Готові списки джерел за темами / Cost of walking

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Cost of walking"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Cost of walking"

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Workman, J. M., and B. W. Armstrong. "Metabolic cost of walking: equation and model." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 1369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.4.1369.

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Twenty years of published experience with the Workman-Armstrong equation for predicting walking VO2 is reviewed. The equation is reexpressed in currently accepted terminology, and it is shown that the equation serves well as a basic model of normal walking. Employing this model to analyze VO2/step leads to the elaboration of a three-compartment model of the metabolic cost of walking. This three-compartment model provides a rational estimate of the fraction of walking's metabolic cost that powers the actual walking movement. Doubt is expressed that “comfortable speed of walking” is definable in energy terms. It is suggested that the requirements of maintaining balance while walking may determine both the comfortable speed of walking and the curvilinearity of the relationship between ground-speed and freely chosen step frequency of walking.
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2

Stallard, John. "Energy cost of walking." Spinal Cord 33, no. 12 (December 1995): 739–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1995.158.

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3

Banta, J., K. Bell, E. Muik, and J. Fezio. "Parawalker: Energy Cost of Walking." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 1, S 1 (December 1991): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1042527.

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4

Motl, Robert W., Deirdre Dlugonski, Yoojin Suh, Madeline Weikert, Stamatis Agiovlasitis, Bo Fernhall, and Myla Goldman. "Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 and oxygen cost of walking." Gait & Posture 31, no. 4 (April 2010): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.02.011.

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Huynh, Ashleigh, Melissa A. Mache, and John L. Azevedo. "Metabolic Cost And Kinematics Of Walking." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 645–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000478478.46309.ae.

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Bernardi, M., A. Macaluso, E. Sproviero, V. Castellano, D. Coratella, F. Felici, A. Rodio, M. F. Piacentini, M. Marchetti, and J. F. Ditunno. "Cost of walking and locomotor impairment." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 9, no. 2 (April 1999): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(98)00046-7.

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Calbeck, C., R. M. Otto, J. Wygand, L. Boalini, and S. Weber. "83 THE ENERGY COST OF TREADMILL WALKING VS SIMULATED HYDRO-WALKING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 22, no. 2 (April 1990): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199004000-00083.

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Wong, Jeremy D., Jessica C. Selinger, and J. Maxwell Donelan. "Is natural variability in gait sufficient to initiate spontaneous energy optimization in human walking?" Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1848–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00417.2018.

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In new walking contexts, the nervous system can adapt preferred gaits to minimize energetic cost. During treadmill walking, this optimization is not usually spontaneous but instead requires experience with the new energetic cost landscape. Experimenters can provide subjects with the needed experience by prescribing new gaits or instructing them to explore new gaits. Yet in familiar walking contexts, people naturally prefer energetically optimal gaits: the nervous system can optimize cost without an experimenter’s guidance. Here we test the hypothesis that the natural gait variability of overground walking provides the nervous system with sufficient experience with new cost landscapes to initiate spontaneous minimization of energetic cost. We had subjects walk over paths of varying terrain while wearing knee exoskeletons that penalized walking as a function of step frequency. The exoskeletons created cost landscapes with minima that were, on average, 8% lower than the energetic cost at the initially preferred gaits and achieved at walking speeds and step frequencies that were 4% lower than the initially preferred values. We found that our overground walking trials amplified gait variability by 3.7-fold compared with treadmill walking, resulting in subjects gaining greater experience with new cost landscapes, including frequent experience with gaits at the new energetic minima. However, after 20 min and 2.0 km of walking in the new cost landscapes, we observed no consistent optimization of gait, suggesting that natural gait variability during overground walking is not always sufficient to initiate energetic optimization over the time periods and distances tested in this study. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While the nervous system can continuously optimize gait to minimize energetic cost, what initiates this optimization process during every day walking is unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that the nervous system leverages the natural variability in gait experienced during overground walking to converge on new energetically optimal gaits created using exoskeletons. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that participants did not adapt toward optimal gaits: natural variability is not always sufficient to initiate spontaneous energy optimization.
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Malatesta, Davide, David Simar, Yves Dauvilliers, Robin Candau, Fabio Borrani, Christian Préfaut, and Corinne Caillaud. "Energy cost of walking and gait instability in healthy 65- and 80-yr-olds." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 6 (December 2003): 2248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01106.2002.

