Готові списки джерел за темами / Consent in research

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Consent in research"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Consent in research"

1

Menon, David K., and Kathleen Liddell. "Consent for Research." Journal of the Intensive Care Society 5, no. 3 (October 2004): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175114370400500307.

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Biros, Michelle H. "Research without consent." Annals of Emergency Medicine 42, no. 4 (October 2003): 550–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/s0196-0644(03)00490-6.

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Loverde, Mary E., Allan V. Prochazka, and Richard L. Byyny. "Research consent forms." Journal of General Internal Medicine 4, no. 5 (September 1989): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02599693.

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Hadden, Kristie B., Latrina Y. Prince, Tina D. Moore, Laura P. James, Jennifer R. Holland, and Christopher R. Trudeau. "Improving readability of informed consents for research at an academic medical institution." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, no. 6 (December 2017): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.312.

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IntroductionThe final rule for the protection of human subjects requires that informed consent be “in language understandable to the subject” and mandates that “the informed consent must be organized in such a way that facilitates comprehension.” This study assessed the readability of Institutional Review Board-approved informed consent forms at our institution, implemented an intervention to improve the readability of consent forms, and measured the first year impact of the intervention.MethodsReadability assessment was conducted on a sample of 217 Institutional Review Board-approved informed consents from 2013 to 2015. A plain language informed consent template was developed and implemented and readability was assessed again after 1 year.ResultsThe mean readability of the baseline sample was 10th grade. The mean readability of the post-intervention sample (n=82) was seventh grade.ConclusionsProviding investigators with a plain language informed consent template and training can promote improved readability of informed consents for research.
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Parija, SubhashChandra, and Jharna Mandal. "Informed consent and research." Tropical Parasitology 4, no. 2 (2014): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2229-5070.138533.

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Floyd, Jeanne. "Research & Informed CONSENT." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 26, no. 3 (March 1988): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19880301-07.

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Sriram, Preethi. "Remote Consent Clinical Research." Clinical Trials and Practice – Open Journal 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/ctpoj-2-109.

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Recruitment in clinical research trials can be challenging in trials that are time-sensitive and/or are rare disease and critical care trials. One of the hurdles for recruitment in these types of clinical trials is due to the consent process, and the need to have consent of the patient within a certain timeframe, or the patient unable to consent for themselves. This paper will discuss the usage of the utilization of remote consent options for these trials.
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Kaczor, Christopher. "Fetal Research and Consent." Ethics & Medics 26, no. 5 (2001): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/em200126510.

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Kaul, B., and R. Cork. "Consent to clinical research." Anaesthesia 46, no. 10 (October 1991): 885–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09611.x.

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Taub, Harvey A., Marilyn T. Baker, and Joseph F. Sturr. "Informed Consent for Research." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 34, no. 8 (August 1986): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1986.tb05766.x.

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Дисертації з теми "Consent in research"

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Gibson, Sara L. "Can Enthusiastic Consent Be Sexy? The Influence of Consent Type on Perceived Enjoyment and Sexiness of Sexual Encounters Related to Sexual Scripts and Consent Attitudes." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10245312.

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Recent efforts to improve sexual assault issues within American universities are being pursued diligently. Many of these efforts include changes to college campus policies regarding sexual consent, often by mandating affirmative consent. The current study investigated perceptions of different types of sexual consent related to sexual script endorsement and consent attitudes in order to better assess how receptive college students may be to affirmative consent standards.

An online survey included four vignettes that were constructed to depict processes of sexual consent that differed in the enthusiasm with which the female character indicated her consent. Perceptions of the vignettes were evaluated regarding sexiness of the content and each character’s enjoyment and internal consent. Further items assessed comparative evaluations of the vignettes. The Sexual Script Scale, External Consent Scale, and Sexual Consent Scale-Revised were also included in the survey. We expected that enthusiastic consent processes would be evaluated more positively than the unenthusiastic ones. We also predicted these evaluations would be significantly related to endorsement of traditional sexual scripts, external consent behaviors, and consent attitudes.

Full to partial support was found for each of our hypotheses, suggesting that college students are indeed receptive to affirmative consent regarding perceived enjoyment and sexiness when depicted as enthusiastically given.

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Ascheman, Paul L. "Informed consent to genetic research student participation and perception of risk /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1475915.

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Bielby, Philip Richard. "The competence of cognitively vulnerable participants to consent to biomedical research." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434629.

