Готові списки джерел за темами / Conventional standards

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Conventional standards"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Conventional standards":

Sadurski, Wojciech. "Conventional Morality and Judicial Standards." Virginia Law Review 73, no. 2 (March 1987): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073068.

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SCHNEIDER, MARY ELLEN. "IOM: CAM Should Meet Conventional Standards." Family Practice News 35, no. 5 (March 2005): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1553-3212(05)71023-2.

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SCHNEIDER, MARY ELLEN. "IOM: CAM Should Use Conventional Standards." Clinical Psychiatry News 33, no. 3 (March 2005): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(05)70105-3.

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Rodu, Brad, and Nantaporn Plurphanswat. "Gaiha et al. Disregarded Conventional Publishing Standards." Journal of Adolescent Health 68, no. 1 (January 2021): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.013.

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Waring, George O. "Conventional Standards for Reporting Results of Refractive Surgery." Journal of Refractive Surgery 5, no. 5 (September 1989): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19890901-03.

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Moss, Gerald. "Raising the outcome standards for conventional open cholecystectomy." American Journal of Surgery 172, no. 4 (October 1996): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9610(96)00195-x.

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Dobreski, Brian. "Authority and Universalism: Conventional Values in Descriptive Catalog Code." NASKO 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/nasko.v6i1.15226.

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Every standard embodies a particular set of values. Some aspects are privileged while others are masked. Values embedded within knowledge organization standards have special import in that they are further perpetuated by the data they are used to generate. Within libraries, descriptive catalog codes serve as prominent knowledge organization standards, guiding the creation of resource representations. Though the historical and functional aspects of these standards have received significant attention, less focus has been placed on the values associated with such codes. In this study, a critical, historical analysis of ten Anglo- American descriptive catalog codes and surrounding discourse was conducted as an initial step towards uncovering key values associated with this lineage of standards. Two values in particular were found to be highly significant: authority and universalism. Authority is closely tied to notions of power and control, particularly over practice or belief. Increasing control over resources, identities, and viewpoints are all manifestations of the value of authority within descriptive codes. Universalism has guided the widening coverage of descriptive codes in regards to settings and materials, such as the extension of bibliographic standards to non-book resources. Together, authority and universalism represent conventional values focused on facilitating orderly social exchanges. A comparative lack of emphasis on values concerning human welfare and empowerment may be unsurprising, but raises questions concerning the role of human values in knowledge organization standards. Further attention to the values associated with descriptive codes and other knowledge organization standards is important as libraries and other institutions seek to share their resource representation data more widely.

Mione, Anne. "Standards Questions when Developing a New Market; The Lessons for Non Conventional Materials." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.413.

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This contribution exposes the strategic relational questions associated with the creation of a voluntary standard. We first argue that the creation of rules is required to develop a new market. The development of new markets for non-conventional materials would beneficiate from the development of new standards. Yet, the creation of voluntary standards may entail competitive relational choices that the creators of standards are generally unprepared to handle. We thus consider two situations where voluntary standards have generated competitive interactions between rival standards organizations and try to suggest recommendations for the creators of new standards.

Levine, Mark N. "Conventional and Complementary Therapies: A Tale of Two Research Standards?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 12 (April 20, 2010): 1979–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.28.5320.

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Tang, Yi-Hua, James Wachter, Alain Rufenacht, Gerald J. FitzPatrick, and Samuel P. Benz. "Application of a 10 V Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard in Direct Comparison With Conventional Josephson Voltage Standards." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 64, no. 12 (December 2015): 3458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2015.2463392.

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Дисертації з теми "Conventional standards":

Toot, Tiffany. "A Comparison Study: The Impacts of Montessori and Conventional Elementary Standards-Based Language Arts Curricula on Preschool Students’ Phonemic Awareness and Reading Readiness Skills." University of Findlay / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=findlay1565215112222622.

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Donnette-Boissière, Anaëlle. "La contractualisation en droit du travail." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10032.

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La contractualisation est une tendance qui traverse de nombreuses branches du droit et cette thèse a pour objet d'en vérifier la pertinence et d'en déterminer la portée en droit du travail. Traduction d'une dynamique de normativité contractuelle, la contractualisation recouvre, en droit du travail, deux réalités. Elle est d'abord une contractualisation du rapport de travail. Principalement sous l'impulsion de la jurisprudence, la place normative du contrat individuel de travail doit être réévaluée parce que la norme contractuelle est valorisée par rapport à la norme statutaire et au pouvoir de l'employeur. Cette dynamique semble cependant parvenue à maturité et, plus encore, il importe d'accepter ses limites et son contrôle en raison de la finalité protectrice du droit du travail qu'il faut préserver. La contractualisation est aussi celle du droit du travail. C'est alors le rôle normatif du contrat collectif du travail qui subit une profonde transformation. On assiste en effet à une valorisation de la norme conventionnelle face à la norme étatique. Réelle et puissante, cette dynamique doit faire l'objet d'une meilleure compréhension et d'un vrai accompagnement. Il en va de sa légitimité et de sa pérennité
Contracting is an often met trend in several fields of law and this PhD work aims at checking its relevance and making its impact clear in labour law. Contracting is the expression of a dynamics of creating a standard by contract and covers two facts in labour law. First of all it means contracting in individual relationships at work. The standard position of individual employment contract has to be reevaluated, especially under the spur of legal precedents. It has to be done because contractual standard has been developed compared with statutory standard and the employer's power. However, it seems that this dynamics has reached its maturity and besides, it is important to accept its limitations and supervision, considering that the first aim in labour law is protection, which must be guaranteed. Yet, contracting also means contracting of labour law. So, the standard function of collective agreement goes through a deep change. There is actually an increase of conventional standard facing state standard. This real and powerful dynamics should benefit from a better understanding and a proper control. Its legitimacy and pereenniality depend on it