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This study tested whether the lower economy of walking in healthy elderly subjects is due to greater gait instability. We compared the energy cost of walking and gait instability (assessed by stride to stride changes in the stride time) in octogenarians (G80, n = 10), 65-yr-olds (G65, n = 10), and young controls (G25, n = 10) walking on a treadmill at six different speeds. The energy cost of walking was higher for G80 than for G25 across the different walking speeds ( P < 0.05). Stride time variability at preferred walking speed was significantly greater in G80 (2.31 ± 0.68%) and G65 (1.93 ± 0.39%) compared with G25 (1.40 ± 0.30%; P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between gait instability and energy cost of walking at preferred walking speed. These findings demonstrated greater energy expenditure in healthy elderly subjects while walking and increased gait instability. However, no relationship was noted between these two variables. The increase in energy cost is probably multifactorial, and our results suggest that gait instability is probably not the main contributing factor in this population. We thus concluded that other mechanisms, such as the energy expenditure associated with walking movements and related to mechanical work, or neuromuscular factors, are more likely involved in the higher cost of walking in elderly people.
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Das Gupta, Sauvik, Maarten Bobbert, Herre Faber, and Dinant Kistemaker. "Metabolic cost in healthy fit older adults and young adults during overground and treadmill walking." European Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 10 (June 21, 2021): 2787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04740-2.

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Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether net metabolic cost of walking is affected by age per se. Methods We selected 10 healthy, active older adults (mean age 75 years) and 10 young adults (mean age 26 years), and determined their preferred overground walking speed. On the same day, in a morning and afternoon session, we had them walk at that speed overground and on a treadmill while we measured oxygen consumption rate. From the latter we subtracted the rate in sitting and calculated net metabolic cost. Results Anthropometrics were not different between the groups nor was preferred walking speed (1.27 m s−1 both groups). There was no difference in net metabolic cost of overground walking between older and young adults (e.g., in the morning 2.64 and 2.56 J kg−1 m−1, respectively, p > 0.05). In the morning session, net metabolic cost of walking was higher on the treadmill than overground in our older adults by 0.6 J kg−1 m−1 (p < 0.05), but not in young adults. Conclusion First, there is no effect of age per se on metabolic cost of overground walking. Second, older adults tend to have higher metabolic cost of walking on a treadmill than walking overground at preferred speed, and adaptation may take a long time. The commonly reported age-related elevation of metabolic cost of walking may be due to confounding factors causing preferred walking speed to be lower in older adults, and/or due to older adults reacting differently to treadmill walking than young adults.
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Дисертації з теми "Cost of walking"

1

Zimmerman, Sloan M. "A Walker-Like Exoskeleton Could Reduce the Metabolic Cost of Walking." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471823060.

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Petrovic, Milos. "Biomechanics and the metabolic cost of walking in people with diabetes." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2016. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/617459/.

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Diabetes mellitus is a serious worldwide disease characterised by pathological metabolism of sugars. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes involving dysfunction of peripheral nerves. Diabetes is known to alter a number of biomechanical aspects of gait, but it remains unknown as to whether these alterations could impact upon the metabolic cost of walking (CoW). The aim of this thesis was to investigate the CoW in people with diabetes and examine biomechanical factors that could contribute to explaining any potential differences. Data were generated from three groups: patients with DPN (n=14), patients with diabetes but without peripheral neuropathy (DM, n=22), and controls without diabetes (Ctrl, n=31). Gait assessment was performed using a Vicon motion analysis system and Kistler force plates while participants walked at a range of matched speeds (between 0.6 and 1.6 m/s). Oxygen consumption was measured continuously whilst participants walked on a motor-driven treadmill at the range of matched walking speeds. Ultrasonographic imaging data from the plantarflexor muscle-tendon complex (MTC) were collected in vivo during walking to determine MTC properties. Magnetic resonance imaging of the ankle joint in the standing position was used to quantify the internal leverage around the ankle. Isometric plantarflexor maximal voluntary contraction strength was measured using a dynamometer. The CoW was significantly higher in the DPN group across a range of matched walking speeds and also in the DM group at selected speeds, compared to Ctrl. Despite the higher CoW in patients with diabetes, concentric lower limb joint work was significantly lower in DM and DPN groups compared to Ctrl. A greater value for the effective mechanical advantage (EMA) at the ankle joint was found in the DPN and DM groups compared to Ctrl, meaning that the ankle plantarflexor muscles developed relatively lower forces to generate a given joint moment compared to Ctrl. The increased EMA was mainly caused by a smaller external moment arm of the ground reaction force in the DPN and DM groups compared to Ctrl. The DPN group reduced the joint moment at the ankle during walking by applying the ground reaction force more proximally on the foot, or at an angle directed more towards the ankle, thereby reducing the external moment arm and increasing the EMA around the ankle. The DPN group demonstrated significantly less Achilles tendon elongation during walking, higher stiffness and higher hysteresis compared to Ctrl. These properties mean that the Achilles tendon would store and release less energy in the DPN group during walking, requiring more work from the plantarflexor muscles. Vertical displacement of the centre of mass during walking was not different between groups and is therefore unlikely to be a factor in itself that contributes towards the increased CoW in people with diabetic neuropathy. A higher cumulative joint work resulting from an increased cadence may contribute to the higher CoW in patients with diabetes, along with a reduced elastic energy contribution from the Achilles tendon.
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De, Angelis Gino. "The Cost-effectiveness of an Adapted Community-based Aerobic Walking Program for Individuals with Mild or Moderate Osteoarthritis of the Knee." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23129.

