Готові списки джерел за темами / Costs centers

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Costs centers"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Costs centers"

Ashley, Dennis W., Robert F. Mullins, Christopher J. Dente, Laura Garlow, Regina S. Medeiros, Elizabeth V. Atkins, Gina Solomon, Dena Abston, and Colville H. Ferdinand. "What are the Costs of Trauma Center Readiness? Defining and Standardizing Readiness Costs for Trauma Centers Statewide." American Surgeon 83, no. 9 (September 2017): 979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708300935.

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Trauma center readiness costs are incurred to maintain essential infrastructure and capacity to provide emergent services on a 24/7 basis. These costs are not captured by traditional hospital cost accounting, and no national consensus exists on appropriate definitions for each cost. Therefore, in 2010, stakeholders from all Level I and II trauma centers developed a survey tool standardizing and defining trauma center readiness costs. The survey tool underwent minor revisions to provide further clarity, and the survey was repeated in 2013. The purpose of this study was to provide a follow-up analysis of readiness costs for Georgia's Level I and Level II trauma centers. Using the American College of Surgeons Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient guidelines, four readiness cost categories were identified: Administrative, Clinical Medical Staff, Operating Room, and Education/Outreach. Through conference calls, webinars and face-to-face meetings with financial officers, trauma medical directors, and program managers from all trauma centers, standardized definitions for reporting readiness costs within each category were developed. This resulted in a survey tool for centers to report their individual readiness costs for one year. The total readiness cost for all Level I trauma centers was $34,105,318 (avg $6,821,064) and all Level II trauma centers was $20,998,019 (avg $2,333,113). Methodology to standardize and define readiness costs for all trauma centers within the state was developed. Average costs for Level I and Level II trauma centers were identified. This model may be used to help other states define and standardize their trauma readiness costs.

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Katzman, Mitchell. "Freestanding Emergency Centers: Regulation and Reimbursement." American Journal of Law & Medicine 11, no. 1 (1985): 105–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009885880000914x.

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AbstractThe freestanding emergency center, which combines the functions of a doctor's office and a hospital emergency room, has emerged as a new provider of health care. These centers have generated considerable controversy over their role in the health care market. Proponents argue that freestanding emergency centers reduce costs by providing care in a more efficient manner and cause other health care providers such as hospital emergency rooms to reduce costs and improve service. Opponents argue that the centers create an additional layer of health care which duplicates existing services and increases total health care costs. This Note examines the controversial issues of licensure, regulation and reimbursement. The Note concludes that freestanding emergency centers can help to reduce health care costs and discusses the steps that should be taken to aid centers in achieving this goal.

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Klapita, Vladimír, and Zuzana Švecová. "LOGISTICS CENTERS LOCATION." TRANSPORT 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2006): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2006.9638041.

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It is fairly questionable to estimate future costs in the problems of strategic decision. The uncertainty may cause a resulting solution to be very inefficient considering current costs. In this report we try to find an approach which enables to determine a unique solution of a location problem at uncertain costs so that the solution is resistant to future changes. We deal with a sensitivity analysis and with a connection of an exact mathematical programming method and the theory of fuzzy sets.

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Barton, Susan S., John J. Haydu, Roger Hinson, Robert McNiel, Travis Phillips, Russell Powell, and Forrest Stegelin. "REQUIREMENTS AND COSTS OF ESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A GARDEN CENTER." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 659b—659. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.659b.

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The objective of this project is to estimate establishment and operating costs for garden centers at two levels of sales and to specify the general set of financial, marketing and business principles that should be available to the owner/manager of a garden center. After surveying 25 garden centers across the United States, two models were derived. A large garden center with annual sales of $1,000,000 is described. A smaller garden center with annual sales of $350,000 is described. Capital budgets, including investment and operations costs for each firm have been developed. Each firm is evaluated based on standard business indicators. A merchandising program composed of layout, pricing, advertising, cost structure and diversification is outlined.

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De Prisco, Roberto, Alfredo De Santis, and Marco Mannetta. "Reducing costs in HSM-based data centers." Journal of High Speed Networks 24, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jhs-180600.

