Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Continual damage"

AbstractThe techniques of modeling of continual fracture process for spatial bodies under long-term static force loading condition in non-homogenous temperature field are presented. The scalar damage parameter is used to describe the material continual fracture process. A stress-strain problem solution made with semianalytic finite element method (SFEM). Results of lifetime determination of responsible parts are presented.

Laryngeal muscles paresis ranks second in prevalence of postoperative complications after thyroid surgery. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) results in reduction of cases with dysphonia and prevents such severe complication as bilateral paresis. Currently there are two types of monitoring: intermittent and continual. When using intermittent IONM surgeon has no opportunity to control electrophysiology state of RLN during intervals between stimulations. In case of continual IONM date on amplitude and latency are available to surgeon in real time every second, allowing him instantly react to any disturbance of neural transmission to prevent its damage by changing surgical manipulation. This work presents the first experience of using continual neuromonitoring of RLN in Russia, the procedure is described in details its safety. It is represented the possibility of prevention of bilateral laryngeal muscles paresis.

This article examines the types of recurring problems that can inhibit K-12 mentoring team relationships and intervention strategies to remedy those problems. The study examines 149 mentoring teams in four school districts over a 2-year period. Data collection was coordinated by the researcher who was also the trainer for the four school districts’ mentoring programs. Each year of the study, the survey and interview processes were repeated. From the analysis of data, the research team identified a common set of recurring problems during both years. Intervention strategies were then identified, introduced, and assessed. Results indicate the need for continual assessment of mentoring programs and mentoring team relationships, financial commitment from the school district, a rigorous mentor selection process, and providing in-service and workshop opportunities for problem solving.

Characteristic cricket damage was observed in two maize fields in northern Hungary, at Máriabesnyő, a district of Gödöllő. The damage level of the two fields did not differ significantly and continual monitoring of field1 showed also a stable infestation level. T. viridissima nymphs and a female were found and observed as feeding on maize plants. The crickets must have disappeared after 18.07. because no more fresh damage was observed after this date. The chewing’s number about on one and two % of the examined plants amounted one and six a plant and their size was between one and eight cm2. This infestation was quite little and might have caused apparently no yield loss. Compared this damage of T. viridissima with former Hungarian experience, this was the usual negligible damage despite the explicit draught in July and August 2015. As regards the global warming, orthopteran damage may be more obvious in the future.

The problem of impact damage in laminated composite structures, and the consequent reduction in residual strength, has been a topic of continual research for over two decades. The number of journal papers on the subject now runs into four figures and most have been conscientiously reviewed by Abrate(1991, 1994, 1998). This review is not intended to be in the academic tradition, with emphasis on acknowledging the authorship of all the various research initiatives. Instead we present our opinions so that the reader can appreciate our current understanding of the problem, our capability of predicting by analysis, and the scope of the design tools for avoiding structural damage, or at least designing damage tolerant aerospace structures.

This paper presents a new statistical model for the identification of dangerous locations (subsections) on roads, also known as hotspots. The model is based on continual analysis of variance. The variance parameter has the potential for the synthesis of quantity and quality, especially regarding traffic accident frequencies and the consequences of traffic accidents within subsections and the significant comparison of the produced synthesis. The sensitivity of the suggested model can be adjusted with the level of disjunction and the length of subsections. A practical application of the new model is performed using a sample of 8442 traffic accidents, of which 6079 were Property Damage Only (PDO) accidents, 2041 resulted in injuries and 322 resulted in fatalities. The sample is for the period of 2001 to 2011 and is from an ‘I class’ two lane rural state road in the Serbia with total length of 284 kilometres. The results acquired using the continual analysis of variance were compared with previous results from four HotSpot Identification Methods (HSID) that are also based on the frequency of traffic accidents.

