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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR"

Wesley, L. D. "Consolidation behaviour of allophane clays." Géotechnique 51, no. 10 (December 2001): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.10.901.

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Keramatikerman, Mahdi, Amin Chegenizadeh, and Hamid Nikraz. "CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR OF LIME-CEMENTED BENTONITE." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 11 (April 30, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v04i11.011.

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Abid, M. M., and I. C. Pyrah. "Consolidation behaviour of finely laminated clays." Computers and Geotechnics 10, no. 4 (January 1990): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-352x(90)90020-v.

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Yoshidomi, Takahiro, Koichi Iinuma, and Motohiro Sugiyama. "Influence of load increment ratio on one-dimensional consolidation behaviour." MATEC Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 02029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819202029.

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In this study, we conducted a stage loading consolidation test with varying load increment ratio and investigated its effect. By adjusting the primary consolidation ratio of one-dimensional consolidation analysis with secondary consolidation taken into account, it is possible to reproduce the consolidation amount-time curve affected by the load increment ratio.

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Hiraga, Misa, Hiroyuki Kyokawa, and Junichi Koseki. "Experimental and analytical investigations of volume change behaviour of saturated expansive soils in oedometer test." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199210006.

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The chemical and mechanical behaviours of saturated bentonite were experimentally and analytically investigated. A series of oedometer tests on saturated bentonite was conducted. By replacing the cell fluid during the oedometer test, one-dimensional osmotic consolidation and swelling behaviour were observed. The experimental results were simulated numerically using a constitutive model by considering the influence of electrochemical phenomena of clay mineral crystals on the macrostructural behaviour. It was concluded that the typical mechanical swellability of water-saturated bentonite in oedometer test is affected by a positive dilatancy behaviour due to the lower shear strength. After the osmotic consolidation test, a lateral contraction of the specimen in the oedometer was observed; this affected the compressibility during the subsequent mechanical consolidation. It was also concluded that the concentration of Na+ in the pore fluid affects the specific mechanical properties of bentonite.

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Wu, Gang, Wei Xie, Hongyue Sun, Xin Yan, and Bihui Tang. "Consolidation behaviour with and without siphon drainage." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 171, no. 5 (October 2018): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.17.00213.

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Lun, Patrick T. W., and Alan K. Parkin. "Consolidation behaviour determined by the velocity method." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-022.

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The "velocity method," wherein settlement rate is plotted against time on double-log scales, has been used to analyse a series of stage load oedometer tests. Because of the greatly enhanced sensitivity of this form of analysis, the test programme has been designed to reexamine the effects of sample thickness, load increment duration, and load increment ratio. A comparison of Cv values by various methods is made, with the velocity method being used as reference because it is free from the two most important errors that affect other methods. A comparison is also made with other theoretical solutions to indicate the validity of using the simple Terzaghi solution curve.An examination of some aspects of secondary compression is made by means of tests on nonaqueous samples and on samples at different temperatures, and a further investigation is made on the effect of cell water salt content. All results point to a fairly unique final slope on the velocity diagram that is of particular significance for long-term predictions. Key words: clay, consolidation test, settlement rate, pore pressure, loading, temperature effect, time factor, creep.

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Khan, Faseel S., and Shahid Azam. "Determination of consolidation behaviour of clay slurries." International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (March 2016): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.12.014.

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Sun, Zhuang, Rafael Salazar-Tio, Andrew Fager, and Bernd Crouse. "Micromechanics Digital Rock: Parameterization of Consolidation Level using a Grain Contact Model." E3S Web of Conferences 366 (2023): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336601015.

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The mechanical behaviour of sedimentary rocks is conditioned by the interactions at the grain-grain contacts. We present a micromechanics digital rock workflow based on a cohesive contact model and introduce a general parameterization that can capture two extreme contact behaviours: free grains and fixed grains, as well as any intermediate degree of grain consolidation. With this parametric cohesive contact model, we can simulate a wide range of sedimentary rocks, from unconsolidated to well-consolidated rocks. We present a benchmark study on several samples and compare with laboratory-measured elastic moduli to calibrate its degree of consolidation. Simulations that do not include the grain contact modelling, tend to overestimate the elastic moduli, which manifests the significance of this contribution to capture well the grain contact behaviour. To demonstrate the impact of properly capturing the degree of consolidation on the rock strength and failure pattern, we present results for numerical uniaxial compression testing. This workflow provides physics-based solution to complex grain contact behaviour, which complements laboratory core analysis, and can be useful to reveal underlying grain-scale processes governing rock mechanical behaviour.

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Sun, Huasheng, Jihua Zhang, Guodong Zhao, and Hao Wang. "Tunnel Behaviour Caused by Basement Excavation in Clay." Geofluids 2021 (March 29, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5570846.

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Many researchers have investigated the effect of basement excavation on tunnel deformation. However, the influence of consolidation on the interaction of basement-tunnel-soil is rarely considered or systematically studied in clay. In this study, three-dimensional coupled-consolidation finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the effect of consolidation on the tunnel response to excavation. An advanced nonlinear constitutive model was adopted, and numerical parametric investigations were conducted to study the effect of the excavation depth, tunnel stiffness, soil permeability coefficient, and consolidation time on the tunnel response. The results revealed that the basement excavation led to stress release, which caused tunnel heave. Owing to the dissipation of excess negative pore water pressure, the tunnel heave further increased to become approximately twice as large compared with that observed when the foundation pit excavation had just been completed. As the consolidation time increased, the longitudinal tunnel heave and tunnel diameter change caused by the foundation pit excavation gradually increased, but the growth rate was slower down. When the consolidation time changed from 50 days to 150 days, the maximum tunnel heave at the crown and the maximum tunnel diameter change increased by 1.18 and 1.48 times, respectively. The soil’s permeability coefficient did not have a significant effect on the tunnel heave at the crown nor on the tunnel diameter change. The results obtained by this study are expected to be useful as an engineering reference for the analysis of soil structure problems in clay.

