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Статті в журналах з теми "Consumer contract law":
1
Becher, Shmuel. "A "Fair Contracts" Approval Mechanism: Reconciling Consumer Contracts and Conventional Contract Law." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 42.4 (2009): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.42.4.fair.
Анотація:
Consumer contracts diverge from the traditional paradigm of contract law in various conspicuous ways. They are pre-drafted by one party; they cannot be altered or negotiated; they are executed between unfamiliar contracting parties unequal in their market power and sophistication; they are offered frequently by agents who act on behalf of the seller; and promisees (i.e., consumers) do not read or understand them. Consumer contracts are thus useful in modern markets of mass production, but they cast doubt on some fundamental notions of contract law. To reframe the long-lasting debate over consumer contracts, this Article develops a superior legal regime whereby sellers can obtain certification of a form contract by an independent third-party. Such approval may be viewed as a quality certification, akin to a "Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval," for standard form contracts. The many impediments to the design of such a project notwithstanding, its overall advantages are promising. The tension between the duty to read contracts and the common practice of signing consumer contracts without reading them will be better reconciled. The adverse consequences of asymmetric information possessed by typical sellers and consumers will be obviated. This regime will also minimize sellers' ability to manipulate consumers' bounded rationality, increase social welfare by reducing transaction costs, diminish socially undesirable litigation over standardized contracts, make a notable step towards minimizing the alleged anomaly that punitive damage awards create in consumer contract cases, and promote market participants' autonomy by advancing trust between the contracting parties.
2
Dobrovodský, Róbert. "Klauselkontrolle im slowakischen Verbrauchervertragsrecht." osteuropa recht 69, no. 4 (2023): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2023-4-474.
Анотація:
The article deals with clause control in Slovakian consumer contract law and its development after the ratification of the Association Agreement. The amendment of the Civil Code and the adoption of the new Commercial Code led to changes in private law that primarily strengthened private autonomy and freedom of contract. In addition, restrictions on private autonomy in consumer contracts were introduced to ensure consumer protection and prevent discrimination. The Civil Code serves as the central norm of Slovakian consumer contract law and defines consumer contracts and the terms consumer and entrepreneur. It also deals with specific clauses in consumer contracts that are subject to judicial review, including the prohibition of clauses and the obligation of entrepreneurs to refrain from using them. The provisions regulate, for example, unauthorised clauses that restrict the rights of consumers or constitute unreasonable conditions. In addition, content control is explained with regard to the appropriateness of the content of contractual terms, the main subject matter of the contract, and the appropriateness of price and consideration. Overall, the article shows how Slovak consumer contract law, based on the Civil Code, strengthens private autonomy and freedom of contract, but at the same time provides for restrictions to protect consumers from disadvantages and to ensure fair conditions in consumer contracts.
3
Andersen, Minie. "Consumer Protection: The Interaction Between Written and Unwritten Law." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 4 (September 1, 2021): 633–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021033.
Анотація:
The scope of consumer protection according to both written and unwritten law is assessed through an analysis of court decisions and decisions of the Consumer Complaints Board in Danish law with references to other Scandinavian law and to EU case law. The article analyses consumer protection in Scandinavian contract law according to general principles of interpretation and statutory law in the form of national legislation implementing Article 5 of Directive 93/13/EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts. The so-called (larger) general clause of invalidity in the form of section 36 of the relevant national Contracts Acts is included as it greatly influences interpretation in Scandinavian contract law. The analysis involves a discussion of interpretation as a legal source in Scandinavian contract law, and a presentation of the Scandinavian consumer complaints board system with an emphasis on the Danish system. It is argued that the (traditional) general principles of interpretation in contract law play an important role as a supplement to written law in the aim of consumer protection, and that both courts and the Consumer Complaints Boards seem to operate with protection of consumers as a relevant underlying legal basis when interpreting consumer contracts. Both general rules of interpretation and the underlying legal basis (in the form of i.a. non-mandatory rules and customs) thereby seem to enhance consumer protection in Scandinavian contract law.
4
Poillot, Elise. "Consumer and contract law." ERA Forum 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-005-0006-4.
5
Poillot, Elise. "Consumer and contract law." ERA Forum 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-006-0052-6.
6
Dudaš, Atila. "Conformity of goods and guarantee in Hungarian law: Example of transposition of Directive 1999/44/EC by amending the general rules of contract law." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, no. 3 (2020): 1043–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-29420.
Анотація:
In 2002 Hungary transposed the Directive 1999/44/EC on certain aspects of sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees, by amending the Civil code of 1959, rather than integrating the rules of the Directive into the then-effective Law on the Protection of Consumers of 1997. Such an approach reveals some advantages if compared to the Serbian law. Namely, in Serbia the former Law on the Protection of Consumers of 2010 introduced special rules pertaining to conformity and guarantees in consumer sales contracts. Consequently, the need arose to limit their scope of application from the general rules of the Law on Obligations of 1978 on the conformity and guarantees. By the transposition of the rules of Directive into the Hungarian Civil code a unique set of rules on conformity and guarantees has been created that has a general scope of application. While they are applicable to all contracts, the number of special rules applicable only to consumer sales contract is in fact relatively small. Furthermore, Hungarian law provides an example of coordinated functioning of commercial and obligatory guarantees. Commercial guarantee is, like conformity, regulated uniformly in the Civil code, applicable to both consumer and non-consumer contracts. Apart from commercial guarantees, there are several obligatory guarantees in Hungarian law introduced by decrees of the government, whereby their scope of application is clear. In contrast, the legal nature and scope of application of guarantee under the Law on Obligations in Serbia became vague after the adoption of the former Law on the Protection of Consumers of 2010, which introduced commercial guarantees in consumer sale contracts. This is also one of the negative implications of the transposition of Directive 1999/44/EC into the Law on the Protection of Consumers, instead of incorporating them into the rules of general contract law. The main legislative approach adopted in the former Hungarian Civil Code has not been changed in the new Code from 2013 either: conformity and guarantee remain regulated by the general rules of contract law. Obligatory guarantees introduced by decrees of the government also remain in force. A significant novelty in the new Code is the introduction of a direct liability of the produced or consumer goods, a legislative possibility offered by Directive 1999/44/EC.
7
Zimmermann, R. "Consumer Contract Law and General Contract Law: The German Experience." Current Legal Problems 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 415–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clp/58.1.415.
8
Haupt, Stefan. "An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection in Contract Law." German Law Journal 4, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200012013.