Learning to recognize a new object after having learned to recognize other objects may be a simple task for a human, but not for machines. The present go-to approaches for teaching a machine to recognize a set of objects are based on the use of deep neural networks (DNN). So, intuitively, the solution for teaching new objects on the fly to a machine should be DNN. The problem is that the trained DNN weights used to classify the initial set of objects are extremely fragile, meaning that any change to those weights can severely damage the capacity to perform the initial recognitions; this phenomenon is known as catastrophic forgetting (CF). This paper presents a new (DNN) continual learning (CL) architecture that can deal with CF, the modular dynamic neural network (MDNN). The presented architecture consists of two main components: (a) the ResNet50-based feature extraction component as the backbone; and (b) the modular dynamic classification component, which consists of multiple sub-networks and progressively builds itself up in a tree-like structure that rearranges itself as it learns over time in such a way that each sub-network can function independently. The main contribution of the paper is a new architecture that is strongly based on its modular dynamic training feature. This modular structure allows for new classes to be added while only altering specific sub-networks in such a way that previously known classes are not forgotten. Tests on the CORe50 dataset showed results above the state of the art for CL architectures.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a mounting cause of loss of sight in the elderly in the developed countries, a trend enhanced by the continual ageing of the population. AMD is a multifactorial and only partly understood, malady. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for most AMD patients. It is known that oxidative stress (OS) damages the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and contributes to the progression of AMD. We review here the potential importance of two OS-related cellular systems in relation to AMD. First, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2; NRF2)-mediated OS response signalling pathway is important in the prevention of oxidative damage and a failure of this system could be critical in the development of AMD. Second, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a change in the cellular phenotype, which ultimately leads to the fibrosis encountered in RPE, a characteristic of AMD. Many of the pathways triggering EMT are promoted by OS. The possible interconnections between these two signalling routes are discussed here. From a broader perspective, the control of NFE2L2 and EMT as ways of preventing OS-derived cellular damage could be potentially valuable in the therapy of AMD.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.02.09 – динаміка та міцність машин (13 – механічна інженерія). – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Міністерство освіти та науки Харків, 2019. Актуальність. Машинобудівні конструкції, що застосовуються в енергетиці, працюють в умовах інтенсивних циклічних навантажень та дії агресивних зовнішніх або робочих середовищ. Тривала експлуатація конструкцій у таких умовах призводить до корозійного зношення або формування об’ємних дефектів на робочих поверхнях, стоншення стінок корпусних деталей тощо. Це призводить до появи зон додаткової набутої локалізації напружено-деформованого стану (НДС) у елементах конструкцій, що здатні суттєво відрізнятись від проектних значень, та разом із циклічним характером навантаження призводить до інтенсивного накопичення втоми матеріалу і викликає відмову. Несвоєчасне їх виявлення може стати причиною виникнення аварійних ситуацій, екологічних катастроф, завдати суттєвих споживчих збитків. Прогнозування показників надійності елементів таких конструкцій є актуальною проблемою, вирішення якої дає можливість попередити їх раптові відмови, спланувати ремонтні роботи, оцінити експлуатаційні ризики тощо. Метою дослідження є розробка розрахункових підходів до прогнозування надійності та оцінки залишкового ресурсу елементів конструкцій, що використовуються в транспортуванні енергоносіїв та в енергетичному машинобудуванні, та які мають набуті пошкодження корозійної природи на основі статистичної оцінки концентрації напружено-деформованого стану і процесів накопичення втоми. При розв’язанні сформульованих на основі вказаної мети завдань було удосконалено підхід до оцінки надійності елементів конструкцій, які використовуються в транспортуванні енергоносіїв та енергетичному машинобудуванні з корозійно пошкодженими ділянками, які дозволяють спрогнозувати можливий розвиток корозійних пошкоджень процеси накопичення втоми, що мають наступну наукову новизну: Отримані нові закономірності, щодо впливу об’ємних дефектів корозійної природи на концентрацію напружень в елементах конструкцій, які використовуються при транспортуванні енергоносіїв та в енергетичному машинобудуванні за різних параметрів цих дефектів на криволінійних ділянках конструкцій; 1. Вперше отримані статистичні оцінки щодо можливої варіації концентрації напружень в елементах конструкцій, які використовуються при транспортуванні енергоносіїв та в енергетичному машинобудуванні в умовах прогнозу можливого стохастичного розвитку корозії у часі та з урахуванням експлуатаційної варіації циклічного навантаження. 2. Знайшли подальший розвиток статистичні моделі та методи оцінки процесу розвитку пошкоджуваності при багато- та мало-цикловій втомі, що на відміну від існуючих моделей враховують випадкову зміну параметрів НДС в часі, яка викликана формуванням концентрації напружень навколо об’ємних поверхневих дефектів. 3. Вперше встановлено закономірності впливу наявності корозійних дефектів різного ступеня розвитку на прогноз надійності залишкового ресурсу елементів конструкційна основі удосконалених статистичних моделей оцінки процесу накопичення втомних пошкоджень. З використанням розробленого підходу до прогнозування надійності елементів конструкцій були вирішені наступні практичні задачі: 1. Визначено параметри пошкоджуваності та кількість циклів до відмови коліна трубопроводу з тривимірним поверхневим дефектом середніх розмірів з урахуванням експлуатаційної варіації навантаження, які мають значення в межах від 1 до 50 циклів (до 1,5 років) при максимально можливому навантажені та від 70 до 470 циклів (від 2 до 10 років) при мінімальному навантажені у трубопроводі з дефектом середніх розмірів, А у випадку дефекту, що стохастично розвивається кількість циклів до відмови складає від 42 до 700 (від 14 місяців до 20 років) при максимально можливому навантаженні. 2. Досліджено вплив композиційного бандажу на ресурс трубопроводу з дефектом середніх розмірів. Проведені розрахунки для визначення раціональних розмірів композиційного бандажу для криволінійної частини трубопроводу з дефектом із середніми розмірами. Визначено значення внутрішнього тиску, при якому еквівалентні напруження досягають границі міцності у трубопроводі з бандажем різної товщини (від 25 мм до 175 мм). Встановлено, що при наявності бандажу 75 мм при глибині дефекту менше ніж 40 % від товщини трубопроводу еквівалентні напруження зменшуються на 10 % та при максимально можливому навантаженні не виникають пластичні деформації. У випадку глибини дефекту більше ніж 40 % від товщини трубопроводу у трубопроводі еквівалентні напруження зменшуються від 25% до 50% при різних розмірах дефекту відповідно та дорівнюють границі плинності Кількість циклів до відмови при використанні композиційного бандажу збільшилась у 100 разів, що робить можливою подальшу експлуатацію трубопроводу. 3. Проведено оцінку залишкової міцності насоса, який використовується в енергетичному машинобудуванні з урахуванням зменшення товщини стінок корпусних деталей від ерозійно-корозійного зносу. Визначено НДС конструкції при стоншенні стінок корпусу від 10% до 30%, яке можливо при тривалій експлуатації. Отримані значення кількості циклів до відмови при урахуванні накопичення втомних пошкоджень та впливу експлуатаційного зносу конструкції. Об’єктом дослідження є процеси накопичення нелокалізованої втомної пошкоджуваності, а також вплив наявності та розвитку у часі локалізованих корозійних дефектів на міцність та надійність елементів конструкцій, які використовуються при транспортуванні енергоносіїв та в енергетичному машинобудуванні. Предмет дослідження – показники надійності, а також ймовірнісні характеристики параметрів НДС та втомної пошкоджуваності, які накопичуються в елементах конструкцій, що досліджуються, з урахуванням наявності та прогнозу стохастичного розвитку корозійних дефектів в них. Основна частина дисертації включає Вступ, Розділ 1 – "Аналіз сучасних підходів до вирішення задач надійності елементів конструкцій з набутими пошкодженнями", Розділ 2 – "Теоретичні основи моделювання елементів конструкцій з дефектами корозійного типу", Розділ 3 – "Імовірнісне оцінювання міцності та надійності трубопроводів із корозійними дефектами та прогноз їх залишкового ресурсу", Розділ 4 – "Аналіз можливості підвищення надійності конструкції шляхом використання композитних ремонтних накладок", Розділ 5 – "Оцінка залишкового ресурсу корпусних елементів насосів енергетичної системи" та Висновки, а також містить 72 рисунки та 18 таблиць. У Вступі обґрунтовано актуальність теми дисертації, сформульовано її мету і задачі, визначено об’єкт, предмет і методи дослідження, наукову новизну та практичну значущість роботи. У Розділі 1 представлено аналіз робіт, які спрямовані на прогнозування надійності елементів конструкцій у машинобудуванні, здійснено аналіз науково-технічної літератури щодо дослідження корозійно пошкоджених елементів конструкцій, що використовуються в транспортуванні енергоносіїв та в енергетичному машинобудуванні. Виділено основні методи для визначення залишкового ресурсу конструкцій, які використовуються в транспортуванні енергоносіїв та енергетичному машинобудуванні та мають набуті в експлуатації дефекти. Проаналізовано підходи до оцінки накопичення втомної пошкоджуваності. У Розділі 2 представлено теоретичні основи розв’язання задачі статистичної оцінки елементів конструкцій із пошкодженнями, зокрема, оцінка прогнозованих габаритних розмірів дефектів при статистичному моделюванні та визначено методологію дослідження. Наведено вирішення задачі пружно-пластичного деформування з кінематичним зміцненням при кусково-лінійній діаграмі деформування. Визначено залежності кінетики росту розмірів корозійного дефекту у трьох напрямах у часі, а також, що його габаритні розміри у фіксований момент часу, випадкові та підпорядковуються лог-нормальному закону розподілення. В рамках континуальної механіки пошкоджуваності удосконалені методи оцінки надійності та прогнозу залишкового ресурсу пошкоджених ділянок елементів конструкцій. У Розділі 3 розроблено параметричні математичні моделі визначення напружено-деформованого стану криволінійної частини трубопроводу за наявності тривимірного поверхневого дефекту корозійного характеру. Здійснено дослідження особливостей формування концентрації напружень в пошкоджених ділянках елементів конструкцій із урахуванням експлуатаційної варіації навантаження та стохастичного характеру розвитку корозійного пошкодження. З використанням розробленого підходу до прогнозування надійності елементів конструкцій визначено параметри пошкоджуваності та кількість циклів до відмови коліна трубопроводу з тривимірним поверхневим дефектом, що розвивається у часі із урахуванням експлуатаційної варіації навантаження. У Розділі 4 досліджено вплив композиційного бандажу на ресурс трубопроводу з дефектом. Для визначення раціональних розмірів композиційного бандажу проведено розрахунки криволінійної частини трубопроводу з дефектом з розмірами, які були отримані під час діагностики трубопроводу, що знаходиться в експлуатації. Здійснені розрахунки для визначення раціональних розмірів композиційного бандажу для криволінійної частини трубопроводу з дефектом із середніми розмірами. Відповідно до розробленої математичної моделі накопичення втомних пошкоджень визначено кількість циклів до відмови при використанні композиційного бандажу на криволінійній частині трубопроводу з дефектом середніх розмірів. У Розділі 5 здійснено оцінку залишкової міцності насоса, який використовується в енергетичному машинобудуванні з урахуванням зменшення товщини стінок корпусних деталей від ерозійно-корозійного зносу. На основі розробленої математичної моделі накопичення втомних пошкоджень та з використання отриманих результатів об НДС конструкції визначено параметр пошкоджуваності для усіх можливих рівнів стоншення стінки конструкції. Проведено дослідження щодо оцінки надійності даних конструкцій з урахуванням ерозійно-корозійного зносу. У Висновках зазначено науково-практичні задачі, що були розвязані в роботі, викладені найбільш важливі наукові та практичні результати, надані рекомендації щодо впровадження результатів дослідження.
Thesis for granting the Degree of Candidate of Technical sciences in specialty 05.02.09 – Dynamics and Strength of Machines (13 – Mechanical Engineering). – National Technical University, "Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute", 2019. Machine-building structures used in power engineering are worked under conditions of intense cyclic loading and the action of aggressive external or working environments. Long-term using of structures in such conditions is led to corrosion or formation of volumetric defects on working surfaces, thinning of the walls of hull parts and other. It can have led to the appearance of additional zones of localization of deformed state in structural elements that can be differ significantly from the design values, and together with the cyclic nature of the load can led to an intensive accumulation of fatigue of the material and failure. Untimely detection of that defects caused of emergencies, environmental disasters, and cause significant consumer losses. Predicting the reliability of elements of such structurals is an urgent problem whose solution makes it possible to prevent them from sudden failures, to plan repair work, to evaluate operational risks, and so on. The aim of the work is to develop computational approaches to predicting the reliability and estimation of the residual life of structural elements used in energy transportation and power engineering, which have acquired corrosive nature defects based on a statistical evaluation of the stress-strain concentration and fatigue accumulation processes. For solving the tasks formulated on the basis of the stated aim, the approaches to the estimation of the reliability of structural elements used in transportation of energy carriers and power engineering with corrosion-damaged areas has been improved, which are allowed to predict the possible development of corrosion damages and the processes of accumulation of fatigue, which have the follow scientific novelty: 1. New regularities have been obtained concerning the effect of volumetric defects of corrosive nature on the concentration of stresses in structural elements used in the transport of energy carriers and in power engineering under different parameters of these defects in curvilinear sections of structures. 2. For the first time, statistical estimate has been obtained regarding the possible variation of stress concentration in structural elements used in energy transportation and in power engineering in the conditions of forecast of possible stochastic development of corrosion in time and taking into account operational variation of cyclic loading. 3. The statistical models and methods of estimating the process of development of damage in multi- and small-cycle fatigue have been developed, which, unlike the existing models, are taken into account the random change of the deformed state parameters over time, which is caused by the formation of stress concentrations around volumetric surface defects. 4. For the first time have been established the regularities of the influence of corrosion defects of various degrees of development on the prediction of the reliability of the residual life of structural elements based on the improved statistical models of the estimation of the process of fatigue damage accumulation. Using the developed approach to predict the reliability of structural elements, the following practical problems were solved: 1. The parameters of damage and the number of cycles to failure of the elbow of the pipeline with three-dimensional surface defect of the average sizes were defined, with taking into account operational variation of load, which have values in the range from 1 to 50 cycles (up to 1.5 years) at the maximum possible load and from 70 to 470 cycles (2 to 10 years) at minimum load in the pipeline with a defect of medium size, And in the case of a defect stochastically developing number of cycles to failure is from 42 to 700 (from 14 months to 20 years) at the maximum possible load. 2. The effect of composite bandage on the mean-sized pipeline resource was investigated. Calculations have been made for determine the rational dimensions of the composite bandage for the curved portion pipeline with the mean-sized defect. The value of the internal pressure at which equivalent stresses reach the strength limits in the pipeline with a bandage of different thickness (from 25 mm to 175 mm) was determined. It is established that in the presence of a 75 mm bandage with a defect depth of less than 40% of the thickness of the pipeline, the equivalent stresses are reduced by 10% and plastic deformation does not occur at the maximum load. In the case of a defect depth is greater than 40% of the pipeline thickness in the pipeline, the equivalent stresses are reduced from 25% to 50% at different defect sizes, respectively, and equal to the yield strength. The number of cycles to failure when using a composite bandage has increased 100 times, which is making possible for the pipeline to be operated further. 3. Estimation of the residual strength of the pump used in power engineering has been made, taking into account the reduction of the wall thickness of the body parts in consequence from erosion-corrosion wear. The design deformed state was determined when the walls of the housing are thinned from 10% to 30%, which is possible for long-term operation. The values of the number of cycles to failure were obtained with taking into account the accumulation of fatigue damage and the impact of operational wear of the structure. The object of the study is the processes of accumulation of non-localized fatigue damage, as well as the influence of the presence of localized corrosion defects which is development over time on the strength and reliability of structural elements used in energy transportation and in power engineering. The subject of the study is the reliability indicators, as well as the probabilistic characteristics of the parameters of the deformed state and fatigue damage, which are accumulated in the elements of the investigated structures, taking into account the presence and prediction of stochastic development of corrosion defects in it. The main part of the dissertation includes Introduction, Section 1 – "Analysis of modern approaches to solving the problems of reliability of structural elements with acquired damage", Section 2 – "Theoretical bases of modeling elements of structures with corrosion defects", Section 3 – "Probability assessment of strength and reliability of pipeline with corrosion defects and the prediction of their residual life-time", Section 4 – "Analysis of the possibility of improving the reliability of the structure by using composite bandage", Section 5 – "Assessment of the residual life-time of the housing elements of pumps of the energy system" and Conclusions, and also contains 74 figures and 18 tables. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the dissertation topic, formulates its aim and objectives, defines the object, subject and methods of research, scientific novelty and practical significance of the work. Section 1 is presented the analysis of works aimed at predicting the reliability of structural elements in mechanical engineering, the analysis of scientific and technical literature on the study of corrosion-damaged structural elements used in energy transportation and in power engineering. The main methods for determining the residual life-time of structures used in energy transportation and power engineering and which have acquired defects were identified. Approaches to the estimation of fatigue accumulation were analyzed. Section 2 is presented the theoretical foundations for solving the problem of statistical estimation of structural elements with defects, in particular, the estimation of the predicted overall defect sizes in statistical modeling, and a research methodology is defined. The solution of the problem of elastic-plastic deformation with kinematic hardening at a multi-linear deformation diagram is presented. The dependences of the kinetics of growth of the corrosion defect sizes in three directions in time are determined, and also that its overall dimensions at a fixed moment of time are random and obey the log-normal distribution law. Within the framework of continuous damage mechanics, methods of reliability estimation and prediction of residual life-time of damaged sections of structural elements have been improved. In Section 3 the parametric mathematical models for determining the stress-strain state of the curved part of the pipeline in the presence of a three-dimensional surface defect of corrosive character are developed. The peculiarities of stress concentration formation in the damaged parts of structural elements were studied, taking into account the operational variation of the load and the stochastic nature of the development of corrosion defect. Using the developed approach to predicting the reliability of structural elements, the parameters of damage and the number of cycles to failure of the pipeline elbow with volumetric defect, which develops over time with taking into account the operational variation of the load, were determined. Section 4 is investigated the effect of composite bandage on a life-time of pipeline with defect. In order to determine the rational dimensions of the composite bandage, calculations of the curved part of the pipeline with defect with the dimensions obtained during the diagnostics of the pipeline in operation were performed. Calculations were made to determine the rational dimensions of the composite bandage for the curved portion of the mean-sized defect pipeline. According to the developed mathematical model of accumulation of fatigue damage, the number of cycles to failure using a composite bandage on a curved part of a pipeline with a defect of medium size was determined. Section 5 is assessed the residual strength of the pump used in power engineering with taking into account the reduction of the wall thickness of the body parts from erosion-corrosion wear. On the basis of the developed mathematical model of accumulation of fatigue damage and using the results obtained on the deformed state of the structure, the parameter of damage for all possible levels of thinning of the wall of the pump was determined. Research to evaluation the reliability of these structures, taking into account erosion-corrosion wear has been carried out. The conclusions are summared the scientific and practical problems that have been solved in the paper, outlined the most important scientific and practical results, and provided recommendations for the implementation of the research results.