Jacquemot, Florence. "Le standard européen de société démocratique /." Montpellier : Université Montpellier I, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41026365w.

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Las, Heras Horacio Raúl. "International Labor Law Standards and Argentine Domestic Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117309.

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The following article attempts to address the problem, from the point of view of the labour law, which arises on the interpretation of standards on the basis of an analysis of sources, both internal sources such as international. Whereupon, the author advocates maintain the essence of the protective principle of labour law which will lead to combining rules from different sources to protect both the worker as the structure institutional and legal of the domestic law of each country.
El presente artículo intenta abordar la problemática, desde el punto de vista del derecho laboral, que se presenta en torno a la interpretación de normas laborales partiendo de un análisis de fuentes, ya sea tanto fuente interna como internacional. Con lo cual, el autor aboga por mantener la esencia del principio protector del derecho laboral lo cual llevará a conjugar normas de las diferentes fuentes para proteger tanto al trabajador como a la estructura institucional y legal del derecho interno de cada país.

Jacquemot, Florence. "Le standard européen de société démocratique." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON10039.

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Sous des appellations diverses, "notion à contenu variable" (J. Carbonnier), "directive" (P. Roubier), "mesure moyenne de conduite sociale correcte" (R. Pound) ou encore "solution d'un problème de conduite" (L. Duguit), le standard juridique est compris comme un "critère" du "normal ou de l'acceptable" voire un "critère de normativité", applicable à l'aune d'un modèle culturel, moral ou éthique donné. Partant du postulat que la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme pose la notion de "société démocratique" comme un standard, notre étude vise à démontrer que, comblant l'indéterminisme de cette notion, la Cour européenne utilise le standard comme un critère évolutif de conventionnalité du comportement des autorités étatiques auquel elle a donné un contenu. La notion floue est devenue, ainsi, un instrument de coordination des ordres juridiques européens. Forte de ses applications, la société démocratique s'est, en outre, mutée en un "milieu de référence" qui s'est précisé à mesure qu'il a été invoqué. Le standard est donc désormais porteur d'un modèle prétorien de société démocratique. Cependant, le juge étant confronté aux contraintes liées à la prescription juridique du standard dans la Convention, son contenu jurisprudentiel semble relever, infine, d'un certain déterminisme. La mesure de ce déterminisme transparaît très clairement de la lecture systémique de la jurisprudence européenne construisant le modèle européen de société démocratique en application du standard. InstrumentaIisé par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, le standard reste, cependant, un facteur de lecture extensive de la Convention tant d'un point de vu matériel que procédural.

Hellstadius, Åsa. "A Quest for Clarity : Reconstructing Standards for the Patent Law Morality Exclusion." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116261.

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The accumulated importance of the patent law morality exclusion over the recent decades has been prompted by the increased protection sought for biotechnological inventions. This raises specific ethical concerns such as the respect for human dignity. The morality exclusion is regarded as an indispensable safeguard in the patent system of the 21st century, but its application and scope remains unclear, not least due to a division of competence between the European Union (EU), the European Patent Organisation and national Member States. In addition, the international Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) sets minimum standards for the operation of the morality exclusion. In this study the scope, interpretation and application of the morality exclusion in European and international patent law is described and analysed by applying the legal dogmatic method. The object of study is the European patent law morality exclusion in terms of Article 53(a) and Rule 28 of the European Patent Convention and Article 6 of Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. A connected purpose of this study is to describe, problematize and analyse the compliance by the regional rules (EU, European Patent Organisation) with the international framework provided by Article 27.2 of the TRIPS Agreement. Although this study is not limited to specific technologies, the majority of issues raised are done so in relation to the morality exclusion concerning biotechnological inventions, which is reflected in this work. Furthermore, the theoretical framework is dependent on the functioning of the morality exclusion in the respective systems, both regional (EU, European Patent Organisation) and international (WTO). This approach necessitates a consideration of the characteristics of each legal system. This thesis uncovers the differences in the interpretation of the morality exclusion (both within as well as between the legal systems), which causes legal uncertainty in this particularly complex field where patent law and ethics interact. The effects of such variations on the scope and application of the morality exclusion are clarified and critically reviewed. According to the wording of the morality exclusion, the commercial exploitation of an invention with regard to morality or ordre public is a central prerequisite in the assessment of excluded subject matter. Consequently, the interpretation of this particular requirement is subject to critical review, since its implications are decisive for the scope of application of the morality exclusion. It is furthermore questioned whether the European morality exclusions are TRIPS-compliant, and the possible effects (and available remedies) of non-compliance for the EU legal order are analysed. This in turn involves issues of norm conflicts in international and EU law. The author presents a critical analysis, investigates the interaction between legal systems and suggests clarifications in order to attain the optimal functioning of the morality exclusion.