Анотація:
The traditional justification of consumer protection is founded on the notion of restraining the monopoly power of huge companies and the potential that they posses to influence consumers via advertising that limits consumers’ ability to verify what is in their own best interest. This theory refers not to the individual consumer in a concrete situation, but stresses a general economically weaker position of the consumervis-à-visthe suppliers. Consumers are seen as less knowledgeable and as economically inferior to producers and traders. So a large deviation between the ideal of consumer sovereignty and reality is presumed. The power imbalance on the market (“countervailing power”) leads to demand for market reconciliation, compensation or balancing. According to this conception the state must support the consumers as weaker market participants during the counterweight
9
Mifta Nur Feriska. "KEBEBASAN BERKONTRAK DAN PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN DALAM PERJANJIAN SEWA MENYEWA PADA SEBUAH KESEIMBANGAN HUKUM." JOURNAL SAINS STUDENT RESEARCH 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 893–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.61722/jssr.v1i1.415.
Анотація:
This research discusses the balance between freedom of contract and consumer protection in the context of rental agreements. The main focus is on how the law creates a balanced framework to ensure justice and equal rights for the parties involved. First of all, the basic meaning of a rental agreement is presented based on Article 1548 of the Civil Code, with four mandatory elements that must be fulfilled. Freedom of contract, as a basic principle, gives the parties involved the ability to determine and carry out agreements according to their wishes, but remains limited by legal, ethical and moral norms. The role of Consumer Protection Laws is explained as an effort to prevent abuse of power by contractual parties and protect consumers from harmful practices. Socialization of this law is important to increase consumer awareness and knowledge, especially among those with low levels of education. This research also reviews the balance between the rights and obligations of business actors and the rights and obligations of consumers, highlighting more specific regulations in the Consumer Protection Law. This balance creates a fair and ethical business environment. Next, the principles of balancing between freedom of contract and consumer protection in rental agreements are explained. This includes clarity of contracts, protection against unfair practices, freedom of contract with limitations, protection against discrimination, and lawsuit and dispute resolution rights. Restrictions on freedom of contract are described as steps taken by law to protect consumers from exploitation or harmful practices in rental agreements. By detailing fair rental prices, late payment provisions, privacy rights, repair rights, and the right to withdraw from the contract, the law aims to create equality between the parties involved. Ultimately, the study concludes that the balance between freedom of contract and consumer protection in rental agreements requires careful attention. These principles must be regulated in such a way as to safeguard consumer rights without hampering the development of legitimate business activities. With a good understanding of applicable regulations, this balance can be achieved to create a healthy and fair business environment.
10
Ben-Shahar, Omri, and Oren Bar-Gill. "Regulatory techniques in consumer protection: A critique of European consumer contract law." Common Market Law Review 50, Special Issue (March 1, 2013): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013039.
Анотація:
This Article classifies the consumer protection techniques that European contract law employs into four categories: Mandatory arrangements; disclosure; regulation of entry to and exit from contract; and pro-buyer default rules and contract interpretation. It argues that these techniques are far less likely to succeed than advocates, including the European Commission, believe, and they may bring about unintended consequences and hurt consumers. The techniques and their limits are illustrated through a study of proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL). The Article argues that the ambitious pursuit of consumer protection goals is also likely to interfere with the other main goal of the European contract law: harmonizing the laws of member states, encouraging cross border trade, and improving consumer' access to markets.
Дисертації з теми "Consumer contract law":
1
Phillips, Andelka M. "Protecting the rights of consumers : clickwrap contracts and direct-to-consumer genetic testing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a16ae984-10ca-4107-8db8-f8a8d7c45322.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the regulation of the direct-to-consumer genetic testing industry through analysis of the industry's use of wrap contracts (clickwrap and browsewrap), A significant portion of the thesis consists of a comparative document review of the publicly available wrap contracts of DTCGT companies provided tests for health purposes. It also considers other regulatory responses to date. Due to the lack of industry specific regulation it argues that the use of wrap contracts can be viewed as a means of industry self-regulation and a form of private legislation. This means that governance is skewed heavily in favour of companies and it creates an imbalance in the respective rights and obligations of the parties - company and consumer - which is likely to result in consumer detriment. It is argued that certain types of terms commonly include in DTCGT contracts, including: unilateral variation clauses; some exclusion clauses; choice of law clauses; indemnity; and consent clauses are likely to be deemed unfair and unenforceable under UK law. It recommends that in the short-term the Competition and Markets Authority should undertake a compliance review of DTCGT contracts in order to improving contracts for consumers. In the long term, companies should also be complying with data protection law, as well as legislation on medical devices and the provisions of the Human Tissue Act and there may be a need for industry specific legislation.
2
Garrido, Huidobro Mattias. "Unfair Contract Terms in European Contract Law : Legal consequences for and beyond Swedish Contract Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229817.
Анотація:
Recent case law from the ECJ on one of the most important EU contract law legislation has left questions open about the compatibility of Swedish contract law with the Unfair Contracts Term Directive. The case law on Article 6 (1) in the directive seem to have changed the view on how to deal with the legal consequence of an unfair term in consumer contracts; namely that unfair terms cannot be adjusted but need to be declared invalid. This essay examines how the effects from the ECJ case law provide new light upon Swedish contract law. The effect creates a clash of ideas and rationalities between Union law and Swedish contract law. Unfair terms cannot be adjusted as the relevant Swedish legislation provides. An unfair term needs to be invalid, and if necessary, such an unfair term can in certain circumstances be complemented with default rules from national contract law. This does not only seem to change the interpretation and application of the Swedish law, but it also form an underlying tension between the instrumental market-functional Union law and the more justice oriented Swedish private law. Furthermore, as we move towards a new European civil code, perhaps these tensions and clashes may say something about where the discipline of European Private Law is headed.
3
Rodríguez, García Gustavo Manuel. "The desorientaded aerialist: Evolutionary dynamics of contract clauses in predisposed contracts and the poor quality myth of consumer contracts." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116512.
Анотація:
The standard-form agreements, pejoratively labeled as “adhesion contracts”, have bad reputation. A significant number of academics and most of consumer protection authorities often believe that the absence of negotiation and the preponderance of rights and benefits assigned to suppliers (versus costs, obligations or limitations imposed to consumers) show a kind/ sort of abuse against an alleged weak party of the consumption relationship. In this article, Professor Rodríguez García states that the skeptic and hostile vision regarding the standard-form agreements is wrong and is based on a poor understanding of the incentives and purposes that this type of contractingfulfills. On the contrary, the author intends to state that the control of clauses included in consumption contracts is prejudicial to consumers. Therefore,this is a control type that should be removed from the legal system.Los contratos predispuestos - peyorativamente conocidos como «contratos de adhesión»— tienen mala fama. Una buena porción de académicos y un mayoritario sector de las autoridades de protección al consumidor suelen creer que la ausencia de negociación y la preponderancia de derechos o beneficios asignados al proveedor (versus los costos, obligaciones o limitaciones impuestos al consumidor) revelan una suerte de abuso en contra de una presunta parte débil de la relación de consumo. En este artículo, el profesor Rodríguez García sostiene que la visión hostil o escéptica respecto de los contratos predispuestos es equívoca y se funda en una comprensión pobre de los incentivos y fines que este tipo de contratación desempeña. Por el contrario, el autor pretende poner de manifiesto que el control de las cláusulas contenidas en contratos de consumo perjudica al consumidor y que, por tanto, es una forma de control que debería ser eliminada del sistema legal.
