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Статті в журналах з теми "Cost Consequences Analysis"
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Wilkinson, David. "Cost-Benefit Analysis Versus Cost-Consequences Analysis." Performance Improvement Quarterly 12, no. 4 (October 22, 2008): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.1999.tb00149.x.
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Kaufman, Roger, Ryan Watkins, Leon Sims, Neil S. Crispo, John C. Hall, and Daniel E. Sprague. "Cost-Consequences Analysis: A Case Study." Performance Improvement Quarterly 10, no. 3 (October 22, 2008): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-8327.1997.tb00056.x.
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Sunstein, Cass R. "Humanizing Cost-Benefit Analysis." European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 1 (March 2011): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the last twenty months, the Obama Administration has been taking an approach to regulation that is distinctive in three ways.First, we have approached regulatory problems not with dogma or guesswork, but with the best available evidence of how people really behave.Second, we have used cost-benefit analysis in a highly disciplined way, not to reduce difficult questions to problems of arithmetic, but as a pragmatic tool for cataloguing, assessing, reassessing, and publicizing the human consequences of regulation – and for obtaining public comment on our analysis. This emphasis on human consequences – on reducing or eliminating unjustified burdens on the private sector and on ensuring that high costs are justified by high benefits – is especially important in a period of economic difficulty. We have worked to put into place important safeguards while also making regulation compatible with the economic recovery, and while reducing the risk that costly regulations will have adverse effects on job creation, wages, prices, and economic growth as a whole.
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HANSSON, SVEN OVE. "PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS IN COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS." Economics and Philosophy 23, no. 2 (July 2007): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267107001356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is much more philosophically interesting than has in general been recognized. Since it is the only well-developed form of applied consequentialism, it is a testing-ground for consequentialism and for the counterfactual analysis that it requires. Ten classes of philosophical problems that affect the practical performance of cost–benefit analysis are investigated: topic selection, dependence on the decision perspective, dangers of super synopticism and undue centralization, prediction problems, the indeterminateness of our control over future decisions, the need to exclude certain consequences for moral reasons, bias in the delimitation of consequences, incommensurability of consequences, difficulties in defending the essential requirement of transferability across contexts, and the normatively questionable but equally essential assumption of interpersonal compensability.
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Noble, Sian M., Joanna Coast, and Jonathan R. Benqer. "A Cost-Consequences Analysis of Minor Injuries Telemedicine." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 11, no. 1 (January 2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x0501100104.
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Noble, Sian M., Joanna Coast, and Jonathan R. Benger. "A cost–consequences analysis of minor injuries telemedicine." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633053430421.
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Salsabila, Jasmine Raisya, Fransiskus Tatas Dwi Atmaji, and Aji Pramoso. "Maintenance Cost Analysis Using Cost of Unreliability (COUR) Method with Business Consequence Analysis : A Case Study of Shot Blast Machine." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri 19, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jiti.v19i2.11961.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the historical damage data that has been obtained from the maintenance department of PT. XYZ, the Shot Blast MACH MWJ 9/10 machine is a machine that has a high degree of damage or unreliability which can cause losses for the company. The resulting loss can be time losses and also cost losses. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of company losses due to machine unreliability using the Cost of Unreliability method and Business Consequence analysis. From the results of COUR calculations, the cost caused by unreliable based on corrective time is IDR 3.299.079.131,24 and based on downtime or the length of time the subsystem stops is IDR 7.220.699.784,37. After COUR calculations, the next step is to make a business consequence. Business consequence is made for the company to use the business risk matrix and the results are all the subsystems, namely in the red category, so companies need to take action to prevent the higher consequences.
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Flynn, Theresa. "Cost-benefit analysis of investment projects." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.87.8575.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper contents included considerations of the relationships existing between business units of Multinational Organizations (MNOs). Relevant economic theory provided a framework for the review of accounting practices. An example of consequences derived as the result of transfer pricing strategies compared with the transaction costs of pharmaceutical MNO GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was provided.
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Paudel, Sabita. "Outlook of Pharmacoeconomics and its status in Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v14i1.19503.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pharmacoeconomics is a branch of health economics which is derived from latin word “Pharmacon”- and “Economia”- It deals with the economic aspect of health that is the costs of health services. There are different types of costs which is affecting the health services. There is not only the direct medical cost, but also direct nonmedical cost, indirect nonmedical costs and intangible cost. The consequences of therapy are evaluated from economic, clinical and humanistic perspective, also known as the ECHO model. There are partial and full pharmacoeconomic analyses. The partial analyses are cost of illness and cost of consequence. The full analyses are cost effective, cost benefit, cost utility and cost minimization analyses. The cost effective analysis is the most commonly used analysis.
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Lermontov, Simone Pereira, Marilda Andrade, Beatriz Guitton Renaud Baptista Oliveira, Vinícius Schott Gameiro, and José Mauro Granjeiro. "Cell Therapy in Patients With Pseudoarthrosis: Cost Analysis and Consequences." Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing 11, no. 1 (2012): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1676-4285.20120017.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Cost Consequences Analysis"
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Clare, Virginia Mary. "A review of the economic consequences of a policy of universal leucodepletion as compared to existing practices." Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/30329/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Leucodepletion, the removal of leucocytes from blood products improves the safety of blood transfusion by reducing adverse events associated with the incidental non-therapeutic transfusion of leucocytes. Leucodepletion has been shown to have clinical benefit for immuno-suppressed patients who require transfusion. The selective leucodepletion of blood products by bed side filtration for these patients has been widely practiced. This study investigated the economic consequences in Queensland of moving from a policy of selective leucodepletion to one of universal leucodepletion, that is providing all transfused patients with blood products leucodepleted during the manufacturing process. Using an analytic decision model a cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted. An ICER of $16.3M per life year gained was derived. Sensitivity analysis found this result to be robust to uncertainty in the parameters used in the model. This result argues against moving to a policy of universal leucodepletion. However during the course of the study the policy decision for universal leucodepletion was made and implemented in Queensland in October 2008. This study has concluded that cost-effectiveness is not an influential factor in policy decisions regarding quality and safety initiatives in the Australian blood sector.