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Дисертації з теми "CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR"

Thomas, Stephen David. "The consolidation behaviour of gassy soil." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f13acb0c-3e1b-4122-b497-341869846561.

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The consolidation behaviour of gassy soil has been studied in a programme of experimental and theoretical research. This research is of particular importance to the offshore geotechnical industry as the presence of gas in the seabed can have a dramatic effect on the material properties of a marine sediment. Initial numerical modelling based on existing unsaturated soil theory combining the gas and the water phase into a compressible fluid in the pores of compressible soil skeleton failed to simulate the soil behaviour previously observed experimentally at Oxford. Therefore, there was scope for further study in this field. Chapters 2 to 4 describe the experimental preparation, consolidation technique and experimental results of the two series of tests on artificially prepared gassy soil samples. The results of these tests indicated that the gas appeared to be affected by the total stress rather than the pore water pressure, with the saturated soil matrix outside the gas voids being controlled by the consolidation stress. Chapter 5 presents the one-dimensional numerical modelling of the experimental results. Poor simulations were again made using compressible fluid theory. Treating the gas as compressible solid inclusions embedded in a saturated soil matrix, however, resulted in excellent simulations of the observed pore water pressures and settlements. Chapter 6 attempts to explain the results of the experimental and numerical modelling in terms of elastic and plastic soil behaviour. This includes the introduction to the double compressibility model in which the deformation behaviour of the saturated matrix is governed by changes in consolidation stress, whereas that of the gas is governed by changes in total stress. Chapter 7 presents the development of the governing gassy soil consolidation equations under both plane strain and axisymmetric conditions. Chapter 8 describes the approximation of the governing consolidation equations using the Galerkin finite element method in terms of nodal displacements and pore water pressures. The resulting finite element approximation is subsequently formulated for rectangular elements under plane strain and axisymmetric conditions in Chapter 9. The remainder of the thesis describes the structure of the finite element model DCFEM2 and the constitutive relationships that are required for such a model. The code is verified with existing analytical solutions and then is used to simulate the observed gassy soil behaviour under laboratory and field conditions.

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Ovando, Shelley Efrain. "Stress-strain behaviour of granular soils tested in the triaxial cell." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7891.

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Harb, H. M. "An investigation into the normal consolidation behaviour of viscous clays." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378379.

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Jarad, Nidal. "Temperature impact on the consolidation and creep behaviour of compacted clayey soils." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0251/document.

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La consolidation des sols argileux est un enjeu majeur dans le domaine de la géotechnique pour la conception des ouvrages. Ceci est notamment le cas lorsque les sols argileux peuvent être exposés à des cycles thermiques, comme dans le cas des géostructures géothermiques, dépôts de stockage des déchets nucléaires, stockage de chaleur dans les remblais, etc. Ces changements de température pourraient avoir une incidence sur le comportement de consolidation des sols, tant du point de vue de la consolidation primaire que du fluage. Dans ce contexte, cette étude a examiné l'impact de la température sur le comportement de consolidation et du fluage d’argiles compactées saturées. L’impact de la nature du sol et de son histoire mécanique a été considéré. Une cellule œdométrique à température contrôlée a été utilisée pour effectuer des essais à vitesse de déformation constante (CRS) pour différentes vitesses de déformation (0,002% / min à 0,02% / min) dans une gamme de température comprise entre 5 ° C et 70 ° C. Deux argiles compactées, avec différentes histoires de chargement mécanique, ont été utilisés. Les résultats indiquent que les indices de compression et de gonflement pour les deux matériaux ne sont que légèrement modifiés par une augmentation de la température allant de 5 à 70°C. En revanche, la pression de préconsolidation des deux argiles diminue à mesure que la température augmente, cet effet étant cependant fonction de la nature du sol considéré. Le coefficient de consolidation augmente lorsque la température augmente pour les deux matériaux, ainsi que la conductivité hydraulique. La perméabilité intrinsèque reste stable en fonction de la température. L'indice de fluage augmente lorsque la température augmente pour les deux argiles. En outre, l'histoire des chargementsmodifie l’impact de la température sur le comportement mécanique. Ainsi, les résultats montrent une dilatation thermique pour les sols fortement surconsolidées et une contraction thermique des échantillons faibles et normalement consolidés. Cette étude a ainsi permis de mettre en évidence l’impact relatif d’un certain nombre de paramètres sur l’évolution du comportement des argiles compactées avec la température
Consolidation of clay soils is one of the main challenges in engineering design and construction. Clayey soils could be exposed to thermal cycles in some engineering applications such as geothermal piles, nuclear waste storages, heat storage in embankments, etc. These temperature changes could affect the primary consolidation as well as the creep behaviour of the soils. In this context, this study investigated the impact of temperature on consolidation behaviour and creep behaviour of saturated compacted clays. In addition, the impact of stress history and clay nature on the temperature dependent mechanical and hydraulic behaviours was also considered. Temperature controlled oedometric cells were employed to perform constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation tests for different strain rates (0.002%/min to 0.02%/min) within a temperature range of 5° C to 70o C. Two different compacted saturated clays with different stress histories were used in these CRS tests (clay A: PI=31%, clay B: PI=23.8%). The results showed that the compression and swelling indices for both materials changed slightly with temperature and strain rate alteration. The preconsolidation pressure of both clays decreased as the temperature increased, but less in the case of clay B, while it decreased as the strain rate decreased for both materials. The hydraulic conductivity increased with temperature while the intrinsic permeability remained unchanged in the investigated range of temperature. The creep index increased as the temperature increased for both clays. In addition, the stress history has an impact on the temperature dependent mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of clay soils. Results showed a thermal dilation for highly overconsolidated soils and a thermal contraction for low and normally consolidated samples. The relative impact of several parameters on the modification of the behaviour of compacted clays with temperature was also assessed

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Ting, Chi Man Roger. "Controlled gradient consolidation of soft soils with reference to the development of Kâ†o." Thesis, University of East London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258762.

