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Статті в журналах з теми "Criticism and inter"
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Olson, Gary A. "Philosophy, Rhetoric, Literary Criticism: (Inter)Views." College Composition and Communication 46, no. 2 (May 1995): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/358444.
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Jacobs, Mignon R. "Bridging the Times: Trends in Micah Studies since 1985." Currents in Biblical Research 4, no. 3 (June 2006): 293–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476993x06064627.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Scholars continue to respond to Willis's foundational work of the 1960s, and to each other, using a variety of classical and new methodologies to treat questions of unity, coherence, theme, and other aspects of the book of Micah. Sampling works that use literary criticism, text criticism, form criticism, historical criticism, tradition criticism, redaction criticism, rhetorical criticism, feminist and womanist approaches, canonical and intertextual approaches, and inter-disciplinary approaches, as well as innovative combinations of these (both multi-critical and multi-disciplinary), this article follows the progress of methodological trends in Micah scholarship from the 1980s to the present. These trends have generated new questions regarding ideological concepts such as justice; class differences and power; and the book's use in the church.
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Davey, Christopher J. "The Old Testament encounters Archaeology: the controversy between Sayce and Driver." Buried History: The Journal of the Australian Institute of Archaeology 58 (January 1, 2023): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.62614/ygdkhv72.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The context and content of the debate between Archibald Henry Sayce, Professor of Assyriology and Samuel Rolles Driver, Regius Professor of Hebrew, Oxford University, are described. The inter-related backgrounds of both men are discussed. While Sayce’s criticism was focussed on the literary analysis of the Old Testament, Driver criticised Sayce’s aims, which he had misunderstood. The debate revealed that different methodologies were applied by the two men and these reflected the distinct mindsets associated with archaeological research and biblical studies.
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M. Vreeland, Lindsay. "“Nobody told me”: Chicana Women’s Madness and Mourning in Sandra Cisneros’s Have You Seen Marie?" [Inter]sections 10, no. 24 (2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/inter.10.24.1.
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“‘Nobody told me’: Chicana Women’s Madness and Mourning in Sandra Cisneros’s Have You Seen Marie?” employs interdisciplinary research to understand Sandra Cisneros’ tale of women’s mental illness in Have You Seen Marie?. Building on Marta Caminero-Santangelo’s critique of the inequitable treatment of mental illness in literary criticism of women’s writing, I argue that Cisneros draws awareness to the distinct challenges that Chicanas face while struggling with mental illness. Contextualizing Cisneros’ representation of the grief a Catholic Chicana woman experiences after losing her mother, I draw on the work of scholars from theology, psychology, sociology, critical race theory, postcolonial theory, and disability studies to further understand the impact of colonization on familial gender roles, the importance of la Virgen de Guadalupe, and representations of mental illness.
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van Keulen, Mendeltje. "The Barroso Drama: Kroes At All Cost To the Roots of the Dutch Presidency's Failure." European Constitutional Law Review 1, no. 2 (May 19, 2005): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605002117.
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Dutch debate on choice of candidate for European Commission. Criticism EP on Neelie Smit Kroes's candidacy. Dutch incapacity to find a solution. National inter-party struggles and impact on European affairs.
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Kirschbaum, Charles. "Network analysis: emergence, criticism and recent trends." RAUSP Management Journal 54, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rausp-05-2019-0074.
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Purpose Network analysis is a well consolidated research area in several disciplines. Within management and organizational studies, network scholars consolidated a set of research practices that allowed ease of data collection, high inter case comparability, establishment of nomological laws and commitment to social capital motivation. This paper aims to elicit the criticism it has received and highlight the unsettled lacunae. Design/methodology/approach This paper sheds light on Network Analysis’s breakthroughs, while showing how its scholars innovated by responding to critics, and identifying outstanding debates. Findings The paper identifies and discusses three streams of criticism that are still outstanding: the role of human agency, the meaning of social ties and the treatment of temporality. Originality/value This paper brings to fore current debates within the Network Analysis community, highlighting areas where future studies might contribute.
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Milo, Dario. "Remarks by Dario Milo." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 116 (2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2023.39.
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Yes, certainly, and thank you for the opportunity. The major development that the Panel was involved in by invitation from the Inter-American Court was to submit an expert amicus brief in the El Universal case, which was winding its way through the Inter-American Court system, and just before Christmas last year, the Inter-American Court ruled. This was a case that involved the heart of political speech. It was criticism in the form of an opinion by a journalist working for El Universal, of the then president of Ecuador. So it really was the locus classicus of political speech in a democracy.
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Jhangir, Sahrash, and Rabia Jameel. "Sociotropy-autonomy, self-criticism and self-esteem in individuals with or without depression." Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 73, no. 11 (October 30, 2023): 2196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47391/jpma.8189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: To examine and predict the relationship among sociotropy-autonomy, self-criticism and self-esteem in individuals with or without depression. Method: The cross-sectional, case-control study was conducted from November 2021 to July 2022 in various government hospitals and universities in Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised depression patients of either gender aged 20-40 years in group A. Healthy subjects matched for age and gender were enrolled in control group B. Data was collected using a demographic sheet predesigned in Urdu language, and the Urdu versions of Personal Style Inventory, Form of Self-Criticism/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Results: Of the 200 subjects, 100(50%) were males, while each of the two groups had 100(50%) subjects. The overall mean age of the sample was 27.93±5.23 years. Sociotropy-autonomy had a significant positive relationship with self-criticism (p<0.01) and a significant negative relationship with self-esteem (p<0.01). Self-criticism was significantly negatively correlated with self-esteem (p<0.01). Sociotropy-autonomy was a significant predictor of self-criticism and self-esteem (p<0.01). Inter-group comparison of the levels of sociotropy-autonomy, self-criticism and self-esteem were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Sociotropy-autonomy was a highly significant predictor of self-criticism and self-esteem. People with depression had high sociotropy-autonomy and self-criticism scores, and low scores in self-esteem. Keywords: Sociotropy, Autonomy, Self-criticism, Self-esteem, Depression.