4
Alabdulqader, Latifah Abdulmohshen. "Contractual justice under English and Shariah law of contract : the case of consumer protection." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/15941.
Анотація:
The modern role of the law of contract imposes a duty on the state to regulate the way individuals treat each other in the marketplace as part of fulfilling its social role. This thesis investigates the situation of contractual justice under Shariah and English law. It tests the extent to which contractual justice is protected under Shariah and English laws of contract. It indicates that the English law of contract is focused on the absolute sanctity of contract (in its classical form) and economic efficiency (in its modern form). On the other hand, the Shariah law of contract is governed by the general principle that gain comes only from labour and stresses the importance of the equivalence of counter-values. It reveals that while contractual justice under the English law of contract is procedurally oriented, it is substantively oriented under the Shariah law of contract. Additionally, the thesis also discusses the role of the law of consumer protection in pursuing contractual justice. While the consumer is protected under the English law by legislative control, the Shariah law of contract, which was the product of the seventh and eighth centuries, does not recognise the concept of the consumer. One would accordingly question the legitimacy of the action of protecting consumers in those states (take for example Saudi Arabia) that adopt Shariah as the law of the state. Most of the states, which adopt Shariah either alongside other normative systems or as the entire code, grant some kind of consumer protection measures within the law of contract. The thesis attempts to fill this gap by testing the viability of consumer protection derived from the Shariah law of contract. In doing so, attention is paid to the theoretical and practical aspects of the law. It is revealed that the Shariah law of contract is fit both from a theoretical and a practical perspective to serve the aims of consumer protection. The outcomes of the research should guide and enhance the legitimacy of consumer protection measures in Shariah-ruled countries.
5
Ballard, Martha Alicia Castenada. "The reform of insurance contract law for the protection of the consumer." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275941.
6
Raobelina, Fanjamalala. "L'harmonisation du droit de la vente aux consommateurs dans l'Union européenne : Réflexion à la lumière de la directive (UE) 2019/771 relative à certains aspects concernant les contrats de vente de biens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CYUN1267.
Анотація:
Le contrat de vente de biens constituant un levier du commerce transfrontière dans l'Union, le législateur européen en régit par conséquent certains aspects. La directive 1999/44/CE réformée par la directive (UE) 2019/771 et la directive 2011/83/UE comportent ainsi des règles communes aux Etats membres, propres à la vente. Le choix de l'étude spécifique de ces règles tient d'une part, à ce que, économiquement, il s'agisse du contrat le plus courant sur le marché intérieur et d'autre part, à ce que, juridiquement, la vente reste l'archétype du contrat en droit de l'UE, servant ainsi de prémices et de modèles à la législation européenne sur les contrats de consommationThe contract for the sale of goods constitutes a lever for cross-border trade in the Union, the European legislator therefore governs certain aspects. Directive 1999/44/EC reformed by Directive (EU) 2019/771 and Directive 2011/83/EU thus include rules common to Member States, specific to sales. The choice of the specific study of these rules is due on the one hand to the fact that, economically, it is the most common contract on the internal market and on the other hand, to the fact that, legally, the sale remains the archetype of the contract in EU law, thus serving as premises and models for European legislation on consumer contracts
7
Kissick, W. Peter. "How to sign a computer screen, an assessment of current contract law principles in the Internet consumer context." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0002/MQ36042.pdf.
8
Goldacre, Lisa A. "Consumers of Higher Education in Australia : do the unfair contract term provisions in the Australian Consumer Law provide effective protection for students as consumers of educational services?" Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1018.
Анотація:
Extensive consumer protection legislation has existed in Australia for nearly four decades. The new Australian Consumer Law (‘ACL’) in schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (‘CCA’)1 is the most significant change to consumer rights since the introduction of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (‘TPA’). Over a corresponding period of time, the landscape of the higher education sector has been transformed into a culture of consumerism with the student at the centre as the consumer. However, students have seldom sought redress in relation to infringement of their rights as consumers under consumer protection legislation and more rarely successfully. It is recognised that some rights do accrue to students as consumers of educational services under the ACL, principally with regard to promotional activities of higher education institutions (‘HEI’).2 It is not certain that the ACL can provide effective protection for students as consumers of educational services beyond this known application to address issues regarding the nature of the service provided. This research is specifically concerned with whether the introduction of an Unfair Contract Terms (‘UCT’)3 regime in the ACL overcomes identifiable barriers faced by students using consumer protection as a means to ensure they receive services as promised and advances their rights as consumers.The ACL saw the introduction of an UCT regime, which previously had only existed in limited jurisdictions in Australia, notably Victoria, as a means of protection in consumer contracts. Now any term in a consumer contract that is an unfair term as defined under the ACL is void. The application of these provisions in the context of the student as a consumer of educational services will require first an assessment of whether there exists in Australia a contract between the student and HEI. Further, for the UCT to apply, the student–HEI contract must be a ‘standard form’ ‘consumer contract’4, for ‘services’ occurring in ‘trade or commerce’5. Importantly the analysis will identify any connection between the UCT provisions regarding substantive unfairness and the protection this affords students in the context of the provision of educational services, such as the design and delivery of courses, as distinct from promotional activities.Ordinarily, claims concerned with the nature of the educational service provided are considered matters that involve questions of academic judgement. Courts have been consistent in their reluctance to examine matters relating to the exercise of academic judgement and accordingly such matters are considered non-justiciable. The significance of the UCT provisions is that rather than just focusing on procedural unfairness, they attempt to deal with substantive unfairness.6 In the context of the student–HEI contract and provision of educational services, the UCT provisions have the potential to ensure that the student–HEI contract does not contain terms that are substantively unfair. Consequently, HEIs may now be obliged to provide educational services in a manner students might reasonably expect upon entering the student– HEI contract. Thus the new UCT regime may deal with claims concerning the provision of educational services more effectively than other actionable rights that require the court to examine matters of academic judgement in relation to the nature of educational services provided. The analysis will evaluate the implications for the higher education sector and make recommendations for change in the current practice.
9
AlGhafri, Abdulla M. A. "The inadequacy of consumer protection in the UAE : the need for reform." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7691.
