Готові списки джерел за темами / Controlling regime

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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Controlling regime"

1

Shah, Muhammad Tahir, Noreen Azam, Adil Mehraj, Muhammad Ilyas, and Mansoor Ahmad. "OBSERVATIONS IN CONTROLLING HELICOBACTER PYLORI BETWEEN TRIPLE REGIME AND SEQUENTIAL REGIME." Pakistan Postgraduate Medical Journal 31, no. 03 (April 14, 2021): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51642/ppmj.v31i03.382.

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Objective: Comparison between conventional triple regime and sequential regime in controlling of Helicobacter Pylori. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at Medical OPD MH Rawalpindi for six months. The consecutive (nonprobability sampling) technique was used. All patients fulfilling inclusion criteria and diagnosed according to operational definition of Helicobacter Pylori infection were selected. All the information was entered, assessed and results were obtained through SPSS. Results: According to our study the cases mean age was 36.23±10.87 years, ratio between male, female was 1.07:1. overall efficacy achieved in 289 (67.21%) patient (124 in set A and 165 in set B). So according to results sequential therapy has got much higher results as compared to triple therapy group. Conclusion: It has been proved in our study that the sequential regime has got significantly better results than conventional triple regime in the management of Helicobacter Pylori eradication
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2

Brumer, Paul, and Moshe Shapiro. "Controlling chemical reactions in the quantum regime." Physics Today 64, no. 12 (December 2011): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.1345.

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Mantsvetov, A. A., A. A. Umbitaliev, V. V. Kozlov, A. K. Tsytsulin, A. E. Rychazhnikov, P. S. Baranov, and A. V. Ivanova. "Controlling the accumulation regime in solid-state photodetectors." Journal of Optical Technology 79, no. 11 (November 30, 2012): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.79.000738.

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Ascari, Guido, Anna Florio, and Alessandro Gobbi. "CONTROLLING INFLATION WITH TIMID MONETARY–FISCAL REGIME CHANGES." International Economic Review 61, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 1001–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iere.12447.

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5

Wu, Zhongwei, Chuanzhi Cui, Japan Trivedi, Ning Ai, and Wenhao Tang. "Pressure Analysis for Volume Fracturing Vertical Well considering Low-Velocity Non-Darcy Flow and Stress Sensitivity." Geofluids 2019 (November 20, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2046061.

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In general, there is stress sensitivity damage in tight reservoirs and fractures. Furthermore, the flow in tight reservoirs is the low-velocity non-Darcy flow. Currently, few researches of pressure analysis for volume fracturing vertical well are conducted simultaneously considering the low-velocity non-Darcy flow and stress sensitivity. In the paper, a novel flow model of a volume fractured vertical well is proposed and solved numerically. Firstly, the threshold pressure gradient, permeability modulus, and experimental data are, respectively, utilized to characterize the low-velocity non-Darcy flow, matrix stress sensitivity, and fracture stress sensitivity. Then, a two-region composite reservoir is established to simulate the vertical well with volume fracturing. After that, the logarithm meshing method is used to discrete the composite reservoir, and the flow model is solved by the method of finite difference and IMPES. Finally, the model verification is conducted, and the effects of the low-velocity non-Darcy flow and stress sensitivity on the pressure and pressure derivative are analyzed. The six flow regimes are identified by the dimensionless pressure and pressure derivative curve. They are, respectively, the fracture linear flow regime, early transition flow regime, radial flow regime, crossflow regime, advanced transition flow regime, and boundary controlling flow regime. The stress sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient have a great effect on the dimensionless pressure and pressure derivative. With the increase of reservoir stress sensitivity, the pressure and pressure derivative are upward at the advanced transition flow and boundary controlling regimes. However, the pressure and pressure derivative are downward at the advanced transition flow and boundary controlling regimes when the fracture sensitivity increases. An increase in the threshold pressure gradient results in a high dimensionless pressure and pressure derivative. This work reveals the effects of low-velocity non-Darcy flow and stress sensitivity on pressure and provides a more accurate reference for reservoir engineers in pressure analysis when developing a tight reservoir by using the volume fracturing vertical well.
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6

Tannenwald, Nina. "Justice and Fairness in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime." Ethics & International Affairs 27, no. 3 (2013): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679413000221.

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Today, the nuclear regime is widely perceived to be in crisis. While part of this crisis has to do with direct challenges to the regime posed by the illicit nuclear programs of North Korea and Iran, from the perspective of much of the developing world, the issues facing the nonproliferation regime are overwhelmingly about the justice and fairness of the regime's norms, rules, and procedures. Indeed, it is difficult to identify a security regime today where equity issues are more central to debates about its future than the nuclear nonproliferation regime. Of the three regimes for controlling weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological, and nuclear), it is in the nuclear regime that issues of justice and fairness appear most critical to long-term sustainability and viability.
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Duprat, Camille, Camille Noûs, and Suzie Protière. "Controlling wet adhesion with elasticity." Soft Matter 16, no. 28 (2020): 6463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00618a.

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We consider the wet adhesion between two deformable fibers and identify an elastocapillary peeling regime, where the pull-off force remains constant trough debonding and is completely determined by a single dimensionless parameter.
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8

KAHAN, SANDRA, and RAÚL MONTAGNE. "CONTROLLING SPATIOTEMPORAL CHAOS IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 11, no. 11 (November 2001): 2853–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127401003917.