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Cohen, Rip. "Metrics and Textual Criticism in the Cantigas d’amigo: External Responsion by Pairs of Strophes." Revista Galega de Filoloxía 19 (December 30, 2018): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/rgf.2018.19.0.4947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the cantigas d’amigo external responsion (the inter-strophic correspondence of verses that occupy the same position in the strophic form) is sometimes observed by pairs of strophes. Recognition of this phenomenon solves what had seemed to be problems in several texts and should be taken into account in textual criticism.
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Gildea, Niall, and David Wylot. "The And of Modernism: On New Periodizations." Modernist Cultures 14, no. 4 (November 2019): 446–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2019.0267.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study of literary modernism is in the ascendant in the academy. From alternate modernisms, to neomodernisms, to metamodernism and global modernisms, modernism scholarship has evolved through a configuration of modernism into a cross-cultural and inter-generational aesthetic practice. This article critically examines the periodizing logic implicit in this new modernism scholarship, specifically as it pertains to the study of what is loosely called ‘neomodernism’, which we suggest presents a notable development in literary history for accounts of contemporary fiction and postmodern culture. We are principally interested in a recent trend we observe in modernism literary criticism concerning the futurization of the object (literary modernism), and of critical work thereupon. This work, which specifically addresses developments in contemporary Western Anglophone literature, seeks to extend the project of modernism (sometimes called its ‘promise’) into the present, understanding it as the principal agency in literary distinction and merit. We examine this criticism through a series of case studies, and discern three interconnecting strands in neomodernist criticism – three ways of futurizing modernism, and of self-futurizing modernism criticism.
Дисертації з теми "Criticism and inter"
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Haines, Robert M. "Inter." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849627/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation is has two parts: a critical essay on the lyric subject, and a collection of poems. In the essay, I suggest that, contrary to various anti-subjectivists who continue to define the lyric subject in Romantic terms, a strain of Post-Romantic lyric subjectivity allows us to think more in terms of space, process, and dialogue and less in terms of identity, (mere self-) expression, and dialectic. The view I propose understands the contemporary lyric subject as a confluence or parallax of imagined and felt subjectivities in which the subject who writes the poem, the subject personified as speaker in the text itself, and the subject who receives the poem as a reader are each repeatedly drawn out of themselves, into others, and into an otherness that calls one beyond identity, mastery, and understanding. Rather than arguing for the lyric subject as autonomous, expressive (if fictive) "I,” I have suggested that the lyric subject is a dialogical matrix of multiple subjectivities—actual, imagined, anticipated, deferred—that at once posit and emerge from a space whose only grounded, actual place in the world is the text: not the court, not the market, and not a canon of legitimized authors, but in the relatively fugitive realm of text. In this way, there is no real contradiction between what Tucker terms the intersubjective and the intertextual. The lyric space I am arguing for is ultimately a diachronic process in which readers take up the poem and bring that space partially into their bodies, imaginations, and consciousness even as the poem brings them out, or to the edge, of each of these.
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Tange, Hanne. "Writing the nation : four inter-war visions of Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5189/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the visions of Scotland that come across in the inter-war writings of Hugh MacDiarmid, Neil Gunn, Lewis Grassic Gibbon and Edwin Muir in relation to the ideas of the Scottish Literary Renaissance as a whole. The initial part, "Into the Renaissance", consists of a historical account of Scottish political and cultural nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s, followed by an examination of the ways in which the authors associated with the Scottish Renaissance participated in the construction of Scotland as an imagined community. Geography, history, religion, language and literature are identified as the five predominant themes in the inter-war tradition, on the basis of which the intellectuals created an image of the nation that could express their twin philosophies of nationalism and modernism. The second part, "Four visions of Scotland", is composed of close readings to the work of High MacDiarmid, Neil Gunn, Lewis Grassic Gibbon and Edwin Muir in that order of appearance. The MacDiarmid chapter begins with a discussion of the poet's call for a Scottish Renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s. It is argued that MacDiarmid set out with a strong belief in his own ability to awaken the nation, but that he became increasingly disappointed with the Scot's lack of response to his programme towards the end of the 1920s. This disillusionment resulted in a change of strategy in the 1930s when, on the one hand, he exchanged the politics of the National Party for his personal ideology of Scottish Republicanism, while, on the other, he abandoned previous attempts to reform the Scottish nation favour of an idealised vision that was more compatible with his poetic aims.
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Buckholz, Lana Lee. "Peer Conversations about Inter-racial and Inter-ethnic Friendships." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1542.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to understand how early adolescents talk about cross-racial and cross-ethnic friendships. Gordon Allport's intergroup contact theory provided the framework for studying the elements needed for inter-racial and inter-ethnic friendship formation. Qualitative data were drawn from four separately recorded peer group conversations. Participants (n=18) were recruited from Parrish Middle School in Salem, Oregon. Patterns that emerged from the data were sorted, categorized and identified according to the tenets of intergroup contact theory or extensions of intergroup contact theory. Analysis also looked at the use of metaphors and storytelling among adolescents. Results showed that while intergroup contact theory tenets of interdependence and common goals can foster cross-ethnic and cross-racial friendships, most students form these friendships through friendship chaining and common interests. Dual racial identity and peer group influence can also be positive factors in cross-racial and cross-ethnic friendship development. Further, storytelling examples by adolescents showed similar techniques to those used by adults. Overall the results from this study support intergroup contact theory as continuing to be a useful conceptual framework for encouraging cross-group relations.
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Johnson, Kathryn. "A dangerous age : adolescent agencies in inter-war British literature." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2000/.