Анотація:
This thesis addresses the consumer protection regime in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) against damages posed by defective industrial products, unfair business practices and misleading advertising. Nowadays, unfair and deceptive practices such as the selling of defective or sub-standard goods, the charging of exorbitant prices, misrepresentation of the efficacy or usefulness of goods, and negligence as to safety standards have become rampant. Accordingly, it has become necessary to promote the development and refinement of statutory measures, even in developed countries, to make producers/traders more accountable to consumers. This thesis examines the legal grounds on which consumer protection stands within the newly enacted legal framework for consumer protection in the UAE. In addition, this thesis elaborates upon relevant regulations provided by UAE legislators as well as related laws in selected Arab countries. It further investigates the adequacy of administrative authorities’ measures in the UAE, and explains whether respective administrative rules are capable of compensating consumers for material and physical damages incurred. It also explores the inadequacies of the administration’s measures and rules, and highlights the importance of integration between administrative bodies in achieving a sufficient level of protection for consumers. The findings of this thesis are based on a detailed review of specific issues in consumer protection models in the Shari’a law and the United Kingdom (UK) model. Thus, it will refer to solutions devised by Islamic Shari’a law and the UK legal system to provide more comprehensive protection to consumers and strengthen their position in relation to that of traders. The study suggests that there is a need to amend the consumer protection in the UAE. It indicates a need for the unified, effective and meaningful implementation of consumer protection legal and administrative procedures in the UAE, and emphasizes that the non-governmental consumer protection association must be given a wider and legal role in supporting the governmental bodies. These findings may help in improving the current consumer protection regime in the UAE as well as reducing infringements committed by traders. This thesis concludes by making recommendations for drafting a comprehensive set of rules in the UAE in the hopes that such recommendations will contribute effectively toward the development of a consumer protection regime in the UAE.
10
Ežerskytė, Ramunė. "Oferta ir akceptas vartojimo sutartyse." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110207_111806-40887.
Анотація:
Sutarčiai sudaryti paprastai reikia, kad viena šalis pasiūlytų sudaryti sutartį (oferta), o kita šalis sutiktų su pasiūlymu (akceptas). Sutarčių įvairovėje išskiriamos vartojimo sutartys, kurios dėl silpnesnės šalies apsaugos principo įgyvendinimo pasižymi tam tikrais ypatumais. Vartojimo sutarčių sudarymas pateikiant ofertą ir akceptą yra šio magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas. Magistro baigiamąjį darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje analizuojama vartojimo sutarties sąvoka ir specifika, nagrinėjamos vartotojo ir verslininko sąvokos tiek nacionaliniu, tiek tarptautiniu lygmeniu. Antroje darbo dalyje tiriamos ofertos ir akcepto sąvokos, išskiriami jų požymiai ir ypatumai vartojimo sutartyse. Atskirai analizuojama viešosios ofertos problematika, išskiriami ofertos ir kvietimo pareikšti ofertą skirtumai. Trečioje dalyje analizuojami ofertos ir akcepto ypatumai elektroninėse sutartyse (click-wrap sutartyse, browse-wrap sutartyse). Siekiant visapusiškos nagrinėjamų klausimų analizės, darbe nagrinėjami tiek Lietuvos, tiek užsienio teisės aktai, teisės mokslininkų darbai bei teismų praktika. Šio darbo pradžioje kelta hipotezė, kad oferta ir akceptas vartojimo sutartyse turi ypatumų, lyginant su kitomis sutartimis, darbo eigoje pasitvirtina. Magistro baigiamojo darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Darbo apimtis- 57 lapai.For a contract to exist, usually one party must have made an offer, and the other party must have accepted it. Object of this master’s work is an offer and acceptance in the consumer contracts. Consumer contract means an agreement for goods or services concluded by a natural person with the seller not affiliated with the consumer‘s business. This master‘s work consists of 3 chapters. In the first chapter author analyses a concept of consumer contract and a concept of consumer and businessman (seller, supplier) in the national and in the international law. In the second chapter author reviews a concept of an offer and acceptance, their features and specificity in the consumer contracts. Author also examines the difference between an offer and invitation to treat (an invitation to negotiate). In the third chapter author research an offer and acceptance in the e-contracts (click-wrap contracts, browse-wrap contracts). For the best research, there was analyzed literature in Lithuanian and English, also, rules formulated by the courts and law scholars. In the end of this master’s work author draws the conclusions. This master’s work contents 57 pages.
Книги з теми "Consumer contract law":
1
G, Howells Geraint, and Schulze Reiner, eds. Modernising and harmonising consumer contract law. Muhich, Germany: Sellier European Law Publishers, 2009.
2
G, Howells Geraint, and Schulze Reiner, eds. Modernising and harmonising consumer contract law. Muhich, Germany: Sellier European Law Publishers, 2009.
3
International Congress of Comparative Law (18th 2010 Washington, D.C.). Insurance contract law between business law and consumer protection. Zurich: Dike, 2012.
4
Howells, Geraint G. Consumer contract legislation: Understanding the newlaw. London: Blackstone Press, 1995.
5
Commission, Great Britain Law. Unfair terms in contracts: A joint consultation paper. London: Stationery Office, 2002.
6
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. European Union Committee. European contract law - the way forward?: Report with evidence. London: Stationery Office, 2005.
7
Badaiki, A. D. Consumer protection and standard form contracts in Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria: Christdom, 1999.
8
Willett, Chris. Fairness in consumer contracts: The case of unfair terms. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2007.
9
1948-, Rowley Graham, ed. Law for legal executives: Part 1, year 2 : contract and consumer law, employment law, family law, wills, probate andsuccession. 3rd ed. London: Blackstone, 1996.
10
Melear, K. B. Collegiate consumerism: Contract law and the student-university relationship. Asheville, N.C: College Administration Publications, 2003.
Частини книг з теми "Consumer contract law":
1
McKendrick, Ewan. "Unfair terms in consumer contracts." In Contract Law, 334–51. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60926-7_18.
2
Ge, Jiangqiu. "Sources of Consumer Contract Law." In A Comparative Analysis of Policing Consumer Contracts in China and the EU, 33–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2989-0_2.
3
Gómez, Fernando, and Mireia Artigot. "Ex-Post Fairness Controls and Contract Design: The Spanish Experience." In Consumer Law and Economics, 133–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49028-7_7.
4
"Consumer protection." In Contract Law, 253–70. Willan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843925903-27.
5
"CONTRACT AND CONVEYANCE." In Consumer Sales Law, 675–700. Routledge-Cavendish, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843144694-28.