In this thesis, the mechanical behavior of a timber joint has been studied. The main task is to model the mechanical behavior of the joint as good as possible. To be able to solve the numerical instabilities of the timber joints, a deeper look needs to be done to the modelling of the wooden material and the steel wood contact. For this thesis a previously developed 3D numerical damage model of wood has been studied. This model has been elaborated by Sandhaas(2012) and it describes crack initiation and propagation of the material based on the concepts of continuum damage mechanics. The basic material model of wood has been implemented as a user material in the UMAT subroutine of ABAQUS. The developed model is giving some numerical instabilities due to the extreme distortion of the elements. During this thesis the model has been enhanced in order to be able to represent the mechanical behavior of wood as good as possible and solve the problem of the model. The modelling outcomes were compared to the results obtained by experimental tests (ref. to Sandaas,2012).The results showed that the first model, a tension test parallel-to grain, had been enhanced. Indeed the results got closer to the experimental value than the original model’s results did. The second model represented a timber joint with slotted-in steel plate with a dowel. The analysis were done with different wood spieces (spruce, beech and azobè). Regarding the spruce, the analysis reached fairly accurate results concerning the capacity load but they were less precise regarding the displacement and the stiffness. The prediction quality was rather poor for the other two species, beech and azobè. It is necessary to find other ways to further enhance the model.Even today a model that is able to represent all three fields (stiffness, capacity load and displacement) accurately doesn’t exist. Good results of one of these lead to bad results of the others. Modelling wood then still represents an evolving challenge.