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This thesis investigated the cost-effectiveness of a 12-month supervised aerobic walking program with or without a behavioural intervention and an educational pamphlet, compared to an unsupervised/self-directed educational pamphlet intervention, among individuals with moderate osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Analyses included an economic evaluation to assess the cost effectiveness of the two walking interventions from both the societal and Canadian provincial/territorial health care payer perspectives. A value of information analysis exploring the potential value of future research was also performed. Results revealed that the unsupervised/self-directed intervention was the most cost-effective approach given that it cost the least to implement and participants had higher quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Walking, either supervised in a community setting, or unsupervised in a setting such as the home, may be a favourable non-pharmacological option for the management of OA of the knee. The thesis concludes with a policy discussion relating to the funding of non-pharmacological therapies.
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Duffy, Catherine M. "The energy cost of walking in spina bifida : when does it become unacceptable?" Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263320.

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Peasgood, Michael. "Determinants of Increased Energy Cost in Prosthetic Gait." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/880.

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The physiological energy requirements of prosthetic gait in lower-limb amputees have been observed to be significantly greater than those for able-bodied subjects. However, existing models of energy flow in walking have not been very successful in explaining the reasons for this additional energy cost. Existing mechanical models fail to capture all of the components of energy cost involved in human walking. In this thesis, a new model is developed that estimates the physiological cost of walking for an able-bodied individual; the same cost of walking is then computed using a variation of the model that represents a bi-lateral below-knee amputee. The results indicate a higher physiological cost for the amputee model, suggesting that the model more accurately represents the relative metabolic costs of able-bodied and amputee walking gait. The model is based on a two-dimensional multi-body mechanical model that computes the joint torques required for a specified pattern of joint kinematics. In contrast to other models, the mechanical model includes a balance controller component that dynamically maintains the stability of the model during the walking simulation. This allows for analysis of many consecutive steps, and includes in the metabolic cost estimation the energy required to maintain balance. A muscle stress based calculation is used to determine the optimal muscle force distribution required to achieve the joint torques computed by the mechanical model. This calculation is also used as a measure of the metabolic energy cost of the walking simulation. Finally, an optimization algorithm is applied to the joint kinematic patterns to find the optimal walking motion for the model. This approach allows the simulation to find the most energy efficient gait for the model, mimicking the natural human tendency to walk with the most efficient stride length and speed.
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Pavei, G. "THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ON HUMAN LOCOMOTION REPERTOIRE: COST OF TRANSPORT & BODY CENTRE OF MASS ANALYSIS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/243476.