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We investigate analytically and numerically a nonfeedback control technique for spatially extended systems. The method is suited for systems where some parameters can be modified. We apply the control scheme to a model used to describe vectorial transverse pattern formation in nonlinear optical systems, the Vector Complex Ginzburg–Landau Equation (VCGLE). Our scheme stabilizes a periodic regime where otherwise a chaotic regime is observed. We confirm by analytical calculation and direct simulation how this scheme, based in the use of a nonlinear diffraction term, stabilizes unstable polarized standing waves and linearly polarized traveling waves in a chaotic scenery.
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9

Moffett, Kevan B., Scott W. Tyler, Thomas Torgersen, Manoj Menon, John S. Selker, and Steven M. Gorelick. "Processes Controlling the Thermal Regime of Saltmarsh Channel Beds." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 3 (February 2008): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es071309m.

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10

Penaluna, Brooke E., Steve F. Railsback, Jason B. Dunham, Sherri Johnson, Robert E. Bilby, and Arne E. Skaugset. "The role of the geophysical template and environmental regimes in controlling stream-living trout populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 6 (June 2015): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0377.

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The importance of multiple processes and instream factors to aquatic biota has been explored extensively, but questions remain about how local spatiotemporal variability of aquatic biota is tied to environmental regimes and the geophysical template of streams. We used an individual-based trout model to explore the relative role of the geophysical template versus environmental regimes on biomass of trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii). We parameterized the model with observed data from each of the four headwater streams (their local geophysical template and environmental regime) and then ran 12 simulations where we replaced environmental regimes (stream temperature, flow, turbidity) of a given stream with values from each neighboring stream while keeping the geophysical template fixed. We also performed single-parameter sensitivity analyses on the model results from each of the four streams. Although our modeled findings show that trout biomass is most responsive to changes in the geophysical template of streams, they also reveal that biomass is restricted by available habitat during seasonal low flow, which is a product of both the stream’s geophysical template and flow regime. Our modeled results suggest that differences in the geophysical template among streams render trout more or less sensitive to environmental change, emphasizing the importance of local fish–habitat relationships in streams.
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Дисертації з теми "Controlling regime"

1

Parker, Charles F. "Controlling weapons of mass destruction : an evaluation of international security regime significance /." Uppsala : Uppsala Univ. Library, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/335328989.pdf.

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Oioli, Erik Frederico. "A superação do modelo de concentração acionária no Brasil: o regime jurídico das companhias de capital disperso na lei das sociedades anônimas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-11092014-143912/.

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A Lei nº 6.404, de 15 de dezembro de 1976, foi concebida tendo como um de seus objetivos o estímulo à formação da grande empresa nacional. Para tanto, o legislador utilizou duas premissas: o estímulo à concentração empresarial e o fomento do mercado de capitais (tanto o mercado acionário, quanto o de títulos de dívida). Isto resultou em um modelo legal, calcado na figura do acionista controlador, de quem a lei reconhece poderes e, em contrapartida, institucionaliza deveres e atribui responsabilidades. Ainda, face à extremação dos poderes do acionista controlador, visando ao fomento do mercado de capitais, a lei atribui aos acionistas minoritários verdadeiros direitos compensatórios, sintetizados em direitos de saída da companhia e direitos de informação. Com a dispersão acionária e o consequente enfraquecimento, ou até desaparecimento, do acionista controlador, o poder desloca-se para os administradores, resultando em modelo essencialmente diverso daquele originalmente concebido pela Lei das Sociedades Anônimas. Relativizam-se, assim, os direitos compensatórios face ao controle acionário, ganhando força os mecanismos de monitoramento adequado dos administradores para assegurar a realização do interesse social. Isto implica modificações não apenas na esfera de direitos individuais e coletivos dos acionistas como principalmente mudanças na própria estrutura orgânica da sociedade anônima e nos negócios jurídicos envolvendo a disputa pelo controle societário. O presente trabalho, portanto, irá discutir até que ponto a Lei nº 6.404/76 está apta a lidar com este fenômeno recente em território brasileiro. Palavras chave: Lei nº 6.404/76, sociedade anônima, poder de controle, dispersão acionária, OPA.
One of the objectives guiding the development of Law 6,404, of 15 December 1976, was that of stimulating the formation of large-size Brazilian companies. The legislator set about this task using two premises: stimulating corporate concentration and boosting the bond markets (both the stock market and the government bond market). This resulted in a legal model, based on the figure of the controlling shareholder, to whom the law grants authority and, in return, imposes obligations and allocates responsibilities. Moreover, in view of the extreme nature of the controlling shareholders authority, and in order to boost the bond markets, the law grants genuine compensatory rights to the minority shareholders, which can be summarized as rights to leave the company and rights to information. Stock dispersion and the consequent weakening, or even disappearance, of the controlling shareholder, has led to authority shifting to the management, leading to a model that is, in essence, very different from the one originally conceived in the Brazilian Companies Law. Hence, compensatory rights have become relative to shareholder control, with the managers monitoring mechanisms gaining force in ensuring compliance with the corporate interest. This implies modifications not only in the sphere of shareholders individual and collective rights, but also changes to the very structure of the joint stock company and to legal business dealings concerning disputes for corporate control. This study will, therefore, debate just how well Law 6,404/76 is able to deal with this recent phenomenon in Brazil.
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Barron, Olivia. "Gas diffusion electrodes for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells membrane electrode assemblies." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4323.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The need for simplified polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFCs) systems, which do not require extensive fuel processing, has led to increased study in the field of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) applications. Although these HT-PEMFCs can operate with less complex systems, they are not without their own challenges; challenges which are introduced due to their higher operation temperature. This study aims to address two of the main challenges associated with HT-PEMFCs; the need for alternative catalyst layer (CL) ionomers and the prevention of excess phosphoric acid (PA) leaching into the CL. The first part of the study involves the evaluation of suitable proton conducting materials for use in the CL of high temperature membrane electrode assemblies (HT-MEAs), with the final part of the study focusing on development of a novel MEA architecture comprising an acid controlling region. The feasibility of the materials in HT-MEAs was evaluated by comparison to standard MEA configurations.
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Paszuk, Agnieszka [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Hannappel, Gerhard [Gutachter] Gobsch, and Regina [Gutachter] Paszkiewicz. "Controlling Si(111) and Si(100) surfaces for subsequent GaP heteroepitaxy in CVD ambient / Agnieszka Paszuk ; Gutachter: Gerhard Gobsch, Regina Paszkiewicz ; Betreuer: Thomas Hannappel." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1178133133/34.