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This thesis explores the creative synergy between an era of cultural flux and seismic social upheaval, and a life stage conceived of as fraught, transitional and poised between progress and regress. It contends that adolescence functioned as an organising trope and a dominant paradigm of modern subjectivity in diverse British novels of the period 1918-1939. I develop a wide-ranging thematic analysis which draws established luminaries of the inter-war literary canon into dialogue with neglected mavericks and ‘middlebrow’ authors including Rosamond Lehmann, Patrick Hamilton, E.H. Young, Stevie Smith and Walter Greenwood. The theorisation of adolescence by anthropologists, psychologists, sociologists and cultural critics including G.Stanley Hall, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Wyndham Lewis is canvassed in detail in Chapter I and provides a vital and enriching context for the close textual analyses which follow. Chapters III and V draw on original archival material to trace the evolution of distinctive adolescent agencies and visions of maturity in the striking inter-war novels of Elizabeth Bowen and Graham Greene. Julia Kristeva’s reflections on the ‘adolescent novel’ and the mechanics of abjection offer salient points of illumination and debate in each chapter. These case-studies are elaborated and contextualised by close scrutiny of the gender differentials shaping literary constructions of adolescence in this era. Chapter IV takes inspiration from the parallel drawn by social psychologist Kurt Lewin between the adolescent and the socially disempowered or oppressed ‘marginal man’. In the light of theories of masochism, it calibrates the interrogative force of novels which accentuate the failures and sufferings of male adolescent protagonists. Chapter II gauges the radical aspirations towards female self-fulfilment and definition embedded in narratives of generational conflict and alliance between women and positions the post-war ‘modern girl’ as an enabling yet also peculiarly problematic avatar of female emancipation.
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Bucknor, Michael Andrew. "Postcolonial crosses, body-memory and inter-nationalism in Caribbean/Canadian writing." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/NQ58109.pdf.
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Schader, Jo-Mari. "Psalm 47 - how universal is its universalism? An intra-, inter- and extratextual analysis of the poem." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The hypothesis of this study is as follows: If Psalm 47 is analysed intra-, inter and extratextually, we will be able to gain greater insight into the cultural and historical context in which it originated, the cultic use of the Psalm in later periods, as well as its general meaning. All this is done to determine whether there are any indications of universalism in Psalm 47 and that has indeed been found to be the case on various grounds. Each chapter deals with one of these aspects. Chapter 1 forms the introduction that stipulates the research question and how the study will go about resolving it. Chapter 2 focuses on an intratextual analysis of Psalm 47 in an attempt to determine the interrelatedness of all textual features (morphology, syntax, poetic stratagems, structure, genre) on the literary level. This analysis will aid the interpreter in establishing a structure of the text, suggesting one that could meet with relative consensus amongst some exegetes. It, in turn, forms the framework for the socio-historical interpretation of the text. Other interpretation problems such as its Gattung, Sitz im Leben and dating are also discussed in this section. Chapter 3 investigates Psalm 47 from an intertextual perspective. Attention is paid to similarities with other texts in the immediate and more remote context of the psalm. An intertextual analysis is conducted between Psalm 47 and Psalms 46 and 48, and a brief overview of intertextual relations between Psalm 47 and the rest of the Korahite Psalms are given. Here the study links up with a recent trend in Psalms research, namely to concentrate less upon individual poems and their so-called Sitz im Leben and more upon the composition and redaction of the Psalter as a book especially by focussing on concatenation of a psalm and the psalms which follow on it and precede it. Attention is also given to a spatial reading of these texts to understand how they fit into the Ancient Near Eastern spatial orientation, but also transcend it. Chapter 4 consists of an extratextual analysis of Psalm 47. It had three aims: First, to identify and explain terminology referring to patronage and how patron-client/vassal relationships functioned in the Ancient Near East. This was done through a socio-scientific investigation of the poem in its social context, in order to understand the behaviour of the different role-players in the psalm. Second, to identify and explain war terminology occurring in Psalm 47. Third, to “illustrate” the psalm by investigating Ancient Near Eastern iconography and art. The main goal of this chapter was to gain a clearer understanding of the relationship between Israel and her neighbours. Are the nations considered to be incorporated into Israel or do they function merely as a vassal to their patron in Psalm 47:10? Chapter 5 is a summary of the insights gained in the previous chapters. It critically discusses the results of the study, the conclusions reached, the contribution of this work to the field of study, areas opened for further research, and possible shortcomings in the researcher’s own approach. CopyrightDissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Ancient Languages
unrestricted
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Moreira, Adriana Lopes da Cunha. "Olivier Messiaen : inter-relação entre conjuntos, textura, ritimica e movimento em peças para piano." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/284716.
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Orientadores: Maria Lucia Senna Machado Pascoal, Mauricy Matos MartinTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:37:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_AdrianaLopesdaCunha_D.pdf: 12909119 bytes, checksum: c1054275001f99a287c35ac9a21a5138 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma associação de técnicas de análise musical desenvolvidas durante os séculos XX e XXI aos conceitos teóricos proferidos por Olivier Messiaen no livro Technique de mon langage musical (Messiaen 1944a e 1944b) e nos três primeiros volumes do Traité de Rythme, de Couleur, et d'Ornithologie (Messiaen 1994a, 1994b e 1994c). Para tanto, nos dois Capítulos que o compõem, inter-relaciona tais conceitos teóricos a técnicas de análise apresentadas por autores como Allen Forte (1973), Joel Lester (1989), Joseph Straus (2005), Christopher Hasty (1981), Stefan Kostka (2006), David Cope (1997), Wallace Berry (1987), Michael Friedmann (1987), Elizabeth West Marvin (1991) e Felix Salzer (1982); e demonstra a eficiência do procedimento, através da apresentação de cinco análises de peças para piano compostas por Olivier Messiaen, contextualizadas tanto por dados biográficos do compositor, como por artigos anteriormente escritos por pesquisadores teoricamente relevantes. O trabalho justifica-se por contribuir para a bibliografia sobre análise musical em língua portuguesa, bem como por constituir um trabalho de análise musical que amplia a vertente teórica do compositor. Nos cinco Anexos que completam o exemplar, destaca declarações inéditas na literatura mundial, proferidas pelo compositor Almeida Prado, a respeito de planos não concretizados para a composição de um segundo Catalogue d'oiseaux. Na Conclusão, foram traçadas vertentes, tanto em relação às técnicas de análise utilizadas, como à obra para piano de Olivier Messiaen como um todo.
