactivation models to better estimate solarization duration necessary for disinfestation.

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