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Aguilar-Islas, Ana M. "Sources and processes controlling dissolved manganese in the eastern boundary regions of the North Pacific and Bering Sea, and an insight into the iron-replete and iron-deplete regimes of the Bering Sea /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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PILLAI, Vinoshene. "Intravital two photon clcium imaging of glioblastoma mouse models." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/109211.

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Evans, E. "Processes controlling the calving regime of the Sørsdal ice shelf, East Antarctica." Thesis, 2020. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/35848/1/Evans_whole_thesis.pdf.

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The calving of icebergs from Antarctic ice shelves is one of the primary ways in which mass is transported from the continent to the ocean. As a result, the mechanisms that determine how and when icebergs are produced also determine the rate at which this mass transfer occurs. These mechanisms also influence the buttressing potential of ice shelves and in doing so can contribute to ice shelf change, which is likely the largest and most uncertain aspect of Antarctica’s contribution to sea level rise. The mass lost from ice shelves over time due to the calving of icebergs is known as the calving flux. Baseline observations of ice shelf calving flux can be used in conjunction with an understanding of the processes involved to identify changes in ice shelf behaviour. Relatively little research has focused on the calving regimes of the smaller ice shelves that fringe the Antarctic continent, and how they may differ from larger ice shelves. In an attempt to address this knowledge gap, the work presented in this thesis focuses on the calving regime of the small ice shelf that is fed by the Sørsdal Glacier, in East Antarctica. To derive a comprehensive understanding of the Sørsdal ice shelf’s calving regime this work quantifies the mass loss due to calving, identifies the processes involved in calving and investigates the applicability of a number of calving laws to this particular ice shelf. In order to determine whether the calving flux of an ice shelf is changing, it is first essential to determine the baseline calving flux. Methods used to estimate the calving flux either take into account non-steady-state behaviour by capturing movement of the calving front location (e.g. using satellite observations), or they assume the calving front is stationary and that the ice is in steady state (e.g. flux gate methods). Non-steady-state methods are hampered by the issue of temporal aliasing, i.e. when the satellite observation frequency is insufficient to capture the cyclic nature of the calving front position. Methods that assume a steady state to estimate the calving flux accrue errors if the ice shelf is not in steady state. In order to overcome these limitations a new approach is proposed and implemented here that combines a time-series of calving front locations with a flux gate method. The approach involves the creation of a unique semi-temporal domain as a mechanism to overcome the issue of temporal aliasing, and only requires readily available datasets of ice thickness (when using ice thickness estimates derived from surface elevation values and the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium), as well as surface velocity estimates. This approach allows for complex calving front geometries and captures calving events of all sizes that are visible within the satellite images. Application of the approach to the Sørsdal ice shelf revealed the long-term average calving flux to be 0.74 ± 0.105 Gt/yr. The temporal baseline separating the satellite images has a strong influence on the resulting calving flux estimate. It is critical that an appropriate temporal baseline is used to estimate the long-term mean calving flux: if the baseline is too short the estimated calving flux may not be representative of the long-term average. The estimated minimum temporal baseline needed to produce a representative estimate of the long-term average calving flux for the Sørsdal ice shelf is 7.6 years. The variation in the location of the calving front suggests that between 1972 and 2019, the pattern of calving from the Sørsdal ice shelf has changed. To further examine the variation in the calving front location, the following section of this thesis then focuses on the mechanisms involved in the production of icebergs from the Sørsdal ice shelf. Surface elevation data were used in conjunction with a time-series of visible satellite imagery to perform a glaciological structural analysis, identifying the presence of rifts, surface and basal crevasses as well as basal channels in the Sørsdal ice shelf. Analysis of the characteristics of these features, how they vary over time and how they interact, allowed the development of a conceptual calving model. This model shows that glaciological features, in particular basal crevasses, are the primary driver of the pattern of calving at the Sørsdal ice shelf and that there exists an important relationship between rifts and basal crevasses on this ice shelf. These glacial features were analysed for change and compared to the environmental drivers of air temperature observations (as a proxy for surface melt) and sea ice observations (as a proxy for mechanical oceanic drivers). This analysis was performed in order to determine how these glacial features may have affected the calving front position of the Sørsdal ice shelf. However, the proxies were found to have no significant correlation with the calving front location. Instead, analysis of the glaciological structures over time identified a change in basal channel shape, which was linked to the propagation of basal crevasses and hence the stable calving front position. To determine how well the glaciological interactions and calving front variability are represented by calving laws in a numerical model, three commonly-used approaches were applied to the Sørsdal ice shelf. Calving laws can be used within numerical models to either predict the calving rate or to predict the calving front location. The three laws that were investigated include eigencalving, a continuum damage mechanics-based calving law and a modified crevasse depth criterion. The eigencalving law was used to investigate the calving rate, whereas the damagebased calving law and the crevasse depth calving criterion were investigated for their ability to predict the calving front location. A domain was created for the Sørsdal ice shelf within the Ice Sheet System Model running Shallow Shelf Approximation flow equations. Application of the eigencalving law to the Sørsdal ice shelf using a calving rate that was equal to the observed velocity field produced a median proportionality factor of 1.04 x 10\(^7\) m/yr, which is well within the range of published values for Antarctic ice shelves. The proportionality factor was found to be very sensitive to the region of the ice shelf from which it was obtained. Regions of high damage aligned with regions of high fracture depth derived from the modified crevasse depth model, which match the spatial pattern of surface crevasses visible in satellite imagery. However, surface crevasses present in two along-flow crevasse bands were not captured, nor were basal crevasses present at the calving front. The results of the crevasse depth calving law may have been adversely influenced by pinning points that were unaccounted for in the model geometry, and the consequent incorrect assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. The damagebased calving law results may have been influenced by the advection of damage. Neither the fracture nor the damage maps identified a new position of the calving front, suggesting that the ice shelf front is stable and unlikely to shift up-glacier from its current position. However, these findings require the assumption that the modelled fracture and damage distributions are representative of the fracture distribution across the Sørsdal ice shelf. The work outlined in this thesis highlights the important role that basal crevasses play in the process of calving. Application of three calving laws found that the results were very sensitive to the input datasets (particularly the ice thickness and ice temperature fields), as well as to the constants used within the rigidity inversion. Neither the crevasse depth calving law nor the damage-based calving relation explicitly captured the influence of basal crevasses, however this was likely a result of model geometry issues and deficiencies of the ice flow model used. Another important finding of this work is that the temporally dynamic interactions between glacial features show that an ice shelf calving regime is not static, but can change even without obvious climatic drivers. The outcomes of this work emphasise the need to include smaller ice shelves in studies of Antarctic calving mechanisms as they offer the opportunity to expand the observed range of calving mechanisms, and are a useful tool for assessing calving model performance.
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Kang, Sang Yop. "Understanding Controlling Shareholder Regimes." Thesis, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D80Z798N.