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Nugraha, Yohanes, Mudjiono Mudjiono, and Dedeng Wahyu Edi. "BIAYA LOGISTIK DAN KELANCARAN PENGIRIMAN BARANG PADA GERAI BUKU." JURNAL MANAJEMEN TRANSPORTASI DAN LOGISTIK 3, no. 2 (July 11, 2017): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.25292/j.mtl.v3i2.103.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the quality of human resources, the location of distribution centers and logistics costs in the effective delivery of goods from distribution centers to book stores. This survey respondents amounted to 78 employees in Scholastic Distribution Center and a few head or store manager Scholastic. The sampling technique using Simple Random Sampling and analysis techniques using path analysis (path analysis) with SPSS. The results showed the quality of human resources, the location of distribution centers and logistics costs directly affect the good’s delivery effectivenes.

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Manjunatha S. and Suresh L. "Minimization of Energy Using Heuristic Resource Allocation and Migration for Cloud Computing." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2021010106.

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Data center is a cost-effective infrastructure for storing large volumes of data and hosting large-scale service applications. Cloud computing service providers are rapidly deploying data centers across the world with a huge number of servers and switches. These data centers consume significant amounts of energy, contributing to high operational costs. Thus, optimizing the energy consumption of servers and networks in data centers can reduce operational costs. In a data center, power consumption is mainly due to servers, networking devices, and cooling systems, and an effective energy-saving strategy is to consolidate the computation and communication into a smaller number of servers and network devices and then power off as many unneeded servers and network devices as possible.

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Bonastre, Julia, Eric Noël, Julie Chevalier, Jean Pierre Gerard, Dimitri Lefkopoulos, Jean Bourhis, Rene Jean Bensadoun, and Gerard de Pouvourville. "Implications of learning effects for hospital costs of new health technologies: The case of intensity modulated radiation therapy." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 23, no. 2 (April 2007): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230707033x.

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Objectives: The impact of learning effects on the variability of costs of new health technologies in a prospective payment system (PPS) through the case of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) was studied.Methods: A series of consecutive patients treated in nine medical centers was enrolled in a prospective study. Direct costs were assessed from the perspective of the healthcare providers. We used a two-level model to explain the variability of costs: patients nested within centers. Learning effects at the center level were considered through a fixed effect (the learning curve slope) and a random effect (the initial cost level). Covariates were introduced to explain the patterns of variation in terms of patient characteristics.Results: The mean direct cost of IMRT was €5,962 (range, €2,414–€24,733). Manpower accounted for 53 percent of this cost. Learning effects explained 42 percent of the variance between centers (which was 88 percent of the total variance) and were associated with a substantial decrease in treatment costs. The mean initial treatment direct cost was €6,332 in centers with a previous experience of IMRT, whereas it was €14,192 in centers implementing IMRT for the first time. Including logistics costs and overhead, the full cost of IMRT was €10,916. Average reimbursement was €6,987.Conclusions: Learning effects are a strong confounding factor in the analysis of costs of innovative health technologies involving learning effects. In a PPS, innovative health technology involving learning effects necessitates specific reimbursement mechanisms.

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Pajrok, Andor. "Responsible Accounting in the Hospitality Industry." Journal of Education Culture and Society 5, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20142.53.60.

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Nowadays, due to globalization and intensified market competition, management attention has to be focussed on efforts where they will do the most good. In order to survive, especially in the service industry, Managers in the new business environment need more relevant cost and performance information on the organization’s activities, processes, products/services and customers. The task of management accounting is to prepare this accounting information, which has the possibility to indicate what costs, revenues and results should be. Responsible accounting is an underlying concept of accounting performance measurement systems. The basic idea is that large diversified organizations are difficult, if not impossible to manage as a single segment, thus they must be decentralized or separated into manageable parts. These parts or segments are referred to as responsibility centers that include: revenue centers, cost centers, profit centers and investment centers. This approach allows responsibility to be assigned to the segment managers that have the greatest amount of influence over the key elements to be managed. These elements include revenue for a revenue center, costs for a cost center, a measure of profitability for a profit center and return on investment for an investment center.

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Walker, Gordon, and Laura Poppo. "Profit Centers, Single-Source Suppliers, and Transaction Costs." Administrative Science Quarterly 36, no. 1 (March 1991): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393430.

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Дисертації з теми "Costs centers"

Mukherjee, Koyel. "Algorithmic approaches to reducing resource costs in data centers." Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3612196.

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A substantial portion of resource costs incurred by data centers relate to energy costs, with cooling energy and equipment powering energy accounting for a major fraction. Other major costs incurred by data centers, is due to huge data transmission volume and resultant network bandwidth consumption. In this dissertation, we study problems inspired by the needs to reduce energy consumption and network bandwidth billing costs in data centers.