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Murekatete, Rachel Mundeli. "An Analysis of Consequences of Land Evaluation and Path Optimization." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235687.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Planners who are involved in locational decision making often use raster-based geographic information systems (GIS) to quantify the value of land in terms of suitability or cost for a certain use. From a computational point of view, this process can be seen as a transformation of one or more sets of values associated with a grid of cells into another set of such values through a function reflecting one or more criteria. While it is generally anticipated that different transformations lead to different ‘best’ locations, little has been known on how such differences arise (or do not arise). Examples of such spatial decision problems can be easily found in the literature and many of them concern the selection of a set of cells (to which the land use under consideration is allocated) from a raster surface of suitability or cost depending on context. To facilitate GIS’s algorithmic approach, it is often assumed that the quality of the set of cells can be evaluated as a whole by the sum of their cell values. The validity of this assumption must be questioned, however, if those values are measured on a scale that does not permit arithmetic operations. Ordinal scale of measurement in Stevens’s typology is one such example. A question naturally arises: is there a more mathematically sound and consistent approach to evaluating the quality of a path when the quality of each cell of the given grid is measured on an ordinal scale? The thesis attempts to answer the questions highlighted above in the context of path planning through a series of computational experiments using a number of random landscape grids with a variety of spatial and non-spatial structures. In the first set of experiments, we generated least-cost paths on a number of cost grids transformed from the landscape grids using a variety of transformation parameters and analyzed the locations and (weighted) lengths of those paths. Results show that the same pair of terminal cells may well be connected by different least-cost paths on different cost grids though derived from the same landscape grid and that the variation among those paths is affected by how given values are distributed in the landscape grid as well as by how derived values are distributed in the cost grids. Most significantly, the variation tends to be smaller when the landscape grid contains more distinct patches of cells potentially attracting or distracting cost-saving passage or when the cost grid contains a smaller number of low-cost cells. The second set of experiments aims to compare two optimization models, minisum and minimax (or maximin) path models, which aggregate the values of the cells associated with a path using the sum function and the maximum (or minimum) function, respectively. Results suggest that the minisum path model is effective if the path search can be translated into the conventional least-cost path problem, which aims to find a path with the minimum cost-weighted length between two terminuses on a ratio-scaled raster cost surface, but the minimax (or maximin) path model is mathematically sounder if the cost values are measured on an ordinal scale and practically useful if the problem is concerned not with the minimization of cost but with the maximization of some desirable condition such as suitability.Planerare som arbetar bland annat med att fatta beslut som hänsyftar till vissa lokaler använder ofta rasterbaserade geografiska informationssystem (GIS) för att sätta ett värde på marken med avseende på lämplighet eller kostnad för en viss användning. Ur en beräkningssynpunkt kan denna process ses som en transformation av en eller flera uppsättningar värden associerade med ett rutnät av celler till en annan uppsättning sådana värden genom en funktion som återspeglar ett eller flera kriterier. Medan det generellt förväntas att olika omvandlingar leder till olika "bästa" platser, har lite varit känt om hur sådana skillnader uppstår (eller inte uppstår). Exempel på sådana rumsliga beslutsproblem kan lätt hittas i litteraturen och många av dem handlar om valet av en uppsättning celler (som markanvändningen övervägs tilldelas) från en rasteryta av lämplighet eller kostnad beroende på kontext. För att underlätta GISs algoritmiska tillvägagångssätt antas det ofta att kvaliteten på uppsättningen av celler kan utvärderas som helhet genom summan av deras cellvärden. Giltigheten av detta antagande måste emellertid ifrågasättas om dessa värden mäts på en skala som inte tillåter aritmetiska transformationer. Användning av ordinal skala enligt Stevens typologi är ett exempel av detta. En fråga uppstår naturligt: Finns det ett mer matematiskt sunt och konsekvent tillvägagångssätt för att utvärdera kvaliteten på en rutt när kvaliteten på varje cell i det givna rutnätet mäts med ordinalskala? Avhandlingen försöker svara på ovanstående frågor i samband med ruttplanering genom en serie beräkningsexperiment med hjälp av ett antal slumpmässigt genererade landskapsnät med en rad olika rumsliga och icke-rumsliga strukturer. I den första uppsättningen experiment genererade vi minsta-kostnad rutter på ett antal kostnadsnät som transformerats från landskapsnätverket med hjälp av en mängd olika transformationsparametrar, och analyserade lägen och de (viktade) längderna för dessa rutter. Resultaten visar att samma par ändpunkter mycket väl kan vara sammanbundna med olika minsta-kostnad banor på olika kostnadsraster härledda från samma landskapsraster, och att variationen mellan dessa banor påverkas av hur givna värden fördelas i landskapsrastret såväl som av hur härledda värden fördelas i kostnadsrastret. Mest signifikant är att variationen tenderar att vara mindre när landskapsrastret innehåller mer distinkta grupper av celler som potentiellt lockar eller distraherar kostnadsbesparande passage, eller när kostnadsrastret innehåller ett mindre antal låg-kostnad celler. Den andra uppsättningen experiment syftar till att jämföra två optimeringsmodeller, minisum och minimax (eller maximin) sökmodeller, vilka sammanställer värdena för cellerna som är associerade med en sökväg med summanfunktionen respektive maximum (eller minimum) funktionen. Resultaten tyder på att minisumbanemodellen är effektiv om sökningen av sökvägen kan översättas till det konventionella minsta kostnadsproblemet, vilket syftar till att hitta en väg med den minsta kostnadsvägda längden mellan två terminaler på en ratio-skalad rasterkostyta, men minimax (eller maximin) banmodellen är matematiskt sundare om kostnadsvärdena mäts i ordinär skala och praktiskt användbar om problemet inte bara avser minimering av kostnad men samtidigt maximering av någon önskvärd egenskap såsom lämplighet.