A three-dimensional, phenomenological, tensorial, isotropic, damage model is developed in the framework of continuum damage mechanics for materials whose behavior is governed by elastic deformation coupled with damage. The model was then extended to include isotropic damage for anisotropic materials, as well as rate-dependency behavior caused by damage evolution. The shortcomings of the commonly used scalar variable, as representative of isotropic damage are discussed. It is shown that isotropic damage is best represented by an isotropic tensor of rank four. The damage evolution equations are postulated using strain tensor invariants, based on decomposition of strain energy. The model simulates well the results of static and dynamic uniaxial tension tests on quasiisotropic laminated graphite-epoxy obtained in this study and results, from literature, of uniaxial compression tests on quartzite rock.
To determine the material parameters used in the model and to validate the model, a set of material and structural tests, testing a laminate containing a hole, were performed under static and dynamic loading conditions. A tensile version of the Hopkinson bar, suitable for testing of laminated composite materials, is developed to perform dynamic tests. A pulse duration of 200--250 microseconds and peak strain rates of up to 350 s--1 are obtained. Tests performed on a quasi-isotropic lay-up of graphite-epoxy show good repeatability. Comparison of Hopkinson bar tests results with results of tests performed at a quasi-static rate on a hydraulic test machine shows the rate-dependency of this lay-up of graphite-epoxy. Tensile strength and fracture strain are found to be higher for dynamic testing.
The model was evaluated for structural analysis, by implementing the model into a finite element code and analysing a laminate containing a hole. Two techniques are investigated in evaluating the model for structural analysis: stress limiter and mesh limiter. The model is found to be objective with respect to the mesh size. The predicted failure loads using both techniques conform well to the experiments and to the results obtained using one of the existing models.