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Human legged locomotion has been widely studied from both mechanical and bioenergetics points of view, however some aspects are still unaddressed and this thesis aimed to analysed some of them. One of the two methods for calculating muscular work during locomotion, which is an interesting parameters that can describe locomotion and subjective featuring, concerns the body centre of mass (BCoM) movements. The BCoM is the ideal point of the body where all forces act, and especially in a multi segment body as the human body, it is much easier and useful to calculate and follow its trajectory as the movement of the whole body. In order to compute BCoM two methods can be used: a double integration of the ground reaction forces, the forces exerted by feet when in contact to the ground, based on Newton’s second law, which is considered the gold standard, and called Direct Dynamics; and the weighted mean of segments centre of mass (COM) obtained by motion analysis, called Inverse Dynamics. Segments mass and COM location are based on anthropometric tables, which are scaled on subjects’ lengths; this is an approximation and assumes that segments are rigid, introducing potential errors. Even if there is not a complete 3D validation of Inverse Dynamics as a function of speed in the human gaits, Inverse and Direct Dynamics are often used interchangeably. In the first part of the thesis Inverse and Direct Dynamics in the human locomotion repertoire were compared in order to analyse different models, based on different anthropometric tables, and validate Inverse Dynamics. BCoM trajectory in walking, running and skipping is well described by Inverse Dynamics models employing a whole body marker set, where the main body segments are considered for BCoM calculation. On the contrary, simplified estimation models employing few markers, such as just one marker on the trunk or the mean of the pelvis, poorly match Direct Dynamics trajectory. Same results come from the further analysis of muscular work, where whole body models better describe and match Direct Dynamics data. Some interesting observations emerged from these analyses: i) two anthropometric tables with quite different segments definition reach the same results; ii) whole body models of Inverse Dynamics well matched Direct Dynamics values, validating this methods, whereas poor models should not be employed anymore; iii) the difference between Inverse and Direct Dynamics in the same gait is almost speed independent highlighting a systematic error, and among gaits it shows the same trend; iv) race walking BCoM trajectory cannot be described with any Inverse Dynamics models, therefore only ground reaction forces should be used for computation. Skipping is the third paradigm of human locomotion. Differently from walking and running, it was only investigated on level ground, addressing the much expensive cost of transport as the reason for its under use in day life activity; conversely it was displayed by astronauts of Apollo missions on the Moon. In the second part of this thesis the mechanics and bioenergetics of skipping on gradient was investigated since Ed Mitchell during Apollo 14 mission explicitly said “That nice skipping gait that I liked was very easy to do going downhill”. Gradient range was ±15%, the range of gradient presents on the Moon. On Earth skipping cost is higher than walking and running at all gradients and it decreases with speed, differently from the other gaits no minimum was found during downhill skipping, and it is impossible to skip at positive gradient steeper than 5% due to muscular demand and consequent fraction of metabolic power. When analysing mechanical parameters, the work done by muscles to move BCoM (WEXT) and the work done to accelerate limbs with respect to BCoM (WINT), skipping changes are similar to running with WEXT decreasing with downhill gradient and increasing speed, whereas WINT increases with speed. These results show that skipping on gradient can be performed on Earth only downhill due to the great metabolic demand. However, skipping cost of transport is always higher than walking and running at the same slopes. Based on these findings and astronauts’ choices, we could expect that gravity plays an important role on skipping and locomotion cost of transport, which are analysed and discussed in the third part of this thesis. Low gravity locomotion can be studied on Earth with different methods, the gold standard is the parabolic flight, since with the adequate angle of the airplane parabola it is possible to obtain gravity levels ranging from hypo-gravity (including 0 g) to hyper-gravity. However the time available at low gravity simulation is only about 30 seconds, which is too short for metabolic measurements. The second most used method is based on the body weight suspension, where subjects are unloaded of the desired body weight by the suspension of the body via bungee cords or springs. We re-vamped the Margaria’s low- gravity ‘cavedium’ with a treadmill and two bungee cords free to stretch until 16 m and let subjects walk, run and skip on a range of speed with Moon and Mars gravity, in order to study cost of transport and biomechanical parameters. Walking range of speed decreases with gravity and cost of transport decreases by 18% in hypo-gravity; higher decrements are shown in bouncing gaits, running and skipping. On the Moon their cost is the same and comparable with terrestrial walking values. Being on Earth was almost 40% higher than running, skipping shows the best decrease and a threefold gain in operative speed. This means that on the Moon human can skip three times faster than on Earth with the same metabolic power, whereas running gain is only twofold. Mechanically these cost changes can be explained by a reduction in pendulum-like recovery of energy in walking that needs a higher muscular work, whereas in skipping it is not shown. Moreover WEXT is lower in low gravity and a greater reduction of WINT in skipping compared with running can partially explain the major reduction in skipping cost. Another interesting aspect related to gait mechanics regards stability, and when the surface is slippery, as on the Moon due to regoliths, balance during support phase becomes an important issue. Skipping, compared to running, involves a shorter stance phase and also a double support, in which the trajectory of the flight can be adjusted. Moreover higher vertical forces on the ground and a greater angle at take off let the foot to be less slippery when pushing the body forward. Based on this biomechanical and bioenergetics analyses it can be concluded that human locomotion on hypo-gravity planets will be a bouncing gait and probably skipping could be preferred to running. Secondly the decrease of skipping cost up to walking values on Earth can explain the astronauts’ choice of skipping during Apollo missions.
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Long, Leroy L. III. "An Experiment in Human Locomotion: Energetic Cost and Energy-Optimal Gait Choice." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313584497.

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Brown, Geoffrey L. "Nonlinear Locomotion: Mechanics, energetics, and optimality of walking in circles and other curved paths." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1339169797.

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Evans, Helen. "The effect of orthotic tuning on the energy cost of walking in children with cerebral palsy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51746/.