Abstract: This work proposes an association between musical analysis techniques developed during the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries and the musical theory concepts presented by Olivier Messiaen in his Technique de mon langage musical (Messiaen 1944a and 1944b) and Traité de Rythme, de Couleur, et d'Ornithologie (Messiaen 1994a, 1994b and 1994c), first, second and third volumes. For this purpose, it relates Messiaen's theory concepts to analysis techniques presented by authors like Allen Forte (1973), Joel Lester (1989), Joseph Straus (2005), Christopher Hasty (1981), Stefan Kostka (2006), David Cope (1997), Wallace Berry (1987), Michael Friedmann (1987), Elizabeth West Marvin (1991) and Felix Salzer (1982). Trough the analysis of five piano pieces by Olivier Messiaen the efficiency of this process is demonstrated. The analyses are supported by the composer's biography, as well as by articles previously written by prestigious researchers. It adds to the musical analysis bibliography in Portuguese language and it contributes to broaden the theory concepts presented by the composer. The five Annexes that complement this work bring new revelations by Brazilian composer Almeida Prado, about an Olivier Messiaen's project, never made concrete, to compose a second Catalogue d'oiseaux. In the Conclusion we trace lines of conduct concerning the musical analysis techniques as well as Olivier Messiaen's piano work as a whole.
Doutorado
Doutor em Música
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Lundgren, Kleman Annie. "En karneval går inte att stoppa! : En designpedagogisk undersökning om barn och normer." Thesis, Konstfack, Institutionen för Bildpedagogik (BI), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-4549.
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A carnival can not be stopped! A design pedagogical study of children and norms In Basel, the only Protestant carnival in Europe takes place. The carnival is called Fasnacht. For three days, there is a wild and uninhibited play with tradition, crossing borders and social criticism. The aim of this thesis is to expand the understanding of the concept of the carnival, and how to use it for an educational purpose. Three children from Basel have been involved in an workshop where they designed and talked about norms and power structures through the carnivalesque principle. The study is based on the questions: How can you use the carnival as a starting point for designing and talking about norms and power structures together with children? And; How can the design process support such a project? To spot this, I made arrangements for a design educational project. Based on the carnival and through the design educational project, the three children got the opportunity to let Barbie dolls go on their own carnival. The methods underlying the project is transforming design and a concept the pedagogue Paulo Friere called a Visual Voice. The workshop with the Barbie dolls became the children's visual voice - a designed figure that the children could talk about, and reflect about how they for example create their gender identity, and why the colour pink is a girl colour. During the project, the empirical material was collected in the form of field notes, log books, photographs and the children's self-designed Barbie dolls. The empirical data were then analysed and interpreted through a queer theory and by Mikhail Bakhtin's carnivalesque concepts. The study also opinions that children's play is an important factor for children's learning, and the children's play is later discussed through the carnevalesque principle. The study is portrayed at Konstfack, in the room Biblioteksgången, between 2014-01-13 and 2014 - 01-17. The artistic representation tries to highlight the children's experience of the carnival, my experience of Switzerland, and show something I found in the study, namely that the colour pink is loaded with various notions that can be linked to girls' identity..
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Moon, Geoffrey. "The inner musical workings of Robert Schumann, 1828-1840 : in two volumes." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm817.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A thesis which examines Schumann's secret musical language and the development of that language into a highly complex system of extra-musical meanings expressed in tones, special motifs, harmonic progressions and keys. This study traces the development of Schumann's procedures by first analysing the songs of 1840 to see which repeated musical devices connected with texts. Once they have been identified, the application of these devices is then examined, retrospectively, in selected works for solo piano. Relying heavily on Schumann's diaries and letters, as well as a detailed analysis of selected works for voice and solo piano, this study shows the extra-musical meaning to be ultimately concerned with Schumann's wish to marry Clara Wieck and her father's unyeilding opposition to the idea.
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Evans, John Frederick. "An inner-biblical interpretation and intertextual reading of Ezekiel's recognition formulae with the book of Exodus." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50569.