QC 20181002
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Ozkan, Gokay. "Analysis Of Mine Accidents And Financial Consequences To Gli Mines." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609017/index.pdf.
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The expenditures resulting from work accidents is increasing every year. Among the other work accidents, mine accidents result important loss of time, money and lives. From the point of view of mine accidents, studies about cost of mine accidents need some contributions. In this thesis, cost of mine accidents to worker, employer, and total economy of country will be analysed in the light of data from Ministry of Labour, Social Security and Social Insurance Institution, and Türkiye Coal Enterprises. General Analysis is carried out within all industrial sectors, Mining sector, and Coal Mining sector. Detailed analysis is carried out within Western Lignite Company (GLi). Occupational accidents have vital importance for the mines from legal, human and economic aspects. The goal of every mine should be to minimize occupational accidents. The top management of every mine should prove their commitments to the occupational health and safety policy to carry out this goal by means of preparing and implementing an accident preventing program.
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Poole, LeJon. "The antecedents and consequences of the niche approach to healthcare delivery." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009p/poole.pdf.
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Meier, Florian. "Determinants and consequences of attribution statements on corporate financial performance outcomes in the annual report : an empirical analysis of UK listed firms." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5723.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis explores causal attribution statements on performance outcomes given in annual reports of UK listed rms. The objectives are three-fold. First, it analyses the nature and extent of attribution statements provided. Second, it explores corporate governance factors and rm-speci c characteristics that are related to the provision of attribution statements. Finally, it investigates the economic consequences of providing attribution statements by examining their association with the rm's cost of equity capital. Using data drawn from a sample of 142 UK rms listed on the London Stock Exchange, content analysis was used to measure the extent of attributions in the annual reports for the year 2006. The results show that the volume of attribution statement provision is generally low and variation across rms is low. Firms also show a strong tendency to explain performance with internal rather than with external reasons. The results from regression analysis show that the volume of attribution statements and the space given to internal and external attribution statements is associated with the proportion of non-executive directors, director share ownership, audit committee size, market value, gearing, pro tability and new share issues. With respect to the relationship between the attribution statements and the cost of capital, the PEG model was employed to estimate the cost of equity capital. The ndings indicate an association between attribution statement provision and the cost of equity capital, but only for rms with low analyst following. For these rms, more extensive performance explanations and more extensive internal explanations are associated with a higher cost of equity capital. However, attribution statements are unrelated to the cost of equity capital for rms with high analyst following. The thesis makes two contributions in the area of attribution determinants. First, it measures attribution provision with a measure that has not been previously applied in the literature to measure attribution statements. Second, it provides evidence on how rm-speci c characteristics and the rm's corporate governance mechanisms in uence the extent and the type of performance explanations provided by rms. The thesis makes four contributions regarding the e ect of attribution statements on the cost of capital. First, it uses a quantitative approach to directly estimate the cost of capital e ects of attribution statements. Second, it provides evidence that the association between attribution statements and the cost of equity capital is in uenced by an interaction between attribution statements and analyst following. Third, the thesis provides the rst evidence of the relationship between attribution statements and the cost of equity capital in a UK setting. Fourth, it provides evidence that the relationship between disclosure and the cost of equity capital is complex and is in uenced by interactions between disclosure and information intermediaries.
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Foscarini, Rafael. "The Cost and Benefits of a Swedish EMU Membership : An analysis of the consequences for Sweden to had opted out of the European Monetary Union." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35466.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The 2008/2009 world financial crisis, as well as the 2010 onwards European sovereign debt crisis, retriggered the debate on costs and benefits of a European Monetary Union membership. This thesis examines whether Sweden experienced net costs or benefits in opting out the EMU, especially in comparison to Finland due to the close link between both economies, as well as cultural and geographical similarities. While both countries were drawing a convergent economic path from the 1990’s, in 1999, with the Euro adoption in Finland, the two Scandinavian economies chose different tracks in terms of monetary policies. Sweden opted to remain outside the EMU and maintain the floating exchange rate and the control of domestic monetary issues, while Finland chose to relinquish monetary policy autonomy and started to follow the rules and constraints of the European Central Bank. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the economic development of UK in comparison with France, due to the approximate size of both economies (one EMU member and the other an outsider), and also Germany, the EMU leader, and the Euro area as a whole. The data base from Eurostat and the Synthetic Counterfactual Method have shown that there were net benefits for Sweden not to had joined the EMU. Moreover, the paper presents the Theory of Optimum Currency Area, first introduced by Mundell in 1961 as the starting point on the discussion of costs and benefits of an EMU membership.
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Eckerlund, Ingemar. "Essays on the economics of medical practice variations." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/583.htm.
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Zhang, Yanjun. "Comparative Effectiveness Research and Cost-consequence Analysis of Albuterol and Levalbuterol in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439310100.
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Hustad, John T. P. "Self-regulation, alcohol consumption and consequences in college student heavy drinkers a latent growth analysis /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU0NWQmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=3739.