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Introduction Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often have to wear orthoses to help them walk. There is a growing body of evidence that orthotic tuning, that is, optimisation of the ground reaction forces in the lower limbs during walking, is recommended to ensure the maximum potential benefit for each child. Research demonstrates that orthoses can reduce the energy cost of walking for children with CP, but to-date there is no evidence as to whether this tuning process results in further energy efficiency or not [1]. Aim The aim of this research programme was to validate a method that would help to determine when an orthosis was optimised for each child; and then to investigate whether the use of orthoses that were optimally tuned for each child allowed a further reduction in energy cost during walking, compared with orthoses that had not been optimally tuned. Method A video vector system was used to allow visualisation of the alignment of ground reaction forces in relation to the lower limbs during walking. A simple measurement tool was validated that allowed quantification of the moment arm at the knee in stance, which was used to confirm when optimal alignment had occurred following orthotic tuning. The energy cost of walking was measured using the Total Heart Beat Index (THBI). Data were collected barefoot, with the original ‘un-tuned’ orthosis and with the final ‘tuned’ orthosis. Results Analysis of energy cost showed that for some children, energy cost was further reduced through orthotic tuning, but that this was not the case for all children. Preliminary findings suggest the influence of underlying level of disability, as determined by the GMFCS. Conclusion Orthotic tuning may help to reduce the energy cost of walking for some children with CP, especially those with greater levels of disability. Further studies with large participant numbers are warranted to further investigate this area.
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Zheng, Henry Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Walking interventions to prevent coronary heart disease in Australia - quantifying effect size, dose-response and cost reductions." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Public Health & Community Medicine, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44750.

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Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the single largest cause of death in Australia. Lack of physical activity is a primary risk factor for CHD. The thesis aimed to quantify the efficacy of walking in reducing CHD risk. Meta-analyses were performed for the quantification with the application of random-effect meta-regression models. The thesis also aimed to quantify reductions in CHD-related direct healthcare costs, productivity loss and disease burden resulting from walking interventions in Australia, using the population attributable fraction model, the work and leisure models, and the consumer surplus model. Economic evaluations were also conducted to estimate CHD-related productivity loss using the human capital and the friction methods. The results indicated that 30 minutes of normal walking a day for 5-7 days a week compared to physical inactivity reduced CHD risk by 24%. There existed a dose-response relationship between walking and CHD risk reduction. An increment of approximately 30 minutes of normal walking a day for 5 days a week reduced CHD risk by 19%. The annual productivity loss resulting from CHD was estimated at AU$1.79 billion based on the human capital method and AU$25.05 million under the friction method. 30 minutes of normal walking a day for 5-7 days a week by the country???s ???sufficient??? walking population was shown to generate an estimated $126.73 million in net direct healthcare savings annually. The net economic savings could increase to AU$419.9 million if the whole inactive population engaged in ???sufficient??? walking. The study also found that 30 minutes of normal walking a day for 5-7 days a week reduced the burden of CHD by an estimated 25,065 DALYs and the productivity loss by AU$162.65 million annually under the leisure model. If the whole inactive population engaged in such walking, the total disease burden and productivity loss could be reduced by approximately one third. The findings present epidemiological and economic evidence in support of the national physical activity guidelines, which encourage the general public to engage in moderate physical activity including walking for a minimum of 30 minutes a day for 5-7 days a week.
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Книги з теми "Cost of walking"

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Mattsson, Eva. Energy cost of level walking. Stockholm: From the Depts. of Orthopaedics, Baromedicine and Physical Therapy, Karolinska Institute, 1989.

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2

Forsyth, Ann. Measuring walking and cycling using the PABS (Pedestrian and Bicycling Survey) approach: A low cost survey method for local communities. San Jose, CA: Mineta Transportation Institute, College of Business, San José State University, 2010.

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3

Preston, Barbara. Cutting pedestrian casualties: Cost-effective ways to make walking safer : a report from the Transport and Health Study Group. London: Transport 2000, 1992.

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4

ill, De Paola Tomie, ed. The walking coat. New York, N.Y: Aladdin, 1995.

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5

Alan, Peacock. Walking the coast. Wells next the Sea: Hawthorn Press, 1997.

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6

The southern coast-to-coast walk. Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone Press, 1993.

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7

Wainwright, Martin. The coast to coast walk. London: Aurum, 2007.

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8

The coast to coast walk. London: Aurum, 2009.

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9

Teasdel, Jay B. Walking easy in the world's best places: With additional long walks in Costa Rica, Oregon, Alabama & the coast to coast walk of Auckland, New Zealand. 2nd ed. Biloxi, MS: Gulf Atlantic Press, 1995.

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Butler, Barry. The coast-to-coast walk: Rocks & scenery. Burton In Kendal: 2QT Limited (Publishing), 2017.

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Частини книг з теми "Cost of walking"

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Santos, Vítor M. F., and Filipe M. T. Silva. "Development of a Low-Cost Humanoid Robot: Components and Technological Solutions." In Climbing and Walking Robots, 417–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26415-9_50.