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Traditionally, the corporate governance scholarship has emphasized heavily the "dispersed shareholder regimes" in the United States and the United Kingdom, although "controlling shareholder regimes" constitute the vast majority of the world's economy. Since there have been few systematic studies concerning controlling shareholder regimes (in particular, controlling shareholder regimes in developing countries), they have remained in a black box. With this concern in mind, in this dissertation, I proposed various analytical frameworks for understanding the corporate governance of controlling shareholder regimes that, improperly, have been overlooked for a long time. In the first chapter of my dissertation, entitled Reenvisioning the Controlling Shareholder Regime: Why Controlling Shareholders and Minority Shareholders Embrace Each Other, I proposed theories to explain why controlling shareholders and minority shareholders "voluntarily" embrace each other in an emerging capital market while the legal system in that jurisdiction does not require controllers to protect investors. In the second chapter, entitled Controlling Shareholders - "Roving" v. "Stationary," I explored two types of controlling shareholders (i.e., "roving" and "stationary" controllers) and delved into why an economy with stationary controllers is better in terms of corporate governance and more likely to be prosperous than an economy with roving controllers. In the third chapter, entitled Transplanting a Poison Pill to a Controlling Shareholder Regime, I analyzed how a poison pill would affect the market for corporate control and the corporate governance of controlling shareholder regimes. In this dissertation, I have proposed many unconventional analyses and views on controlling shareholder regimes (in some cases, the concepts may be counterintuitive from the perspective of the conventional corporate governance scholarship). I hope that my research will guide scholars in a theoretical way to understand the various aspects of law and economics related to corporate governance that mostly have not been recognized or that have been misunderstood in the standard scholarly studies of corporate governance.
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Книги з теми "Controlling regime"

1

Controlling weapons of mass destruction: An evaluation of international security regime significance. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University Library [distributor], 2001.

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2

Kang, Sang Yop. Understanding Controlling Shareholder Regimes. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2011.

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3

Epstein, Joshua M. Controlling the greenhouse effect: Fiveglobal regimes compared. Washington, D.C: The Brookings Institution, 1990.

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4

Raj, Gupta, ed. Controlling the greenhouse effect: Five global regimes compared. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution, 1990.

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5

Kraakman, Reinier H. Controlling corporate misconduct: A comparative analysis of alternative corporate incentive regimes. [Toronto]: Law and Economics Programme, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1996.

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6

Ferraro, Angelo. Arresto domiciliare e libertà provvisoria: Profili strutturali e regime dei controlli. Milano: Giuffrè, 1985.

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7

Kong zhi gu dong lan yong kong zhi quan xing wei de fa lü gui zhi: Zhongguo gong si fa xiang guan zhi du de gou jian = Legal regimes regarding controlling shareholders' liability : construction of Chinese corporation law. Beijing Shi: Fa lü chu ban she, 2010.

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8

Crook, Malcolm. The New Regime. Edited by David Andress. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639748.013.013.

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This chapter aims to establish the first years of the French Revolution as a radical experiment in the practice of democracy, and to overturn the ‘moderate’ or ‘liberal’ perspective that many historians have adopted. Following the wholesale destruction of the ancien régime and the principles laid down in 1789 for the creation of a replacement, a new political culture emerged. The administrative framework that was rapidly instituted was by no means decentralized, but it proved incapable of controlling the great explosion of political activity and discussion, which subverted rather than supported the foundation of representative government. The analysis of elections, clubs and newspapers that flourished nationwide demonstrates these unruly dynamics of revolutionary citizenship, which the constitutional monarchy struggled to circumscribe. Despite the concerted efforts made to close this period of upheaval with the inception of the Constitution in the autumn of 1791, the Revolution was far from over.
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Brandsma, Gijs Jan, and Jens Blom-Hansen. Controlling the EU Executive? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767909.001.0001.