A significant amount of data center cooling energy is wasted due to thermal imbalance and hot spots. In order to prevent this, the workload should be scheduled in a thermally aware manner based on the overall thermal profile, since machine temperatures depend on local load as well as on neighboring machines' load. We define 'effective load' that captures this spatial cross-interference and analyze different models for: 1) maximizing the profit of scheduled jobs under a cooling energy budget, for which we give ½ − O(ε) approximation algorithms; 2) minimizing the maximum temperature when all jobs have to be scheduled, for which we give a 2-approximation algorithm and a 3-competitive online algorithm for a single rack of machines, where the factors approach 4/3 and 2 respectively as the cross-interference decays.

Servers consume energy while running; hence, shutting down some will reduce the costs. We consider two problems which study this in literature: active time and busy time, the goal being minimizing the total 'on' time of machines. In active time, we have access to a single machine whereas in busy time, number of machines allowed is unlimited. Machines have bounded capacity and jobs have release times, deadlines and lengths. For active time, we show a minimal feasible solution is 3-approximate and give a 2-approximation algorithm via LP rounding. For busy time, we give a 3-approximation algorithm which improves the 4-approximation, and analyze the preemptive problem also.

Data centers need to transmit a huge volume of data daily which results in high network bandwidth costs. Frequently, ISP's charge for Internet use either based on the peak bandwidth usage in any slot in the billing cycle, or according to some percentile cost. We provide an optimal offline algorithm for the percentile problem when jobs can have variable delay. For the online problem of minimizing peak bandwidth, we study small values of delay in a discrete time setting and give much better lower and upper bounds than the best known bound of e that holds when delay allowed is arbitrarily large and time is continuous.

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Yu, Wing-chi Winnie. "Contractual arrangements in shopping centre leasing in Hong Kong a transaction cost perspective /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40987620.

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Tomosk, Steven. "Applications of Traditional and Concentrated Photovoltaic Technologies for Reducing Electricity Costs at Ontario Data Centers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34324.

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Demand for cloud-based applications and remote digital storage is increasing. As such, data center capacities will need to expand to support this shift in computing. Data centers consume substantial amounts of electricity in support of their operations, and larger data centers will mean that more energy is consumed. To reduce electricity bills, data center operators must explore innovative options, and this thesis proposes leveraging solar technology for this purpose. Three different photovoltaic and concentrated photovoltaic costing scenarios, as well as four different Ontario-based electricity tariff scenarios – time-of-use, feed-in tariff, power purchase agreement, and a peak-dependent electricity charge involving the province’s global adjustment fee – will be used to determine if there is a business case for using solar technology at data centers in Ontario to reduce energy costs. Discounted net present value, return on investment, internal rate of return, and levelized cost of electricity will be calculated to determine the economic viability of solar for this application, and both deterministic and stochastic results will be provided. Sensitivity of the four metrics to variability from energy yield, operations and maintenance costs, as well as system prices will also be presented.

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Olson, Darcie Lange. "Trends in work-related injury rates and the associated incurred costs in long-term care centers." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3615712.

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Background. Nursing assistants, working in long–term care facilities, have consistently been among the top occupational groups experiencing work-related musculoskeletal injuries. These injuries have been attributed the physical demands of lifting and moving the individuals in their care. Great strides in research have identified successful risk reduction strategies such as the implementation safe patient handling and mobility programs. The benefits of these programs have been advocated over the last two decades, but the rate of injuries among nursing assistants continues to be more than double the national average for all other industries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of safe patient handling and mobility policies and procedures, facility resources, and work practices on the trends in injury rates and the associated costs in long-term care facilities.

Methods. Thirty-eight facilities contributed information to the study. Data were gathered on safe patient handling policies, facility resources, work practices, work-related injuries and workers’ compensation costs for 2002 – 2011.

Results. Eighty-four percent of the facilities had patient handling policies or were preparing to implement in the upcoming year. All of the facilities had mechanical lifting devices, employee training and procedures for embedding safe patient handling into daily work practices. Nineteen facilities contributed one to ten years of data, showing injury rates decreased 63% from 2002 – 2011. Eleven facilities provided worker’s compensation information showing medical and indemnity costs decreased 54% from 2006 – 2011. The presence of a policy, was not found to independently influence these factors. The number of days away from work due to work-related injuries was significantly lower in facilities with patient handling policies. Conclusion. The presence of the policy was not found to independently influence injury rates or costs, but the prevalence of safe patient handling policies, mechanical lifting devices and safe work practices suggested that a safety culture may finally be present in long-term care. Despite the impressive reductions in injuries and costs, the continued higher than average rate of injuries among this occupational group may indicate that other factors now play a greater role in work-related injuries.