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Alba, David M., Hector Montes, Gabriel Bacallado, Roberto Ponticelli, and Manuel Armada. "Design of a Low Cost Force and Power Sensing Platform for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." In Climbing and Walking Robots, 365–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26415-9_44.

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Nagano, H., W. A. Sparrow, and R. Begg. "Ageing Effects on the Mechanical Energy Cost of Walking." In IFMBE Proceedings, 168–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29305-4_46.

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Yoshida, Kazunari, Kuniko Shirane, Keigo Kumamoto, Tsutomu Iwaya, Shigeru Nakamura, and Nobuhiko Haga. "The Energy Cost of Walking in Children with Spina Bifida." In Spina Bifida, 318. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68373-5_66.

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Martin, Jean-Paul, and Qingguo Li. "The Metabolic Cost of Walking with a Passive Lower Limb Assistive Device." In Wearable Sensors and Robots, 301–5. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2404-7_24.

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Maie, K., and S. Kondo. "The Energetic Cost for Human Running and Walking and the Problem of Hominization." In Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research, 681–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7432-9_103.

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Bianco, Nicholas A., Patrick W. Franks, Jennifer L. Hicks, and Scott L. Delp. "Simulated Exoskeletons with Coupled Degrees-of-Freedom Reduce the Metabolic Cost of Walking." In Biosystems & Biorobotics, 389–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69547-7_63.

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Plasberg, Carsten, Sven Sauerbaum, Arne Roennau, and Rüdiger Dillmann. "Fast Prototyping of a Low-Cost Three-Dimensional Force Sensor for the Six-Legged Walking Robot LAURON." In Robotics in Natural Settings, 425–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15226-9_40.

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Taddia, Yuri, Luca Ercolin, and Alberto Pellegrinelli. "A Low-Cost GNSS Prototype for Tracking Runners in RTK Mode: Comparison with Running Watch Performance." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 233–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94426-1_17.

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AbstractGNSS positioning is widely use in every kind of application. Nowadays, low-cost GNSS modules are becoming available to apply the Real-Time Kinematic mode in those applications in which a centimeter-level accuracy would be appreciated for a precise positioning. In this work, we developed a prototype for collecting data in RTK mode with a single-frequency multi-constellation device during some physical tests performed by a professional runner. Prior to do this, we assessed the accuracy in estimating the distance actually covered during a walking on a signalized line. Also, we verified the capability to detect short sprints of about 12–15 s. Finally, we compared the results of our prototype with a Polar M430 running watch during three Cooper tests and a Kosmin test. The comparison highlighted that the running watch overestimated the total distance systematically and did not describe the performance of the athlete accurately in time. The distance overestimation was +4.7% on average using the running watch, whereas our prototype system exhibited an error level of about 0.1%.
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Sanz-Morère, C. B., E. Martini, G. Arnetoli, S. Doronzio, A. Giffone, B. Meoni, A. Parri, et al. "Energy Cost of Transport in Overground Walking of a Transfemoral Amputee Following One Month of Robot-Mediated Training." In Biosystems & Biorobotics, 251–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69547-7_41.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Cost of walking"

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Mooney, Luke M., Elliott J. Rouse, and Hugh M. Herr. "Autonomous exoskeleton reduces metabolic cost of walking." In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944270.

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Ames, Aaron D., Ramanarayan Vasudevan, and Ruzena Bajcsy. "Human-data based cost of bipedal robotic walking." In the 14th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1967701.1967725.

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Song, Seungmoon, and Hartmut Geyer. "The energetic cost of adaptive feet in walking." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2011.6181517.

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Mokaddem Mohsen, Salma, Asma Chaker, Sahar Chakroun, and Saloua Ben Khamsa Jameleddine. "Physiological cost of walking after COVID-19 pneumonia." In ERS International Congress 2021 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2021.pa3176.

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Seo, Keehong, Jusuk Lee, Younbaek Lee, Taesin Ha, and Youngbo Shim. "Fully autonomous hip exoskeleton saves metabolic cost of walking." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra.2016.7487663.

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Ayed, Khadija, Salma Moakaddem, Soumaya Khaldi, Asma Chaker, and Saloua Benkhamsa Jameleddine. "Energy cost of walking : Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis vs COPD." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.920.

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"A walking assistant using brakes and low cost sensors." In 21st International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and Support Technologies for Mobile Machines. CLAWAR Association Ltd., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13180/clawar.2018.10-12.09.22.

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Seo, Keehong, Jusuk Lee, and Young Jin Park. "Autonomous hip exoskeleton saves metabolic cost of walking uphill." In 2017 International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icorr.2017.8009254.