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Wellander, Lisa. "Health and Economic Impact of Preventive Interventions for School Children Aimed to Improve Mental Health: Municipality perspective." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226953.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga är ett växande problem i Sverige. Kommunen bär den största samhällskostnaden för ett barn under uppväxten och därför är det extra viktigt att ta reda på hur resurser kan omfördelas i samhället för att gynna barns hälsa. Syftet med studien var att visa hur en investering i preventiva insatser kan förbättra barns psykiska hälsa och samtidigt spara på samhällets resurser. Kommunal statistik visar att barn i skolan som är i behov av särskilt stöd på grund av depression/ångest, ADHD och psykosocial problematik får insatser så som stöd från elevassistent, lärare eller placerad i särskild undervisningsgrupp. Kostnader för dessa insatser varierar mellan 4424-26000 kronor per barn och månad. Dessa kostnader kan ställas i relation till kostnader för universella preventiva skolprogram som har en bevisad positiv effekt på barns psykiska hälsa, vars driftskostnader för en hel intervention som mest är 1097 kronor per barn. Analysen visar att en omfördelning av resurserna till preventiva interventioner, såsom skolprogram, kan vara en lyckosam satsning för kommunen, både ekonomiskt och hälsomässigt då det kan förbättra barns psykiska hälsa men också leda till samhällsbesparingar.Children’s mental ill-health is a growing public health problem in Sweden and for the municipality, being an important financial actor during a child’s upbringing, it is crucial to put resources where they give positive effect on the problem. The overall aim of the study is to describe how investing in prevention programs at children’s schools can improve children’s mental health and reduce the societal costs. Municipality statistics show that children in need of special support in school because of depression/anxiety, ADHD and psychosocial problems receive actions such as personal assistant, teacher or placed in a special education group. The cost of these actions varies between 4424-26000 Swedish krona [SEK] per child and month. These costs can be put in relation to preventive universal school interventions that have the highest cost of 1097 SEK per child and have a proven effect on child mental health. The analysis shows that preventing child mental ill-health can save societal costs and provide a healthier life for children compared to the current standard practice of targeting the children’s problems only after they have occurred.
Книги з теми "Cost Consequences Analysis"
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Nelson, Hugh. The economic consequences of smoking in Northern Ireland: A cost-benefit analysis of tobacco production and use in the province. Belfast: Action on Smoking and Health (Northern Ireland) Committee of the Ulster Cancer Foundation, 1986.
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Bartram, Jamie, and S. Pedley. Pathogenic mycobacteria in water: A guide to public health consequences, monitoring and management. London, UK: IWA Pub., 2004.
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Joyce, Theodore J. The consequences and costs of maternal substance abuse in New York City: A pooled time-analysis, cross-section analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.
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Cookson, Richard, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer, eds. Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198838197.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis aims to help healthcare and public health organizations make fairer decisions with better outcomes. Standard cost-effectiveness analysis provides information about total costs and effects. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis provides additional information about fairness in the distribution of costs and effects—who gains, who loses, and by how much. It can also provide information about the trade-offs that sometimes occur between efficiency objectives such as improving total health and equity objectives such as reducing unfair inequality in health. This is a practical guide to a flexible suite of economic methods for quantifying the equity consequences of health programmes in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The methods can be tailored and combined in various ways to provide useful information to different decision makers in different countries with different distributional equity concerns. The handbook is primarily aimed at postgraduate students and analysts specializing in cost-effectiveness analysis but is also accessible to a broader audience of health sector academics, practitioners, managers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Part I is an introduction and overview for research commissioners, users, and producers. Parts II and III provide step-by-step technical guidance on how to simulate and evaluate distributions, with accompanying hands-on spreadsheet training exercises. Part IV concludes with discussions about how to handle uncertainty about facts and disagreement about values, and the future challenges facing this young and rapidly evolving field of study.
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Freudenberg, Nicholas. At What Cost. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190078621.001.0001.
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Every day people decide what to eat, how to educate their children, where to find health care, and how to connect to others. For many, freely choosing a lifestyle defines the American dream. But in the 21st century, these choices are increasingly constructed by corporations and designed not to promote well-being, happiness, and planetary health, but to increase corporate profits and power. As a result, the decisions that corporations encourage individuals to make can lead to premature death, illness, or psychological distress as well as environmental pollution and social conflict. At What Cost: Modern Capitalism and the Future of Health maps the landscape of the changing role of capitalism in shaping health in America, documenting the human costs of the dominant political and economic system. It describes how globalization, financial speculation, monopoly concentration, and business control of science and technology have enhanced the ability of corporations and their allies to overwhelm influences of government, family, and community. It analyses how 21st-century capitalism structures the choices that affect the well-being of individuals, families, communities, and the planet. The book also explores how people, governments, civil society, and social movements are challenging corporate domination and forging alternative paths to a healthier, more sustainable world. While other books have explored pieces of this story, At What Cost offers a comprehensive analysis of the health consequences of modern capitalism. It provides citizens, parents, activists, scholars, and policy makers with the evidence they need to construct a better world for current and future generations.
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Rayner, Mike, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Julianne Williams, Karen McColl, and Shanthi Mendis. Evidence for population-level approaches to the prevention of NCDs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791188.003.0009.
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This chapter describes health economics, which is an important component of effective health system management. The chapter provides a brief overview of the process of economic evaluation and how to assess the costs and consequences of alternative courses of actions. It goes on to discuss the various types of economic evaluation, including cost-effectiveness analysis, cost–utility analysis, and cost–benefit analysis, which may be used to assess health system performance and to prioritize the allocation of health-care resources. It provides practical examples of cost-effective analyses of prevention interventions from around the world. Finally, it outlines key steps in conducting an economic evaluation and provides tools to critically appraise an economic evaluation.
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Pedley, S., A. Dufour, G. Rees, J. Bartram, and J. A. Cotruvo. Pathogenic Mycobacteria in Water: A Guide to Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. IWA Publishing, 2004.
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Hansmann, Henry, and Richard Squire. External and Internal Asset Partitioning. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter analyzes the economic consequences of external and internal asset partitioning, and it considers implications of this analysis for creditor remedies. External partitioning refers to the legal boundaries between business firms and their equity investors, while internal partitioning refers to the legal boundaries within corporate groups. The chapter begins by cataloguing the benefits and costs of corporate partitioning; it then employs this catalogue to analyze the relative economics of external and internal partitioning. Non-partitioning functions of subsidiaries are also identified. The chapter then considers whether cost-benefit analysis predicts how courts actually apply de-partitioning remedies, with particular emphasis on veil piercing and enterprise liability. The chapter concludes by arguing that courts should employ the distinction between external and internal partitioning when applying creditor remedies that disregard corporate partitions, and it identifies factors—in addition to whether a partition is internal or external—that courts should consider when deciding whether to de-partition.