The present work focuses on the formulation of a Continuum Damage Mechanics model for nonlinear analysis of masonry structural elements. The material is studied at the macro-level, i.e. it is modelled as a homogeneous orthotropic continuum. The orthotropic behaviour is simulated by means of an original methodology, which is based on nonlinear damage constitutive laws and on the concept of mapped tensors from the anisotropic real space to the isotropic fictitious one. It is based on establishing a one-to-one mapping relationship between the behaviour of an anisotropic real material and that of an isotropic fictitious one. Therefore, the problem is solved in the isotropic fictitious space and the results are transported to the real field. The application of this idea to strain-based Continuum Damage Models is rather innovative. The proposed theory is a generalization of classical theories and allows us to use the models and algorithms developed for isotropic materials. A first version of the model makes use of an isotropic scalar damage model. The adoption of such a simple constitutive model in the fictitious space, together with an appropriate definition of the mathematical transformation between the two spaces, provides a damage model for orthotropic materials able to reproduce the overall nonlinear behaviour, including stiffness degradation and strain-hardening/softening response. The relationship between the two spaces is expressed in terms of a transformation tensor which contains all the information concerning the real orthotropy of the material. A major advantage of this working strategy lies in the possibility of adjusting an arbitrary isotropic criterion to the particular behaviour of the orthotropic material. Moreover, orthotropic elastic and inelastic behaviours can be modelled in such a way that totally different mechanical responses can be predicted along the material axes. The aforementioned approach is then refined in order to account for different behaviours of masonry in tension and compression. The aim of studying a real material via an equivalent fictitious solid is achieved by means of the appropriate definitions of two transformation tensors related to tensile or compressive states, respectively. These important assumptions permit to consider two individual damage criteria, according to different failure mechanisms, i.e. cracking and crushing. The constitutive model adopted in the fictitious space makes use of two scalar variables, which monitor the local damage under tension and compression, respectively. Such a model, which is based on a stress tensor split into tensile and compressive contributions that allows the model to contemplate orthotropic induced damage, permits also to account for masonry unilateral effects. The orthotropic nature of the Tension-Compression Damage Model adopted in the fictitious space is demonstrated. This feature, both with the assumption of two distinct damage criteria for tension and compression, does not permit to term the fictitious space as “isotropic”. Therefore, the proposed formulation turns the original concept of “mapping the real space into an isotropic fictitious one” into the innovative and more general one of “mapping the real space into a favourable (or convenient) fictitious one”. Validation of the model is carried out by means of comparisons with experimental results on different types of orthotropic masonry. The model is fully formulated for the 2-dimensional case. However, it can be easily extended to the 3-dimensional case. It provides high algorithmic efficiency, a feature of primary importance when analyses of even large scale masonry structures are carried out. To account for this requisite it adopts a strain-driven formalism consistent with standard displacement-based finite element codes. The implementation in finite element programs is straightforward. Finally, a localized damage model for orthotropic materials is formulated. This is achieved by means of the implementation of a crack tracking algorithm, which forces the crack to develop along a single row of finite elements. Compared with the smeared cracking approach, such an approach shows a better capacity to predict realistic collapsing mechanisms. The resulting damage in the ultimate condition appears localized in individual cracks. Moreover, the results do not suffer from spurious mesh-size or mesh-bias dependence. The numerical tool is finally validated via a finite element analysis of an in-plane loaded masonry shear wall.