Olsson, Linda. "The Unacceptance of a Sinful Protagonist's Moral Standards : The Cause and Effect of Censoring Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-35013.

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The aim of this essay is to show the significant effect censoring Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray had on the protagonist’s moral standing. I compare the original uncensored version of The Picture of Dorian Gray with the censored version. The uncensored version, published by the Belknap Press and edited by Nicholas Frankel, has only been available to the public for three years. My comparison proves that a great deal has been changed in terms of content between the two versions of the novel. This essay will outline and discusses the changes made in order to make the text acceptable in terms of late Victorian moral conventions. It also illustrates the changes by comparing quotes. The function of the censorship applied to the novel is to make Dorian seem more callous and immoral in the 1891 book version, since only then can Oscar Wilde’s story approach the standards of late Victorian morality. Indeed, a significant change has been effected in the character Dorian Gray’s morality between the two versions of the novel.
Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att visa vilken betydande effekt censureringen av Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray hade på huvudkaraktärens moraliska ståndpunkter. Jag jämför den ocensurerade versionen av The Picture of Dorian Gray med den censurerade versionen. Den ocensurerade versionen som publicerades av Belknap Press och redigeradesav Nicholas Frankel, har bara varit tillgänglig för allmänheten i tre år. Min jämförelse visar att en stor del av innehållet har förändrats mellan de båda versionerna av romanen. Den här uppsatsen visar samt diskuterar förändringarna som har gjorts för att texten ska bli mer acceptabel i förhållande till senviktorianska moraliska konventioner. Uppsatsen illustrerar förändringarna genom att jämföra citat. Poängen med att censurera den här romanen var att få Dorian att verka mer hjärtlös och omoralisk i bokversionen från 1891. Bara då kunde Oscar Wildes berättelse närma sig den viktorianska moralen. Man kan se en tydlig förändring av karaktären Dorian Grays moral mellan de två versionerna.

Ngoya, Patrick Sitati. "Pulmonary embolism diagnosis : a clinical comparison between conventional planar and SPECT V/Q imaging using Krypton 81m – with CTPA as the gold standard." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4358.