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Every year the EU Commission issues thousands of rules based on powers delegated by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament. But delegation is carefully controlled. Traditionally, control has been exerted through a system of committees of member state representatives (‘comitology’). However, this system was contested by the European Parliament which was left without any influence. The Lisbon Treaty introduced a new control regime for delegated powers, the so-called delegated acts system, which was meant to supplement the existing system. The new system involves direct control by the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament and thus for the first time gave the European Parliament real influence over delegated powers. However, the choice over which delegation regime to use in practice has turned into one of the most vehement institutional conflicts in the EU political system. Controlling the EU Executive represents the first comprehensive investigation of this conflict. It does so by a combination of methods and data, including process-tracing of the introduction of the new system in the Lisbon Treaty, case studies of selected post-Lisbon delegation situations, and statistical analysis of data sets comprising hundreds of post-Lisbon legislative files.
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Department of Defense. North Korea 2025: Alternate Futures and Policy Challenges - Crucial Role of China in Controlling Expanded DPRK Nuclear Weapons Capabilities, Potential of Korean Unification, Stability of the Regime. Independently Published, 2017.

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Частини книг з теми "Controlling regime"

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Kelle, Alexander, Kathryn Nixdorff, and Malcolm Dando. "Science, Technology and the CW Prohibition Regime." In Controlling Biochemical Weapons, 10–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230503496_2.

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Kelle, Alexander, Kathryn Nixdorff, and Malcolm Dando. "Science, Technology and the BW Prohibition Regime." In Controlling Biochemical Weapons, 35–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230503496_3.

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Simpson, Mark, and Tony Hawkins. "Zimbabwe’s First Decade: Building the One-Party State and Controlling the Economy." In The Primacy of Regime Survival, 45–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72520-8_3.

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Proelss, Alexander, and Robert C. Steenkamp. "Liability Under Part XI UNCLOS (Deep Seabed Mining)." In Corporate Liability for Transboundary Environmental Harm, 559–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13264-3_13.

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AbstractThe part of the seabed and subsoil that is beyond national jurisdiction (hereafter, the Area) is regulated by Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) as well as by the 1994 Implementation Agreement. The regime of deep seabed mining (DSM) in the Area foresees three phases: prospecting, exploration and exploitation. The exploration and exploitation phases involve several actors, including States, the International Seabed Authority (ISA or Authority) and private entities. Established under UNCLOS, the ISA is tasked with controlling and organising “activities in the Area, particularly with a view to administering the resources of the Area”. To date, the ISA has developed regulations related to exploration for minerals in the Area which set out the standard terms of exploration contracts as well as the requirements to apply for exploration rights. DSM in the Area is currently transitioning from the exploration phase into the exploitation phase, and the ISA is developing rules for the assessment and environmental management of future operations.
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Ruzhich, Valery V., and Evgeny V. Shilko. "A New Method for Seismically Safe Managing of Seismotectonic Deformations in Fault Zones." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 45–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_3.

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AbstractThe authors outline the results of long-term interdisciplinary research aimed at identifying the possibility and the methods of controlling tangential displacements in seismically dangerous faults to reduce the seismic risk of potential earthquakes. The studies include full-scale physical and numerical modeling of P-T conditions in the earth’s crust contributing to the initiation of displacement in the stick-slip regime and associated seismic radiation. A cooperation of specialists in physical mesomechanics, seismogeology, geomechanics, and tribology made it possible to combine and generalize data on the mechanisms for the formation of the sources of dangerous earthquakes in the highly stressed segments of faults. We consider the prospect of man-caused actions on the deep horizons of fault zones using powerful shocks or vibrations in combination with injecting aqueous solutions through deep wells to manage the slip mode. We show that such actions contribute to a decrease in the coseismic slip velocity in the fault zone, and, therefore, cause a decrease in the amplitude and energy of seismic vibrations. In conclusion, we substantiate the efficiency of the use of combined impacts on potentially seismically hazardous segments of fault zones identified in the medium-term seismic prognosis. Finally, we discuss the importance of the full-scale validation of the proposed approach to managing the displacement regime in highly-stressed segments of fault zones. Validation should be based on large-scale tests involving advanced technologies for drilling deep multidirectional wells, injection of complex fluids, and localized vibrational or pulse impacts on deep horizons.
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Kelle, Alexander, Kathryn Nixdorff, and Malcolm Dando. "Assessing the Adequacy of the CBW Prohibition Regimes for the Challenges of the 21st Century." In Controlling Biochemical Weapons, 138–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230503496_7.

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Maslowski, Wieslaw, Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Stephen R. Okkonen, Robert Osinski, Andrew F. Roberts, and William J. Williams. "The Large Scale Ocean Circulation and Physical Processes Controlling Pacific-Arctic Interactions." In The Pacific Arctic Region, 101–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8863-2_5.

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Davanne, Olivier, and Vasumathi Vijayraghavan. "The Credibility of Central Banks in Controlling Inflation and the Effect on Exchange-rate Volatility, Theory and Evidence." In Exchange-Rate Regimes and Currency Unions, 159–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22039-7_8.

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Moncada Quintero, Carmen W., Roman Z. Babar, and Stefania Specchia. "Performance and Controlling Regimes Analysis of Methane Steam Reforming on Ru/γ-Al2O3 Cordierite Monoliths." In Sustainable Development for Energy, Power, and Propulsion, 91–131. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5667-8_5.