L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer un modèle de comportement avec endommagement ductile pour la simulation des procédés de mise en forme de tôles minces qui peut bien représenter le comportement des matériaux sous des trajets de chargement complexes en grandes déformations plastiques. Basé sur la thermodynamique des processus irréversibles, les équations de comportement couplé à l’endommagement tiennent compte des anisotropies initiales et induites, de l’écrouissage isotrope et cinématique et de l’endommagement isotrope ductile. Les effets de fermeture des microfissures, de triaxialité des contraintes et de l’angle de Lode sont introduits pour influencer l’évolution de l’endommagement sous une large gamme de triaxialité des contraintes. La distorsion de la surface de charge est introduite via un tenseur déviateur qui gouverne la distorsion de la surface de charge. A des fins de comparaison, les courbes limites de formage sont tracées basées sur l’approche M-K.Des essais sont conduits sur trois matériaux pour les besoins d’identification et de validation des modèles proposés. L’identification utilise un couplage entre le code ABAQUS et un programme MATLAB via un script en langage Python. Après l’implémentation numérique du modèle dans ABAQUS/Explicite et une étude paramétrique systématique, plusieurs procédés de mise en forme de structures minces sont simulés. Des comparaisons expériences-calculs montrent les performances prédictives de la modélisation proposée
The objective of this work is to propose a “highly” predictive material model for sheet metal forming simulation which can well represent the sheet material behavior under complex loading paths and large plastic strains. Based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes framework, the advanced fully coupled constitutive equations are proposed taking into account the initial and induced anisotropies, isotropic and kinematic hardening as well as the isotropic ductile damage. The microcracks closure, the stress triaxiality and the Lode angle effects are introduced to influence the damage rate under a wide range of triaxiality ratios. The distortion of the yield surface is described by replacing the usual stress deviator tensor by a ‘distorted stress’ deviator tensor, which governs the distortion of the yield surfaces. For comparisons, the FLD and FLSD models based on M-K approach are developed.A series of experiments for three materials are conducted for the identification and validation of the proposed models. For the parameters identification of the fully coupled CDM model, an inverse methodology combining MATLAB-based minimization software with ABAQUS FE code through the Python script is used. After the implementation of the model in ABAQUS/Explicit and a systematic parametric study, various sheet metal forming processes have been numerically simulated. At last, through the comparisons between experimental and numerical results including the ductile damage initiation and propagation, the high capability of the fully coupled CDM model is proved

Dans une première partie de cette thèse, l’indentation du verre par des sphères rigides a été analysée numériquement. Un modèle d’endommagement continu anisotrope a été implanté dans un code de calculs par éléments finis pour étudier l’endommagement du verre. Trois zones ont été mises en évidence : la première est liée à la fissure conique, la deuxième à la fissure médiane et la troisième à la déformation permanente. Les directions des fissures prédites via le critère de densité d’énergie minimale ont été trouvées en très bon accord avec ceux déterminées expérimentalement dans la littérature. Le modèle utilisé dans l’analyse statique a été étendu aux cas dynamiques dans une deuxième partie de cette thèse. Une attention particulière a été portée sur la fissure conique. Un modèle d’endommagement simplifié (seulement gouverné par la contrainte principale maximale) couplé à la technique de désactivation des éléments a été utilisé pour suivre la propagation de la fissureconique sans présumer du site d’initiation. Dans une dernière partie de cette thèse, le phénomène d’érosion du verre a été étudié expérimentalement (par sablage) et numériquement. Le modèle implanté a été utilisé pour expliquer les observations expérimentales, en particulier la dépendance de l’enlèvement de matière vis-à-vis de la taille des projectiles, la distance inter-projectiles, la vitesse d’impact, l’angle d’impact et le nombre d’impacts. En modélisant plusieurs tailles et vitesse de projectiles en accord avec les paramètres expérimentaux connus, la simulation numérique d’un seul impact a prédit une quantité de matière enlevée en très bon accord avec celui mesuré expérimentalement par profilométrie
In a first part of this thesis, the indentation of glass bulk was numerically analyzed using small-sized rigid spheres loaded normally. An anisotropic continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model was implemented into a finite element program to study the damage pattern in glass. The CDM-based model pointed out three explicit sites for damage initiation: the first for cone crack, the second for median crack and the third for permanent deformation. The directions of crack propagation predicted via the criterion of minimum strain energy density were found in very good agreement with those experimentally obtained in the literature. The CDM framework used in the static modeling was extended to the dynamic cases in a second part of this thesis. A particular attention was paid to the cone crack pattern. A simplified CDM-based model (only governed by the maximum principal stress) coupled with the vanishing element technique was employed to follow the cone crack propagation without presuming the initiation site. In the last part of this thesis, the phenomenon of glass erosion was studied from experimental (sandblasting) and numerical approaches. The implemented CDMbased model was used to explain the experimental observations, especially the dependence of material removal on projectile size, inter-projectile spacing, velocity, angle and number of impacts. By modeling various projectile sizes and velocities according to those used in the experiments, the numerical simulation of a single impact predicted an amount of material removal in very good agreement with that measured experimentally using a profilometer