6
Naidoo, André. "7. Exemption Clauses and Unfair Terms." In Complete Contract Law, 202–46. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198749868.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter assesses exemption clauses and unfair terms. Exemption clauses are terms that either exclude or limit the liability of a party. The law relating to the use of such clauses is a mixture of rules found in both the common law and legislation; the common law rules apply to all contracts. In addition, the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 applies to the use of exemption clauses in contracts between two businesses. For consumers, the Consumer Rights Act 2015 provides wider protection from unfair terms including exemption clauses. The practical context of exemption clauses is simple. One party will be in breach and so the other will seek compensation for the loss caused by the breach. The party in breach will then defend the action by relying on an exemption clause. The dispute is then about whether or not the clause can be relied upon. The circumstances in which terms might be assessed for being ‘unfair’ can be wider than this. Typically, a business will take action against a consumer following the consumer’s failure to perform an obligation, which will then prompt the consumer to challenge the obligation as based on an unfair term.
7
Baskind, Eric, Greg Osborne, and Lee Roach. "17. The remedies of the buyer." In Commercial Law, 419–69. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198825975.003.0017.
Анотація:
This chapter sets out the remedies available to the buyer under a contract of sale. Before the Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002, these remedies comprised damages for non-delivery of the contract goods, specific performance, and damages for breach of warranty. In cases of breach of condition, the buyer generally has the right to reject the goods and repudiate the contract. Since implementation of the 2002 Regulations, a buyer who deals as consumer has additional remedies of repair, replacement, reduction in price, or rescission. These additional consumer remedies are discussed after a consideration of the remedies that are available to all buyers, including consumers, beginning with those remedies granted to a buyer where the seller fails to deliver the goods, or fails to deliver on time. Certain consumer contracts entered into after 1 October 2015 are governed by the Consumer Rights Act 2015, which is also discussed.
8
Baskind, Eric, Greg Osborne, and Lee Roach. "17. The remedies of the buyer." In Commercial Law, 436–88. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192895653.003.0017.
Анотація:
This chapter sets out the remedies available to the buyer under a contract of sale. Before the Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002, these remedies comprised damages for non-delivery of the contract goods, specific performance, and damages for breach of warranty. In cases of breach of condition, the buyer generally has the right to reject the goods and repudiate the contract. Since implementation of the 2002 Regulations, a buyer who deals as consumer has additional remedies of repair, replacement, reduction in price, or rescission. These additional consumer remedies are discussed after a consideration of the remedies that are available to all buyers, including consumers, beginning with those remedies granted to a buyer where the seller fails to deliver the goods, or fails to deliver on time. Certain consumer contracts entered into after 1 October 2015 are governed by the Consumer Rights Act 2015, which is also discussed.
9
McKendrick, Ewan. "14. Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts." In Contract Law, 444–71. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198855293.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter focuses on Part 2 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015. The Act gives to the courts much broader powers to regulate terms in contracts which have been concluded between traders and consumers. Section 2 examines the individual sections of Part 2 of the Act and the leading cases decided under the Regulations which preceded the Act. Particular attention is given to key concepts such as ‘significant imbalance’, ‘good faith’, the exclusion of certain terms from assessment for fairness, the indicative and non-exhaustive list of terms that may be regarded as unfair, and the role of regulators in the enforcement of the legislation. Section 3 draws on work done by Professor Susan Bright in relation to the role of the Unfair Contract Terms Unit in the early days of the enforcement of the legislation.
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McKendrick, Ewan. "14. Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts." In Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198808169.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter focuses on Part 2 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015. The Act gives to the courts much broader powers to regulate terms in contracts which have been concluded between traders and consumers. Section 2 examines the individual sections of Part 2 of the Act and the leading cases decided under the Regulations which preceded the Act. Particular attention is given to key concepts such as ‘significant imbalance’, ‘good faith’, the exclusion of certain terms from assessment for fairness, the indicative and non-exhaustive list of terms that may be regarded as unfair, and the role of regulators in the enforcement of the legislation. Section 3 draws on work done by Professor Susan Bright in relation to the role of the Unfair Contract Terms Unit in the early days of the enforcement of the legislation.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Consumer contract law":
1
Amalia, Rizky, Erni Agustin, and Faizal Kurniawan. "Redifining the Principle of Consumer Contract to Maximize Consumer Protection: Elaboration on Product Liability Principle." In International Law Conference 2018. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010052904050410.
2
Vukadinović, Slobodan. "Nepravične ugovorne odredbe: međunarodni, evropski i nacionalni nivo regulative i zaštite." In Prouzrokovanje štete, naknada štete i osiguranje. Institut za uporedno pravo, Udruženje za odštetno pravo, Pravosudna akademija, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56461/zr_23.ons.06.
Анотація:
On the occasion of three decades of implementation of the Council Directive 93/13 EEC on unfair terms in consumer contracts, the paper examines unfair contractual provisions through relevant regulations at the international, European and national level. Analyzing the origin and thirty-year implementation of the European directive on unfair terms in consumer contracts, the paper points out the significant role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), as well as the circumstance that its case law were systematized in 2019 in the Guidelines on the interpretation and application of the Directive. Different ways of legal protection against unfair contract terms in European consumer protection law are analyzed. Afterwards, the legal regime of unfair contract terms in domestic law is discussed, i.e. the Law on Obligations and the Law on Consumer Protection. It is shown that the first rules related to unfair provisions (regardless of their term) were essentially created in the context of the law of general business conditions and were elaborated much later in the context of consumer law. Such a conclusion is confirmed not only by a temporal comparison of the emergence of special laws on general business conditions and European directives, but also within domestic law, in which they are regulated by the Law on Obligations significantly before the Law on Consumer Protection. The work of international organizations in the context of international consumer law is researched, especially the United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection, adopted under the auspices of UNCTAD.
3
Mantrov, Vadim, Ramunas Birstonas, Janis Karklins, Aleksei Kelli, Irene Kull, Arnis Buka, Irena Barkane, and Zanda Davida. "The Implementation of the New Consumer Sales Directives in the Baltic States: A Step Towards Further Harmonisation of Consumer Sales." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.36.
Анотація:
The present article deals with the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives (Directives 2019/770 and 2019/771) into the national law of the Baltic States. The topicality of the paper is related to the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives into national law in a particular region, i.e., the Baltic States, by analysing implementation approaches and difficulties during the implementation and post-implementation periods from a comparative perspective of all three Baltic states. At the outset, the paper notes the differences in the existing regulation of consumer sales in the Baltic States. Lithuania and Estonia incorporated consumer sales in their civil codifications, whereas Latvia has chosen a different path by regulating consumer sales on the basis of sui generis regulation in the Consumer Rights Protection Law. As a result of such initial situation before the implementation of the new Consumer Sales Directives, different implementation strategies were used in the Baltic States, consequently leading to different consequences and difficulties during the implementation process of the new Consumer Sales Directives. Likewise, the application process of the new Consumer Sales Directives itself has created significant problems and risks. The available legal acts together with their travaux préparatoires in the Baltic States demonstrate the possibility that the new regulation implementing the new Consumer Sales Directives may contradict the existing contract law regulation and data protection law, and have implications thereon.