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Kharchenko, Sergey, Nikita Zhizhin, and Dmitry Kucher. RISKS AND PROBLEMS OF 5G NETWORKS DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA. LCC MAKS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2574.978-5-317-06740-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The authors describe the advantages and the adverse consequences of 5G networks development. They propose their own classification of the advantages, dividing them into explicit, implicit and hidden. The hidden advantages are determined to be decisive. Special attention is paid to the potential of 5G networks to provide police functions, in particular, to ensure all issues of total surveillance of any person. The risk-cost-benefit analysis is carried out, allowing us to draw conclusions about the justification for the 5G networks development. The analysis makes us doubt the justification of spending trillions of rubles for the development of 5G networks in the Russian Federation. The book is intended for specialists in the field of ecology, environmental protection and for students studying and specializing in these areas.
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Livermore, Michael A., and Richard L. Revesz. Reviving Rationality. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197539446.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reviving Rationality: Saving Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Sake of the Environment and Our Health explains how Donald Trump destabilized the decades-long bipartisan consensus that federal agencies must base their decisions on evidence, expertise, and analysis. Administrative agencies are charged by law with protecting values like stable financial markets and clean air. Their decisions often have profound consequences, affecting everything from the safety of workplaces to access to the dream of home ownership. Under the Trump administration, agencies have been hampered in their ability to advance these missions by the conflicting ideological whims of a changing cast of political appointees and overwhelming pressure from well-connected interest groups. Inconvenient evidence has been ignored, experts have been sidelined, and analysis has been used to obscure facts rather than inform the public. The results are grim: incoherent policy, social division, defeats in court, a demoralized federal workforce, and a loss of faith in government’s ability to respond to pressing problems. This experiment in abandoning the norms of good governance has been a disaster. Reviving Rationality explains how and why our government has abandoned rationality in recent years, and why it is so important for future administrations to restore rigorous and even-handed cost-benefit analysis if we are to return to a policymaking approach that effectively tackles the most pressing problems of our era.
Частини книг з теми "Cost Consequences Analysis"
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Rodríguez-Palacio, Mónica, Cruz Lozano-Ramírez, and Sergio H. Alvarez-Hernández. "HABs (Harmful Algal Blooms) Analysis, Their Cost, and Ecological Consequences." In Mexican Aquatic Environments, 219–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11126-7_10.
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McArthur, David Philip, Inge Thorsen, and Jan Ubøe. "Some Consequences of Ignoring Relocations in the Cost–Benefit Analysis of Transportation Infrastructure Investments." In Innovations in Urban and Regional Systems, 137–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43694-0_7.
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Hallegatte, S. "Uncertainties in the Cost-Benefit Analysis of Adaptation Measures, and Consequences for Decision Making." In Climate, 169–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1770-1_10.
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Nahler, Gerhard. "cost/consequence analysis (CCA)." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 41. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_309.
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Jerome, Neil Peter, and João S. Periquito. "Analysis of Renal Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) Using Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) Models." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 611–35. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAnalysis of renal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data to derive markers of tissue properties requires careful consideration of the type, extent, and limitations of the acquired data. Alongside data quality and general suitability for quantitative analysis, choice of diffusion model, fitting algorithm, and processing steps can have consequences for the precision, accuracy, and reliability of derived diffusion parameters. Here we introduce and discuss important steps for diffusion-weighted image processing, and in particular give example analysis protocols and pseudo-code for analysis using the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) models. Following an overview of general principles, we provide details of optional steps, and steps for validation of results. Illustrative examples are provided, together with extensive notes discussing wider context of individual steps, and notes on potential pitfalls.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concepts and experimental procedure.
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Fairclough, Isabela. "The UK Government’s “Balancing Act” in the Pandemic: Rational Decision-Making from an Argumentative Perspective." In The Pandemic of Argumentation, 225–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91017-4_12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis chapter looks at how the “balance” between lives, livelihoods and other concerns was talked about in four main newspapers in the UK, between March 2020 and March 2021, in assessing the UK government’s performance. Different arguments were made for opposite conclusions, favouring either strict and prolonged lockdowns or, on the contrary, a speedy exit from lockdown and a resumption of normal life. From the point of view of argumentation theory, the empirical data suggests that what is being balanced or weighed together in pro/con argumentation by two opposite parties are not as much the costs and benefits of one’s own proposal, but the costs of one proposal against the costs of its alternative (a “cost-cost” analysis). Rather than defending their own proposal by arguing that the benefits outweigh the costs, each side is criticizing the opponent’s proposal by claiming that the costs of their proposal are more unacceptable than the costs of their own. An implicit minimax strategy (minimize costs in a worst-case scenario) was applied in different ways, depending on how the consequences were assessed, and how this assessment changed over time. The debate over lockdown illustrated an interesting type of pro/con argument, typical to crisis situations, in which all the intended “benefits” were in fact avoided “costs”, and contrasted a medical/epidemiological perspective with a political perspective on the best course of action.
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Venette, Robert C., Doria R. Gordon, Jennifer Juzwik, Frank H. Koch, Andrew M. Liebhold, Robert K. D. Peterson, Sharlene E. Sing, and Denys Yemshanov. "Early Intervention Strategies for Invasive Species Management: Connections Between Risk Assessment, Prevention Efforts, Eradication, and Other Rapid Responses." In Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 111–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractManaging invasive species becomes increasingly difficult and expensive as populations of new pathogens, plants, insects, and other animals (i.e., pests) spread and reach high densities. Research over the past decade confirms the value of early intervention strategies intended to (1) prevent invasive species from arriving within an endangered area or (2) detect and respond quickly to new species incursions (Baker et al. 2009; Ewel et al. 1999; Holden et al. 2016; Leung et al. 2014). The goal of such biosecurity approaches is to keep or return the density of invasive species to zero so that damages from those pests might be prevented or to confine populations to localized areas so that damage from those species might be limited (Magarey et al. 2009). Prediction, prevention, early detection, eradication, and other rapid responses, all components of proactive management, are less costly and more effective than reactive tactics (Epanchin-Niell and Liebhold 2015; Leung et al. 2002; Lodge et al. 2006; Rout et al. 2014) (Fig. 6.1). Prediction is achieved through risk assessment (a process to forecast the likelihood and consequence of an invasion) and pathway analysis (a process to evaluate the means by which invasive species might be brought into an area of concern). Prevention is achieved through a variety of measures including regulations and quarantine treatments. Indeed, pathway analyses and subsequent regulation of those pathways are considered “the frontline in the prevention of biological invasions” (Hulme 2009) and cost-effective approaches (Essl et al. 2015; Keller et al. 2007; Leung et al. 2002; Tidbury et al. 2016). Surveillance is fundamental to early detection, and if a target species is detected, the primary rapid responses are eradication, containment, or suppression (reviewed in Beric and MacIsaac 2015). Early intervention strategies often operate at spatial scales that are much greater than the scale at which most land managers operate. Success thus requires effective coordination among researchers, regulators, and managers at international, national, sub-national, and local levels.