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Peasgood, Michael, John McPhee, and Eric Kubica. "Stabilization and Energy Optimization of a Dynamic Walking Gait Simulation." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84509.

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The physiological energy requirements of prosthetic gait in above-knee amputees have been observed to be significantly greater than that for normal healthy gait. Existing models of energy flow during walking, however, have not been very successful in explaining the reasons for this additional energy cost. In this paper, a new method is developed that estimates the physiological cost of walking using a multi-body dynamic model and a muscle stress based estimate of metabolic energy cost. A distinctive feature of the method is a balance controller component that dynamically maintains the stability of the model during the walking simulation. This allows for a forward dynamic analysis of many consecutive steps, and includes the metabolic cost of maintaining balance in the model. An optimization algorithm is then applied to the joint kinematic patterns to find the optimal walking motion for the model. This approach allows the simulation to find the most energy efficient gait for the model, mimicking the natural human tendency to walk with the most efficient stride length and speed. When applied to simulations of both able-bodied and amputee models, the results indicate a higher physiological cost for the amputee model, suggesting that this method more accurately represents the relative metabolic costs of able-bodied and amputee walking gait.
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Mianowski, K. "Simple and very low cost remote systems for tele-manipulation." In IEE Colloquium on Information Technology for Climbing and Walking Robots. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19960948.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Cost of walking"

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Richmond, Paul, Adam Potter, David Looney, and William Santee. Terrain coefficients for predicting energy costs of walking over snow. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41602.

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Predicting the energy costs of human travel over snow can be of significant value to the military and other agencies planning work efforts when snow is present. The ability to quantify, and predict, those costs can help planners determine if snow will be a factor in the execution of dismounted tasks and operations. To adjust predictive models for the effect of terrain, and more specifically for surface conditions, on energy costs, terrain coefficients (ƞ) have been developed. By applying knowledge gained from prior studies of the effects of terrain and snow, and by leveraging those existing dismounted locomotion models, we seek to outline the steps in developing an improved terrain coefficient (ƞ) for snow to be used in predictive modeling. Using published data, methods, and a well-informed understanding of the physical elements of terrain, e.g., characterization of snow sinkage (z), this study made adjustments to ƞ-values specific to snow. This review of published metabolic cost methods suggest that an improved ƞ-value could be developed for use with the Pandolf equation, where z=depth (h)*(1 - (snow density (ρ0)/1.186)) and ƞ=0.0005z3 + 0.0001z2 + 0.1072z + 1.2604. This paper provides data-driven improvements to models that are used to predict the energy costs of dismounted movements over snow.
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Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.

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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
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Yang, Xinwei, Huan Tu, and Xiali Xue. The improvement of the Lower Limb exoskeletons on the gait of patients with spinal cord injury: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0095.

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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of lower extremity exoskeletons in improving gait function in patients with spinal cord injury, compared with placebo or other treatments. Condition being studied: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a severely disabling disease. In the process of SCI rehabilitation treatment, improving patients' walking ability, improving their self-care ability, and enhancing patients' self-esteem is an important aspect of their return to society, which can also reduce the cost of patients, so the rehabilitation of lower limbs is very important. The lower extremity exoskeleton robot is a bionic robot designed according to the principles of robotics, mechanism, bionics, control theory, communication technology, and information processing technology, which can be worn on the lower extremity of the human body and complete specific tasks under the user's control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the lower extremity exoskeleton on the improvement of gait function in patients with spinal cord injury.
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Douglas, Gordon, and David Moore. Analyzing the Use and Impacts of Oakland Slow Streets and Potential Scalability Beyond Covid-19. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2152.

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This report presents the results of a mixed-methods study of the 2020-2022 Oakland Slow Streets program. An official response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the program used signs and temporary barricades to limit thru-traffic on 21 miles of city streets to create more and safer space for walking, cycling, and outdoor recreation. Researchers collected data throughout the summer of 2021 on seven designated slow streets plus one cross street and one control street for each – a total of 21 street segments representing conditions in seven different neighborhoods across Oakland. Data collection comprised in-person passerby counts, observations and photographs of local conditions, and logged traffic speed data. Findings vary widely across study sites. In certain cases, observed slow streets saw less car traffic or more bicycle/pedestrian use than one or both of their comparison streets, and in at least one case the slow street was clearly embraced by the local community and used as planners intended; in others the slow street was no different than neighboring streets. The study draws on these findings to identify local conditions that seem likely to make slow treet treatments more or less successful. However, acknowledging that all neighborhoods deserve safer streets and greater outdoor recreational opportunities, the authors argue that better community outreach must be implemented to ensure areas not predisposed to make full use of slow streets can have the opportunity to do so. The study also makes suggestions regarding the potential for rapid, low-cost bike and pedestrian street safety improvements going forward.
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Douglas, Gordon, and David Moore. Analyzing the Use and Impacts of Oakland Slow Streets and Potential Scalability Beyond Covid-19. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2152.