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Lipworth, Wendy Louise. "Reconfiguring tissue banking consent through enrichment of a restricted debate." University of Sydney. History and Philosophy of Science, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/683.

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Tissue banks are thought to be an essential resource for medical research in the post-genomic age. Collections of tissue, usually removed in the course of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, enable laboratory-based epidemiological studies to be carried out, linking abnormalities in the tissue to disease aetiology, prognosis and treatment responsiveness. There are, however, a number of technical, regulatory and ethical concerns that challenge those wishing to engage in tissue banking research. It is becoming increasingly apparent that tissue banking research is not without risk of harms, even though there is no direct physical risk to donors. This is because, in order to be most useful, banked specimens need to be linked to personal information about tissue donors and this poses the risk of inadvertent disclosure of personal─ particularly genetic─ information to those who might exploit such information (eg. insurance companies and employers). Furthermore, the long-term storage of specimens, and the impossibility of predicting all potential types of research programs for which they might be useful, raises the possibility that future projects will be carried out that are unacceptable to some (past) tissue donors. The ethical principles of autonomy and respect for persons demand that research subjects be informed of such risks and of the nature of the research, and that they participate willingly. On the other hand, there is a desire for science to progress unhindered by stringent consent requirements. For these reasons, a debate has emerged in the academic (bioethical and biomedical) literature and in the legal (law reform) sphere over what would constitute adequate consent. Despite an extensive discourse, it is still unclear whether it is permissible to carry out research on archival tissue that was originally taken for diagnostic purposes and whether project-specific (as opposed to open-ended) consent is required for research on tissue collected today. This lack of clarity is of concern to researchers, ethics committees and research subjects, all of whom recognise the importance of tissue banking research, yet fear that current consent procedures may be ethically or legally inadequate. Thus it is important that the consent dilemma be resolved as quickly and definitively as possible. Ongoing controversy and regulatory ambiguity are appropriate when morally contentious issues are at stake, and their existence does not, on its own, signal any flaws in the discourse process. There are, however, two reasons to suspect that the current �consent to tissue banking� debate, as portrayed in the academic literature and law reform documentation, is problematic. Firstly, the debate appears to be mired in an intractable conflict between those who want to maximise personal autonomy through stringent consent requirements, and those who want the scientific endeavour to progress in a manner that is unconstrained by what are viewed as arduous consent procedures. Secondly, the possible practical options (consent models) being generated by the debate are all limited because they are underpinned by a restricted notion of consent as an individualistic, legalistic and static activity, without consideration of any alternative conceptualisations of consent. Through a thematic analysis of the current �consent to tissue banking� debate in the academic and law reform literature (Section 3), this thesis shows that debate is essentially occurring between those who see individual autonomy (and stringent consent) as being of primary importance, and those who see unimpeded, market-driven scientific progress as the more important social good, which should not be impeded by unnecessarily stringent consent. Thematic analysis also confirms the existence of the two problems described above, and a failure of those engaged in the debate to reflect on, and challenge, the value-level assumptions underpinning their arguments and those of their opponents. It is argued that this lack of reflection accounts for the two problems: � Firstly, it precludes recognition of the cause of─ and, therefore, ways of resolving─ the intractable conflict at the centre of the debate. Value-level reflection shows that this is a result of the logical and moral conflict within western liberalism, between two modernist goods: individual freedom and scientific progress. � Secondly, it precludes the generation of varied conceptions of consent. Value-level reflection shows that the current range of consent models is restricted to procedures which are individualistic, abstract, static and legalistic, since they are underpinned by western liberal notions of autonomy and scientific progress. This recognition paves the way to consideration of alternative notions of autonomy, scientific progress and, therefore, consent, such as those derived from communitarian and feminist systems of values. A conceptually enriched model of tissue banking consent is then developed (Section 4). This model incorporates dominant (liberal) conceptions of autonomy and scientific progress as well as alternative notions of autonomy and scientific progress espoused by communitarian and feminist systems of values. It is argued that this conceptually-enriched model provides a practical solution to the two problems associated with the standard �consent to tissue banking� debate. In relation to the philosophically intractable conflict─ or what is termed the �modernist dilemma�─ between those privileging autonomy and those privileging scientific progress, it shows how the two apparently conflicting �modernist� goods can both be accommodated at a practical level, thus making the �consent to tissue banking� debate more tractable and fruitful. In relation to the restricted range of consent models being generated by the current debate, it provides new insights into the ways in which consent might be obtained such that a broader range of community values can be accommodated. More specifically, it stimulates the construction of a model that 1) involves communities, as opposed to merely individuals, in all stages of the scientific process; 2) is flexible and able to adapt consent procedures to specific contexts, rather than predefining procedures in abstract terms; and 3) is transactional and relational rather than static and legalistic. This outcome has interesting philosophical as well as practical implications. It shows that despite apparently unresolved, and possibly irresolvable, normative-level conflicts between the two modernist elements of western liberalism (autonomy and scientific progress), and between liberal, feminist and communitarian systems of values, a multi-perspectival, inclusive, model-building approach provides a practical solution that circumvents these normative-level conflicts.
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Douglas, Sara Klass Patricia Harrington. "The relationship of selected situational variables to consent rates in nursing research." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1991. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9203028.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1991.
Title from title page screen, viewed December 9, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Patricia H. Klass (chair), Cheryl L. Cohn, John F. Chizmar, Ronald S. Halinski, Edward R. Hines. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-117) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Bull, Susan Jane. "Consent to research in a Gambian context : legal, social and ethical issues." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619253.