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Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2006ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the most striking literary phenomena in the entire Old Testament, Ezekiel's recognition formula is repeated over seventy times. According to S. R. Driver that refrain, "You shall know that I am Yahweh," strikes the keynote of the prophecy. Though one might expect to find many monographs and journal articles treating at length the formula's literary and theological function in Ezekiel, the only substantial work on the subject comes from Walther Zimmerli and is nearly fifty years old. More recent scholarly discussion has tended to be oblique, occasional, or subordinate to other interests. Brevard Childs has suggested that Ezekiel shows a "preoccupation with Scripture." Applying this insight, the dissertation at hand argues the thesis that the seventy-odd recognition formulae in Ezekiel mark a theological nexus and intertextual relationship between the prophecy and the book of Exodus (in some recensional form), and that those formulae are best interpreted alongside the numerous recognition formulae in Exodus. Interpreted intertextually, Ezekiel's formula points readers of the oracles to know Yahweh as the God of the Exodus, who still acts, in covenant, to judge and to deliver. Here the term intertextuality is used in a broader sense to include both a more diachronic "intertextuality of production" (Ellen van Wolde), in which a text can only be written in relationship to other texts, and a more synchronic "intertextuality of reception," in which a text can be read only in relationship to other texts. With regard to methodology, the approach of innerbiblical interpretation is employed to explore the text-production angle and the questions which emerge concerning the re-use and re-presentation of Scriptural "traditions." Also appropriate is a synchronic intertextual approach which inquires how Exodus and Ezekiel texts-in particular the recognition formulae-may be read together from a text-reception angle. Both approaches used together reveal a large number of parallels between Exodus and Ezekiel and indicate how well the recognition formulae may be read together. This study contributes to scholarship by offering an extensive review of past scholarship on the formula; a fresh exegetical research of the formula's use in Ezekiel and in other Bible books, with comparisons drawn; a study of the socio-historical and religious context addressed by Ezekiel's oracles and the formula; and a theological interpretation of the recognition formulae in Ezekiel alongside those in Exodus. There are many strong conjunctions (or continuities) between the formulae in Ezekiel and Exodus: a covenant stress; no positive use of the formula when spoken to the nations; an unbreakable link to announcements of Yahweh's mighty acts in history; etc. Yet there is also a jarring disjunction (or discontinuity) between the formulae in Ezekiel and Exodus: the prophecy repeatedly declares that Israel "shall know that I am Yahweh" in judgment. This is "a radical inversion of its former usage" (Carley); elsewhere in Scripture the formula always sounds a positive note when spoken to Israel.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die mees opvallende .literere kenmerke van die hele Ou Testament, is Esegiel se gebruikmaking van die erkenningsformule - meer as 70 maal! Volgens S.R. Driver vorm hierdie refrein, "JulIe sal weet dat Ek Jahwe is", die kern van die profesie. Hoewel 'n mens sou verwag dat talle monografiee en tydskrifartikels aan hierdie formule gewy sou word, is dit slegs Walther Zimmerli wat byna 50 jaar gelede grondige navorsing in die verband gedoen het. Meer onlangse navorsing was ondeursigtig en ondergeskik aan ander oorwegings. Brevard Childs het voorgestel dat Esegiel 'n "preoccupation with Scripture" vertoon. Teen hierdie agtergrond argumenteer hierdie proefskrif dat die erkenningsformules in die boek Esegiel die teologiese kern aandui en dat daar 'n intertekstuele verb and tussen die profesie van Esegiel en die Eksodusboek bestaan. Wanneer die erkenningsformule in Esegiel intertekstueel verstaan word, dan ontstaan daar 'n verband tussen die godsprake en Jahwe as die God van die Eksodus, wie steeds binne verbondsverband as Regter en Redder optree. In die verband word die begrip "intertekstualiteit" in 'n bree sin verstaan en dit sluit in 'n meer diakroniese "intertextuality of production" (Ellen van Wolde). Hiervolgens kan 'n teks slegs in verhouding tot ander tekste geskryf word. In dieselfde asem moet daar ook na die meer sinkroniese "intertextuality of reception" verwys word, waarvolgens 'n teks slegs gelees kan word in verband met ander tekste. Op metodologiese vlak word "innerbiblical interpretation" benut om ondersoek in te stel na teksproduksie en die vrae wat ontstaan na aanleiding van die hergebruik en hervoorstelling van Bybelse "tradisies". Dit is verder ook van toepassing om 'n sinkroniese intertekstuele benadering te gebruik wat vrae stel oor hoe Eksodus en Esegiel (veral die erkenningsformules) in samehang gelees kan word indien dit vanuit 'n teksresepsie hoek benader word.. Beide benaderings kan deur saam gebruik te word, 'n groot aantal parallele tussen Eksodus en Esegiel ontdek en aantoon hoe die erkenningsformules saam gelees kan word. Hierdie proefskrif se bydrae tot die vakgebied behels 'n omvattende oorsig van bestaande navorsing oor die erkenningsformule; 'n vars eksegetiese ondersoek en vergelyking van die erkenningsformule se gebruik in Esegiel en in ander boeke van die Bybel; 'n studie van die sosio-historiese en godsdienstige konteks wat deur die godsprake en erkenningsformule in Esegiel aangespreek word; asook 'n teologiese interpretasie van die erkenningsformules in Esegiel en in samehang met die formules in Eksodus. Daar is opvallende voorbeelde van sterk verbande tussen die formules in Esegiel en Eksodus: die klem op die verbond; geen positiewe gebruik van die formules wanneer dit met die vreemde nasies in verband gebring word nie; 'n onlosmaaklike band met die aankondigings van Jahwe se magtige dade in die geskiedenis; ens. Tog is daar ook 'n mate van steurende diskontinu'iteit tussen die formules in Esegiel en Eksodus: die profesiee wat telkens herhaal dat Israel juis binne die oordeel "sal weet dat Ek Jahwe is". Dit behels 'n radikale omkeer van die bestaande gebruik (Carley); omdat daar elders in die Bybel slegs voorbeelde is waar die erkenningsformules in 'n positiewe manier ten opsigte van Israel uitgespreek word.
Книги з теми "Criticism and inter"
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1954-, Olson Gary A., ed. Philosophy, rhetoric, literary criticism: (inter)views. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994.
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Muszkowski, Krzysztof. Inter alia. Londyn: OPiM, 1990.
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author, Celvanāyakam Israyēl, and I.S.P.C.K. (Organization), eds. Inter-faith encounters. Delhi: Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2016.
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Mohammad, Waseem Shah, Naqavi, S. Ali Mohammad, 1953-, and International Congress on "Nahjul Balagha an Inter-Religious Understanding" (1995 : New Delhi, India), eds. Nahjul balagha and inter-religious understanding. Delhi: Renaissance Pub. House, 1997.
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Archive, Internet, ed. Dry Ice: Inter-Dialogism and Apparition Poems. Conshohocken, Pa: Internet Archive, 2015.
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1932-, Clüver Claus, ed. Media inter media: Essays in honor of Claus Clüver. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009.