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Thesis (MScMedSC (Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology. Nuclear Medicine))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with a superior contrast resolution has been shown to be more sensitive and specific with a lower nondiagnostic rate than planar imaging in many nuclear medicine studies but it is still not being routinely implemented in V/Q studies at many centres including Tygerberg Hospital. There are many studies on V/Q SPECT using Technegas as a ventilation agent but very limited studies available on 81m Kr gas. Aim: To clinically compare conventional planar and SPECT V/Q imaging using 81mKr gas in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, with CTPA as the gold standard. Patients and Methods: All patients referred with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism were assessed. The inclusion criteria were normal chest radiograph, normal renal function and no contrast allergy. Exclusion criteria were age below 18 years old, pregnancy, abnormal chest radiograph, abnormal serum creatinine/urea levels and unstable patients. A Well’s score was assigned to each enrolled patient. Perfusion scintigraphy was performed after intravenous injection 125 MBq of 99mTc MAA. Ventilation scintigraphy was performed with 81mKr gas. On a dual head camera, SPECT was done before planar acquisition, while perfusion was done before ventilation imaging in the same position. Planar V/Q images consisted of 6 standard views. All V/Q SPECT images were reconstructed using ordered-subset expectation-maximization (OSEM) algorithm and a post-reconstruction 3D Butterworth filters were applied. V/Q Planar and V/Q SPECT images were later evaluated and reviewed separately and reported based on recent EANM guidelines blinded to the CTPA results. All patients underwent multi-slice CTPA examinations on a 40-detector row scanner. The images were later assessed and reported blinded to the V/Q results. Statistical analysis was done using the Fisher exact test for comparison of categorical variables and the one-way ANOVA for continuous variables (p<0.05 was significant). Results: A total of 104 consecutive patients were referred with clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism. Seventy-nine patients were excluded from this study mostly due to abnormal serum creatinine/urea levels. Only 25 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 48 ± 19 years, and 64% being females. When compared to CTPA as gold standard, the prevalence of PE was 16% [5% – 37% at 95% CI], sensitivity 75% [21% – 99% at 95% CI], specificity 90% [68% – 98% at 95% CI], positive predictive value 60% [17% – 93% at 95% CI], negative predictive value 95% [73% – 100% at 95% CI] and diagnostic accuracy 88% [69% – 97%at 95% CI] for both V/Q Planar and SPECT. V/Q Planar showed a lower reader confidence i.e. could only clearly resolve 72% of cases compared to V/Q SPECT, which could precisely interpret all cases, showed more and better delineated mismatch vs match and segmental vs non-segmental defects. All patients who were scored as PE unlikely on Wells’ score (4) had PE ruled out on CTPA (p=0.04581) as well as 89% of patients on V/Q SPECT and V/Q Planar. Conclusion: Based on this study, V/Q Planar and V/Q SPECT have a similar diagnostic performance in patients with a normal or near normal chest X-rays.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Enkelfoton emissie rekenaartomografie (EFERT) met beter kontrasresolusie is bewys om meer sensitief en spesifiek met ‘n laer nie-diagnostiese opbrengs as planare beelding in verskeie kerngeneeskunde ondersoeke te wees. In Tygerberg Hospitaal, soos in verskeie ander sentra, word dit egter steeds nie roetineweg vir ventilasie-perfusiestudies (V/Q) geïmplementeer nie. Daar is verskeie EFERT V/Q studies met Technegas as ventilasie agens, maar beperkte studies met 81m Kr gas beskikbaar. Doel: Om konvensionele planare en EFERT V/Q beelding vir die diagnose van pulmonale embolisme met mekaar te vergelyk, met rekenaartomografie pulmonale angiografie (RTPA) as goue standaard. Pasiënte en Metodes: Alle pasiënte wat met ‘n kliniese vermoede van pulmonale embolisme verwys is, is geevalueer. Die insluitingskriteria was ’n normale borskas Xstraal, normale nierfunksie en geen kontrasallergie nie. Uitsluitingskriteria was pasiënte jonger as 18 jaar, swanger pasiënte, abnormale borskas X-straal, abnormale serum kreatinien / ureumvlakke en onstabiele pasiënte. ’n Wells telling is vir elke pasiënt wat in die studie ingesluit is, bepaal. Perfusiebeelding is uitgevoer na die intraveneuse toediening van 125 MBq 99mTc MAA. Ventilasiestudies is gedoen met 81mKr gas. Die V/Q EFERT studies is voor die planare beelding met ’n dubbelkop gammakamera uitgevoer. Perfusiebeelding is voor die ventilasie in dieselfde posisie verkry. V/Q planare beelding het bestaan uit 6 standaard beelde. Alle V/Q EFERT is met “ordered-subset expectationmaximization” (OSEM) algoritmes verwerk, en post-rekonstruksie 3D Butterworth filters is toegepas. V/Q planare en V/Q EFERT beelding is later afsonderlik en sonder RTPA inligting volgens onlangse EANM riglyne evalueer en gerapporteer. ‘n Veelsnit RTPA met ‘n 40 snit skandeerder is op alle pasiënte uitgevoer. Die beelde is later beoordeel en gerapporteer sonder inagneming van die V/Q beeldingsresultate Statistiese verwerking is gedoen met die Fisher presisietoets vir vergelyking van kategoriese veranderlikes en die eenrigting ANOVA vir kontinue veranderlikes (p<0.05 is statisties betekenisvol). Resultate: ‘n Totaal van 104 opeenvolgende pasiënte met ‘n kliniese vermoede van pulmonale embolisme is verwys. Nege-en-sewentig pasiënte is uitgesluit, in die meeste gevalle as gevolg van abnormale serum kreatinienvlakke. Slegs 25 pasiënte is ingesluit, met ’n gemiddelde ouderdom van 48 ± 19 jaar, en 64% vroue. In vergelyking met RTPA as goudstandaard, was die prevalensie van PE 16% [5% – 37% met 95% VI], sensitiwiteit 75% [21% – 99% met 95% VI], spesifisiteit 90% [68% – 98% met 95% VI], positiewe voorspellingswaarde 60% [17% – 93% met 95% VI], negatiewe voorspellingswaarde 95% [73% – 100% met 95% VI] en diagnostiese akkuraatheid van 88% [69% – 97% met 95% VI] vir beide planare en EFERT V/Q beelde. V/Q planare beelde het ‘n laer lesersvertroue getoon, nl. dat slegs 72% van gevalle opgelos kon word relatief tot V/Q EFERT beelde, wat in alle gevalle presies geïnterpreteer kon word, met meer en beter omskrewe nie-ooreenstemmende teenoor ooreenstemmende en segmentele teenoor nie-segmentele defekte. In alle pasiënte met ‘n Wells puntetelling van 4 is PE met die RTPA uitgeskakel (p=0.04581), terwyl dit in 89% van pasiënte met V/Q EFERT en planare beelde uitgeskakel is. Gevolgtrekking: Gebaseer op hierdie studie het V/Q planare en EFERT beelding ‘n ooreenstemmende diagnostiese prestasie in pasiënte met ’n normale of naby normale borskas X-straal.

Hablot, Cécile. "De la norme privée à la norme publique en droit du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020087.