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Fröander, Rebecca, and Nelli Halkosaari. "The construction of women’s sexuality : A critical discourse analysis on consent research." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-166351.

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The aim of this study was to examine how women’s sexuality is constructed in consent research, and to discuss hypothetically how this construction could come to affect practical social work. We believe that the way that sexuality is defined and discussed can have an impact on how professionals treat women who have been subjected to sexual assaults and rape, and work with adolescents in the field of social work. We wanted to explore this further. By doing a critical discourse analysis on research articles about women’s sexuality and consent, we found that traditional sexual scripts were widely reproduced and the concept of women’s own desire was nonexistent. We then problematised this by discussing how it might be affecting practical social work in a negative matter, whilst trying to formulate possible reforms. Our conclusion was that it is possible that the discourses presented in the examined articles could contribute to retrogressive perspectives on women’s sexuality, which in turn could influence the practical social work and its approach to female clients.
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Flanagan, Ellen Cecelia. "AN URBAN BIOETHICS APPROACH TO PARENTAL INFORMED CONSENT FOR PEDIATRIC CLINICAL RESEARCH." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/537038.

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Urban Bioethics
M.A.
In the current healthcare landscape, parents generally make decisions regarding whether or not their children are allowed to take part in clinical research, with the general assumption being that parents know what is best for children. Investigations have been conducted regarding what is likely to lead parents to consent or not consent to their child’s participation in a trial, but research plans seldom incorporate the consideration that not all parents come into the consent process with equal social, academic, and economic footing. Since the burden of the ultimate decision lies primarily on the parents, it is supremely important that they are capable of making a well-informed and thoughtful choice. Bioethical understanding of the influence of parental decisions in clinical research must consider demographic variables and how they may affect parents’ decisions to allow or disallow their child to participate in a clinical trial. Those differences could affect the consent process and have ramifications for the research findings, as research results are affected in numerous ways by which children do, and do not, participate in studies. This paper looks specifically at parents in the process of informed consent for pediatric research, taking into account several social determinants of health and how they affect who participates in research and how that affects research as a whole.
Temple University--Theses
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Stjernschantz, Forsberg Joanna. "Biobank Research : Individual Rights and Public Benefit." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Centrum för forsknings- och bioetik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-171898.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between individuals and society in the context of healthcare and medical research, more specifically concerning the rights and duties of individuals in regard to biobank-based research. My starting point is that we all have a strong vested interest in improved healthcare, and therefore the possibilities to conduct important research should be optimized. In the first article, I investigate whether individual results from research using samples in large-scale biobanks should be returned. I conclude that there is good reason not to implement such policies, and instead to allocate available resources to pursuing medical advances. In the second article, I compare consent for using stored samples in research with consent for organ donation, whereby many countries have adopted opt-out strategies in order to increase the number of organs available. I claim that the default position should be changed in biobank research as well, i.e. it should be presumed that individuals want to contribute rather than that they do not. In the third article, I argue that safeguarding autonomy by requiring informed consent for using samples in research not only defeats the interests of society but also runs counter to the interests of the individuals the policy purports to protect. Finally, in the fourth article I suggest that it is reasonable to view participation in medical research from the perspective of a social contract, built on our mutual need for medical advances, and that this implies that there is a moral duty to adhere to the contract by allowing one’s samples to be used in research. A central conclusion in this thesis is that biobank research should be viewed as a natural part of healthcare, like quality control, method development and teaching, and that as such, it ought to be endorsed and facilitated.
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Prinsen, Larisse. "An analysis of consent with specific regard to stem cell therapy and research." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60084.