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Kumar, Garimella Vijaya. "Some aspects of the mechanical behaviour of mixtures of kaolin and coarse sand." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318903.

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Ahmed, Syed Iftekhar. "A new approach for modeling the non-linear one dimensional consolidation behaviour of tailings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44810.

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The management of tailings largely depends on its consolidation behaviour. Extensive works on this sector have been performed as it plays a significant role in economic and environmental considerations of a tailings management facility. To resolve these issues, consolidation theories had been developed for one, two or three dimensional condition with numerical solutions for soft soils like tailings which behave differently from natural soils. Eventually, large strain consolidation tests have experienced at its advance level for precise determination of experimental data because non-linear behaviour of compressibility and hydraulic conductivity fits to a wide range of functions. This non-unique behaviour of tailings is believed to be an aftermath of the combination of flocculation, sedimentation, consolidation, segregation, deposition, freeze-thaw and desiccation phenomena. Similarly, a consequence of several factors combined called “apparent over-consolidation” is a mystery to the tailings industry and the reasons for this occurrence are not fully understood. It is believed to be the result of the combination of several contributing factors at low effective stresses. Previously, it was assumed that tailings are normally consolidated or consolidating under the load of mounting deposited materials and numerical modeling had been performed by different researchers based on this assumption. However, the apparent compressibility behaviour of tailings was noticed for different types of tailings at a wide range of solids content and various types of testing procedures. Conducting statistical analysis, a new compressibility function, one of the forms of Weibull distribution, is proposed to fit the void ratio-effective stress relationship considering pre-consolidation behaviour. A fully implicit model was developed by introducing that proposed compressibility equation to predict the tailings long term consolidation behaviour. A case study was performed for different types of tailings to predict the consolidation behaviour followed by the sensitivity analysis of the developed model. Significant effects of apparent consolidation have been observed on void ratio, effective stress, excess pore water pressure and tailings settlement for a period of 50 years. The major outcome of this study is the consideration of apparent over-consolidation behaviour during the early stage of the deposition helps to formulate the model more precisely.

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Khansari, Hossein. "An investigation of one-dimensional compression and consolidation of intact and reconstituted Bothkennar soft soil." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337381.

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Phang, Ignatius Ren Kai. "Investigation of Strength and Consolidation Behaviour of Peat Treated Using Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP)." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/86928.

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The study of Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) on organic soil has remained limited. This PhD study intends to fill the knowledge gap by studying MICP of tropical peat. Based on the finding, it was possible (i) to isolate bacteria strains from acidic tropical peat with high urea hydrolysis activities and capable of bio-cementation; (ii) to induce bio-cementation in acidic peat, which leads to strength gain and reduction of permeability; (iii) to improve consolidation behaviour.

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Bartholomeeusen, Gert. "Compound shock waves and creep behaviour in sediment beds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f1ba2e5c-60b7-4d18-ae02-69356a289290.

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This research is a theoretical, experimental and numerical study of the one-dimensional deformation of suspensions. The study is focussed on the transition between sedimentation and consolidation, and creep during soil consolidation. In the literature, sedimentation, traditional large strain consolidation and creep are explored independently. The theory of sedimentation has been derived in parallel with the mathematical description of shock waves. The large strain consolidation theory of Gibson et al. (1981) has been adopted, and attention is given to the material properties of compressibility and permeability. Traditionally creep has been studied on thin samples, and a review is given to identify parallels with creep behaviour of the thick samples studied here. The experimental work was carried out in the laboratory using settling column tests. During the sedimentation stage, when the soil particles are fluid supported, shock waves were monitored and tracked by means of an X-ray absorption technique to allow for the calculation of experimental flux functions. Settling column experiments on different natural soils have been performed to study the consolidation behaviour by means of the measurement of pore water pressure and X-ray density measurements. An in-depth study of the development of effective stress has been performed to quantify the creep behaviour of the soils studied in a strain rate surface. The sedimentation equation is classified as a hyperbolic partial differential equation. In this kind of equation, discontinuities can propagate, and standard solution methods, eg finite differences, fail to give adequate results. For this reason codes have been developed using the finite volume method (FVM) to solve the sedimentation equation numerically. A standard numerical code has been developed for the solution of the large strain consolidation equation, while for the unified sedimentation-consolidation model the finite volume method (FVM) has been used. The shock waves monitored in the experiments are successfully predicted by the sedimentation model using experimentally derived flux functions. This study made it possible to formulate a physically and mathematically correct definition of the transition from sedimentation to consolidation. The strengths and weaknesses of the traditional large strain consolidation model have been identified by means of an international Class A prediction seminar. A new unified sedimentation-consolidation model is proposed using a flux function, a permeability relationship and a strain rate surface as material functions. Successful predictions of experiments have been performed, showing the transition from sedimentation to consolidation and the inclusion of creep.