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Parmi les normes qui alimentent le droit du travail, la convention collective revêt une nature particulière. Norme privée, elle emporte à l’égard des salariés, les effets d’un règlement. Au-delà, l’intervention d’une autorité publique peut provoquer sa métamorphose. L’extension et l’élargissement conduisent déjà à une métamorphose : un arrêté ministériel déploie les effets de la convention évinçant définitivement son effet relatif. Mais celle-ci ne devient pas pour autant une norme réglementaire. Le glissement de la norme privée vers la norme publique n’est pas complet. Une situation hybride est créée. Mais qu’en est-il alors de l’équilibre entre la liberté des partenaires sociaux et le pouvoir du ministre du Travail ? Quels liens entretiennent le régime de la convention et celui de l’arrêté, le juge judiciaire et le juge administratif ? De la norme privée à la norme publique, la métamorphose est complète lorsque la substance d’un accord collectif est reprise dans le texte d’une loi ou d’un règlement. Les partenaires sociaux sont par là-même associés à la confection de la norme publique. Née d’une pratique, cette participation a reçu consécration législative avant son éventuelle constitutionnalisation. Au-delà du constat de l’interdépendance des partenaires sociaux et du législateur et de la mesure de ses avantages et ses inconvénients, la conception de l’intérêt général, la place du Parlement et le rôle du Conseil constitutionnel sont au coeur de l’étude
Among all the standards that shape French Labor Law, the Collective Agreement is of a special nature. As a private standard, it has the same effects, towards the employees, as a regulation. Besides, the intervention of a public authority may cause its transformation. Its extension and its enlargement have already lead to a transformation: a ministerial order has widened the effects of the Agreement, thus suppressing definitively its privity. Yet the Collective Agreement has not become a regulatory standard. The mutation of the private standard to a public standard is not yet complete. A hybrid situation has emerged. But what about the liberty of the Social Partners and the powers of the French Minister of Labor? How to articulate the legal effects of the Collective Agreement and the legal effects of the ministerial ordinance? How to articulate the relationships between the ordinary courts and the administrative courts? From a private standard to a public standard, the transformation is complete when the content of a Collective agreement is adopted in a statute or a regulation, thus associating the Social Partners to the creation of a public standard. While their participation has received legislative backing, it might even be constitutionalized. Beyond the observation of the interdependence between the Social Partners and the legislative power, and beyond the assessment of the pros and cons of this interdependence, the conception of the general interest, the place of the Parliament and the role of the Conseil constitutionnel are at the heart of the present study

Leturcq, Shirley. "Standards et droits fondamentaux devant le Conseil Constitutionnel français et la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32060.

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Les standards constituent un angle d'étude particulièrement opportun du travail du juge du point de vue des modes d'appréciation comme des valeurs véhiculées à travers le contentieux. Devant le Conseil constitutionnel français et la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, ils expriment ces exigences finalistes de légalité, légitimité et proportionnalité qui président à la réglementation des droits fondamentaux. Standards et droits fondamentaux sont en effet liés dans une relation complexe par essence conflictuelle et conjoncturelle. Tantôt ils définissent des titres de limitation des droits fondamentaux admis par le juge au bénéfice de l'interêt public. Tantôt ils permettent l'évolution de ces droits en les adaptant aux réalités économiques et sociales dans les contentieux étudiés. Les communes consécration et utilisation des standards par le Conseil constitutionnel français et la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme participent, en conséquence, d'une unification des contentieux des droits fondamentaux en Europe
The notion of standard constitutes an especially opportune angle of study of both the work of the judge and the evolution of law, considering the appreciation modes and the values brought trough the case law. Faced with the French Constitutional Court and the European Court of human rights, it conveys the finalist requirements of legality, legitimity and proportionality which preside over the regulation of fundamental rights. Standards and fundamental rights are positively linked in a complex relation, conflictual and conjonctural by essence. Sometimes they define limitation titles of fundamental rights, admitted by the judge, for public interest profit. Sometimes they allow an evolution of these rights, confronting then conforming them to social and economic realities in the studied case law. The common consecration and use of standards by the French Constitutional Court and the European Court of human rights consequently contributes to unify human rights related case law in Europe

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Книги з теми "Conventional standards":

International Conference of Building Officials. Conventional construction provisions of the Uniform building code: An illustrated guide and commentary to the conventional wood-framing construction provisions found in chapter 23 of the 1997 Uniform building code (U.B.C.). Whittier, Calif: International Conference of Building Officials, 1999.

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Canada. Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector., ed. National Topographic Data Base standards and specifications. 2nd ed. Sherbrooke, Quebec: Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1991.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Transportation and Regional Programs Division. Guide on federal and state summer RVP standards for conventional gasoline only. Washington D.C.]: Transportation and Regional Programs Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010.

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Programs, U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management. Standard review plan for conventional uranium mill and heap leach facilities: Draft report for comment. Washington, DC: United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, 2014.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Transportation and Air Quality. Modification of fuels regulations regarding baselines for conventional gasoline produced or imported for use in Hawaii, Alaska, and U.S. territories. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, 2007.

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American National Standards Institute. Committee Y14. Line conventions and lettering. New York, N.Y: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993.

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Servais, Olivier. The military medical officer and the Geneva Conventions. Liège, Belgium: International Committee of Military Medicine and Pharmacy, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Financial management: Army conventional ammunition production not effectively accounted for or controlled : report to the Secretary of the Army. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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Army, United States, ed. Financial management: Army conventional ammunition production not effectively accounted for or controlled : report to the Secretary of the Army. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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Bürgin, Alexander. Die Legitimität der EU: Normative Standards als Verhandlungsressource im Verfassungskonvent. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2007.

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Частини книг з теми "Conventional standards":

Korc, M. "Conventional Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer." In Standards in Pancreatic Surgery, 591–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77437-9_65.