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"3 Cost–consequences analysis." In Therapeutics, Evidence and Decision-Making, 210–12. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13485-32.
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O’Donnell, Owen, and Tom Van Ourti. "Dominance analysis." In Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, edited by Owen O’Donnell and Tom Van Ourti, 213–36. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198838197.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter shows how to evaluate the distributional consequences of alternative health programmes using dominance analysis. It explains how to evaluate whether one distribution of health dominates another, in the sense that it is unambiguously preferred according to general ethical principles that value both efficiency and equity. The approach seeks to identify the least restrictive set of normative assumptions required to find dominance. When there is no dominance at a lower level, more restrictive, but still explicit, principles can provide the normative justification for using a higher order of dominance to rank distributions. The approach can be used both when the decision maker is averse to all health inequality and when aversion is restricted to health inequality in relation to some equity-relevant variable, such as socioeconomic status.
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O’Donnell, Owen, and Tom Van Ourti. "Rank-dependent equity weights." In Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, edited by Owen O’Donnell and Tom Van Ourti, 237–52. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198838197.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explains how to evaluate the distributional consequences of health programmes by comparing inequality penalized measures of population health. The approach taken is founded on use of rank-dependent social welfare functions (SWFs) that evaluate population health outcomes in terms of equity-weighted average health, using weights that depend only on rank in the distribution of health. The underlying ethical principles and resource allocation implications are compared with those of the level-dependent welfare function approach introduced in the next chapter. Conditions under which quantitative results derived from a rank-dependent SWF are consistent with the preference ordering of programmes established by dominance analysis are identified. The approach is easily extended to allow for aversion to health inequality in relation to an equity-relevant variable, such as socioeconomic status.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Cost Consequences Analysis"
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Baliwangi, Lahar, Kenji Ishida, Hidetoshi Arima, and Ketut Buda Artana. "Optimizing Ship Machinery Maintenance Scheduling Through Risk Analysis and Life Cycle Cost Analysis." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ship maintenance scheduling management integrated with risk evaluation and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) assessment approach is developed in this research. It improves upon existing practices in arranging an optimal maintenance schedule by modeling operational and economical risks. This paper researches maintenance scheduling algorithm with explicitly consider risks associated with some operation problems such as operating schedule, routes, ship position, resources availability, and achievement of reliability-availability-maintainability (RAM) of system. Modeling of components RAM with their failures consequences results risk evaluation. Time value of maintenance cost, replacement cost, earning rate, and penalty cost are also simulated. When the system reaches the lowest level of lower limit reliability, one or more components should be maintained or replaced. Since maintenance task may interrupt the operation, to minimize time-to-maintain all possible events of maintaining other components at the same time will be evaluated together with resources availability. By researching those possibilities, constraining the risk, and based on LCC calculation result, an optimal maintenance scheduling can be then well established.
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Bai, Yong, Shahirah Abu Bakar, ShiLiang He, and Abu Bakar Mohd Arif. "Consequences of Failure Estimation for Oil and Gas Spills." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper reviews the consequence of failure (CoF) estimation for oil and gas spills based from Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) study. The main purpose of QRA is to determine the target reliabilities for each different pipeline system segments; and the purpose of CoF is to determine the failure consequences including amount and rate of oil spill and gas spill, affected area, delaying mission or any other measurement of negative impact. However, this paper will focused on determination of oil spill slicked and gas spill leakage within a leakage in a pipeline system. Then, a suitable action can be performed based on these calculations and data to avoid the consequences of failure such as number of people effected, production cost affected, environment area affected, etc. In some cases, event tree analysis will be performed especially for consequences of gas spill. Oil spill modeling is performed by using ADIOS software to stimulate the oil spilled evaporation, while oil slick calculation and gas spill leakage modeling is from common mathematical software to calculate the failure consequences. The purpose of both modeling is to simulate the potential spills with varying leakage sizes at different sections of the pipeline systems.
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Rhee, Seung J., and Kosuke Ishii. "Predicting Cost of Poor Quality and Reliability for Systems Using Failure Modes and Effects Analysis." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59612.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a design tool that mitigates risks during the design phase before they occur. Although many industries use the traditional FMEA technique, it has many limitations and problems. Traditional FMEA identifies failure modes with high risk but does not consider the consequences in terms of cost, which could lead to unnecessarily expensive solutions. We have used a new methodology, “Life Cost-Based FMEA,” which measures risk of failure in terms of cost to compare two different technologies that might be used for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) magnets: electromagnets or permanent magnets. We derived the availability estimates for the two different types of magnet systems using empirical data from Stanford Linear Accelerator Center’s (SLAC) accelerator failure database as well as expert opinions on permanent magnet failure modes and industry standard failure data. We can predict the labor and material costs to repair magnet failures using a Monte Carlo simulation of all possible magnet failures over a 30-year lifetime. Our goal is to maximize up-time of the NLC through magnet design improvements and the optimal combination of electromagnets and permanent magnets, while reducing magnet system lifecycle costs.
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Almutairi, Hamad H., Jonathan Dewsbury, and Gregory F. Lane-Serff. "Lifecycle Cost Analysis for Better Air Conditioning Choice in Kuwait Residential Sector." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53161.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Residential air conditioning consumes a huge amount of the produced electrical power from fossil fuel power plants in Kuwait. Energy availability and the consequences on Kuwait’s expenditure associated with producing electricity is a hot topic in this oil producing country. The predominant air conditioning type in Kuwait’s residential sector is packaged direct expansion. An intention to shift to chilled water air conditioning system for future’s houses was announced as a promising solution to save energy. This work is presented to demonstrate how lifecycle cost analysis can be performed to underline tentative issues before shifting to a new air conditioning system for houses in Kuwait. No previous attempts have been made to assess the feasibility of chilled water air conditioning system for houses in Kuwait based on lifecycle cost analysis. The work considered the air conditioning requirements for a block of six typical houses as a baseline for the evaluation. The total cooling load of the studied block of houses was used to estimate the annual electrical energy associated with each air conditioning alternative. This was made by the help of DOE EnergyPlus thermal simulation engine through its interface with DesignBuilder software. Actual financial inputs were penetrated in the analysis; which includes installation, operation and maintenance costs for each studied air conditioning alternative. It was found that chilled water system can conserve about 40% of the annual electrical energy required to operate packaged direct expansion air conditioning. But, due to high installation cost, chilled water system is not cost effective for consumers. The outcomes from the lifecycle cost analysis indicated that it would be cost effective for the government to subsidy the installation of chilled water systems for consumers. This will help to conserve electrical energy associated with conventional systems that are currently in use.
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Jeong, Jongtae, and Wondea Jung. "The Influence of Seasonal Characteristics on the Accident Consequence Analysis." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22384.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to examine the influence of seasonal characteristics on accident consequences, we defined a limited number of basic spectra based on the relative importance of source term release parameters and meteorological conditions on offsite health effects and economic impacts. We then investigated the variation in numbers and frequency of early health effects and economic impacts resulting from the severe accidents of the YGN 3&4 nuclear power plants from spectrum to spectrum by using MACCS code. These investigations were for meteorological conditions defined as typical on an annual basis. Also, we investigated the variation in numbers and frequency of early health effects and economic impacts for the same standard spectra for meteorological conditions defined as typical on a seasonal basis recognizing that there are four seasons with distinct meteorological characteristics. Results show that there are large differences in consequences from spectrum to spectrum, although an equal amount and mix of radioactive material is released to the atmosphere in each case. Therefore, release parameters and meteorological data have to be well characterized in order to estimate accident consequences resulting from an accident accurately. Also, there are large differences in the estimated number of health effects and economic impacts from season to season due to distinct seasonal variations in meteorological conditions in Korea. In fall, the early fatalities and early fatality risk show minimum values due to enhanced dispersion arising from increased atmospheric instability, and the early fatalities show maximum value in summer due to a large rainfall rate. On the contrast, the economic cost shows maximum value in fall and minimum in summer due to different atmospheric dispersion and rainfall rate. Therefore, it is necessary to consider seasonal characteristics in developing emergency response strategies for reducing offsite early health risks in the event of a severe accident.
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Ansari, Farzana, Eli Patten, Jennifer Chang, Suzanne Chou, Amir Mehdizadeh, Matt Kury, James Huddleston, et al. "Designing for Crosslinked UHMWPE Implants: Clinical Consequences of Stress Concentrations." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) remains the polymer bearing of choice for total joint replacements (TJR) [1]. However, the long-term performance of this polymer has been limited by in vivo wear: UHMWPE wear debris generated in the joint space can travel into the periprosthetic bone, initiating osteolysis and implant loosening [2]. Crosslinked UHMWPE (through ionizing radiation) has demonstrated increased wear resistance [3], but at the cost of reduced fatigue crack propagation and fracture resistance [4]. Additionally, radiation processes can release free radicals which, when not eliminated through thermal treatment, can increase UHMWPE susceptibility to oxidation and mechanical embrittlement [5]. Such tradeoffs present clinical concerns when implant designs incorporate stress concentrations that experience elevated stresses under loading. These compromises are evaluated through the failure analysis of several crosslinked UHMWPE retrievals that fractured in vivo.
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Ru¨de, Erich, and Rainer Hamann. "Derivation or Ship System Safety Criteria by Means of Risk-Based Ship System Safety Analysis." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57248.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays an increasing popularity of alternative designs can be observed challenging the IMO Regulations of SOLAS (International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea). Examples are passenger ships with larger main vertical zones, novel types of survival crafts and new materials. This desire for innovative solutions combined with the society’s need for increasingly safer transport is expected to be satisfied by risk-based ship design and approval. The process of alternative ship design and arrangements, as described in MSC/Circ.1002 and MSC.1/Circ.1212, requires a risk analysis to demonstrate that the risk contribution of the novel design is less or equal to the present design. Thus the application of this process can also be regarded as risk-based design. The application of risk-based design is driven by the need for continuous improvement of the efficiency leading to lower costs for design, manufacturing or operation, because it offers the required frame for the development of new innovative solutions. IACS defines safety as absence of unacceptable levels of risk to life, limb and health. Risk is defined as a measure of likelihood that an undesirable event will occur together with a measure of the resulting consequence within a specified time, i.e., the combination of the frequency or probability and the severity of the consequence. Risk-based design involves risk assessment and risk evaluation criteria that can be defined, for instance, on basis of historical data or the ALARP process (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) combined with cost-benefit analysis. In this paper the definition of a risk evaluation criterion for systems by means of ALARP and cost-benefit analysis is presented and illustrated by a sample design of a ship fuel oil system. The risk contribution tree used for the analysis is composed of fault trees and event trees. A cost-benefit analysis is applied to establish a target system risk criterion in form of a target system failure probability. Problems related to the discrete structure of systems are discussed. The work shows that different risk analysis methods are required to describe the escalation chain from a component failure to a potential accident and its consequences.
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Bouckaert, Bruno, Kasper Uithof, Perry van Oossanen, Niels Moerke, Bart Nienhuis, and Jan van Bergen. "A Life-cycle Cost Analysis of the Application of a Hull Vane to an Offshore Patrol Vessel." In SNAME 13th International Conference on Fast Sea Transportation. SNAME, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/fast-2015-028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The consequences of applying a Hull Vane to a Holland Class 108 m Oceangoing Patrol Vessel of the Royal Netherlands Navy were studied by means of a Computational Fluid Dynamics study using Fine/Marine. The effect on the annual fuel consumption was determined by linking the savings percentages at several speeds to the operational speed profile. This paper demonstrates that - from propulsion point of view - a reduction in total fuel consumption can be achieved of 12.5% if a Hull Vane is installed, along with a small modification to the ship’s hull. At the speed at which most fuel is consumed annually (17.5 knots), the total resistance is reduced by 15.3%. Further operational benefits were quantified, such as a reduction of the vertical accelerations at the helicopter deck when sailing in head waves (-13%), a reduction of the turbulent zone just behind the slipway enabling small craft launch and recovery (from 5 to 2.5 meters), an increased range (from 5,000 nautical miles to 5,850 nautical miles at 15 knots) and an increased top speed (from 21.5 knots to 22.1 knots).
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Miralles Schleder, Adriana, Marcelo Ramos Martins, Elsa Pastor Ferrer, and Eulàlia Planas Cuchi. "The Effect of the Computational Grid Size on the Prediction of a Flammable Cloud Dispersion." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24587.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The consequence analysis is used to define the extent and nature of effects caused by undesired events being of great help when quantifying the damage caused by such events. For the case of leaking of flammable and/or toxic materials, effects are analyzed for explosions, fires and toxicity. Specific models are used to analyze the spills or jets of gas or liquids, gas dispersions, explosions and fires. The central step in the analysis of consequences in such cases is to determine the concentration of the vapor cloud of hazardous substances released into the atmosphere, in space and time. With the computational advances, CFD tools are being used to simulate short and medium scale gas dispersion events, especially in scenarios where there is a complex geometry. However, the accuracy of the simulation strongly depends on diverse simulation parameters, being of particular importance the grid resolution. This study investigates the effects of the computational grid size on the prediction of a cloud dispersion considering both the accuracy and the computational cost. Experimental data is compared with the predicted values obtained by means of CFD simulation, exploring and discussing the influence of the grid size on cloud concentration the predicted values. This study contributes to optimize CFD simulation settings concerning grid definition when applied to analyses of consequences in environments with complex geometry.
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Deng, Chuntao, Patricia Zuczek, Keith Adams, and Jim Mihell. "An Integrated Outflow-Spill Modeling Approach for Risk-Based Valve Placement of Liquid Transmission Pipelines." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Weir et al’s work [1] applied the relative effectiveness of outflow reduction to address the Intelligent Block Valve Placement (IVP) for liquid transmission pipelines. In their work, the effectiveness measure for each potential valve placement location is a length-weighted sum of the calculated volume reduction at all points along the pipeline in which the outflow volumes are multiplied by weighting factors that reflect the relative importance of spills in different sensitive areas; In our work, the original approach was enhanced to more quantitatively reflect both the likelihood of line failure and the full consequences of line failure as impacted by additional valve placement considering both block and check valves. This paper presents an IVP approach integrated with a quantitative risk assessment through which block and/or check valve placement schemes are optimized. The process involves a computer analysis in which block and check valves are iteratively selected and placed for each case. The risk reduction associated with each case is determined as the product of failure likelihood and the weighted average cost reduction. Failure likelihood is typically quantified using reliability methods or industry failure statistics, and is not the focus of this paper. The cost reduction focuses on environmental factors, which are represented by the clean-up cost of a spill that impacts both sensitive and non-sensitive areas for each incidence. In modeling consequence, the reduction of outflow potential is quantified by an in-house outflow simulation tool; and the potential spill impact is assessed through a mechanistic in-house VBA extension of ArcGIS, a three-dimensional (3-D) overland-hydrographical spill simulation package. Optimal valve placement design is achieved by balancing the costs associated with environmental risk with the costs associated with installing and maintaining block and check valves. The valves included in the assessment for outflow simulation and cost analysis are check valves and block valves. The automatic valve placement simulation is terminated when the valve installation/maintenance cost outweighs the benefits of placing more valves in the line.
Звіти організацій з теми "Cost Consequences Analysis"
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Harvey, T. F., L. Peters, F. J. D. Serduke, C. Hall, and D. R. Stephens. Consequence modeling for nuclear weapons probabilistic cost/benefit analyses of safety retrofits. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/304632.
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Hambrey, John, Paul Medley, Sue Evans, Crick Carlton, Carole Beaumont, and Tristan Southall. Evidence gathering in support of sustainable Scottish inshore fisheries: work package (6) final report: integrating stock management considerations with market opportunities in the Scottish inshore fisheries sector – a pilot study. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.24677.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In June 2014, Hambrey Consulting successfully responded to a call for tenders for research to undertake a pilot assessment of the potential economic and associated benefits of establishing minimum market landing size (MMLS) in excess of minimum legal landing size (MLS) for shellfish; and to evaluate if such an intervention could be undertaken at a regional level. The project was originally conceived as including 3 case studies, but the scope of the research led us to focus mainly on the trawl and creel fishery for Nephrops prosecuted by the fleet based in Skye and SW Ross. The basic framework for the assessment approach was to: Develop an economic profile of the case study area and its fishing fleet; Review and synthesise existing data on size profile of the catch, the factors that affect size, including costs associated with individual (vessel) actions or strategies to increase the size profile of the catch; Analyse market and market trends, and the prices for different sizes of product; Develop economic models of representative fishing enterprises, taking account of the relationships between costs and returns and the size profile of the catch; Use plausible scenarios to explore likely short term economic consequences of any changes in MMLS; Use yield and utility per recruit analysis to explore possible yield benefits associated with increased MMLS.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.