Hydro-cracking reactors are the key facilities in hydrogenation units, which were exposed to the action of hydrogen and high pressure and temperature. In this case, hydro-cracking reactor made of 2.25Cr1Mo steel with austenite steel lining at the inner was service for 11 years. Impact energy curve of 2.25Cr1Mo steel will be shifted towards right direction and the material will be damaged. In theory, the value of VTr54.2 is the function of service time and operating temperature and hydrogen partial pressure. In order to assess the damage of 2.25Cr1Mo steel quantitatively, chemical composition examination and step cooling heat-treatment tests were carried out in this paper. After impact tests were performed for material from the test block which was removed from the hydro-cracking reactor with 11 years service, it was found that the continual step cooling curve can not be applicable for exposed material. Therefore, four modified temperature curves as acceleration tests were performed to obtain an embrittled material’s susceptibility for further embrittling. The results show that it is difficult to further embrittle the exposed material with continual step cooling test at 524°C. To accelerate the extent of temper embrittlement in laboratory, it should be prolonged the heat-treatment time or decreased the experimental temperature based on the traditionally step cooling curves.

The continual drive toward smaller second level interconnect dimensions, along with the introduction of Halogen-Free circuit board materials and increased process temperatures of Lead-Free solders, have all contributed to a more frequent occurrence of Pad Crater damage in circuit board materials during manufacturing and test processes. This paper addresses the methodology and test data of some common industry methods used to evaluate Pad Crater strength in circuit board materials. Pad Crater test data is highly sensitive to sample design; as a result a discussion of sample design criteria is also included.

The development and implementation of an integrated health management system has the potential to significantly enhance the reliability and readiness of high-value assets, while concurrently decreasing sustainment costs. A key aspect of this approach is on-board sensing to provide continual feedback on the evolving damage state at the material and component level. This paper summarizes the development and status of an embedded, thin-film, wireless, sensor for detecting and monitoring material damage state (i.e., cracking) in critical turbine engine components at elevated temperature. The potential benefits of on-board detection and monitoring of defects, as compared to periodic depot inspections, were previously assessed using probabilistic simulations. These results provided target sensitivities for the development of the thin-film sensor. The status of the sensor system is summarized including its ability to generate elastic waves and detect/monitor fatigue cracks in engineering materials at temperatures to 500°F (260°C). Crack detection sensitivities with and without load application are compared, as well as those for wired versus wireless signal transmission.

The interaction between the damage state and the thermal conductivity is studied in this paper. The damage propagation and the effective thermal conductivity of the damaged continuum is studied using equilibrium molecular dynamics (EMD) method based on the Green-Kubo relation. A solid gold lattice is considered and the damage is initiated and propagated by stretching two opposite ends while system is maintained at constant volume, constant temperature (NVT) condition. Both Lennard-Jones (LJ) 6–12 and embedded-atom method (EAM) potentials are used to model the inter-atomic interactions. Results are presented illustrating the load-displacement relationship during damage growth and the thermal conductivity change behavior for a selected crack length.

Today’s Heat Recovery Steam Generators are exposed to more severe operation than just running at a base load. The deregulation of the electric generation industry has resulted in an increase of merchant plants that are required to supply electrical power to the grid as needed and when needed. The plants will be coming on line with minimal notice. This puts a strain on the HRSG and unless properly designed and operated to withstand the quick start-ups and shut downs, the integrity will be compromised. Fast starts result in achieving full load revenues much sooner including the cost of high start-up emission reduction. Basic definition of a fast start is to have about 66% of the plant power available in 30–50 minutes and full plant power available in 60–75 minutes with a hot or warm steam turbine. This paper describes various mechanisms which affect the integrity of the boilers. These include the damage mechanisms, their effect on various parts and how to control them. The causes and the end results of these damage mechanisms are not the same for all components of the boiler. This analysis results in deciding which components need further review of the critical components. Detailed analysis of the critical components under the specified operating conditions can lead the nature and origin of the forces causing adverse impact on the life of the component. Once the failure mechanism is determined, means to eliminate or reduce the impact can be developed. This paper also describes the Life Consumption Estimation software which uses the data directly retrieved from the plant data acquisition system, thus eliminating the tedious task of manual data transmission. Based on the correlations developed by Vogt Power International Inc. (VPI) with the detailed dynamic simulation, Finite Element Analysis and various codes the component consumption is estimated and displayed with the calculated replacement and start-up costs on a continual basis. This gives the plant owners and operators an on line tool to gauge the economic benefits of the aggressive operations in real time.