4
Mišković, Maša. "PRIMENA PRAVILA O ZAŠTITI POTROŠAČA NA AUKCIJSKU PRODAJU." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.849m.
Анотація:
In this paper the author discusses whether consumer protection law is applicable to the sales by auction in the situation when the best bidder – buyer is a consumer. In order to apply consumer protection law, the other contractual party should be a trader. When the auction is conducted by the auctioneer, it is necessary to take into consideration the way he/she acts (as the contracting party with the buyer or agent of the seller), in order to see the status of the contracting parties, that conclude the sales contract when the auction is completed, i.e. whether they represent the trader and consumer. The Law on Consumer Protection of Serbia defines a public auction and provides for an exception from the right of withdrawal in respect of contracts concluded at a public auction. These provisions are implemented from the EU Directive on Consumer Rights, therefore, the author, in addition to the provisions of the Law on Consumer Protection of Serbia, analyzes the provisions of the EU Directive on Consumer Rights in order to reach a conclusion on (non) applicability of consumer protection law to auction sales.
5
Gavrilović, Nenad. "THE CONCEPT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION IN FINANCIAL SERVICES CONTRACTS CONCLUDED AT A DISTANCE IN THE SYSTEM OF EUROPEAN CONSUMER LAW." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 1. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko1.431g.
Анотація:
The paper analyses the scope of the new rules of Directive (EU) 2023/2673 that refer to financial consumer services contracts concluded at a distance and which repeal the current Directive 2002/65/EC. The conceptual features of Directive 2002/65/EC are outlined first, and then those of Directive (EU) 2023/2673, which were interpolated into the system of Directive 2011/83/EU. The rules of Directive (EU) 2023/2673 modernize the existing rules of Directive 2002/65/EC on pre- contractual information and the right to withdraw from the concluded contract; while also introducing completely new aspects related to the so-called adequate explanations, the so-called dark patterns on traders' online interfaces, etc. The general assessment is that the legal policy of the Union regarding distance financial contracts is basically unchanged, and modernization has been carried out as a result of the need to provide answers to the new challenges of digitalization.
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Żok, Krzysztof. "Law Applicable to Non-Consumer Contracts Concluded at an Electronic Auction." In COFOLA International 2022. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0231-2022-15.
Анотація:
The article examines the law governing a non-consumer contract concluded at an electronic auction. The paper discusses substantive international law and private international law, in particular Rome I Regulation. The analysis focuses on the autonomous interpretation of the auction and the country where this contracting process takes place. The considerations are supplemented by the study of selected auction platforms. The paper concludes that a contract formed at an electronic auction is typically governed by the law of the country where the seller has his or her habitual residence.
7
Zdraveva, Neda. "DIGITAL CONTENT CONTRACTS AND CONSUMER PROTECTION: STATUS QUO AND WAYS FURTHER." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18313.
Анотація:
One of the effects of the COVID-19 crisis is the significant acceleration of e-commerce. The number of companies and the varieties of products in the online markets increased, as well as the numbers of consumers and consumers’ segments diversification. The e-commerce in pandemic times offered clear benefits and opportunities for the consumers. It also created situations where the lack of confidence in e-commerce may intensify. This comes from the consumers’ uncertainty on their key contractual rights and it is particularly a case when it comes to the contracts for supply of digital content and digital services. The European Union considered that legal certainty for consumers (and businesses) will increase by full harmonisation of key regulatory issues and that this would lead to growth of the potentials the e-commerce has on the common market. Aiming to achieve a genuine digital single market the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament in May 2019 have adopted the Directive (EU) 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services (the "Digital Content Directive") and the Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods (the "Sales of Goods Directive") that regulate the supply of digital content and digital services and sale of goods with digital elements, respectively. Both directives lay down specific rules on the conformity of digital content or a digital service i.e., goods with digital elements with the contract, remedies in the cases of a lack of conformity or a failure to supply, as well as the modalities for the exercise of those remedies. The paper analyses the mechanisms for regulation of the contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services and the specific rights and obligations of the parties to these contracts. The main objective of the research is to assess to which extent these mechanisms are novelty in the European Consumer Law and to examine the obstacles that the application of consumer law to digital content contracts may encounter.
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Pilipović, Dejan. "KARAKTERISTIKE UGOVORA O PRODAJI TOPLOTNE ENERGIJE." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.439p.
Анотація:
Modern legal transactions are carried out in a way of concluding of various contracts. Therefore it is noticed an increased number of specific contracts arising in connection with services of general economic interest and in connection with the performance of communal services. In the article, the author seeks to find concrete characteristics, and to give their typology through the scientific examination of the heat energy sale contract. The author also tries to present the specifics of this contract. The picture of this contract is given through the prism of its characteristics. The author starts from the typology of the characteristics of this contract with subtypes: "classical-obligatory" characteristics (simple characteristics, when the contract is carried out through the classical classification of the contract law and the non-simple characteristics when it is possible to discuss whether the contract is named and simple) and "specific consumer-communal" characteristics (services of general economic interest and communal activity of heat supply in connection with this contract; freedom of contract, restrictions of freedom of contract and content of the contract - boundary characteristics with "classical-obligatory" and derivative). The division is neither exclusive nor perfect, because these characteristics sometimes intertwine, they are conditioned and correlated due to the "consumer-communal" context of this contract, but it is important for this scientific analysis.
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Jelinić, Srećko. "PRUŽANjE USLUGA KAO VITALNA KOMPONENTA SUVREMENE EKONOMIJE – O ODGOVORNOSTI PRUŽATELjA USLUGA ZA KVALITETU PRUŽENE USLUGE." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.039j.
Анотація:
In this paper the author discusses different issues concerning the provision of services within a national legal system. As it is widely known, along with manufacturing of goods, today the provisions of services plays vital role of operation of national economies. While people are very much interested in the quality of the products they are buying, it is hard to say whether same level of concerns exists with respect to the service quality. Therefore from a legal point of view, we should distinguish between the standards of service quality that are prescribed by the law and those which are agreed in a contract between the service provider and the service user. The fact is that the liability for non performance of the obligation to provide service of high quality is no longer just a theoretical , but also practical question. This can be tracked in the evolution of the consumer law, and, within the consumer law, by looking into the way consumers are protected in practice. As newer and newer types of services are entering the markets, the regulations should pay a continuous care for the quality of services by prescribing adequate judicial and other types of procedural instruments able to support consumers wishing to defend their rights.
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Vujičić, Jovan. "OBLIGATION TO UPDATE DIGITAL ELEMENTS OF GOODS." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 1. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko1.055v.