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Ngobeni, Robson Mpande. "The impact of high Telecommunications costs on the callcentre industry in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2009. http://dk.cput.ac.za/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=td_cput.

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Yu, Wing-chi Winnie, and 余詠芝. "Contractual arrangements in shopping centre leasing in Hong Kong: a transaction cost perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40987620.

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Reddy, Hari Mallam. "Case study on costs and efficiency of Urgent Care Center Desert Valley Medical Group, Victorville." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1733.

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Špicarová, Kateřina. "Využití controllingu v podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442964.

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The master´s thesis is focused on application of Management Control System in company especially on planning and analysis of deviations. In theoretical part of the thesis will be described basic charakteristic and terms and will be used continualy in the analytical part. In this part Honeywell s.r.o. will be described and analyzed its current situation and methods for planning costs. Then will be analyzed and interpreted deviations based on actual data in MS Excel. In the proposal part will be propose actions to improve the current situation in the form of implemetation new program MS Power BI or Tableau into controlling team.

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Замула, Олена Василівна. "Управління інформаційними витратами переробних підприємств". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/20381.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 – економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності). – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2016. Дисертація присвячена вирішенню теоретичних, методичних та практичних задач в сфері управління інформаційними витратами переробних підприємств. В роботі запропоновано визначення поняття "інформаційні витрати" як грошового вираження ресурсів, які використані підприємством для здійснення інформаційного процесу. Розвинуто класифікацію інформаційних витрат, в якій ознаки згруповані за трьома напрямами: статистичним, управлінським та фінансово-податковим. За типом інформаційного процесу запропоновано розрізняти інформатизаційні, інноваційні та інтелектуальні інформаційні витрати. Розроблено методичні рекомендації до оцінки рівня інформаційних витрат, для чого запропоновано використовувати показники: рівень капітальних інформаційних витрат, інтегральні показники факторів впливу на рівні поточних інформаційних витрат та втрат. Удосконалено систему управління інформаційними витратами, яка ґрунтується на запровадженні інформатизаційних, інноваційних та інтелектуальних центрів витрат. Встановлено основні заходи з управління інформаційними витратами переробних підприємств: формування портфелю інвестицій в інформаційні продукти і послуги довготривалого використання (споживання); прийняття рішень щодо нетривалого споживання (здійснення) інформаційних послуг, а також придбання (виробництва) малоцінних та швидкозношуваних інформаційних продуктів, моніторинг та оптимізація інформаційних втрат. Практична реалізація рекомендацій сприяє виявленню резервів зростання ефективності діяльності переробних підприємств в частині формування та використання ресурсів на здійснення інформаційного процесу.
Dissertation on the receipt of scientific degree of candidate in economic science by speciality 08.00.04 – economics and management enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National Technical University "Kharkiv Politechnical Institute", 2016. The thesis is devoted to the theoretical, methodological and practical problems in management information costs of processing enterprises. The paper presents the definition of information costs as the monetary value of resources used to implement the information process. The thesis provides a classification of information costs in which the criteria are grouped in three areas: statistical, administrative, financial and tax developed ones. According to the type of information process it is suggested to distinguish between information technology, innovative and intelligent information costs. The thesis provides guidelines assessing the level of information costs, which suggests using the following indicators: the level of capital information costs, integrated indices of factors influencing the level of current information costs and losses. The management system of information costs has been improved. It is based on the introduction of information technology, innovation and intelligent costs center. There are basic measures to manage the information costs of processing enterprises: formation of a portfolio of investments in information products and services of long-term use (consumption); decision-making to shorten consumption (provision) of information services and purchase (production) of low value information products, monitoring and optimization of information losses. A two-dimensional matrix has been developed that allows selecting a set of management measures for optimization of information costs depending on the level of capital information costs and the level of information losses. The optimal level of capital information costs is achieved by forming the portfolio of investments in information technology, innovative and intelligent products (services) of long-term use (consumption). The level of risk and efficiency are the criteria to select the type of portfolio. The methodical approach has been developed which allows minimizing the information losses to make a decision as for brief consumption (provision) of information services. Practical implementation of these recommendations helps identify sources of increased efficiency of processing enterprises in the formation and use of resources for the implementation of the information process.