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Книги з теми "CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR"

Lin, Meng-Chih. Post-consolidation behaviour of acetaminophen crystals. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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Papadimitropoulos, Emmanuel A. Post consolidation behaviour of two crystalline materials, sodium chloride and potassium bromide. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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Nwosu, Emmanuel O. Bank consolidation and bank risk taking behaviour: A panel study of commercial banks in Nigeria. Nairobi, Kenya: African Economic Research Consortium, 2015.

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Wettbewerbsvorteile durch Integration von Geschäftsaktivitäten: Ein zeitablaufbezogener wettbewerbsstrategischer Analyseansatz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Einsatzes von Kommunikations- und Informationssystemen (KIS). Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1995.

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Pappas, Deno M. Behavior of simulated longwall gob material. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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Lichtenberg, Frank R. The effects of leveraged buyouts on productivity and related aspects of firm behavior. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.

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J, Winters William, Chamberlain Edwin J, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Geotechnical properties and freeze/thaw consolidation behavior of sediment from the Beaufort Sea, Alaska. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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Makarova, Svetlana, and Semen Reznik. Undergraduates of the Russian University: management of social behavior and professional training. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1137904.

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The textbook discusses the main approaches to the formation of the conceptual foundations of the social state, which in modern conditions ensure the consolidation of the model of the modern state, focused on the consistent development and implementation of social projects, and effective social policy. Special attention is paid to the consideration of socio-anthropological and value-normative approaches that provide a more complete study of the features of the formation of the social character of the state, along with formal and legal ones. Special attention is paid to the formation of competencies necessary for the activities of employees of social institutions, state and municipal employees, volunteers and other participants of public associations.

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Xu, Mingxia. Zhongguo qi ye de kua guo bing gou zhan lüe, guo nei shi chang de duo yuan hua xing wei yu bing gou ji xiao de guan xi yan jiu = Research on the relatonship among Chinese firms' cross-border M&A strategy, diversification behavior in the domestic market and post-acquisition performance. Beijing Shi: Jing ji ke xue chu ban she, 2014.

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Reineke, Rolf-Dieter. Akkulturation von Auslandsakquisitionen: Eine Untersuchung zur unternehmenskulturellen Anpassung. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR"

Topolnicki, Michał. "Consolidation Behaviour of Clay at Plane Strain Paths." In Transient/Dynamic Analysis and Constitutive Laws for Engineering Materials, 143–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3655-3_14.

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Fan, Xiaohui, Guojing Wong, Min Gan, Xuling Chen, Zhiyun Ji, Xunwei Zhou, and Wei Lv. "Sintering Characteristic and Consolidation Behaviour of Chromite Fines." In 10th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 257–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05955-2_24.

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Sassoni, Enrico, and Elisa Franzoni. "Consolidation of Carrara Marble by Hydroxyapatite and Behaviour After Thermal Ageing." In Built Heritage: Monitoring Conservation Management, 379–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08533-3_32.

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Jeludin, Muneerah, and Nurafiqah Suffri. "The Effects of Coir Fibre on Consolidation Behaviour of Soft Clay." In GCEC 2017, 1323–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8016-6_94.

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Zwanenburg, C., M. A. Van, and H. E. Brassinga. "Validation of consolidation behaviour of soft soil using sand piles or sand walls." In Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 949–53. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203743362-172.

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Pollock, G. W., E. C. McRoberts, G. Livingstone, G. T. McKenna, and J. G. Matthews. "Consolidation behaviour and modelling of oil sands composite tailings in the Syncrude CT prototype." In Tailings and Mine Waste 2000, 121–30. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078579-17.

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Jerrard, P. G. E., L. Hao, S. Dadbakhsh, and K. E. Evans. "Consolidation behaviour and microstructure characteristics of pure aluminium and alloy powders following Selective Laser Melting processing." In Proceedings of the 36th International MATADOR Conference, 487–90. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-432-6_108.

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Estevez, Marcel A., and Ted Abel. "Epigenetic Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation." In Brain, Behavior and Epigenetics, 267–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17426-1_13.

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Martin-Russu, Luana. "Conclusion: Civism Against Cynicism." In Deforming the Reform, 183–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11081-8_6.

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AbstractMartin-Russu’s book explains Romania’s reform reversal in the field of public integrity and the fight against corruption by providing evidence of legislative behaviour at the highest levels of policy-making that shows how a highly fragmented domestic political elite pursues private gains by diluting the legislation in force. Her understanding of Europeanization, modelled as a reversible process highly dependent on the interests pursued by political elites, offers a quite pessimistic prospect for reform. However, Martin-Russu suggests a solution to reform instability, found in the empowerment of sectoral civil society to participate, in one manner or another, in the law-making process. Improving the capacities of civil society to participate more effectively in policy formulation and implementation, she argues, makes democratic consolidation more feasible and allows for genuine Europeanizing reform.Martin-Russu’s book provides a cautionary tale about the naivety of expecting domestic corrupt political elites to lead the fight against corruption, an account of the failure of the EU’s push for reforms to produce genuine and lasting change, and a demonstration of how important it is for the EU to find new ways to support civil society in its member states.

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Schmidt, Rupert. "Regulated Expression of the CNS-Specific Cell Adhesion Molecule Ependymin After Acquisition of an Active Avoidance Behaviour Provides a Possible Mechanism for Memory Consolidation." In Neurochemistry, 869–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5405-9_143.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR"

Deepa, B. R., and R. G. Robinson. "Deformation Behaviour of Soil Under Vacuum Consolidation." In International Symposium on Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/gi069.

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Suffri, N., M. Jeludin, and S. Rahim. "Consolidation behaviour of soft clay reinforced with crushed coir fibres." In 7th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2018 (BICET 2018). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.1602.