Анотація:
Unlike the traditional concept of sale, according to which the maintenance of digital elements of the goods could be the subject of a contract of a mixed legal nature or a related contract for the provision of services, a more flexible approach is accepted in modern European (consumer) contract law. Considering the specific requirements related to digital products, a significant innovation, with far-reaching consequences for contractual practice, is notably the inclusion of the update obligation in the notion of conformity. The need for such „dynamization“ is particularly emphasized with regard to security updates. However, the update obligation is not limited to them. In addition to the agreed updates, the seller is obliged to provide updates that are necessary to keep the goods with digital elements in conformity. By adopting the update obligation contributes to curbing the premature (often planned) technological obsolescence of goods with digital elements. This objective requirements for conformity does not impose a disproportionate burden on the seller, as it is subject to the possibility of qualified deviation. Also, in case of omitting to provide the necessary updates, the seller shall be entitled to pursue remedies against the person liable in the chain of transactions. Considering the increased importance of the service component in contracts for the sale of goods in the (increasingly) digitalized world, the update obligation should also apply to relations between business entities.
Звіти організацій з теми "Consumer contract law":
1
Calderon, Gabriela, Beatriz Magaloni, and Gustavo Robles. Las consecuencias económicas de la violencia del narcotráfico en México. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012182.
Анотація:
En este estudio se argumenta que en México existe un umbral de violencia relacionada con el narcotráfico a partir del cual se contrae la actividad económica en general. Por debajo de este umbral de violencia, los individuos y las empresas internalizan el aumento en costos de seguridad y protección, y dichas decisiones se reflejan en el mercado laboral. Una vez que el conflicto violento ha escalado sustancialmente, las decisiones económicas de mediano y largo plazo de los agentes económicos se ven afectadas de forma negativa, observándose una contracción importante de la actividad económica. En este estudio se propone el consumo de electricidad como un indicador de la actividad económica municipal y se utilizan dos estrategias empíricas diferentes. Para estimar los efectos marginales de la violencia se utiliza una regresión de variables instrumentales usando como variación exógena el instrumento de Mejía y Castillo (2012) con base en los decomisos históricos de cocaína proveniente de Colombia. Para estimar los efectos 'umbral' sobre la economía se emplea la metodología de controles sintéticos, la cual consiste en construir escenarios contrafactuales como un promedio ponderado óptimo de las unidades de control. Se encuentra que un aumento en los niveles de violencia tiene efectos negativos sustantivos sobre la participación laboral y el empleo. Asimismo, se observa que aquellos municipios que experimentaron incrementos drásticos de la violencia entre 2006 y 2010 redujeron de forma importante su consumo de energía durante los años posteriores al tratamiento.
2
Cao, Shoufeng, Uwe Dulleck, Warwick Powell, Charles Turner-Morris, Valeri Natanelov, and Marcus Foth. BeefLedger blockchain-credentialed beef exports to China: Early consumer insights. Queensland University of Technology, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.200267.
Анотація:
The BeefLedger Export Smart Contracts project is a collaborative research study between BeefLedger Ltd and QUT co-funded by the Food Agility CRC. This project exists to deliver economic value to those involved in the production, export and consumption of Australian beef to China through: (1) reduced information asymmetry; (2) streamlined compliance processes, and; (3) developing and accessing new data-driven value drivers, through the deployment of decentralised ledger technologies and associated governance systems. This report presents early insights from a survey deployed to Chinese consumers in Nov/Dec 2019 exploring attitudes and preferences about blockchain-credentialed beef exports to China. Our results show that most local and foreign consumers were willing to pay more than the reference price for a BeefLedger branded Australian cut and packed Sirloin steak at the same weight. Although considered superior over Chinese processed Australian beef products, the Chinese market were sceptical that the beef they buy was really from Australia, expressing low trust in Australian label and traceability information. Despite lower trust, most survey respondents were willing to pay more for traceability supported Australian beef, potentially because including this information provided an additional sense of safety. Therefore, traceability information should be provided to consumers, as it can add a competitive advantage over products without traceability.
3
Sokol, José Benjamín. Revisión de los Shocks en la Economía. USMA, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37387/ipc.v11i1.345.
Анотація:
The Panamanian economy performed spectacularly starting in 1989, growing at an average real rate of 6% per year for thirty years. It was the highest registered in the Latin American Region and one of the highest globally. In addition, important achievements were obtained that were not achieved in other countries inside and outside the region. The middle class expanded and strengthened. The general poverty level fell from 37.9% in 2000 to 21.5% in 2019, and the extreme poverty level from 21.9% to 10.0%, mainly due to transfers from low-income households. Income inequalities improved by reducing the GINI coefficient from 56.6% in 2000 to 49.8% in 2019, although these were high concerning other Latin American countries. As a result, Panama entered the group of countries classified as high-income by the World Bank. Plus, the economy has recently been hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic—this immobilized economic activity due to the high population. Density and contagion in the metropolitan area caused by overcrowding in low-income neighborhoods extend its destructive impact on the rest of the country. This required reducing and temporarily closing commercial, service, and production activities. These actions caused a sharp drop in GDP and GDP per capita, the largest in the region and one of the largest in percentage terms globally, a sharp contraction of imports, a rapid expansion of unemployment, a collapse in tax revenues, financial difficulties in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and a loss of income in low-income and informal groups, and in those of the middle class with suspended employment contracts. A post-Covid-19 growth recovery should not be defined as a return to pre-pandemic levels of economic activity likely to external shocks but as a turning point towards more productive, shock-resistant, and inclusive growth patterns. Growth will happen, although it could be slow and gradual initially. A significant part of daily economic activity operates in a consumer economy environment. At this juncture, it will be essential for consumers to secure their income to maintain a standard spending rate in a context in which the pandemic's adverse impact on Panamanians' health is diminishing.
4
Vargas, Hernando, Pamela Cardozo, Juan Sebastián Rojas, Carlos Andrés Quicazán, Sara Ariza, Ittza Alejandra Barreto, Laura Viviana León, et al. Reporte de Mercados Financieros - primer trimestre de 2021. Banco de la República Colombia, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rmf-1-trim.2021.
Анотація:
Durante el primer trimestre de 2021 (1T21) los mercados financieros giraron alrededor al mayor optimismo ante las expectativas de una recuperación económica global más rápida de lo anticipado previamente, liderada por EE.UU. y China, ante el mayor estímulo fiscal, la continuación del estímulo monetario, los avances en la distribución de las vacunas contra el Covid-19 y el proceso de reapertura económica, así como a las expectativas de que el exceso de ahorro privado conlleve a una fortaleza del crecimiento económico impulsado por el consumo.
5
Guerrero, Margaret. Boletín Económico Regional: Eje Cafetero, II trimestre de 2021. Banco de la República, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/ber-ejecf.tr2-2021.