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Анотація:
This report presents the results of a mixed-methods study of the 2020-2022 Oakland Slow Streets program. An official response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the program used signs and temporary barricades to limit thru-traffic on 21 miles of city streets to create more and safer space for walking, cycling, and outdoor recreation. Researchers collected data throughout the summer of 2021 on seven designated slow streets plus one cross street and one control street for each – a total of 21 street segments representing conditions in seven different neighborhoods across Oakland. Data collection comprised in-person passerby counts, observations and photographs of local conditions, and logged traffic speed data. Findings vary widely across study sites. In certain cases, observed slow streets saw less car traffic or more bicycle/pedestrian use than one or both of their comparison streets, and in at least one case the slow street was clearly embraced by the local community and used as planners intended; in others the slow street was no different than neighboring streets. The study draws on these findings to identify local conditions that seem likely to make slow treet treatments more or less successful. However, acknowledging that all neighborhoods deserve safer streets and greater outdoor recreational opportunities, the authors argue that better community outreach must be implemented to ensure areas not predisposed to make full use of slow streets can have the opportunity to do so. The study also makes suggestions regarding the potential for rapid, low-cost bike and pedestrian street safety improvements going forward.
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6

Cooper, Christopher, Jacob McDonald, and Eric Starkey. Wadeable stream habitat monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2018 baseline report. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286621.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Wadeable Stream Habitat Monitoring Protocol collects data to give park resource managers insight into the status of and trends in stream and near-channel habitat conditions (McDonald et al. 2018a). Wadeable stream monitoring is currently implemented at the five SECN inland parks with wadeable streams. These parks include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), and Congaree National Park (CONG). Streams at Congaree National Park chosen for monitoring were specifically targeted for management interest (e.g., upstream development and land use change, visitor use of streams as canoe trails, and potential social walking trail erosion) or to provide a context for similar-sized stream(s) within the park or network (McDonald and Starkey 2018a). The objectives of the SECN wadeable stream habitat monitoring protocol are to: Determine status of upstream watershed characteristics (basin morphology) and trends in land cover that may affect stream habitat, Determine the status of and trends in benthic and near-channel habitat in selected wadeable stream reaches (e.g., bed sediment, geomorphic channel units, and large woody debris), Determine the status of and trends in cross-sectional morphology, longitudinal gradient, and sinuosity of selected wadeable stream reaches. Between June 11 and 14, 2018, data were collected at Congaree National Park to characterize the in-stream and near-channel habitat within stream reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) and McKenzie Creek (CONG004). These data, along with the analysis of remotely sensed geographic information system (GIS) data, are presented in this report to describe and compare the watershed-, reach-, and transect-scale characteristics of these four stream reaches to each other and to selected similar-sized stream reaches at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Chattahoochee National Recreation Area. Surveyed stream reaches at Congaree NP were compared to those previously surveyed in other parks in order to provide regional context and aid in interpretation of results. edar Creek’s watershed (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) drains nearly 200 square kilometers (77.22 square miles [mi2]) of the Congaree River Valley Terrace complex and upper Coastal Plain to the north of the park (Shelley 2007a, 2007b). Cedar Creek’s watershed has low slope and is covered mainly by forests and grasslands. Cedar Creek is designated an “Outstanding Resource Water” by the state of South Carolina (S.C. Code Regs. 61–68 [2014] and S.C. Code Regs. 61–69 [2012]) from the boundary of the park downstream to Wise Lake. Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ (CONG001) is located just downstream (south) of the park’s Bannister Bridge canoe landing, which is located off Old Bluff Road and south of the confluence with Meyers Creek. Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ (CONG002 and CONG003, respectively) are located downstream of Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ where Cedar Creek flows into the relatively flat backswamp of the Congaree River flood plain. Based on the geomorphic and land cover characteristics of the watershed, monitored reaches on Cedar Creek are likely to flood often and drain slowly. Flooding is more likely at Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ than at Cedar Creek ‘upstream.’ This is due to the higher (relative to CONG001) connectivity between the channels of the lower reaches and their out-of-channel areas. Based on bed sediment characteristics, the heterogeneity of geomorphic channel units (GCUs) within each reach, and the abundance of large woody debris (LWD), in-stream habitat within each of the surveyed reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001–003) was classified as ‘fair to good.’ Although, there is extensive evidence of animal activity...
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