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"Impact of Agricultural Waste Additive on 1-Dimensional Clay Consolidation Behaviour." In International Conference on Chemical Engineering and Advanced Computational Technologies. International Institute of Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iie.e1114036.

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SPETH, M. "Consolidation behaviour of particle reinforced aluminium-matrix powders with up to 50 vol.% SiCp." In Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479-182.

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Abstract. Aluminium-matrix composites (AMC) are produced in order to improve specific properties (e.g. mechanical, thermal or tribological) of the matrix alloy using discontinuous reinforcements like fibres or particles. If functional requirements of application specific components such as brake discs have to be met, reinforcement contents of more than 35 % may be required. Therefore, a new manufacturing route is currently being investigated at the Institute for Metal Forming Technology (IFU) of the University of Stuttgart, combining powder pressing with subsequent semi-solid forming to obtain near-net-shape components. A key challenge of this process route includes compacting the green bodies. In this contribution, therefore, powder pressing of AlSi7Mg0.6 and SiCp powders with up to 50 vol.% SiCp are investigated in order to gain a deeper understanding of the compacting behaviour of powder with particularly high reinforcement contents. During the investigations, homogenously mixed powders were consolidated to a cylindrical green body by uniaxial powder pressing in order to determine the compressibility of different AMC powder mixtures. At first, the influence of the consolidation pressure onto the reached density was analysed, resulting in compressibility curves as well as process limits for different amounts of reinforcement particles. Subsequently, the influence of particle size onto the achieved density as well as consolidation behaviour could be identified. Furthermore, the high tool wear due to the abrasive behaviour of the reinforcement is quantified in this paper.

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Indraratna, Buddhima, Aramugan Balasubramaniam, Harry Poulos, Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn, Jay Ameratunga, and Matharage Darshana Anuradha Anuradha Perera. "Monitoring of consolidation behaviour of marine clay treated with vacuum and surcharge at the Port of Brisbane." In Ninth International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1508_46_indraratna.

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Newson, T. A., P. Brunning, and G. Stewart. "Thermal Conductivity of Consolidating Offshore Clayey Backfill." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28020.

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Pipelines that transmit untreated products are prone to waxing and hydrate formation unless the fluid is kept above certain temperatures. Since bare pipe can have relatively high thermal conductivity, pipes can be buried to utilise the thermal properties of the surrounding soil. However, the thermal conductivity of clayey offshore trench backfill as it consolidates is poorly understood. This paper describes a series of laboratory tests on offshore clayey sediments to investigate the coupled compressibility and thermal conductivity behaviour. The compressibility behaviour of the soil samples was characterised using a specially designed oedometer apparatus. Measurements of thermal conductivity were taken periodically during the loading sequence. This data was used to model the behaviour of the backfill in a hypothetical jetted offshore trench using finite element analysis. The laboratory testing indicated that the stress-strain behaviour of the undisturbed and reconstituted material seems to be typical of similar onshore clayey soils. The data showed lower thermal conductivities for both the undisturbed and reconstituted soils than have previously been reported by industry for these types of soil. The results have provided extremely useful data on the fundamental behaviour of offshore clayey sediments and have given confidence in predictions of the coupled consolidation and thermal conductivity behaviour of jetted offshore soils using finite element analysis.

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Accardi, Mario Alberto, and Daniele Dini. "Modelling of the Mechanical Behaviour of Human Joints Cartilage." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71308.

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A significant component of our understanding of cartilage mechanical behaviour is the ability to model its response to various types of mechanical loading, for which we require detailed knowledge of cartilage material properties. The Finite Element Analysis software ABAQUS is renowned for the ability to model poroelastic materials using the soil consolidation theory. In this research, ABAQUS has been used to model and investigate the mechanical behaviour of articular cartilage, mainly using indentation and unconfined compression techniques. A biphasic model of articular cartilage was first created and subsequently modified to incorporate more detailed material descriptions. Various material constitutive laws (and mechanical properties), accounting for the strain dependent permeability of the porous matrix, solid viscoelasticity and transverse isotropy, have been adopted to produce increasingly sophisticated models. The presence of collagen fibril networks embedded in the solid has been also considered and Fibril Reinforced Elastic and Viscoelastic models produced. A salient feature of these models is their ability to simulate fibril stiffening by replicating the nonlinear fibrillar response. In this paper, we provide an overview of the state-of-art modelling techniques adopted to simulate cartilage behaviour. The comparative study performed by the authors provides a critical assessment of the effectiveness of such techniques.

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Kolapalli, Rohini, Md Mizanur Rahman, Md Rajibul Karim, and Hoang Bao Khoi Nguyen. "Effect of Stress Reversal and Consolidation on Undrained Behaviour of Granular Materials under Cyclic Loading: A DEM Study." In Geo-Congress 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482810.018.

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SARTHAK MAHAPATRA, SARTHAK MAHAPATRA, JONATHAN BELNOUE, JAMES KRATZ, DMITRY S. IVANOV, and STEPHEN R. HALLETT. "MODELLING COMPACTION BEHAVIOR OF TOUGHENED PREPREG DURING AUTOMATED FIBRE PLACEMENT." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35757.

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One of the most widely used automated manufacturing processes for composite parts is automated fibre placement (AFP). The deposition process involves the simultaneous warming, lay-up and consolidation of prepreg consisting of multitude of process parameters. Currently, AFP process parameters that ensure part conformance are derived by expensive and time-consuming trial-and-error approaches. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how physics-based finite element simulations that can predict the as manufactured geometry of a preform deposited by AFP can help reduce some of the empiricism associated with current industry practices. Here we particularly focus on the consolidation behaviour of toughened prepregs during the deposition process. An isothermal roller compaction model with thermal properties derived from an independent simplified thermo-mechanical model of the AFP head is used. Additionally, a fully characterised viscoelastic material definition is used for the prepreg tape along with a hyperelastic material for the compaction roller to accurately represent the physical parts. Various lay-up speeds, heater powers and compaction forces are simulated. To reduce the empiricism present in the manufacturing process, the viability of incorporating the numerical models into existing statistical relationships between process parameters and manufactured geometry is examined.

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Drehmann, Rico, Marcel Graf, Thomas Lampke, Pascal Colditz, Birgit Awiszus, Alexander List, and Frank Gärtner. "Forming Behaviour of Additively Manufactured Al/Ti Material Compounds Produced by Cold Spraying." In ITSC 2023. ASM International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2023p0258.

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Abstract Cold spraying has great potential for additive manufacturing, especially of oxidation-sensitive metals, because the material is not melted and significantly higher deposition rates can be achieved than with conventional additive manufacturing processes such as selective laser melting or direct metal deposition. Titanium is regarded as a high-performance engineering material due to its unique combination of properties, including good corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and high strength at comparatively low density. However, due to its high price, it appears reasonable for many applications to use material compounds in which titanium is only used on the surface of the workpiece, while less expensive materials such as aluminum are used for the remaining volume. In the present work, cold sprayed pure titanium coatings were deposited on Al substrates and then formed to defined 3-dimensional final contours by die forging and rotary swaging. Different porosities were selectively set in order to evaluate their influence on the coating adhesion and cohesion in the forming process. Pre-consolidation of the coatings and the use of Al/Ti interlayers proved to be promising strategies.

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Звіти організацій з теми "CONSOLIDATION BEHAVIOUR"

Ringhand, Madlen, Maximilian Bäumler, Christian Siebke, Marcus Mai, and Felix Elrod. Report on validation of the stochastic traffic simulation (Part A). Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2021.242.

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This document is intended to give an overview of the human subject study in a driving simulator that was conducted by the Chair of Traffic and Transportation Psychology (Verkehrspsychologie – VPSY) of the Technische Universität Dresden (TUD) to provide the Chair of Automotive Engineering (Lehrstuhl Kraftfahrzeugtechnik – LKT) of TUD with the necessary input for the validation of a stochastic traffic simulation, especially for the parameterization, consolidation, and validation of driver behaviour models. VPSY planned, conducted, and analysed a driving simulator study. The main purpose of the study was to analyse driving behaviour and gaze data at intersections in urban areas. Based on relevant literature, a simulated driving environment was created, in which a sample of drivers passed a variety of intersections. Considering different driver states, driving tasks, and traffic situations, the collected data provide detailed information about human gaze and driving behaviour when approaching and crossing intersections. The collected data was transferred to LKT for the development of the stochastic traffic simulation.

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Ardanaz, Martín, Eduardo A. Cavallo, Alejandro Izquierdo, and Jorge Puig. Output Effects of Fiscal Consolidations: Does Spending Composition Matter? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003881.

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This paper studies whether changes in the composition of public spending affect the macroeconomic consequences of fiscal consolidations. Based on a sample of 44 developing countries and 26 advanced economies during 1980-2019, results show that while fiscal consolidations tend to be on average, contractionary, the size of the output fall depends on the behavior of public investment vis-a-vis public consumption during the fiscal adjustment, with heterogeneous responses growing over time. When public investment is penalized relative to public consumption and thus, its share in public expenditures decreases, a 1 percent of GDP consolidation reduces output by 0.7 percent within three years of the fiscal shock. In contrast, safeguarding public investment from budget cuts vis-a-vis public consumption can neutralize the contractionary effects of fiscal adjustments on impact, and can even spur output growth over the medium term. The component of GDP that mostly drives the heterogeneity between both types of adjustments is private investment. The results hold up to a number of robust-ness tests, including alternative identification strategies of fiscal shocks. The findings have policy implications for the design of fiscal adjustment strategies to protect economic growth as countries recover from the coronavirus pandemic.consolidation reduces output by 0.7 percent within three years of the fiscal shock. In contrast, safeguarding public investment from budget cuts vis-a-vis public consumption can neutralize the contractionary effects of fiscal adjustments on impact, and can even spur output growth over the medium term. The component of GDP that mostly drives the heterogeneity between both types of adjustments is private investment. The results hold up to a number of robustness tests, including alternative identification strategies of fiscal shocks. The findings have policy implications for the design of fiscal adjustment strategies to protect economic growth as countries recover from the coronavirus pandemic.

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Haider, Huma. Fostering a Democratic Culture: Lessons for the Eastern Neighbourhood. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.131.

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Political culture is the values, beliefs, and emotions that members of a society express about the political regime and their role in it (Pickering, 2022, p. 5). Norms, values, attitudes and practices considered integral to a “culture of democracy”, according to the Council of Europe, include: a commitment to public deliberation, discussion, and the free expression of opinions; a commitment to electoral rules; the rule of law; and the protection of minority rights; peaceful conflict resolution. The consolidation of democracy involves not only institutional change, but also instilling a democratic culture in a society (Balčytienė, 2021). Research on democratic consolidation in various countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) finds that a key impediment to consolidation is the persistence of old, authoritarian political culture that undermines political and civic participation. This rapid review looks at aspects of democratic culture and potential ways to foster it, focusing on educational initiatives and opportunities for civic action — which comprise much of the literature on developing the values, attitudes and behaviours of democracy. Discussion on the strengthening of democratic institutions or assistance to electoral processes is outside the scope of the report.

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Stormont, John, Brandon Lampe, Melissa Mills, Laxmi Paneru, Timothy Lynn, and Aayush Piya. Final Report: Improving the understanding of the coupled thermal-mechanical-hydrologic behavior of consolidating granular salt. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1380117.

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Perkey, David, and Danielle Tarpley. Using geophysical and erosion properties to identify potential beneficial use applications for Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway sediments. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44825.

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In an effort to identify alternative and beneficial use placement strategies for dredged sediments from the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW), the US Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District (SAS), and the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) performed a series of physical property tests of 34 core borings from the SAS AIWW. Physical property testing found that 14 of the borings were non-cohesive sandy materials that may be suitable for potential beach renourishment or berm construction. The remaining 20 borings had mud contents sufficient enough to result in cohesive behavior. A subset of six of these materials from across the geographic region were further evaluated to characterize their erosion behavior. Following a self-weight consolidation period of 30 days, erosion testing showed that the tested cohesive sediments had critical shear stress values that ranged from 1.7 Pa to 2.9 Pa, suggesting that these sediments would likely be resistant to erosion in most wetland environments after placement. Additionally, the cohesive sediments were found to produce gravel-sized mud clasts. These clasts could account for 20% or more of the eroded mass and significantly reduce the amount of silts and clays incorporated in suspended plumes during and immediately following placement.

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Perkey, David W., Danielle R. N. Tarpley, and Renée M. Styles. Using Geophysical and Erosion Properties to Identify Potential Beneficial Use Applications for Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Sediments. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44906.

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Artana, Daniel, Cynthia Moskovits, Jorge Puig, and Ivana Templado. Fiscal Rules and the Behavior of Public Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Towards Growth-Friendly Fiscal Policy?: The case of Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003057.

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This paper analyzes the implementation of Fiscal Rules (FR) in Argentina. Several clear attempts to establish a FR at the national level are identified. The analysis suggests that the environment matters. The only FR that was binding in the period was approved in 2004 during an economic boom, with the country under a program with the IMF and with high political support. During the world financial crisis the expenditure ceilings were relaxed, however, and current primary expenditures soared. Simulations show that a countercyclical fund could have been implemented even after reducing highly distorting taxes at the federal and provincial levels, and at the same time securing a high level of capital expenditure as a share of GDP, had Argentina complied with the 2004 FR. Moreover, an econometric exploration of the link between flexible FRs and public investment finds that a flexible FR helps to mitigate the negative effects of fiscal consolidations on provincial public investment. Based on the previous analysis, guidelines for a proposal for a FR in Argentina are provided.

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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas, and S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.

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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.

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Monetary Policy Report - January 2023. Banco de la República, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2023.

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1. Macroeconomic Summary In December, headline inflation (13.1%) and the average of the core inflation measures (10.3%) continued to trend upward, posting higher rates than those estimated by the Central Bank's technical staff and surpassing the market average. Inflation expectations for all terms exceeded the 3.0% target. In that month, every major group in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) registered higher-than-estimated increases, and the diffusion indicators continued to show generalized price hikes. Accumulated exchange rate pressures on prices, indexation to high inflation rates, and several food supply shocks would explain, in part, the acceleration in inflation. All of this is in a context of significant surplus demand, a tight labor market, and inflation expectations at different terms that exceed the 3.0% target. Compared to the October edition of the Monetary Policy Report, the forecast path for headline and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items: EFR) increased (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2), reflecting heightened accumulated exchange rate pressures, price indexation to a higher inflation rate (CPI and the producer price index: PPI), and the rise in labor costs attributed to a larger-than-estimated adjustment in the minimum wage. Nevertheless, headline inflation is expected to begin to ease by early 2023, although from a higher level than had been estimated in October. This would be supported initially by the slowdown forecast for the food CPI due to a high base of comparison, the end anticipated for the shocks that have affected the prices of these products, and the estimated improvement in external and domestic supply in this sector. In turn, the deterioration in real household income because of high inflation and the end of the effects of pent-up demand, plus tighter external and domestic financial conditions would contribute to diluting surplus demand in 2023 and reducing inflation. By the end of 2023, both headline and core (EFR) inflation would reach 8.7% and would be 3.5% and 3.8%, respectively, by December 2024. These forecasts are subject to a great deal of uncertainty, especially concerning the future behavior of international financial conditions, the evolution of the exchange rate, the pace of adjustment in domestic demand, the extent of indexation of nominal contracts, and the decisions taken regarding the domestic price of fuel and electricity. In the third quarter, economic activity surprised again on the upside and the growth projection for 2022 rose to 8.0% (previously 7.9%). However, it declined to 0.2% for 2023 (previously 0.5%). With this, surplus demand continues to be significant and is still expected to weaken during the current year. Annual economic growth in the third quarter (7.1 % SCA)1 was higher than estimated in October (6.4 % SCA), given stronger domestic demand specifically because of higher-than-expected investment. Private consumption fell from the high level witnessed a quarter earlier and net exports registered a more negative contribution than anticipated. For the fourth quarter, economic activity indicators suggest that gross domestic product (GDP) would have remained high and at a level similar to that observed in the third quarter, with an annual variation of 4.1%. Domestic demand would have slowed in annual terms, although at levels that would have remained above those for output, mainly because of considerable private consumption. Investment would have declined slightly to a value like the average observed in 2019. The real trade deficit would have decreased due to a drop in imports that was more pronounced than the estimated decline in exports. On the forecast horizon, consumption is expected to decline from current elevated levels, partly because of tighter domestic financial conditions and a deterioration in real income due to high inflation. Investment would also weaken and return to levels below those seen before the pandemic. In real terms, the trade deficit would narrow due to a lower momentum projection for domestic demand and higher cumulative real depreciation. In sum, economic growth for all of 2022, 2023, and 2024 would stand at 8.0%, 0.2% and 1.0%, respectively (Graph 1.3). Surplus demand remains high (as measured by the output gap) and is expected to decline in 2023 and could turn negative in 2024 (Graph 1.4). Although the macroeconomic forecast includes a marked slowdown in the economy, an even greater adjustment in domestic absorption cannot be ruled out due to the cumulative effects of tighter external and domestic financial conditions, among other reasons. These estimates continue to be subject to a high degree of uncertainty, which is associated with factors such as global political tensions, changes in international interest rates and their effects on external demand, global risk aversion, the effects of the approved tax reform, the possible impact of reforms announced for this year (pension, health, and labor reforms, among others), and future measures regarding hydrocarbon production. In 2022, the current account deficit would have been high (6.3 % of GDP), but it would be corrected significantly in 2023 (to 3.9 % of GDP) given the expected slowdown in domestic demand. Despite favorable terms of trade, the high external imbalance that would occur during 2022 would be largely due to domestic demand growth, cost pressures associated with high freight rates, higher external debt service payments, and good performance in terms of the profits of foreign companies.2 By 2023, the adjustment in domestic demand would be reflected in a smaller current account deficit especially due to fewer imports, a global moderation in prices and cost pressures, and a reduction in profits remitted abroad by companies with foreign direct investment (FDI) focused on the local market. Despite this anticipated correction in the external imbalance, its level as a percentage of GDP would remain high in the context of tight financial conditions. In the world's main economies, inflation forecasts and expectations point to a reduction by 2023, but at levels that still exceed their central banks' targets. The path anticipated for the Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate increased and the forecast for global growth continues to be moderate. In the fourth quarter of 2022, logistics costs and international prices for some foods, oil and energy declined from elevated levels, bringing downward pressure to bear on global inflation. Meanwhile, the higher cost of financing, the loss of real income due to high levels of global inflation, and the persistence of the war in Ukraine, among other factors, have contributed to the reduction in global economic growth forecasts. In the United States, inflation turned out to be lower than estimated and the members of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) reduced the growth forecast for 2023. Nevertheless, the actual level of inflation in that country, its forecasts, and expectations exceed the target. Also, the labor market remains tight, and fiscal policy is still expansionary. In this environment, the Fed raised the expected path for policy interest rates and, with this, the market average estimates higher levels for 2023 than those forecast in October. In the region's emerging economies, country risk premia declined during the quarter and the currencies of those countries appreciated against the US dollar. Considering all the above, for the current year, the Central Bank's technical staff increased the path estimated for the Fed's interest rate, reduced the forecast for growth in the country's external demand, lowered the expected path of oil prices, and kept the country’s risk premium assumption high, but at somewhat lower levels than those anticipated in the previous Monetary Policy Report. Moreover, accumulated inflationary pressures originating from the behavior of the exchange rate would continue to be important. External financial conditions facing the economy have improved recently and could be associated with a more favorable international context for the Colombian economy. So far this year, there has been a reduction in long-term bond interest rates in the markets of developed countries and an increase in the prices of risky assets, such as stocks. This would be associated with a faster-than-expected reduction in inflation in the United States and Europe, which would allow for a less restrictive course for monetary policy in those regions. In this context, the risks of a global recession have been reduced and the global appetite for risk has increased. Consequently, the risk premium continues to decline, the Colombian peso has appreciated significantly, and TES interest rates have decreased. Should this trend consolidate, exchange rate inflationary pressures could be less than what was incorporated into the macroeconomic forecast. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their impact on the country remains high, given the unpredictable course of the war in Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, local uncertainty, and the extensive financing needs of the Colombian government and the economy. High inflation with forecasts and expectations above 3.0%, coupled with surplus demand and a tight labor market are compatible with a contractionary stance on monetary policy that is conducive to the macroeconomic adjustment needed to mitigate the risk of de-anchoring inflation expectations and to ensure that inflation converges to the target. Compared to the forecasts in the October edition of the Monetary Policy Report, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed level of output exceeding the productive capacity of the economy. In this context of surplus demand, headline and core inflation continued to trend upward and posted surprising increases. Observed and expected international interest rates increased, the country’s risk premia lessened (but remains at high levels), and accumulated exchange rate pressures are still significant. The technical staff's inflation forecast for 2023 increased and inflation expectations remain well above 3.0%. All in all, the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored persists, which would accentuate the generalized indexation process and push inflation even further away from the target. This macroeconomic context requires consolidating a contractionary monetary policy stance that aims to meet the inflation target within the forecast horizon and bring the economy's output to levels closer to its potential. 1.2 Monetary Policy Decision At its meetings in December 2022 and January 2023, Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR) agreed to continue the process of normalizing monetary policy. In December, the BDBR decided by a majority vote to increase the monetary policy interest rate by 100 basis points (bps) and in its January meeting by 75 bps, bringing it to 12.75% (Graph 1.5). 1/ Seasonally and calendar adjusted. 2/ In the current account aggregate, the pressures for a higher external deficit come from those companies with FDI that are focused on the domestic market. In contrast, profits in the mining and energy sectors are more than offset by the external revenue they generate through exports. Box 1 - Electricity Rates: Recent Developments and Indexation. Author: Édgar Caicedo García, Pablo Montealegre Moreno and Álex Fernando Pérez Libreros Box 2 - Indicators of Household Indebtedness. Author: Camilo Gómez y Juan Sebastián Mariño

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