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Emami, Shahriar. "IEEE 60 GHz Standards." In UWB Communication Systems: Conventional and 60 GHz, 163–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6753-3_8.

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Emami, Shahriar. "Other 60 GHz Standards." In UWB Communication Systems: Conventional and 60 GHz, 193–216. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6753-3_9.

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Regula, J. "Large bowel standards: quality, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, stenoses, conventional chromoendoscopy." In Gl Endoscopy — Standards and Innovations, 107–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2749-8_8.

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Gumina, Michael. "Developing Market Driven Standards for Coexistence: Tolerances, Thresholds, and Other Technical Standards Used by the Seed Industry." In The Coexistence of Genetically Modified, Organic and Conventional Foods, 39–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3727-1_3.

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Pegna, Joseph, Clément Fortin, and René Mayer. "Teaching Tolerances: A Comparison between the Conventional and Reverse Engineering Approaches." In Geometric Design Tolerancing: Theories, Standards and Applications, 428–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5797-5_34.

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Cheyns, Emmanuelle. "Voluntary Sustainability Standards." In Handbook of Economics and Sociology of Conventions, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52130-1_38-1.

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Hugentobler, U., T. Gruber, P. Steigenberger, D. Angermann, J. Bouman, M. Gerstl, and B. Richter. "GGOS Bureau for Standards and Conventions: Integrated Standards and Conventions for Geodesy." In Geodesy for Planet Earth, 995–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_124.

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Grossman, J. D. "Color Conventions and Application Standards." In Color in Electronic Displays, 209–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9754-1_7.

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Barrett/Norris, Kenneth/Stephen. "Setting the Standards and Conventions." In Running Mainframe z on Distributed Platforms, 233–44. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6431-6_14.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Conventional standards":

Chen, Shih-Fang, and Jimmy C. Hsu. "Direct comparison between CMS Programmable and conventional Josephson Voltage Standards." In 2014 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpem.2014.6898435.

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Di Pietrantonio, L. "Towards a single European railway system - the benefits of conventional rail interoperability." In IEE Seminar INTER-operability or IN-operability, do standards help or hinder? IEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20010083.

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SANTOS, RAMON OLIVEIRA BORGES DOS, LUIZ FELIPE FREIRE HONORATO, HENRIQUE CESAR SAMPAIO, and PEDRO HENRIQUE COLMAN PRADO. "TECHNICAL PROPOSAL FOR ADAPTING CONVENTIONAL MILLING MACHINE TO BRAZILIAN REGULATORY STANDARD NR12." In Brazilian Congress. brazco, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51162/brc.dev2020-00064.

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Industrial equipment and machine tools have major causes of accidents in the industrial sector, and in order to seek to offer a work environment that guarantees the health and physical and emotional integrity of workers, this study purpose to analyze a conventional milling machine in order to identify the risks and damages that it presents to its operator. Listed the accident risks, based on the brazilian regulatory standards, this is regulatory standard with specific name of NR 12, to propose improvements to reduce the risks of accidents in machine rotative. By identifying the possibility of adapting the equipment to brazilian legislation, it makes it safer for the worker and ensures that its operation will not be impaired. NR 12 can be established as a guarantee of security for employees when handling their equipment on a production line or in the operating area. Some standards contained in the cluster of brazilian regulatory standards will be cited to exemplify how the inclusion of this law is necessary and mandatory for the safety of all employees.,

Khan, Abdul Wahid. "Parametric calibration of 3-coordinate measuring machines by transfer standards and conventional techniques." In Seventh International Symposium on Instrumentation and Control Technology, edited by Jiancheng Fang and Zhongyu Wang. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.806282.

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Landim, Regis P., Mariella Alzamora, Vitor Ferreira, and Edson Afonso. "Direct comparison between Inmetro Programmable and conventional Josephson Voltage Standards at 10 V." In 2012 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpem.2012.6251111.

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Forssén, C., I. Silander, J. Zakrisson, E. Amer, D. Szabo, T. Bock, A. Kussicke, et al. "CIRCULAR COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL PRESSURE STANDARDS USING A TRANSPORTABLE OPTICAL REFRACTOMETER: PREPARATION AND TRANSPORTATION." In Joint IMEKO TC3, T5, TC16 and TC22 International Conference. Budapest: IMEKO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/tc16-2022.137.

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Landim, R. P. "Improvements in the Inmetro Zener calibration uncertainty budgets using conventional and programmable Josephson Voltage Standards." In 2016 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2016). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpem.2016.7540745.

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Li Honghui, Gao Yuan, and Wang Zengmin. "Comparison of the 10 V josephson voltage standards of the conventional and the programmable at NIM." In 2015 12th IEEE International Conference on Electronic Measurement & Instruments (ICEMI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icemi.2015.7494315.

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Koester, L., R. A. Roberts, D. J. Barnard, S. Chakrapani, S. Singh, R. Hogan, and L. J. Bond. "NDE of additively manufactured components with embedded defects (reference standards) using conventional and advanced ultrasonic methods." In 43RD ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLUME 36. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4974721.