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Durkin, Thomas P., Pierre Cazala, and René Garcia. "Transsynaptic Mechanisms Controlling Cholinergic Neuronal Activation in the Septohippocampal and nBM-Cortical Pathways: Differential Roles in Memory and Attentional Processes?" In The Behavioral Neuroscience of the Septal Region, 146–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1302-4_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Controlling regime"

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Wright, Kevin, and Chunlei Guo. "Controlling chemical pathways in the strong-field tunnelling regime." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2004.ftug25.

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Ciulica, Dumitru, Manuela Panoiu, Caius Panoiu, and Sergiu Mezinescu. "Researches about Controlling Switching SF6 Circuit Breaker Transition Regime." In 2020 8th International Conference on Control, Mechatronics and Automation (ICCMA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccma51325.2020.9301534.

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Mohamed, Sughra, Tommi Hakala, Jie Wang, and Lei Shi. "Controlling of topological charge in 2D photonic crystal." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2022.jtu4b.66.

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We demonstrate lasing from four BICs supported by C4v symmetric PhC slabs. By fine-tuning the parameters of the lattice, we selectively obtain a unique topological charge by bringing the BICs to the wavelength regime.
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Fořtová, Anna, and Filip Ježek. "VVER 1000 Pressurizer System and Control Modelling in Dymola." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81263.

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The pressurizer is responsible for controlling the pressure and temperature in the primary circuit of the nuclear power plant. It is basically a pressure vessel, filled partially with water and partially with steam at saturation state. The controlling process can be described by two regimes, either by the self-control regime or by the automatic control regime. This paper is describing the simplified automatic control regime on the model of the pressurizer in the primary circuit of VVER 1000 made in Dymola software with the ClaRa library. Reactor power change and corresponding steam generator power change are the actuators in the simulation. The behaviour of the coolant level and pressure in the pressurizer is simulated in the model and it is then compared with data provided by the supplier of VVER 1000.
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Perez, Cristobal, Melanie Schnell, Weixing Li, Denis Tikhonov, and Amanda Steber. "ENANTIOMER-SELECTIVE POPULATION TRANSFER EXPERIMENTS IN THE MICROWAVE REGIME: FROM MEASURING TO CONTROLLING CHIRALITY." In 2020 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2020.wk08.

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Munoz, Elvin M., Johan E. Quispe, and Emir Vela. "Closed-loop selective manipulation of multiple microparticles by controlling the transient regime of Marangoni flows." In 2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2016.7759754.

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Ivannikov, Vladimir I., Ivan V. Ivannikov, and Tom W. Bakker. "Production Improvement By Controlling The Flow Regime Of Gas Rich Fluid Mixtures With Slugging Devices." In Middle East Oil Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/81453-ms.

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Vershinin, Vladimir Evgenyevich, Roman Yurievich Ponomarev, and Alexander Vladimirovich Strekalov. "Neural Network as a Tool for Predicting and Controlling the Technological Regime of Production Wells." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201937-ms.

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Xiao, Yuanjie, Erol Tutumluer, and W. James Wilde. "Open-graded Aggregate Base (OGAB) Controlling Subsurface Moisture Regime and Structural Stability from MnROAD Instrumentation Data." In Second Transportation & Development Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413586.001.

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Vershinin, Vladimir Evgenyevich, Roman Yurievich Ponomarev, and Alexander Vladimirovich Strekalov. "Neural Network as a Tool for Predicting and Controlling the Technological Regime of Production Wells (Russian)." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201937-ru.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Controlling regime"

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Terzyan, Aram. Belarus in the Wake of a Revolution: Domestic and International Factors. Eurasia Institutes, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/eea-3-2020.

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This paper explores the political landscape of Belarus in the aftermath of the 2020 presidential elections, with a focus on both domestic and international factors behind the ongoing crisis. Lukashenko’s regime has a long record of sustaining its power by preserving elite unity, controlling elections, and/or using force against opponents. Therefore, massive fraud characterizing the 2020 presidential elections and brutal suppression of peaceful protests in its aftermath came as no surprise. Against this backdrop, the anti-government protests following the presidential elections raised a series of unanswered questions regarding both their domestic and foreign policy implications. The biggest question is whether the Belarusian civil society and opposition will prove powerful enough to overcome state repression and change the status quo in Europe’s “last dictatorship”. Worries remain about the Belarusian opposition’s emphasis on foreign policy continuity, meaning that Belarus is bound to remain in the orbit of the Russian authoritarian influence. The total fiasco of post-Velvet Revolution Armenian government both in terms of domestic and foreign policies, among others, further reveals the excruciating difficulties of a democratic state-building within the Russia-led socio-political order.
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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.

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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.
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Manzano, Osmel, and José Luis Saboin. Investment Booms and Institutions: Implications for the Andean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004260.

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This paper provides evidence of a positive effect of institutions and reforms in initiating investment booms. We constructed an unbalanced panel of 178 countries for the period 19502019 that considered institutions and reforms at different levels and dimensions. We analyzed the effects of these variables on 159 carefully estimated investment boom episodes, controlling for the standard determinants of investment and using a battery of estimation techniques and robustness checks. Overall, marketoriented and democratic institutions favor the advent of investment booms. Structural reforms present mixed effects and in some cases these are nonlinear. While trade and capital account reform have negative effects, domestic finance, product, and labor market reforms have the opposite. Beyond institutions and reforms, we find different effects regarding external, macro, and structural variables.
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Kolarzik, Nina, and Aram Terzyan. The State of Human Rights and Political Freedoms in Belarus: Was the Crisis Inevitable? Eurasia Institutes, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47669/psprp-4-2020.