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Книги з теми "Costs centers"

Commerce, Montana Dept of. Montana visitor information centers. Helena, Mont: The Dept., 1990.

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Montana. Dept. of Commerce. Montana visitor information centers. Helena, Mont: The Dept., 1990.

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Montana. Dept. of Commerce. Montana visitor information centers. Helena, Mont: The Dept., 1990.

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Blau, David. The supply of quality in child care centers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Waite, Linda J. What parents pay for: Child care characteristics, quality, and costs. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1991.

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Townson, Monica. The Costs and benefits of a national child care system for Canada. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Day Care Advocacy Association, 1986.

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Thomas, Rauschenbach, Hans Rudolf Leu, and Angelika Diller. Kitas und Kosten: Die Finanzierung von Kindertageseinrichtungen auf dem Prufstand. München: Verlag Deutsches Jugendinstitut, 2004.

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Lyons, Jeffrey D. Child care $ubsidy: The costs of waiting. Chapel Hill, NC: Day Care Services Association, 1998.

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Inc, City Design Collaborative. Operating cost prototypes: Study for the development of day care centers in state facilities. Boston: The Office, 1987.

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Sŏ, Mun-hŭi. Yŏngyua yangyuk piyong chiwŏn ŭi hyokwa e kwanhan yŏn'gu. Sŏul-si: Yuga Chŏngch'aek Yŏn'guso, 2009.

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De Prisco, R., A. De Santis, and M. Mannetta. "Reducing Costs in HSM-Based Data Centers." In Green, Pervasive, and Cloud Computing, 3–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57186-7_1.

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Tschoegl, Adrian E. "The Benefits and Costs of Hosting Financial Centers." In International Banking and Financial Centers, 175–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2504-5_12.

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Bhattacharya, Anindya K. "The Costs and Benefits of Establishing an International Banking Center." In International Banking and Financial Centers, 131–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2504-5_9.

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Da Costa, Georges, Ariel Oleksiak, Wojciech Piatek, Jaume Salom, and Laura Sisó. "Minimization of Costs and Energy Consumption in a Data Center by a Workload-Based Capacity Management." In Energy Efficient Data Centers, 102–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15786-3_7.

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Albers, Susanne, and Jens Quedenfeld. "Algorithms for Energy Conservation in Heterogeneous Data Centers." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 75–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75242-2_5.

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AbstractPower consumption is the major cost factor in data centers. It can be reduced by dynamically right-sizing the data center according to the currently arriving jobs. If there is a long period with low load, servers can be powered down to save energy. For identical machines, the problem has already been solved optimally by [25] and [1].In this paper, we study how a data-center with heterogeneous servers can dynamically be right-sized to minimize the energy consumption. There are d different server types with various operating and switching costs. We present a deterministic online algorithm that achieves a competitive ratio of 2d as well as a randomized version that is 1.58d-competitive. Furthermore, we show that there is no deterministic online algorithm that attains a competitive ratio smaller than 2d. Hence our deterministic algorithm is optimal. In contrast to related problems like convex body chasing and convex function chasing [17, 30], we investigate the discrete setting where the number of active servers must be an integral, so we gain truly feasible solutions.

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Mann, Vijay, Avinash Kumar, Partha Dutta, and Shivkumar Kalyanaraman. "VMFlow: Leveraging VM Mobility to Reduce Network Power Costs in Data Centers." In NETWORKING 2011, 198–211. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20757-0_16.

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Ahmed, Riaz. "Cost Centers." In Cloud Computing Using Oracle Application Express, 85–95. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2502-8_11.

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Ahmed, Riaz. "Cost Centers." In Cloud Computing Using Oracle Application Express, 93–103. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4243-8_11.

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Botta, Volkmar. "Vom Cost-Center zum Profit-Center." In Organisation und Steuerung dezentraler Unternehmenseinheiten, 221–37. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-82431-8_11.

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Giles, R. S. "Accounting for Overheads; Cost Centres." In Finance and Accounting, 525–37. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13486-1_31.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Costs centers"

Chen, Yiyu, Amitayu Das, Wubi Qin, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Qian Wang, and Natarajan Gautam. "Managing server energy and operational costs in hosting centers." In the 2005 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1064212.1064253.

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Shi, Ying, and Juan Wu. "Minimizing Energy and Network Costs of Data Centers in China." In 2013 International Conference on Cloud and Green Computing (CGC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cgc.2013.12.