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Cruz, Isagani R. Inter/sections: Festschrift in honor of Isagani R. Cruz. Pasig City, Philippines: Published and exclusively distributed by Anvil Pub., 2010.
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Janeiro), Encontro Brasileiro de Estudos Judaicos (4th 2005 Universidade do Estado do Rio de. Judaísmo e modernidade: Suas múltiplas inter-relações. [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]: Programa de Estudos Judaicos, 2007.
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Pellegrino, Ramona. Wokommstduher?: Inter-, Multi- und Transkulturalität im österreichischen Kontext. Wien: Praesens Verlag, 2018.
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Sjöberg, Mikael. Vad, hur och varför?: Reflektioner om bibelvetenskap : festskrift till Inter Ljung. Uppsala: Uppsala universitet, Department of Studies in Faiths and Ideologies, 2006.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Criticism and inter"
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Stith, Michaela, Robert W. Corell, Rosa-Máren Magga, Matthias Kaiser, Anders Oskal, and Svein Disch Mathiesen. "Ethics of Knowledge Production in Times of Environmental Change." In Reindeer Husbandry, 131–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17625-8_6.
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AbstractThis chapter includes transdisciplinary analysis, ethical considerations, and guidelines about co-producing research across science and Indigenous peoples’ traditional knowledge systems, particularly in the Arctic region in times of environmental and climatic change. The authors intend to reach out to many readers with different backgrounds and interests. The study employs inter- and transdisciplinary framing of the knowledge systems. This includes an implicit criticism of the typical narrowing of study to disciplinary siloes. It is claimed that traditional academic research misses the importance and positive contributions of different knowledge traditions and thought styles, and it is further claimed that inclusivity of these traditions is an ethical component of responsible research. In this sense, it is hoped that the following chapter inspires researchers to transcend institutionalized knowledge framings and opt for co-production of knowledge that is ethically responsive to rich cultural traditions in the Arctic. Any type of research done in communities should not exploit the Indigenous communities and knowledge holders.
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Sjöholm, Cecilia. "Descartes, Emotions and the Inner Life of the Subject." In The Palgrave Handbook of Affect Studies and Textual Criticism, 653–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63303-9_24.
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Singh, Suhina. "Overcoming Our Inner Critics—A Constant Battle." In Journeys of Women Leaders Pushing Boundaries in Asia and Healthcare, 13–24. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0009-7_2.
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Hu, Yamin. "The Praxis Dimension of Literary Criticism." In The Contemporary Construction of the Chinese Form of Marxist Literary Criticism, 135–65. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2947-4_5.
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AbstractInheriting the Classical Marxist view of practice, the Chinese form re-examines the nature and scope of practice. Practice covers material as well as spiritual activities of human beings. The initiative of the subject is foregrounded and the primacy of practice is affirmed with a view of literature in the practical dimension. Literature, as the embodiment of the essential power of human beings, is the product of the objectification of both the subject and object. It arises from the objectified relationship, which is incarnated in the mutual transformation and construction between the creative subject and the object. For this reason, the epistemology and modern linguistic theories are in need of re-consideration and correction. Also, the inner contradiction of literary theory of reflection and linguistic ontology needs to be revealed. Practical dimension is employed in the discussion of the objectified relationship between literary criticism and the subject of literary activity, literary text, and even the society in which they are shaped and elevated by each other. The consciousness and unconsciousness in practical activities and the relationship between the finiteness and infinity are also reflected and inquired.
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Altieri, Charles. "Are There States of Mind Which We Can Call “Inner Sensuousness”?" In The Palgrave Handbook of Affect Studies and Textual Criticism, 279–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63303-9_10.
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Pramling, Niklas. "Vygotsky and Piaget as Twenty-First-Century Critics of Early Childhood Education Philosophizing." In Early Childhood Research and Education: An Inter-theoretical Focus, 191–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05747-2_11.
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Faitini, Tiziana. "Michel Foucault e il lavoro. Tra assoggettamento e soggettivazione." In Idee di lavoro e di ozio per la nostra civiltà, 1033–39. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0319-7.120.
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The article gives an overview of the use of the concept “work (travail)” made in Michel Foucault’s writings, drawing a comparison between Truth and Juridical Forms and Discipline and Punish, and The Use of Pleasure. To this end, it discusses the author’s interpretation of socially organized work, and his criticism of the assumption that work defines human beings’ concrete essence, showing to what extent a set of techniques is necessary to convert people’s bodies into labour power. It then compares this notion of work with that of a subjectivating “work on oneself” used in his last writings, thus helping to shed light on some inner tensions of the polyphonic concept of work.
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Lynch, Gordon. "Flawed Progress: Criticisms of Residential Institutions for Child Migrants in Australia and Policy Responses, 1939–1945." In UK Child Migration to Australia, 1945-1970, 55–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69728-0_3.
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AbstractThe positive view of child migration held by UK Government officials in the inter-war period was not based on any regular system of inspections of the institutions in Australia to which children were sent. During the Second World War, UK Government officials became more of reported problems at several of these institutions, relating to standards of accommodation, management, care, training and after-care. This chapter traces the growing awareness of these problems and the UK Government’s response to them. Whilst policy-makers’ positive assumptions about child migration were challenged, and specific issues and institutions were known to require significant improvement, overall confidence in the value of child migration remained. Despite evidence of organisational failings in Australia, Australian welfare professionals were trusted to address these problems, and suggestions about the need for greater control from the United Kingdom were seen as a backward-looking attempt to limit the autonomy of Britain’s Dominions.
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"3 The Issue of Methodology Regarding Inner-Biblical and Inter-Biblical Interpretation: Rhetorical Criticism." In Melchizedek Passages in the Bible, 23–33. De Gruyter Open Poland, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110440096-004.