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The rule of Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus has created one of the most resilient authoritarian regimes in post-communist Europe. Meanwhile, the turmoil triggered by the 2020 presidential election has put in the spotlight the mounting challenges facing Lukashenko’s authoritarian rule. This paper investigates the state of human rights and political freedoms in Belarus, focusing on the main rationale behind the turmoil surrounding the 2020 presidential election. It concludes that the political crisis following the elections is the unsurprising consequence of Lukashenko’s diminishing ability to maintain power or concentrate political control by preserving elite unity, controlling elections, and/or using force against opponents.
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Cramer, Grant R., and Nirit Bernstein. Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570555.bard.

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In the project "Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress" ionic and enzymatic changes in the cells and cell walls of the expanding region of salt-stressed maize leaves were evaluated. Conventional numerical techniques for REG estimation were reevaluated; 'Greens' method was recommended and applied throughout the project for growth intensity estimation. Salinity slowed leaf development and reduced leaf size, but increased cell development within the leaf-growing zone. Leaf elongation rate was most affected by salinity from the region of maximal growth to the distal end; the basal region was largely unaffected. Creep assays indicated that the physical properties of the cell wall were not altered. Furthermore, pH or protein concentrations in the apoplastic space were not altered. Salinity decreased in half the concentrations of putative oligosaccharides in both the apoplast and the Golgi vesicles, suggesting that salinity reduced oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Salinity significantly increased solute concentrations in the vacuoles, but the ion concentrations tested remain unchanged in the vacuole. Most importantly, salinity increased the ion concentrations in the apoplast, particularly Cl-concentrations. The evidence obtained clearly points to the biochemical and ionic components of the apoplast as otential factors controlling leaf elongation of salt-stressed plants.
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Gómez-Lobo, Andrés, Santiago Sánchez González, Vileydy González Mejia, and Agustina Calatayud. Open configuration options Agglomeration and Congestion in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003984.

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In this paper we explore the possible impact of urban congestion on agglomeration economies for a cross-section set of cities in Latin America. We use travel time data from Tom Tom to estimate wage regressions equations controlling for city size and congestion. We use population in each city in the 19th and early 20th century as instruments for current city size (measures by population). In our baseline estimates, we find an elasticity of wages to city size of 0.05, very similar to previous research in the region. When congestion is included in the estimation, we find that agglomeration economies are reduced. This holds even after using rain-days and average yearly as an instrument for congestion. Our results imply that congestion is a drag on economic productivity. This indirect cost of congestion is considerably larger economically than the direct cost measured as the loss of valuable time for citizens.
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Tschirhart, V., S. Pehrsson, N. Wodicka, J. A. Percival, C. W. Jefferson, T. Peterson, and R G Berman. Geophysical contributions to a synthesis of western Churchill geology and metallogeny. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330639.

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The geophysical data sets available for the western Churchill Province have had a bearing on the understanding of its structure, evolution and metal endowment. New data were acquired and interpreted during the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Program (2008-2020). Regional, high-resolution aeromagnetic, and targeted gravity and magnetotelluric surveys were collected in GEM, in conjunction with geological mapping projects, in order to provide control on bedrock features beneath widespread glacial overburden and flat-lying sedimentary basins. Quantitative estimates of three-dimensional geometry were obtained in key areas through geophysical models integrating the geophysical characteristics with local rock property measurements. These geophysical data sets contributed to new knowledge and interpretations in three related research fields: 1) location and nature of Rae cratonmp;gt;'s boundaries within the western Churchill Province; 2) definition of internal Rae architecture; and 3) identification of reactivated structures controlling gold and uranium mineralization. The new data, models and emerging tectonic and metallogenic frameworks will serve as guides for future exploration in this remote, complex, challenging region.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Positional cloning of a gene responsible for high grain protein content in tetraploid wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7695875.bard.

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High Grain Protein Content (GPC) is a desirable trait in breadmaking and pasta wheat varieties because of its positive effects on quality and nutritional value. However, selection for GPC is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling GPC in wheat. The specific objectives of this project were: a) to develop a high-density genetic map of the GPC gene in tetraploid wheat, b) to construct a T. turgidum Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library, c) to construct a physical map of the GPC gene and identify a candidate for the GPC gene. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected in Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides and was previously mapped in the short arm of chromosome 6B. To define better the position of the Gpc-B1 locus we developed homozygous recombinant lines with recombination events within the QTL region. Except for the 30-cM region of the QTL these RSLs were isogenic for the rest of the genome minimizing the genetic variability. To minimize the environmental variability the RSLs were characterized using 10 replications in field experiments organized in a Randomized Complete Block Design, which were repeated three times. Using this strategy, we were able to map this QTL as a single Mendelian locus (Gpc-B1) on a 2.6-cM region flanked by RFLP markers Xcdo365 and Xucw67. All three experiments showed that the lines carrying the DIC allele had an average absolute increase in GPC of 14 g/kg. Using the RFLP flanking markers, we established the microcolinearity between a 2.l-cM region including the Gpc-B1 gene in wheat chromosome 6BS and a 350-kb region on rice chromosome 2. Rice genes from this region were used to screen the Triticeae EST collection, and these ESTs were used to saturate the Gpc-B1 region with molecular markers. With these new markers we were able to map the Gpc-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM region flanked by PCR markers Xucw83 and Xucw71. These flanking markers defined a 36-kb colinear region with rice, including one gene that is a potential candidate for the Gpc-B1 gene. To develop a physical map of the Gpc-B1 region in wheat we first constructed a BAC library of tetraploid wheat, from RSL#65 including the high Gpc-B1 allele. We generated half- million clones with an average size of l3l-kb (5.1 X genome equivalents for each of the two genomes). This coverage provides a 99.4% probability of recovering any gene from durum wheat. We used the Gpc-BI flanking markers to screen this BAC library and then completed the physical map by chromosome walking. The physical map included two overlapping BACs covering a region of approximately 250-kb, including two flanking markers and the Gpc-B1 gene. Efforts are underway to sequence these two BACs to determine if additional wheat genes are present in this region. Weare also developing new RSLs to further dissect this region. We developed PCR markers for flanking loci Xucw79andXucw71 to facilitate the introgression of this gene in commercial varieties by marker assisted selection (httQ://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/ orotocols/HGPC/index.hlm). Using these markers we introgressed the Gpc-B1 gene in numerous pasta and common wheat breeding lines.
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Carvalho, Helena. Land Inequality, Agricultural Productivity, and the Portuguese Agrarian Reform (1974-1976). APHES Working Paper in Economic and Social History, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55462/wpaphes_a_503.