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Cader, Tahir, Ratnesh Sharma, Cullen Bash, Les Fox, Vaibhav Bhatia, and Mohandas Mekanapurath. "Operational Benefits of Real-Time Monitoring and Visualization in Data Centers." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89379.

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The 2007 US EPA report to Congress (US EPA, 2007) on the state of energy consumption in data centers brought to light the true energy inefficiencies built into today’s data centers. Marquez et al. (2008) conducted an initial analysis on the productivity of a Pacific Northwest National Lab computer using The Green Grid’s Data Center Energy Productivity metric (The Green Grid, 2008). Their study highlights how the Top500 ranking of computers disguises the serious energy inefficiency of today’s High Performance Computing data centers. In the rapidly expanding Cloud Computing space, the race will be won by the providers that deliver the lowest cost of computing — such cost is heavily influenced by the operational costs incurred by data centers. As a means to address the urgent need to lower the cost of computing, solution providers have been intensely focusing on real-time monitoring, visualization, and control/management of data centers. The monitoring aspect involves the widespread use of networks of sensors that are used to monitor key data center environmental variables such as temperature, relative humidity, air flow rate, pressure, and energy consumption. Such data is then used to visualize and analyze data center problem areas (e.g., hotspots), which is then followed by control/management actions designed to alleviate such problem areas. The authors have been researching the operational benefits of a network of sensors tied in to a software package that uses the data to visualize, analyze, and control/manage the data center cooling system and IT Equipment for maximum operational efficiency. The research is being conducted in a corporate production data center that is networked in to the authors’ company’s global network of data centers. Results will be presented that highlight the operational benefits that are realizable through real-time monitoring and visualization.

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Demetriou, Dustin W., Vinod Kamath, and Howard Mahaney. "Understanding the True Total Cost of Ownership of Water Cooling for Data Centers." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48152.

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The generation-to-generation IT performance and density demands continue to drive innovation in data center cooling technologies. For many applications, the ability to efficiently deliver cooling via traditional chilled air cooling approaches has become inadequate. Water cooling has been used in data centers for more than 50 years to improve heat dissipation, boost performance and increase efficiency. While water cooling can undoubtedly have a higher initial capital cost, water cooling can be very cost effective when looking at the true lifecycle cost of a water cooled data center. This study aims at addressing how one should evaluate the true total cost of ownership for water cooled data centers by considering the combined capital and operational cost for both the IT systems and the data center facility. It compares several metrics, including return-on-investment for three cooling technologies: traditional air cooling, rack-level cooling using rear door heat exchangers and direct water cooling via cold plates. The results highlight several important variables, namely, IT power, data center location, site electric utility cost, and construction costs and how each of these influence the total cost of ownership of water cooling. The study further looks at implementing water cooling as part of a new data center construction project versus a retrofit or upgrade into an existing data center facility.

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He, Yongzhan, Guofeng Chen, Jiajun Zhang, Tianyu Zhou, Tao Liu, Pinyan Zhu, Chao Liu, and Nishi Ahuja. "Consideration for Running Data Center at High Temperatures and Using Free Air Cooling." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48169.

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The advent of the big data era, the rapid development of mobile internet, and the rising demand of cloud computing services require increasingly more compute capability from their data center. This compute increase will most likely come from higher rack and room power densities or even construction of new Internet data centers. But an increase in a data center’s business-critical IT equipment (servers, hubs, routers, wiring patch panels, and other network appliances), not to mention the infrastructure needed to keep these devices alive and protected, encroaches on another IT goal: to reduce long-term energy usage. Large Internet Data Centers are looking at every possible way to reduce the cooling cost and improve efficiency. One of the emerging trends in the industry is to move to higher ambient data center operation and use air side economizers. However, these two trends can have significant implications for corrosion risk in data centers. The prevailing practice surrounding the data centers has often been “The colder, the better.” However, some leading server manufacturers and data center efficiency experts share the opinion that data centers can run far hotter than they do today without sacrificing uptime, and with a huge savings in both cooling related costs and CO2 emissions. Why do we need to increase the temperatures? To cool data center requires huge refrigeration system which is energy hog and also cost of cooling infrastructure, maintenance cost and operation cost are heavy cost burden. Ahuja et al [1] studied cooling path management in data center at typical operating temperature as well as higher ambient operating temperatures. High Temperatures and Corrosion Resistance technology will reduce the refrigeration output and how this innovation will open up new direction in data centers. Note that, HTA is not to say that the higher the better. Before embracing HTA two keys points need to be addressed and understood. Firstly, server stability along with optimal temperature from data center perspective. Secondly, corrosion resistant technology. With Fresh air cooling the server has to bear with the seasons and diurnal variation of temperatures and these can be over 35 degree C, therefore to some extent, we have to say, HTA design is the premise of corrosion resistant design. In this paper, we present methods to realize precise HTA operation along with corrosive resistant technology. This is achieved through an orchestrated collaboration between the IT and cooling infrastructures.