As sandhill crane populations continue to grow in the United States, so too does crop damage, property damage to homeowners, and the risk of crane collisions with aircraft. Whooping crane populations also continue to grow, but with a global population of about 500 individuals (as of 2017), damage is rare and problems often require different solutions due to the species’ endangered status. The sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), is a long-lived, member of the crane family (Gruidae) and the most numerous of the 15 crane species found worldwide. Over the last 50 years, the species has grown from a rarity─ requiring extensive protection─ to an abundant, widespread species. As their populations have increased, so too have their conflicts with people. Both sandhill and whooping cranes are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) of 1918. This law strictly prohibits the capture, killing, or possession of sandhill and whooping cranes without proper permits. However, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) can issue depredation permits under this act for the shooting of sandhill cranes that causeagricultural damage or threaten human health and safety. No federal permit is required to use non-lethal management methods to reduce damage by sandhill cranes.

For most Caribbean countries, the COVID-19 pandemic will translate into the deepest single-year contraction of real GDP on record in 2020. With the exception of Guyana, countries have experienced deep recessions, severe increases in unemployment, and long-lasting damage to many corporate and household balance sheets. The social consequences of the crisis continue to mount, and despite governments best efforts to buffer the shock to families, enterprises, and domestic markets, there remains a dire need for continued and more broad-based stimulus to ensure that economic capital both human and other wise remains intact. This edition of the Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin briefly reflects on notable economic developments in 2020, then shifts to longer-term issues, including a summary of an upcoming IDB publication, Economic Institutions for a Resilient Caribbean, as well as summaries of the book's key diagnostics and recommendations for each country. In some cases, country sections focus on specific areas of institutional reforms. For example, the Suriname section focuses on fiscal institutions, given the public debt distress there.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) continue to affect lakes and waterways across the nation, often resulting in environmental and economic damage at regional scales. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) and collaborators have continued research on the Harmful Algal Bloom Interception, Treatment, and Transformation System (HABITATS) project to develop a rapidly deployable and scalable system for mitigating large HABs. The second year of the project focused on optimization research, including (1) development of a new organic flocculant formulation for neutralization and flotation of algal cells; (2) testing and initial optimization of a new, high-throughput biomass dewatering system with low power requirements; (3) development, design, assembly, and initial testing of the first shipboard HABITATS prototype; (4) execution of two field pilot studies of interception and treatment systems in coordination with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation; (5) conversion of algal biomass into biocrude fuel at pilot scale with a 33% increase in yield compared to the previous bench scale continuous-flow reactor studies; and (6) refinement of a scalability analysis and optimization model to guide the future development of full-scale prototypes.

Since emerging in eastern Libya in 2014, ISIS laid claim to wilayat within Libya’s three regional provinces—Tripolitania, Barqa, and Fezzan—moving fast to establish a quasi-state in the coastal city of Sirte and amassing just a few thousand fighters at its peak strength. Yet, just as ISIS core’s territorial hold in Syria and Iraq withered, its strength in Libya also soon diminished. Sustained domestic and international counterterrorism efforts have severely depleted ISIS in Libya’s (ISIS-L) numbers, operational capacity, and opportunity for safe haven. However, while weakened, ISIS-L’s survivability is driven by a far more complex range of factors than just Libya’s domestic unrest. The apex of ISIS-L’s power from 2014 to 2016 may have been brief, and its current threat low, but the group’s damage to Libya lingers, and the potential for its continued periodic revival should not be understated. For those seeking to counter and address ISIS-L’s continued presence in Libya, understanding the factors that simultaneously facilitate and hamper the group’s operations and growth is paramount to crafting appropriate interventions.

Wildlife damage management (WDM) is an exciting field with many opportunities to provide solutions to the complex issues involved in human-wildlife interactions. In addition, WDM wildlife control operators (WCO) face a variety of threats to their physical well-being. Injuries can result from misused, faulty, or poorly maintained equipment, inexperience, mishandled wildlife, harsh weather, and dangerous situations, such as electrical lines. The goals of this publication are to: Develop an awareness of safety issues and adopt a mindset of “Safety First”, Review the major safety threats that WCOs face, Provide basic information for WCOs to protect themselves, and List resources for further information and training. Work in WDM poses many safety risks to those involved. Awareness, planning, and deliberate action can eliminate or reduce many threats. As the industry continues to develop, WCOs must keep up with new threats and safety practices to maintain their well-being. Following safe work practices helps to ensure WCOs remain on-the-job and injury free.

We trace the effects of a devastating earthquake that occurred in Northern Pakistan in 2005. Using a new dataset from a survey conducted four years after the earthquake, we first show that the distance of the household from the fault line was not correlated with pre-existing household characteristics, while it was strongly predictive of earthquake-related damage and mortality. Through emergency relief aid, households living close to the fault line reported receiving substantial cash compensation that amounted to as much as 150% of their annual household consumption expenditure. Four years after the earthquake, there were no differences in public infrastructure, household or adult outcomes between areas close to and far from the fault line. However, children in their critical first thousand days at the time of the earthquake accumulated large height deficits, with the youngest the most affected. Children aged 3 through 15 at the time of the earthquake did not suffer growth shortfalls, but scored significantly worse on academic tests if they lived close to the fault line. Finally, children whose mothers completed primary education were fully protected against the emergence of a test score gap. We estimate that if these deficits continue to adult life, the affected children could stand to lose 15% of their lifetime earnings. Even when disasters are heavily compensated, human capital accumulation can be critically interrupted, with greater losses for already disadvantaged populations.