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This thesis argues that stem cells cannot be properly regulated when understood in terms of medical treatment only. This is due to the uncertain scope and untested efficacy of stem cell therapy which renders treatment applications tantamount to research involving human subjects. This thesis therefore examines consent as regulatory instrument in context of stem cell related interventions and endeavours to introduce a sufficient consent model for such interventions. To this end, a clinical overview and explanation of stem cells is provided in order to establish an understanding of the field of science in need of regulatory control. This is followed by a background and introduction to consent, a discussion of specific aspects of consent and the National Health Act of 2003 and the Regulations made in terms of the Act to provide insight into consent as understood in South Africa. Consent in international instruments and international law is then examined. The law of the United Kingdom is also analysed by providing an examination of the legal systems in the United Kingdom which is then followed by a discussion of the Human Tissue Act of 2004 and the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act of 2006. Finally, dynamic informed consent is explained and introduced as the recommended consent format for the proper and valid regulation of stem cell therapy-research interventions. At the close of this thesis, the conclusions drawn throughout are compounded and pertinent recommendations are made regarding consent procedures and specifications.
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Public Law
LLD
Unrestricted
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Книги з теми "Consent in research"

1

Glahn, Sandra. Informed consent: A novel. Colorado Springs, CO: David C. Cook, 2007.

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Kim, Scott Y. H. Evaluation of capacity to consent to treatment and research. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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1953-, Smyth Marie, and Williamson Emma, eds. Researchers and their "subjects": Ethics, power, knowledge, and consent. Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2004.

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Salmons, Janet, and Kate Orton-Johnson. How to Understand and Gain Informed Consent for Internet Research. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529608113.

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Great Britain. Mental Health Act Commission. Research involving detained patients. Nottingham: The Commission, 1997.

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Menikoff, Jerry. Patients at risk: The hidden truth about medical research. New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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American College of Physician Executives., ed. Medical risk and the right to an informed consent in clinical care and clinical research. Tampa, Fla: American College of Physician Executives, 1998.

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Manipulation and consent: How voters and leaders manage complexity. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1993.

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Ellickson, Phyllis L. An assessment of active versus passive methods for obtaining parental consent. [Santa Monica, Calif: Rand Corp.], 1989.

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Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. and World Health Organization, eds. International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva: CIOMS, 2002.

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Частини книг з теми "Consent in research"

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Farrimond, Hannah. "Informed Consent." In Doing Ethical Research, 109–25. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29553-8_8.

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Broström, Linus, and Mats Johansson. "Broad Consent." In Translational Stem Cell Research, 237–50. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-959-8_19.

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Philo, Chris, and Eric Laurier. "Consent." In Research Ethics for Human Geography: A Handbook for Students, 33–42. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529739947.n4.

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Greenberg, Jerald, and Robert Folger. "Informed Consent." In Controversial Issues in Social Research Methods, 21–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3756-3_2.

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Resnik, David B. "Informed Consent." In The Ethics of Research with Human Subjects, 113–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68756-8_5.

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Palmer, Barton W. "Informed consent." In Handbook of research ethics in psychological science., 55–71. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000258-004.

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Whitney, Simon N. "Consent in Biomedical Research." In Balanced Ethics Review, 47–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20705-6_5.

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Mannelli, Chiara. "Informed Consent and Research." In The Ethics of Rapid Tissue Donation (RTD), 65–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67201-0_5.

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Gergely, Marton, Fida K. Dankar, and Saed Alrabaee. "Misconduct and Consent: The Importance of Informed Consent in Medical Research." In Integrity of Scientific Research, 81–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_9.

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White, Lynn J. "Informed consent for EMS research." In Emergency Medical Services, 410–14. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118990810.ch119.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Consent in research"

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Townsend, Daphne. "Informed Consent in Biomedical Research." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.260448.

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Townsend, Daphne. "Informed Consent in Biomedical Research." In Conference Proceedings. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2006.4398348.

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Sterling, S. Revi, and Nimmi Rangaswamy. "Constructing informed consent in ICT4D research." In the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369264.

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Lee, Hyunsoo, and Uichin Lee. "Dynamic Consent for Sensor-Driven Research." In 2021 Thirteenth International Conference on Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Network (ICMU). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icmu50196.2021.9638790.

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Bonnici, Christian J., and Lizzie Coles-Kemp. "Principled Electronic Consent Management: A Preliminary Research Framework." In 2010 International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies (EST). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/est.2010.21.