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Sotkiewicz, P. M. "Value of conventional fossil generation in PJM considering renewable portfolio standards: A look into the future." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345501.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Conventional standards":

Blanco, Christian, Jay Apt, and Paulina Jaramillo. Conventional Generation Asset Management with Renewable Portfolio Standards Using Real Options. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1556898.

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Tobias, John M., Charles L. Wakefield, Larry W. Strother, Vladislav Mazur, and Josephine Covino. The Basis of Conventional Lightning Protection Technology: A Review of the Scientific Development of Conventional Lightning Protection Technologies and Standards. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396668.

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Cooper, Rachel. Water in Sustainable Agriculture Standards. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.037.

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This review synthesises evidence on water in sustainable agriculture standards. Sustainable agricultural standards, hereafter standards, is a broad term encompassing certification schemes, tools, and programmes. The International Trade Centre’s Sustainability Standards Map includes 166 agricultural standards . However, there is a smaller number of prominent standards that are popularly used by major retailers or for particular commodities. Two studies looking at how water is considered in standards selected smaller numbers: Morgan (2017) benchmarks 25 popular use conventional agricultural standards and organic standards, whilst Vos & Boelens (2014) selected eight prominent standards for their analysis. The evidence base for this request was limited. Whilst water is included in individual standards, there is limited research on the efficacy or impact of standards on water issues. This review identified an extremely small number of studies that either assessed or benchmarked standards’ water related requirements or the impacts of certification and water requirements on water resources.

Bruce, Bill, Bill Amend, Geoff Rogers, and Yong-Yi Wang. PR-186-124502-R01 Guidelines for Interpretation and Application of API 1104 Twenty-First Edition. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010563.

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The application of requirements contained in many industry codes and standards requires some interpretation by the user and by the regulator who is called upon to enforce their use. The objective of this project was to update the PRCI guidance document for API Standard 1104 - Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities - for the recently published Twenty-first Edition of the standard and to further develop the document. The use of this document will allow users and regulators to better understand the intent regarding interpretation of some requirements in API 1104, the rationale behind the requirements, and the applicability of the requirements to both conventional and modern high-strength pipelines.

Li, Hang, Hosam Hegazy, Xiaorui Xue, Jiansong Zhang, and Yunfeng Chen. BIM Standards for Roads and Related Transportation Assets. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317641.

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With the industry foundation classes (IFC) building information modeling (BIM) standard (ISO 16739) being adopted by AASHTO as the national standard for modeling bridge and road infrastructure projects, there comes a great opportunity to upgrade the INDOT model development standard of roads and related assets to 2D+3D BIM. This upgrade complies with the national standard and creates a solid foundation for preserving accurate asset information for lifecycle data needs. This study reviewed the current modeling standards for drainage and pavement at different state DOTs and investigated the interoperability between state-of-the-art design modeling software and IFC. It was found that while the latest modeling software is capable of supporting interoperability with IFC, there remain gaps that must be addressed to achieve smooth interoperability for supporting life cycle asset data management. Specifically, the prevalent use of IfcBuildingElementProxy and IfcCourse led to a lack of differentiation in the use of IFC entities for the representations of different components, such as inlets, outfalls, conduits, and different concrete pavement layers. This, in turn, caused challenges in the quality assurance (QA) of IFC models and rendered the conventional model view definition (MVD)-based model checking insufficient. To address these gaps and push forward BIM for infrastructure at INDOT, efforts were made in this project to initially create model development instruction manuals that can serve as the foundation for further development and the eventual establish a consistent and comprehensive IFC-based modeling standards and protocols. In addition, automated object classification leveraging invariant signatures of architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) objects was investigated. Correspondingly, a QA method and tool was developed to check and identify the different components in an IFC model. The developed tool achieved 91% accuracy on drainage and 100% accuracy in concrete pavement in its tested performance. These solutions aim to support the lifecycle management of INDOT transportation infrastructure projects using BIM and IFC.

Alexander, Chris, and Atul Ganpatye. PR-652-203802-R01 Computed Tomography for the Development of Standards for Anomaly Detection-Characterization. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012246.

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This report documents the testing and inspection efforts undertaken to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of X-Ray Computed Tomography (XRCT) technology from the perspective of detection and quantification of flaws in pipelines. The fundamental motivation behind this project is to leverage the capabilities of the XRCT technology for highly accurate detection and characterization of flaws in pipelines. The accurate sizing and characterization of flaws/cracks in pipelines is of great consequence in providing effective and efficient operational and repair decisions in any integrity management program. As is the case with any emerging technology, comprehensive validation is needed before the technology can be considered mature enough to be effectively deployed by operators in the real-world or be used in the development of reference standards. This report discusses a validation approach and compares the XRCT results with those obtained from conventional NDE, and sectioning and microscopy, for synthetic and real-world features. Results are discussed in the context of the development of reference standards using synthetic flaws. The discussion provided in this document will be valuable for operators in understanding applicability, gaps, and future direction for the XRCT technology in the context of accurate flaw detection and characterization in pipelines. Results discussed in the report show that XRCT has the potential to enable the pipeline industry to establish a set of reference standards that can be used for a wide range of purposes, including technology development and qualification, personnel training and competency testing for inspection of flaws in pipelines. Once established as a proxy for "truth", XRCT will significantly minimize the need for frequent destructive testing for the generation of validation data further enabling the use in the development of reference standards. Within the purview of the work scope completed in this project, XRCT showed excellent results with synthetic features confirming that the technology (along with the process of generating synthetic features) is ready to be used in the development of reference standards using synthetic features. This work was funded in part, under the Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, the Department of Transportation, or the U.S. Government.