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Krasovec, Aleksandra N. "Autobiographical myth and its reception of literary criticism: Marek Hlasko and Sergei Dovlatov." In Inter-Slavic cultural ties. Results and perspectives of research, 152–61. Institute of Slavic Studies RAS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/0452-7.10.
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This article examines the problem of autobiographical myth, extensively developed by contemporary scholar D.M. Magomedova using the example of the Silver Age. Sergei Dovlatov and Marek Hlasko were prominent representatives of writers leading a first-person narrative, where this issue is particularly important. The article presents two ways in which this type of autobiographical myth has developed in the reception of literary criticism.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Criticism and inter"
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Shcherbina, Alexandra. "B.D. DANDARON: AN ATTEMPT OF BUDDHIST CRITICISM OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW." In Buddhism and Other Traditional Religions of the Peoples of Russia, Inner and East Asia. Publishing House of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30792/978-5-7925-0505-6-2018-128-135.
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Martín Cervantes, Pedro Antonio, and Salvador Cruz Rambaud. "HOW POLITICIZED IS THE BOLOGNA PROCESS? GIVING WAY TO CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM." In 14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.2511.
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Lozovanu, Ecaterina, Andrei Perciun, and Alexandru Lupusor. "Comprehension, Possibility and Death. The Justification of the Ontological Understanding of Death." In 12th International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computing. Technical University of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/ic-ecco.2022/kbs.03.
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If death is revealed to us, in our human experience, as a certainty, one of the decisive questions of explaining our human condition aims at questioning and justifying this certainty. One of the authors who tackles this question is the German thinker, Martin Heidegger. According to him, death is understood and described, through a phenomenological and hermeneutical explanation, as an inner existential possibility as an ontological condition of the human being. This understanding has received various criticisms from contemporary philosophers. One of these belongs to Bartrand Schumacher who sustains that the only ontological understanding of existence cannot provide a certainty of its own end. In this way, Schumacher opposes an ontic meaning to the Heideggerian ontological understanding of death. In response to Schumacher’s critics we propose to look more deeply at the concept of possibility as the key-concept in the Heidegger’s ontological understanding of death.
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Jayamaha, Samurdhi, and Kushanthi Harasgama. "Third-Party Financing in Investor-State Dispute Settlement: For Better or for Worse?" In SLIIT International Conference on Advancements in Sciences and Humanities 2023. Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, SLIIT, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/ghuk3926.
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The proliferation of international investments during the past few decades has contributed to the rise in the number of disputes that are submitted to Investor-State Dispute Settlement forums. Concomitantly, the criticisms of the conventional ISDS have also increased. Critics often refer to certain inherent flaws in the system inter alia the involvement of third-party financing for ISDS cases. With the growing costs and the significant interests involved in investment disputes, ‘investment claims’ themselves have emerged as a new class of assets that international actors pursue. In such circumstances, this study attempts to evaluate the existence of TPF for ISDS claims, and how that could contribute to or undermine the essence of ISDS, as an impartial dispute settlement mechanism which balances and accommodates diverse interests of the parties involved, namely, the largely commercial interests of the investors and the macro-economic, public and social interests of the host states. This study was conducted as a library-based study with relevant case law being analysed to comprehend the trend of TPF in ISDS cases. Evidently, TPF is not unwelcoming in its entirety. While it could inter alia provide financial support for meritorious claims which are otherwise unable to withstand the rising costs of ISDS which is positive, it could also have the negative effect of inter alia untenably increasing the number of ISDS cases by minimising the risk factor and possibly encouraging marginal claims. The paper concludes by recommending both the bilateral treaties and the international arbitration institutions should strive to achieve transparency in the matter of ISDS where TPF is involved.
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Aktan, E. Aktuglu. "Criticism of Istanbul inner city urban transportation from the perspective of urban form." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut110241.
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Aslandogan, Y. Alp. "PRESENT AND POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE SPIRITUAL TRADITION OF ISLAM ON CONTEMPORARY MUSLIMS: FROM GHAZALI TO GÜLEN." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/mnsp5562.
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Western analysts of trends in the contemporary Islamic world often overestimate the impact of contemporary Sufi orders and/or underestimate the impact of the spiritual tradition of Islam. Among the elements of the spiritual tradition conducive to religious pluralism is the ‘mirror’ concept: every human is seen as a mirror of God in three aspects: reflecting the at- tributes and names of God as His work of art, reflection through dependence on God, and reflection through actions God commands or commends. Since only the last aspect is vol- untary, every human, regardless of creed, is a mirror of God in at least the first two aspects. This is a potent argument for peaceful coexistence in religious diversity. The perspective of the spiritual tradition is emphatically inclusive and compassionate and naturally lends itself to non-violence, going beyond mere tolerance to hospitality and friendship. There are impor- tant impediments that prevent this perspective from having a greater impact: (1) the literalist opposition to flexible interpretation of concepts from the Qur’an and the Prophetic tradition, and the wide definition of innovation or heresy (‘bid`a’); (2) deviations of some Sufi orders and subsequent criticisms by orthodox Muslims; and (3) the impact of the politicisation of religion by some groups and political moves by certain Sufi orders. This paper argues that the only approach that has a chance of influencing the majority of contemporary Muslims in positive ways without being open to criticism is the ‘balanced’ spiritual tradition, after the style of the Companions, sometimes called tasawwuf, which strives to harmonise the outer dimensions of Islamic law and worship with the inner dimen- sion of spiritual disciplines firmly rooted in the Qur’an and Prophetic tradition. This paper will present an analysis of this ‘balanced’ spiritual tradition in Islam, from Ghazali, through Rumi, to Gülen.
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Shkorubskaya, Elena. "Transformation of the Scientific Article Paradigm under Diffusion of Internal & External Publicness of Science." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-09.