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Marwah, Manish, Martin Arlitt, Christopher Hoover, Cullen Bash, and Ratnesh K. Sharma. "Exploratory Analysis of Aggregate Power Metrics in Data Centers." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39503.

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In recent years, climate change, depletion of conventional energy sources and rising energy costs have led to an increased focus on sustainability. Within the Information Technology (IT) sector, data centers are significant energy consumers. The first steps towards reducing power consumption in data centers are to monitor it and to determine the heavy hitters. Unfortunately, fine-grain power information is often not readily available within data center environments. In this paper, we conduct an exploratory analysis of aggregate power data in a data center. We collect data from the power infrastructure of a data center in Palo Alto, CA, as well as from a data center in Bangalore, India. We examine the data in increasing detail, and reveal the opportunities and challenges for disaggregating data center power consumption data.

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Shaoming Chen, Yue Hu, and Lu Peng. "Optimization of Electricity and Server Maintenance Costs in Hybrid Cooling Data Centers." In 2013 IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cloud.2013.104.

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Emil, Emre, E. Lerzan Ormeci, and F. Sibel Salman. "Shift Scheduling in Call Centers with Multiple Skill Sets and Transportation Costs." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2007.4383904.

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Herrlin, Magnus K., and Michael K. Patterson. "Energy-Efficient Air Cooling of Data Centers at 2000 W/ft2." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89224.

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Increased Information and Communications Technology (ICT) capability and improved energy-efficiency of today’s server platforms have created opportunities for the data center operator. However, these platforms also test the ability of many data center cooling systems. New design considerations are necessary to effectively cool high-density data centers. Challenges exist in both capital costs and operational costs in the thermal management of ICT equipment. This paper details how air cooling can be used to address both challenges to provide a low Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and a highly energy-efficient design at high heat densities. We consider trends in heat generation from servers and how the resulting densities can be effectively cooled. A number of key factors are reviewed and appropriate design considerations developed to air cool 2000 W/ft2 (21,500 W/m2). Although there are requirements for greater engineering, such data centers can be built with current technology, hardware, and best practices. The density limitations are shown primarily from an airflow management and cooling system controls perspective. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling is discussed as a key part of the analysis allowing high-density designs to be successfully implemented. Well-engineered airflow management systems and control systems designed to minimize airflow by preventing mixing of cold and hot airflows allow high heat densities. Energy efficiency is gained by treating the whole equipment room as part of the airflow management strategy, making use of the extended environmental ranges now recommended and implementing air-side air economizers.

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Nakajo, Yusuke, and Hiroaki Nishi. "Temperature-Based Request Distribution for Effective CRAC and Equipment Life-Cycle Extension." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74341.

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With the growth of Internet-based services, data centers must deal with increasing data traffic. Load-balancing technologies can help data centers process data effectively and stably; however, the current load-balancing methods do not take into account the heat generated by servers. Excessive heat can increase the failure rate of IT devices and the energy consumption of air conditioning systems, both of which lead to higher data center maintenance costs. This paper aims to simultaneously increase the coefficient of performance (COP) of the data center’s air-conditioning equipment and decrease the semiconductor-based equipment failure rate. To do so — and, consequently, reduce the operation and maintenance costs — we propose a novel request distribution system based on server-temperature and evaluate the proposed system by creating a thermal model of a data center. As a result, it is suggested that using the proposed load-balancing method the semiconductor failure rate can be reduced by 32 % when compared with the common round-robin distribution method, and by 19 % when compared with a load-balancing method based on CPU utilization. Moreover, the COP of the air-conditioning equipment obtained with the proposed method is recognized to be higher than those obtained with either the round-robin or the CPU-utilization-based methods.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Costs centers"

Cavin, Edward S. User Fees and Program Costs in Marine Corps Child Care Centers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada223252.

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Erulkar, Annabel, and Barbara Mensch. Youth centres in Kenya: Evaluation of the Family Planning Association of Kenya programme. Population Council, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1997.1025.