Biagio, M. Di, A. Fonzo, and F. Marchesani. JTM13-CAD Crack Arrestor Design for High Grade Gas Transportation Pipeline. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011813.

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The interest of gas companies in the use of high-grade steel pipes, equivalent to X100 and higher, for the construction of long-distance gas pipelines is now a consolidated trend in the world; these pipelines are demanded to operate under extreme operating conditions, such as low temperature, high pressure and high design factor. Under this severe operating scenario the running shear fracture control can not be only assured by the inherent pipe body material self arrestability, and in this case, the use of external mechanical devices, i.e. crack arrestors, becomes mandatory as also envisaged by the draft of the new pipeline ISO standards under discussion. At the same time the knowledge available on the matter mainly dated back to the past, and the existing crack arrestor design guidelines, as those published by PRCI in the 80's, make reference to experimental experience gained on conventional, lower toughness and lower pressure gas linepipe.

Meyer and Carson. PR-415-124508-R01 Strain-Based Design and Assessment State-of-Art Review. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010796.

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This report provides an overview and introduction to the use of strain-based design and assessment (SBDA) approaches to ensure mechanical integrity for pipelines that may be (design focus) or have been (operational focus) subjected to significant ground deformation. Appropriately designed pipelines subjected to significant ground deformation can accommodate longitudinal bending loads that induce tension and/or compression loads well beyond yield without impacting pressure containment. Strain-based procedures for evaluating and ensuring pipeline integrity for such potential pipeline hazards are being safely used today for both offshore and onshore pipelines. The fundamental concepts and structure of the strain-based design (SBD) approach are well-established, but not widely known across industry or consistently addressed by regulatory and standards bodies. This report seeks to outline the current state-of-art for SBDA, including how it works in tandem with conventional stress-based design. The goal is to advance the understanding of SBDA within the PRCI community and to identify future work that could be conducted within industry to facilitate the appropriate use of SBDA to meet industry�s goal of ensuring pipeline integrity.

Mracek Dietrich, Anna, and Ravi Rajamani. Unsettled Issues Regarding the Certification of Electric Aircraft. SAE International, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021007.

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The aerospace industry is beginning to grapple with the reality of certifying electric aircraft (EA), signaling the maturing of the field. Many players are ramping up their activities to respond to imminent technical, safety, and regulatory requirements. While there are gaps in EA knowledge as well as the processes for certifying them, some leading standards development organizations (SDOs) such as SAE International, ASTM International, and RTCA—ably supported by representatives from regulatory agencies—are stepping in to address many of these issues. Of special importance are the new rule changes in the normal category (14 CFR Part 23, Amendment 64) that shift from a prescriptive philosophy to “performance-based rules.” Regarding system knowledge, there has been a trend in the use electrical energy to power systems that have long employed mechanical hydraulics. In the new EA paradigm, these components will be employed at criticality levels not previously witnessed in conventional aircraft, calling for a specific set of certification demands. Unsettled Issues Regarding the Certification of Electric Aircraft tackles the certification challenges faced by EA manufacturers in both the small (normal) and large (transport) categories, addressing technical, business, and process issues.

George. PR-015-10600-R01 Proposed Sampling Methods for Supercritical Natural Gas Streams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010981.

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Deepwater natural gas production is a non-traditional operation that is very different than conventional shelf or onshore production, due to the extremely high pressures (2,000 psia, 13.8 MPa abs) and rich gases (1,300 Btu/scf, 48.4 MJ/Nm3) involved. Concerns have been raised about methods used to sample deepwater natural gas supplies in this supercritical state. Sampling methods accepted for natural gas at pipeline conditions have been used to sample gas from offshore platforms and supercritical onshore storage facilities. However, the sample analyses have later been found to overestimate the energy content of the gas by as much as 300 Btu/scf (11.2 MJ/Nm3). Analyses of these samples have also been found to incorrectly estimate other properties of the gas, such as sound speed and density. Due to the potential financial impact of such discrepancies, the need exists to understand their causes, and to identify alternative sampling procedures or methods that can minimize them. A literature search was performed to identify sampling methods with the potential to accurately sample natural gas streams in the supercritical region. The search included methods listed in existing natural gas sampling standards, such as API MPMS Chapter 14.1 and GPA 2166-05, variations and suggested improvements on these standard methods, and sampling methods applied in other sectors of the energy industry. No sampling methods were identified that are designed specifically for sampling supercritical natural gas. However, guidelines were found in various references that are useful in tailoring existing sampling methods or designing new sampling methods for supercritical gas service. These guidelines include means to avoid phase changes in the samples, methods of regulating pressure while maintaining sample temperatures, avoiding issues with adsorption and desorption on equipment, and recommendations for designing a sampling method for high-pressure service.