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This article discusses the specifics of the public sphere of science in the context of the diffusion of the public and private spheres that characterises modern society and is driven, among other factors, by the development of social media and other tools of online communication. Based on the communicative approach suggested by Jurgen Habermas, the science field concept by Pierre Bourdieu, and the actor-network theory by Bruno Latour, the following two types of modern science publicness are defined. Inner, ‘esoteric publicness’ of science itself is a prerequisite for scientific communication, and is set up on the principles of reasonable doubt and criticism, assuming discussiveness, knowledge, and uncertainty of arguable facts. Outer, ‘broad publicness’ becomes a platform of interaction between science and society, and requires science to provide ultimate knowledge. Using the example of the use of texts of scientific articles in popular scientific texts, the problem of the diffusion of the two public spheres is examined. Firstly, the conventional layman is confronted directly with the inner workings of science, and thus has to deal with discrepancies, which he cannot resolve on his own. Secondly, the pragmatics of the scientific article undergos changes, its conclusions tend to radicalise, and the very article is used only for confirming the credibility of a popular text referring to it. The change in the reader (a professional is replaced by a layperson) has an effect on the original pragmatics of the text and the impact it has on the addressee. What is supposed to serve as the discussion onset in ‘esoteric publicness’, becomes the rationale for the unconditional recognition of communicated information in the ‘broad publicness’ of science.
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Mahmood, Snoor, and Shokhan Fatah. "“I’m Cold All the Time Anyway”: A Psycho-Feminist Study of Marsha Norman’s ’Night, Mother." In 3rd International Conference on Language and Education. Cihan University-Erbil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/iclangedu2023/paper.951.
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This article is an inter-disciplinary study of Marsh Norman’s ‘Night, Mother. Marsha Norman is an American playwright who is famous for addressing the dilemmas of women in her writings. Female characters in her plays are generally depicted as victims of their societies. They are situated in a place in which they are powerless and helpless about improving their own conditions. This study aims at exposing the psychological suffering of the main character in relation to the socially imposed standards of living. According to different theories of feminist critics such as Kate Millet, Luce Irigary, Jane Stoppard, and psycho feminist theories of Nancy Chodorow, in addition to going back to the science of psychology, it shows that the life of women is predetermined by social values and norms. It also shows that the kind of life assigned to women based on their gender roles and feminine duty is the factor behind women’s psychological anguish and self-destructive decisions, such as committing suicide.
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Arpalı, Ziya. "Philosophy of the 2008 Global Crisis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00652.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The crisis in late 2007 and early 2008, re-questioning of capitalism and re-evaluating institutional structures have arisen. Developed countries which directing of the world economy started a process along with the comments that developed countries maintain their existence. By Western economists led to criticism of the crisis inform of "today's form of capitalism, can’t establish compliance with the changing world". The economic model based on the Balance of Imbalance is scheduled to sleep period in future years of the world management system. The sleeping process has been completed by the broken Balance of Imbalance. The process of planning in the field of application and the name given is crisis. This process should have a philosophy that mobilizing the internal dynamics of the economy. At the same time this crisis shown that money-driven economy conversion process is necessity in capitalism. The process of falling asleep economic model, in other words, the output from the crisis, not the money lead the economy but the economy lead the money. Transformation process will be realized at some point. In this study, it is introduced the philosophy of the crisis, in order to put into action the inner dynamics of capitalism’s legal infrastructure, the political preferences of the founders of the political game and to pass system into sleeping process the necessity of the transformation an economic model to the upper structure have been identified.
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Trebežnik, Luka. "Christianity as a constant process of atheization." In International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_07.
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In his Deconstruction of Christianity, the contemporary French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy described Christianity as “the exit from religion and the expansion of the atheist world”. Inspired by this assertion, we will reassess the traces of atheism in Christianity and its secular supplements. We will examine the broad context of Christianity and some seemingly external factors such as the Enlightenment and the development of science. Several features of Christianity, such as the emphasis on spirituality, individual faith, and the deinstitutionalization of religious experience, have prepared the ground for the rise of atheism. First, Christianity, most clearly in the Protestant denominations, places great emphasis on the inner spiritual experience of the believer, the conscience as the inner presence of God. The subjective personal relationship with God and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit are central tenets of Christian theology. However, this emphasis on individual, private spirituality can inadvertently lead to a devaluation of external religious structures and communal rituals and even pave the way for atheistic isolation. Moreover, throughout its history, Christianity has repeatedly produced its own critics, movements that have challenged institutional authority and hierarchical structures within the church. From the Hussites to the Protestant Reformation to today's movements advocating spiritual autonomy, the goal has always been to decentralize religious authority, separate it from worldly powers (secularization) and empower individual believers. While this deinstitutionalization is certainly meant to promote a more authentic and personal faith that is closer to God's will, it can also create room for doubt and scepticism, which in turn can lead to atheism. Furthermore, Christianity has grappled more than other religions with the tension between faith and reason, two completely different areas of our relationship with reality and the world. This relationship has completely changed with advances in science and philosophy, as traditional religious doctrines and supernatural explanations are increasingly challenged and even rendered obsolete. The struggle to reconcile faith and reason has led some people to the practical solution of rejecting religious faith altogether in favour of a purely secular worldview. We should also mention that even the pervasive influence of Christianity on Western culture may have inadvertently facilitated its own decline. Because Christianity is deeply embedded in societal norms, people who have grown up in Christian cultures may take their faith for granted, not as something out of the ordinary, but as something normal, leading to complacency or indifference toward religious beliefs. Over time, this cultural familiarity with Christianity can erode the foundations of religious belief and eventually contribute to the rise of atheism. Given this internal dynamic, it is clear that Christianity itself has played a crucial role in its own atheization. This paper will highlight some of the key features of Christian atheism and one of its most notorious examples, socialist atheization.
Звіти організацій з теми "Criticism and inter"
1
Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic, and Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.
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With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho