Готові списки джерел за темами / Corruption – Economic aspects – East Asia

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Corruption – Economic aspects – East Asia"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Corruption – Economic aspects – East Asia"

ESCRIBANO, ALVARO, J. LUIS GUASCH, MANUEL DE ORTE, and JORGE PENA. "INVESTMENT CLIMATE ASSESSMENT IN INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, THE PHILIPPINES AND THAILAND: RESULTS FROM POOLING FIRM-LEVEL DATA." Singapore Economic Review 54, no. 03 (August 2009): 335–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590809003379.

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Investment Climate surveys (ICs) are a recent instrument used by the World Bank to identify key obstacles to country competitiveness and to guide policy reforms and government interventions in developing countries. In this paper, panel data from four ICs of four South East Asian (SEA) countries namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, and Thailand, are pooled to estimate total factor productivity (TFP) and allocative efficiency aspects of firms in each country, using variants of the Olley and Pakes (1996) productivity decomposition. Several economic performance results are disaggregated to obtain country-specific evaluation of the IC impacts. To establish priorities for policy reforms, the corresponding key IC results are organized in five categories: infrastructures, red tape, corruption and crime, finance and corporate governance, quality, innovation and labor skills, and other control variables.

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Eom, Gu‐Ho. "The corruption structure and economic freedom in East Asia." Global Economic Review 27, no. 3 (September 1998): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265089808449740.

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Sanidas, Elias. "Emerging Economies of East and South East Asia: Some Salient Points about Technology’s Role in Economic Development." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v2i3.9627.

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This area of East and South East Asia is characterized by the following traits: very large population; tendency and ability for detail; imitation rather than creation; ability for organization; tendency for corruption; tendency for autocratic regimes; in the process of an industrial revolution; technological imitation; nationalism without boundaries; wide range of GDP per capita and poverty; litter and pollution problems without solutions; natural disasters; exports oriented; high urban development; Chinese culture influence; FTAs (Free trade agreements) and ASEAN; FDI rather high; disparities between East Asia and other Asian areas; production networks through Japan‟s and South Korea‟s roles in international division of labor.

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Li, He. "China’s economic statecraft toward East Asia." Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 16, no. 2 (November 16, 2020): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-04-2020-0010.

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Purpose Economic statecraft is a critical aspect of China’s foreign policy and has played a vital role in China’s relations with its Asian neighbors. The Chinese economic ties with Asia are significant not only because China is the second largest economy in today’s world but also because it has an important impact on regional economic co‐operation and international supply chains. Relentless growth in military buildup and more assertive foreign policy led many pundits to focus almost exclusively on political and military aspects of the Chinese grand strategy in Asia. The purpose of this study is to re‐examine this picture by studying China’s economic statecraft in the region. Design/methodology/approach This paper will address following research questions: How does the Chinese foreign economic policy serve its political aspirations in East Asia? Why has China increasingly relied on a combination of economic pressures and incentives to achieve its foreign policy objectives? How effective is China’s economic diplomacy as a strategic weapon? What are the limitations of such policy? What challenges does Beijing face in exercising its economic power in East Asia? Findings Beijing has a comprehensive, long-term grand strategy in Asia, and economic statecraft is a major component of it. Economic statecraft is a double-edged sword. It has given the People’s Republic of China more political influence but frictions and disputes between China and its trading partners are growing as well. Even with the slower growth of the Chinese economy, China will continue to be a game changer for the region. The economic diplomacy has long been part of the foreign policy toolkit used by the People’s Republic of China and will play more important role in the years to come. Research limitations/implications Thus far, China’s expanding economic ties with many countries in the world have not generated significant spillover effects. Although China is the dominant economic partner for every country in East Asia, its “soft power” remains to be weak. With the slower growth of the Chinese economy, another looming issue is whether China is going to be able to make a shift away from a trade- and export-led growth model that brought its dramatic economic success. All these could lead China’s economic statecraft less potent. Meanwhile, it should be noted that Asian economies that once relied on the USA are reaching a turning point as China comes to the fore, a trend that may challenge the existing international order. Should this momentum continue, it could alter the balance of power between Washington and Beijing in the region. Practical implications For Beijing, economic statecraft concerns both the economic dimension of foreign policy and the strategic dimension of economic policy. Although there is a growing literature on China’s soft power and military capabilities, the study of the economic dimensions of China’s foreign policy remains underdeveloped. With rising confidence and sophistication, Beijing has deployed economic resources to achieve geopolitical aims. Originality/value Needless to say, China’s economic statecraft has already triggered heated debate in the United States, Asia and elsewhere in the international community. However, the study of the Chinese economic diplomacy has received relatively little scholarly attention in the English-speaking world. This paper will fill a gap in the analysis and literature.

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Fedorovskii, A. "Russia and East Asia Challenges." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 3 (2016): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-58-71.

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The article deals with the prospects for Russia’s “pivot to the East” taking into account main chances as well as risks in the context of growing challenges in East Asia. The author stresses that national and regional misbalances in East Asia are the results of the dynamic development of East Asian countries during the last 15 years. “Middle class trap” is at the agenda as the main common problem in China and ASEAN member countries. The analysis focuses also on such issues as broad scaled corruption and state-controlled legal system, quality of political, social institutions and social lifts, role of nationalism and culture. Regional misbalances in infrastructure and R&D as well as the crisis of regional institutions are characterized as new challenges to integration trends in East Asia and Asia-Pacific area in general. According to the author’s view, there are three different types of policies to meet the domestic challenges and to overcome “middle class trap”: Japanese, South Korean and Chinese. Prime Minister Ikeda’s “income-doubling plan” accompanied by public activity is described as an effective reform-oriented policy. South Korea’s transition from dictatorship to democratic society and more flexible economy is another type of positive reform policy. According to China’s modern domestic strategy, a lot of attention is paid to administrative measures against corruption, modification of social policy, reforms of banks, etc. At the same time, public activities and legal system, in spite of some improvements, are still under rigid administrative control. Meanwhile, the role of law will be crucial factor of successful development of East Asian countries at the stage of “middle class economy”. To a large scale, the prospects for regional integration depend on growing creative role of China (for example, investments into regional infrastructure and establishment of special bank, initiations of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area). At the same time, China will continue cooperation and dialogue with other countries, first of all with the USA. ASEAN members increase their activity to improve sub-regional cooperation and relations with United States and Japan in order to couterbalance China’s influence in East Asia. Finally, the author describes Russia’s policy towards East Asia and the Pacific, including brief history, main trends and key priorities at the current stage. “Free Vladivostok port” and some other initiatives to realize more flexible economic strategy towards East Asia and Pacific will give opportunity for Russia to promote its integration into the Pacific Area. Transition of Russia’s export structure from resources and energy to innovation goods and services is at the agenda.

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Jalil, Siti Ayu, and Muzafar Shah Habibullah. "Impact of Kyoto Protocol and Institutional Factors on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Asia-Pacific Region." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 1, no. 2 (May 31, 2013): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v1i2.9124.

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This study investigates the impact of Kyoto Protocol and four institutional factors i.e. political stability, property rights, corruption and freedom of trade on the growth of per capita CO2 emissions in Asia and the Pacific region for the period of 1971-2009. The region consists of East Asia, South Asia and the Pacific islands are the fastest growing economic region and the source of global greenhouse gas emissions. A dynamic panel data model based on the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) technique is utilized to examine these impacts. The findings indicate only Kyoto commitment (Kcom), Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism (Kcdm) and Corruption (COR) describe statistically significant positive effects on CO2 emissions.

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Mel'yantsev, V. "Crisis in Arab World: Economic and Social Aspects." World Economy and International Relations, no. 10 (2011): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-10-73-83.

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The article considers macroeconomic and social factors of the upsurge of socio-political instability in the Arab world. The Arab countries are compared with other states in the Arab-Muslim world, as well as with the economically fast-growing economies of East and South Asia. It is concluded that Arab countries loosely fit into the promising growth model of the XX century and they are in need of profound reforms.

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Ramez, Sayed, Muhammad Farooq, and Valliappan Raju. "A Conceptual Framework to Measure Economic Growth of Afghanistan." Journal of Asian Development 5, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v5i2.14210.

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Afghanistan is the least developed country in Asia which is under war from the previous 20 years. After the end of the partial war, many aspects of Afghan economy are improving, for instance, the GDP has advanced 2.5% from 2016 to 2017. However, Per Capita Income is very low, safety, health and education are the areas which needs improvement. The exports of Afghanistan are on the decline. The natural currency reserve of Afghanistan is decline despite having many mineral assets. One of the core apparent behind all these decline aspects is corruption in Afghanistan. As transparency international the corruption of Afghanistan has increased in 2017 compared to 2016. It is of the most corrupt countries in the world. Due to war and less developments Afghanistan is least studied country. To fill this gap in this study the research has explored multiple secondary data source to review existing economic situation in Afghanistan. After exploring the economy of afghanstan the study also provides a conceptual framework for future reseachers to review economic growth of afghanistan using given framework. The study is useful for the policy makers to improve policies and prosperity of the country by identifying the role of crime.

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Gamerman, Evgenii Vyacheslavovich. "Migration and security in Northeast Asia: political and economic aspects." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2020): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2020.2.28836.

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The subject of this research is the migration processes with regards to national, regional and international security. The author examines threats to security of the Far East related to external and domestic migration; as well as similar processes in the countries of Northeast Region and their impact upon the state of regional security overall. The goal of this work is to analyze this phenomenon in Northeast Asia, and the influence of migration processes upon regional security. The link between migration and security is bilateral. On one side is security of the countries and societies directly affected by migration; while on the other – security of actual people who comprise the migration flows. The research employs the comparative and historical approaches, which allow analyzing the peculiarities of formation of the “agenda” of regional security in the Northeast Asia, including the questions of migration, as well as trace the transformation of national approaches towards ensuring regional security along with the threats themselves in the sphere of migration. The Russian political science does not currently contain works that view the problems of migration in Northeast Asia in the context of regional and international security (despite the fact, that there is multiple research on migration overall). Migration is a not a potential challenge, it is a real threat to security. None of the countries in the region was able to avoid the influence of at least separate aspects of migration processes.

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Batalla, Eric Vincent C. "Interests, Identities, and Institutions in the Politics of Regional Economic Construction in East Asia." Philippine Political Science Journal 31, no. 1 (December 21, 2010): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2165025x-03101003.

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This essay examines the politics of regional economic construction in East Asia based on the comparative politics framework of Kopstein and Lichbach (2009). The framework highlights three important aspects of domestic politics, namely: interests, identities, and institutions and relates these aspects to the global (or regional) context. The essay stresses the importance of domestic politics to regional affairs and therefore, should be considered in future assessments of the prospects of regional economic construction. It suggests a research agenda in aid of ongoing regionalization processes.

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Дисертації з теми "Corruption – Economic aspects – East Asia"

Ali, Nasrul. "Corruption and its impact on economic growth : is East Asia special?" University of Western Australia. Economics Discipline Group, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0099.

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[Truncated abstract] The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis raised serious questions about the nature of East Asia's rise to economic prosperity, once labelled as a 'miracle' by the World Bank. In particular, East Asian governments were criticised for allowing rampant corruption to pervade their economies. At a conceptual level, the overwhelming majority of studies argue that corruption, defined as the misuse of public office for private gain, has impeded growth. Empirically, many studies have shown the detrimental impact of corruption on economic growth but few have analysed the particular effect of corruption on East Asia's economic growth in the years leading up to the 1997 Crisis, a period characterised by superior economic growth rates against the backdrop of corruption. This study seeks to fill that gap. By virtue of its clandestine nature, any study on corruption is subject to measurement limitations and this study is no exception. The only available data on corruption are indices published by a handful of various international organisations. Each of these indices follows a similar format: they are based partly or wholly on surveys of the corporate sector in each of the sample countries, the results of which are converted into corruption scores and used to rank the sample countries. Although there is a general consistency in rankings across the different indices, the survey questions tend to equate corruption with bribery. In one survey which questioned respondents about corruption and bribery in separate questions, the results indicated that the two are not necessarily synonymous at least in the minds of respondents. A brief analysis of the nature of corruption within East Asia reveals why the tendency to equate corruption with bribery can be misleading, and therefore raises doubts about the credibility of the aforementioned corruption indices. Many countries in East Asia are shown to harbour a network of patron-client relationships within a centralised framework. ... When using the available corruption indices as measures of corruption in a corruption-growth model that is applied to cross-sectional data covering 141 countries in 1996, corruption is found to have a significant positive relationship with economic growth for two of the corruption indices. However, no particular significant relationship is found to exist for East Asian countries within the sample. The corruption indices are then combined to produce a single index of corruption which is then used in a corruption-growth model and applied to panel data covering 33 countries over a twenty year period from 1984 to 2003. This time the corruption variable is found to have a significant positive relationship with economic growth for East Asian countries (excluding Singapore) during 1986-1996. Finally, the concept of rent-seeking is examined as an alternative to the typical principal-agent model of corruption used in the literature, based on its strong resonance with the particular nature of corruption in East Asia. A measure of rent-seeking is developed, and using cross-sectional data for 57 countries in 1996 reveals that rent-seeking has a significant positive relationship with economic growth.

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Книги з теми "Corruption – Economic aspects – East Asia"

Ronald, Berenbeim, ed. Fighting corruption in East Asia: Solutions from the private sector. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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NBER-East, Asia Seminar on Economics (14th 2003 Taipei Taiwan). International trade in East Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

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1941-, Timmer Carol, Siegel Paul 1953-, and World Bank, eds. Rural diversification: Lessons from East Asia. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1990.

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East Asia, globalization, and the new economy. New York: Routledge, 2006.

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Innovation in East Asia: The challenge to Japan. Aldershot, Hants, England: E. Elgar, 1995.

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Khosrow, Fatemi, ed. Globalization and East Asia: Opportunities and challenges. New York: International Business Press, 2006.

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Syshila, Narsimhan, Balatchandirane G, and University of Delhi. Dept. of East Asian Studies., eds. India and East Asia: Learning from each other. Delhi: Dept. of East Asian Studies, University of Delhi in association with Manak Publications, New Delhi, 2004.

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J, Evenett Simon, ed. Can East Asia compete?: Innovation for global markets. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2002.

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Ahsan, Ahmad. International migration and development in East Asia and the Pacific. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2014.

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Anthropology and development in South-East Asia: Theory and practice. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Corruption – Economic aspects – East Asia"

Ariff, Mohamed. "EC-ASEAN Interaction and Collaboration in a Multilateral Framework: the Economic Aspects." In Western Europe and South-East Asia, 217–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10262-4_15.

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Pomfret, Richard. "From Landlocked to Land-Linked? Central Asia’s Place in the Eurasian Economy." In Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West, 195–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77489-9_10.

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AbstractThe Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), while primarily a security organisation, has always included economic and human baskets or dimensions. Currently, the Office of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities operates in four main areas: (1) good governance and anti-corruption, (2) money laundering and financing of terrorism, (3) transport, trade and border-crossing facilitation, and (4) labour migration. This chapter addresses developments in Central Asia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union that are relevant to the third area of OSCE operations. The chapter’s focus is on the potential for the landlocked Central Asian countries to become land-linked, using improved transport connections between East Asia and Europe to promote economic development through export diversification and growth. Rail services across Central Asia improved considerably during the 2010s. They have been resilient, despite strained political relations between Russia and the EU since 2014, and rail traffic between Europe and China continued to increase in 2020 despite the shock of COVID-19. Further infrastructure improvements are promised under China’s Belt and Road Initiative. However, the expanded network has been little used by Central Asian producers to create new international trade, and the improved infrastructure represents a potential opportunity rather than a past benefit. If the Central Asian economies are successful in taking advantage of the opportunity, it will stimulate their trade across the Eurasian region and help economic diversification. The main determinant of success will be national policies and national economic development. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of multilateral institutions and, in particular, the prospects for OSCE collaboration with existing fora to promote cooperation and economic development in Central Asia.

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"Corruption, democracy and Asia-Pacific countries." In Economic and Policy Developments in East Asia, 110–23. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315764795-12.

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Razin, Assaf. "Israel and East Asia." In Israel and the World Economy. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037341.003.0007.

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The global economy was jolted in the mid-1980s by China’s and India’s decision to abandon autarky in favour of export led growth and embrace “market communism”. Socialist India and Moslem Indonesia liberalized and emulated their neighbors’ trade participation strategy soon thereafter. Before the reforms, trade policy was characterized by high tariffs and pervasive import restrictions. Imports of manufactured consumer goods were completely banned. For capital goods, raw materials and intermediates, certain lists of goods were freely importable, but for most items where domestic substitutes were being produced, imports were only possible with import licenses. The criteria for issue of licenses were non-transparent; delays were endemic and corruption unavoidable. The economic reforms phased out import licensing, and reduced import duties.

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Vu, Khuong, and Kris Hartley. "Learning to Catch up in South East Asia." In How Nations Learn, 262–84. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841760.003.0012.

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The term ‘nation learning’ describes consistent and strategic cross-sector efforts to identify pathways towards economic catch-up. This chapter examines the global dynamics of national-level catch-up between 1995 and 2015 to gain insights into the relevance of nation-learning efforts. Over this period, most developing Asian countries made significant progress on catch-up. Focusing on their experience, the study finds capital accumulation and growth in total factor productivity to be crucial determinants of catch-up performance. However, some countries have lagged in promoting capital accumulation (Pakistan, Malaysia, and the Philippines) and total factor productivity (Vietnam, Indonesia, and Bangladesh). Focusing on these determinants, the chapter generates insights into relevant aspects of nation-learning efforts. Enablers of nation learning include pressures, leadership vision, and absorptive capacity; obstacles include the costs of learning and ‘status-quo bias’.

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Ha, Jung-ok. "Solving Low Fertility Rate with Technology?" In Gender, Health, and History in Modern East Asia. Hong Kong University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390908.003.0005.

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South Korea's total fertility rate (TFR) in 2005 was 1.08, the lowest in the world. The government launched the National Support Program for Infertile Couples (“the Program”) in 2006 which expenditures for diverse assisted reproductive treatments are subsidized. This chapter seeks to critique three aspects of the Program. First, the Program is a population policy that has not kept up with changes in family values and practices. Second, the Program’s very implementation has created demand, ‘those diagnosed as infertile’ have become ‘infertile members of the population’. Lastly, the Program has resulted in a meaningful increase in the number of in vitro fertilization treatments, and this increase has negatively impacted the health of women and children. Reproduction has always been a field for political struggle, and political imagination-created reproduction is revealed most strikingly when reproduction becomes a “population problem”. South Korea’s National Family Planning Project was brought by the Park Chung-hee government, which emphasized the value of the “modern family,” specifically, “Modernization of the Fatherland,” as part of economic development in the 1970s. The low fertility rate that South Korea is now facing is considered a national crisis and the Program represents the government’s will to solve the crisis through medical technologies. However, the bodies of women are still considered objects in TFR statistics, much as they were in the 1970s. This has led to a situation in which the health and even the lives of women are being endangered once again

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Osamu, Arakaki, and Song Lili. "Part III Regional Regimes, Ch.21 Regional Refugee Regimes: East Asia." In The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198848639.003.0022.

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The fives States and eight jurisdictions in East Asia are mostly densely populated and homogeneous, but are diverse in term of their political and legal systems, economic development and positions in relation to refugee movements. The region currently does not have its own regional arrangement relating to refugee protection or human rights. This chapter examines and compares aspects of the refugee protection system in East Asian States, focusing on China, Japan and South Korea, all of which are a party to the Refugee Convention and Protocol. It provides a brief history of refugee laws in these States, critically evaluates legal and policy measures they have taken to implement the Convention and Protocol and looks at the roles of the judiciary and civil society in refugee protection in these States. In conclusion, it outlines the areas of convergence and diversity of refugee protection system in these States as well as the implication of international refugee law in East Asia.

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"2 The growth of India’s population 331 14.3 Linguistic and demographic aspects of the states and territories of India 331 14.4 Selected demographic and social data for the states of India 332 and for the rest of South Asia 14.5 Religion and language in India 333 14.6 Religions in South Asia and Myanmar 336 14.7 India’s share of the world totals of various attributes 337 14.8 Rice production and yields in selected countries 338 14.9 World’s leading producers of cotton lint and tea 338 14.10 The value of the foreign trade of selected countries 344 14.11 The sectoral breakdown of imports and exports in India, 344 Pakistan, Bangladesh and China 15.1 Calendar for Southeast Asia 352 15.2 Demographic data for the countries of South, Southeast and 356 East Asia 15.3 Economic and social data for the countries of South, Southeast 357 and East Asia 15.4 Land use and agricultural data for selected countries of South, Southeast and East Asia 360 15.5 The islands of Indonesia and the Philippines 368 16.1 China calendar since 1400 374 16.2 Changes in the production of selected industrial sectors in 385 China, 1949–91." In Geography of the World's Major Regions, 670. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203429815-180.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Corruption – Economic aspects – East Asia"

Barabash, E. S. "REFORM OF THE CONTRACT SYSTEM IN THE SPHERE OF STATE AND MUNICIPAL PROCUREMENT: EXPECTATIONS AND REALITY." In SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN EAST: NEW CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC GUIDELINES. Khabarovsk: KSUEL Editorial and Publishing Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0746-2-2021-186-191.

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The article analyzes the main directions of the current stage of reforming the public procurement industry in the Russian Federation. The experience of practical implementation of the contracting system is considered, problems and corruption risks in the work of state customers are identified. The conclusion is made about the need for a systematic evolution of the contract system, taking into account regional aspects.

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Petrishchev, Vyacheslav. "ETHNO-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION: EXPERIENCE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." In Globalistics-2020: Global issues and the future of humankind. Interregional Social Organization for Assistance of Studying and Promotion the Scientific Heritage of N.D. Kondratieff / ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-33-3-2020-340-349.

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The article deals with the ethno-cultural aspects of globalization on the example of European countries, members of the European Union. The influence of the ethno-cultural factor on political, economic and cultural relations within the EU member-states, between the EU member-states and relations with immigrants from Africa, Asia and the Middle East is shown. The forecast for the further development of the European Union as a major factor of globalization is given.

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Kozhobekov, Muratbek. "Trade and Economic Relations of Early Medieval Kyrgyz State." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01441.

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Анотація:

According to written sources of trade with neighboring countries occupied an important place in the economy of the Kyrgyz State. That would create a successful economy, as well as to meet the needs of consumers the Kyrgyz State established extensive trade links in the Central Asian region. Trading partners of the Kyrgyz in the early middle ages were economic developed countries East and Central Asia. This reflects the fact that the degree of development of the Kyrgyz people related to trading partners. In general terms, the characteristics of the Kyrgyz State trade relations with neighboring countries in the period VII-X centuries. Thus, definition and comparison of different time in bars allow you to re-evaluate the economic and political aspects of the problem components.

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