Анотація:
La economía del Eje Cafetero en el segundo trimestre de 2021 presentó un crecimiento anual respecto al mismo periodo del año anterior, en la mayoría de las actividades de seguimiento. Aumentaron la producción y las ventas reales industriales, el transporte de carga, el consumo de energía no regulada y las importaciones. El balance de las ventas del comercio fue positivo y se incrementaron las matrículas de vehículos nuevos y motocicletas. En la construcción hubo avance en diferentes variables de seguimiento, mientras que en la actividad agropecuaria se evidenció un mayor sacrificio de ganado bovino y porcino. En contraste, se redujeron las colocaciones del sistema financiero, las exportaciones de café, el abastecimiento agrícola y la comercialización de vivienda nueva. Por su parte, la tasa de desempleo en las tres capitales de la región continuó disminuyendo, mientras la inflación se aceleró.
6
Rigobón, Roberto. Estrategia de estabilización para los precios del petróleo en América Central. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010151.
Анотація:
El presente estudio versa sobre el establecimiento de un fondo de estabilización del precio del petróleo que mitigue el impacto del aumento en el precio internacional del crudo sobre las economías del istmo centroamericano y República Dominicana. La significativa escalada en los precios observada durante los últimos años sin duda han impactado negativamente a estos países importadores de hidrocarburos. Este trabajo no estudia cuáles son las distorsiones que motivan la intervención gubernamental. Simplemente se indica que el consumo privado y el producto reaccionan significativamente a shocks petroleros, eventos que claramente demuestran que los mercados privados no han comprado suficiente seguro en contra de las fluctuaciones petroleras. En el documento primeramente se discute el impacto que tiene el precio del petróleo en algunas variables macroeconómicas de interés. Después se estudia el problema de estabilización para Centroamérica. Finalmente, se hacen simulaciones y se diseña una regla de estabilización.
7
Muelaner, Jody E. Decarbonized Fuel Options for Civil Aviation. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023012.
Анотація:
<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Drop-in replacement biofuels and electrofuels can provide net-zero CO2 emissions with dramatic reductions in contrail formation. Biofuels must transition to second-generation cellulosic feedstocks while improving land and soil management. Electrofuels, or "e-fuels,” require aggressive cost reduction in hydrogen production, carbon capture, and fuel synthesis. Hydrogen has great potential for energy efficiency, cost reduction, and emissions reduction; however, its low density (even in liquid form) combined with it’s extremely low boiling temperature mean that bulky spherical tanks will consume considerable fuselage volume. Still, emerging direct-kerosene fuel cells may ultimately provide a superior zero-emission, energy-dense solution. </div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Decarbonized Power Options for Civil Aviation </b>discusses the current challenges with these power options and explores the economic incentives and levers vital to decarbonization. Until common and enforceable global carbon pricing arrives, targeted national measures (e.g., mandates, price support, and finance) will be required.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
8
Tao, Yang, Victor Alchanatis, and Yud-Ren Chen. X-ray and stereo imaging method for sensitive detection of bone fragments and hazardous materials in de-boned poultry fillets. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695872.bard.
Анотація:
As Americans become increasingly health conscious, they have increased their consumptionof boneless white and skinless poultry meat. To the poultry industry, accurate detection of bonefragments and other hazards in de-boned poultry meat is important to ensure food quality andsafety for consumers. X-ray imaging is widely used for internal material inspection. However,traditional x-ray technology has limited success with high false-detection errors mainly becauseof its inability to consistently recognize bone fragments in meat of uneven thickness. Today’srapid grow-out practices yield chicken bones that are less calcified. Bone fragments under x-rayshave low contrast from meat. In addition, the x-ray energy reaching the image detector varieswith the uneven meat thickness. Differences in x-ray absorption due to the unevenness inevitablyproduce false patterns in x-ray images and make it hard to distinguish between hazardousinclusions and normal meat patterns even by human visual inspection from the images.Consequently, the false patterns become camouflage under x-ray absorptions of variant meatthickness in physics, which remains a major limitation to detecting hazardous materials byprocessing x-ray images alone.Under the support of BARD, USDA, and US Poultry industries, we have aimed todeveloping a new technology that uses combined x-ray and laser imaging to detect bonefragments in de-boned poultry. The technique employs the synergism of sensors of differentprinciples and has overcome the deficiency of x-rays in physics of letting x-rays work alone inbone fragment detection. X-rays in conjunction of laser-based imaging was used to eliminatefalse patterns and provide higher sensitivity and accuracy to detect hazardous objects in the meatfor poultry processing lines.Through intensive research, we have met all the objectives we proposed during the researchperiod. Comprehensive experiments have proved the concept and demonstrated that the methodhas been capable of detecting frequent hard-to-detect bone fragments including fan bones andfractured rib and pulley bone pieces (but not cartilage yet) regardless of their locations anduneven meat thickness without being affected by skin, fat, and blood clots or blood vines.
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Boletín Económico Regional: Suroccidente, I trimestre de 2024. Banco de la República, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/ber-surocc.tr1-2024.
Анотація:
En el primer trimestre de 2024, la economía de Suroccidente continuó con resultados negativos en sus principales indicadores sectoriales, pero con mejoras frente al año anterior. Un moderado consumo, bajo desempeño de la inversión y lenta dinámica de la economía global afectaron la industria y las ventas externas. A su vez, el comercio disminuyó por el bajo gasto de los hogares, pese a la reducción de la inflación y menores tasas de interés del sistema financiero, sector que registró descensos en los desembolsos de consumo y comercial. En construcción, la superficie construida y las ventas de vivienda cayeron, aunque las obras civiles crecieron por mejoras en la malla vial. En contraste, el sector agropecuario aumentó por la anticipación de cosechas debido a las altas temperaturas. Finalmente, la inflación descendió de manera notable en la región, mientras aumentó el número de desocupados.
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Boletín Económico Regional : Suroriente, I trimestre de 2024. Banco de la República, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/ber-suror.tr1-2024.
Анотація:
Durante el primer trimestre de 2024, la economía de la región Suroriente señaló aumentos en varias de sus principales actividades. La producción de petróleo creció impulsada por mejoras en la productividad de ciertos campos. También aumentaron el abastecimiento de productos agrícolas y la oferta porcina, este último por mayor consumo dados sus precios competitivos. De igual manera, crecieron algunos indicadores de la construcción y del sistema financiero, incluyendo los créditos para la actividad agropecuaria. Como contraste, el comercio se vio afectado por el costo del financiamiento, lo que redundó en caídas en las percepciones de crecimiento de las ventas y comercialización de automotores. Asimismo, se registró disminución en las exportaciones e importaciones. Finalmente, la tasa de desempleo mostró descenso y la inflación continuó con su tendencia a la baja en Villavicencio.