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Since 1987, the Family Planning Association of Kenya (FPAK) has operated two youth centers, one in Nairobi and the other in Mombasa. The centers target unmarried youth aged 10–24 and their primary objective is reduction in incidence of sexual and reproductive-health-related problems. These centers offer recreational and sports facilities, counseling services, including reproductive health (RH) information, limited RH services, and referrals. In 1996, FPAK undertook a systematic evaluation of its youth-center program including a situation analysis of the centers, a survey in their catchment areas, and an analysis of program costs. The main strength of the program was found to be its network of youth promoters and coordinators, who reached large numbers of youth through educational activities. A negative attitude toward adolescent sexual activity was found to be pervasive among youth center staff, however if retrained they could be an inexpensive and effective means of delivering nonprescriptive contraceptives. Investing in staff would reduce high rates of attrition among volunteers and cost of recruitment and training. As noted in this report, there is need for improvement in the youth centers, however FPAK has shown considerable commitment to meeting RH needs of adolescents in Kenya.

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Ke, Jian-yu, Fynnwin Prager, Jose Martinez, and Chris Cagle. Achieving Excellence for California’s Freight System: Developing Competitiveness and Performance Metrics; Incorporating Sustainability, Resilience, and Workforce Development. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2023.

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This study explores the question of whether California's freight system is staying competitive with other US regions. A novel analytical framework compares supply chain performance metrics across multiple US states and regions for seaports, airports, highways, freight rail service, and distribution centers by combining the Performance Evaluation Matrix (PEM), Competitive Position Matrix (CPM), and Business Process Management (BPM) approaches. Analysis of industry data and responses from structured interviews with 30 freight industry experts across 5 transportation sectors suggests that California's freight system is competitive for seaports, airports, and freight rail; however, highways and distribution centers have room for improvement with respect to travel time reliability and operation costs, and California should prioritize infrastructure investments here. To stay competitive with the Texas and North East regions, state investments could also expand seaport container terminals and air cargo handling facilities, improve intermodal port connections and management of flows of chassis, container trucks, empty containers to ameliorate cargo backlogs and congestion on highways, at the ports, and at warehouses. The state could also invest in inland ports, transporting goods by rail directly from seaports to the Inland Empire or Central Valley.

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Svynarenko, Radion, Theresa L. Profant, and Lisa C. Lindley. Effectiveness of concurrent care to improve pediatric and family outcomes at the end of life: An analytic codebook. Pediatric End-of-Life (PedEOL) Care Research Group, College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/m5fbbq.

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Implementation of the section 2302 of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) enabled children enrolled in Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program with a prognosis of 6 months to live to use hospice care while continuing treatment for their terminal illness. Although concurrent hospice care became available more than a decade ago, little is known about the socio-demographic and health characteristics of children who received concurrent care; health care services they received while enrolled in concurrent care, their continuity, management, intensity, fragmentation; and the costs of care. The purpose of this study was to answer these questions using national data from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which covered the first three years of ACA – from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013.The database included records of 18,152 children younger than the age of 20, who were enrolled in Medicaid hospice care in the sampling time frame. Children in the database also had a total number of 42,764 hospice episodes. Observations were excluded if the date of birth or death was missing or participants were older than 21 years. To create this database CMS data were merged with three other complementary databases: the National Death Index (NDI) that provided information on death certificates of children; the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey that provided information on characteristics of communities where children resided; CMS Hospice Provider of Services files and CMS Hospice Utilization and Payment files were used for data on hospice providers, and with a database of rural areas created by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). In total, 130 variables were created, measuring demographics and health characteristics of children, characteristics of health providers, community characteristics, clinical characteristics, costs of care, and other variables.

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Mocan, H. Naci. Quality Adjusted Cost Functions for Child Care Centers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5040.

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Cromwell, Jerry, and Leslie Greenwald. Costs and Productivity in Patient-Centered Medical Homes: A Simulation. RTI Press, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0028.1607.

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Mulligan, Casey. Peltzman Revisited: Quantifying 21st Century Opportunity Costs of FDA Regulation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29574.

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Olaiya, Samuel T. Selection of Equipment Service Option, Estimation of Equipment Maintenance Costs, and Comparative Costs Analysis, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420753.

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Richards, Jonathan E. Cost Analysis of Dental Services at Wilford Hall Medical Center. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada432041.

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Turner, Andrew M. Amphibious Assault in the 21st Century: Are the Costs and Risks Too High? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada546082.

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