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Land reforms sacrifice property rights in the name of a fairer distribution. The trade-off they imply makes their study of interest to Economic Historians: do the benefits of reduced land inequality justify the violation of property rights? The discussion about land reforms factors in both the social and efficiency consequences of land inequality. The debate preceding the Portuguese Agrarian Reform echoes these concerns and culminated in an anti-latifundia sentiment crystallized in the legislation used to justify the land occupations of 1974 to 1976. The aim of this paper is to critically assess the efficiency arguments used to justify the occupations. Was land productivity lower in latifúndio counties? A unique dataset drawn from primary sources was specially assembled to answer this question. Through standard OLS regression, this study finds that the number of agriculture journeyman per employer landowner has a statistically significant effect on agricultural productivity after controlling for geographical and soil characteristics. It also finds that introducing literacy as a control causes the effect of land inequality to disappear leading to the conclusion that policies aimed at improving human capital would have been just as effective as a land reform. Further, this study also identifies the crop mix selected as the proximate channel of transmission. Farmers in the region with the highest levels of land inequality favoured less valuable crops, like wheat. An arid climate combined with a lack of irrigation infrastructure and wheat protectionism justify this preference.
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Abbott, Albert G., Doron Holland, Douglas Bielenberg, and Gregory Reighard. Structural and Functional Genomic Approaches for Marking and Identifying Genes that Control Chilling Requirement in Apricot and Peach Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591742.bard.

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Structural and functional genomic approaches for marking and identifying genes that control chilling requirement in apricot and peach trees. Specific aims: 1) Identify and characterize the genetic nature of chilling requirement for flowering and dormancy break of vegetative shoots in Prunusgermplasm through the utilization of existing apricot (NeweYa'ar Research Center, ARO) and peach (Clemson University) genetic mapping populations; 2) Use molecular genetic mapping techniques to identify markers flanking genomic regions controlling chilling; 3) Comparatively map the regions controlling chilling requirement in apricot and peach and locate important genomic regions influencing chilling requirement on the Prunus functional genomic database as an initial step for identification of candidate genes; 4) Develop from the functional genomics database a set of markers facilitating the development of cultivars with optimized chilling requirements for improved and sustained fruit production in warm-winter environments. Dormant apricot (prunus armeniaca L.) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees require sustained exposure to low, near freezing, temperatures before vigorous floral and vegetative bud break is possible after the resumption of warm temperatures in the spring. The duration of chilling required (the chilling requirement, CR) is determined by the climatic adaptation of the particular cultivar, thus limiting its geographic distribution. This limitation is particularly evident when attempting to introduce superior cultivars to regions with very warm winter temperatures, such as Israel and the coastal southern United States. The physiological mechanism of CR is not understood and although breeding programs deliberately manipulate CR in apricot and peach crosses, robust closely associated markers to the trait are currently not available. We used segregating populations of apricot (100 Fl individuals, NeweYa'ar Research Center, ARO) and peach (378 F2 individuals, Clemson University) to discover several discreet genomic loci that regulate CR and blooming date. We used the extensive genomic/genetic resources available for Prunus to successfully combine our apricot and peach genetic data and identify five QTL with strong effects that are conserved between species as well as several QTL that are unique to each species. We have identified markers in the key major QTL regions for testing in breeding programs which we are carrying out currently; we have identified an initial set of candidate genes using the peach physical/transcriptome map and whole peach genome sequences and we are testing these currently to identify key target genes for manipulation in breeding programs. Our collaborative work to date has demonstrated the following: 1) CR in peach and apricot is predominantly controlled by a limited number ofQTL loci, seven detected in a peach F2 derived map comprising 65% of the character and 12 in an apricot Fl map comprising 71.6% and 55.6% of the trait in the Perfection and A. 1740 parental maps, respectively and that peach and apricot appear in our initial maps to share five genomic intervals containing potentially common QTL. 2) Application of common anchor markers of the Prunus/peach, physical/genetic map resources has allowed us not only to identify the shared intervals but also to have immediately available some putative candidate gene information from these intervals, the EVG region on LG1 in peach the TALY 1 region in apricot on LG2 in peach; and several others involved in vernalization pathways (LGI and LG7). 3) Mapped BACcontigs are easily defined from the complete physical map resources in peach through the common SSR markers that anchor our CR maps in the two species, 4) Sequences of BACs in these regions can be easily mined for additional polymorphic markers to use in MAS applications.
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