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Wright, David. "Redesigning consent forms and processes for health research." In 2012 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference (IPCC 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcc.2012.6408621.

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Geller, Simon, Sebastian Müller, Simon Scheider, Christiane Woopen, and Sven Meister. "Value-based Consent Model: A Design Thinking Approach for Enabling Informed Consent in Medical Data Research." In 15th International Conference on Health Informatics. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010828000003123.

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Zhang, Lina, and Zhiqing Liu. "Ethical Issues in Research Processes: Informed Consent, the Role of the Researcher, Access to Research Sites and Research Subjects." In 2nd International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccese-18.2018.117.

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Zytko, Douglas, Jane Im, and Jonathan Zong. "Consent: A Research and Design Lens for Human-Computer Interaction." In CSCW '22: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3500868.3561201.

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Crystal-Ornelas, Lara, Jessica Ma, Kelsey Holt, and Christine Dehlendorf. "Consent for trainee participation in abortion care: A clinical survey." In NAPCRG 49th Annual Meeting — Abstracts of Completed Research 2021. American Academy of Family Physicians, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.20.s1.3119.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Consent in research"

1

Biesecker, Barbara, Melissa Raspa, Douglas Rupert, Rebecca Moultrie, Robert Furberg, and Lauren A. McCormack. Making Clinical Trials More Patient-Centered Using Digital Interactive E-Consent Tools. RTI Press, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0063.1910.

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Анотація:
Research participants are required to give their consent to participate in clinical trials and nonexempt government-funded studies. The goal is to facilitate participant understanding of the intent of the research, its voluntary nature, and the potential benefits and harms. Ideally, participants make an informed choice whether to participate; one that is based on having sufficient relevant knowledge and that is consistent with their values and preferences. Achieving this objective can be challenging, and as such, many scholars have declared the consent process flawed or “broken.” Moreover, clinical trials are complex studies, and compelling evidence suggests that current consent processes are inadequate in achieving informed choice. E-consent offers a dynamic, engaging consent delivery mode that can effectively support making informed decisions about whether to participate in a trial.
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2

Ormond, Kelly E. Assessing the attitudes and understanding of participants in Nugene: Impacts on informed consent for a large-scale DNA research and banking project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836056.

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3

Elias, Christopher J., and Lori L. Heise. The development of microbicides: A new method of HIV prevention for women. Population Council, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv1993.1001.

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A critical review of current epidemiological trends and social science research demonstrates that there is an urgent need for expanding the range of female-controlled HIV prevention methods. Existing efforts to control the spread of HIV infection primarily through the encouragement of a reduction in the number of sexual partners, widespread condom promotion, and the control of other sexually transmitted infections are inadequate for many of the world's women. Underlying gender power inequities severely limit the ability of many women to protect themselves from HIV infection, especially in the absence of a prevention technology they can use, when necessary, without their partner's consent. Current understanding of biology suggests that developing such methods is a feasible and potentially cost-effective endeavor. This paper describes the growing risk of HIV infection faced by women throughout the world, examines the limitation of contemporary AIDS prevention strategy in meeting the needs of women, reviews the existing data on female-controlled HIV prevention methods, and outlines the challenges for future microbicide development.
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4

Lumpkin, Shamsie, Isaac Parrish, Austin Terrell, and Dwayne Accardo. Pain Control: Opioid vs. Nonopioid Analgesia During the Immediate Postoperative Period. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0008.

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Background Opioid analgesia has become the mainstay for acute pain management in the postoperative setting. However, the use of opioid medications comes with significant risks and side effects. Due to increasing numbers of prescriptions to those with chronic pain, opioid medications have become more expensive while becoming less effective due to the buildup of patient tolerance. The idea of opioid-free analgesic techniques has rarely been breached in many hospitals. Emerging research has shown that opioid-sparing approaches have resulted in lower reported pain scores across the board, as well as significant cost reductions to hospitals and insurance agencies. In addition to providing adequate pain relief, the predicted cost burden of an opioid-free or opioid-sparing approach is significantly less than traditional methods. Methods The following groups were considered in our inclusion criteria: those who speak the English language, all races and ethnicities, male or female, home medications, those who are at least 18 years of age and able to provide written informed consent, those undergoing inpatient or same-day surgical procedures. In addition, our scoping review includes the following exclusion criteria: those who are non-English speaking, those who are less than 18 years of age, those who are not undergoing surgical procedures while admitted, those who are unable to provide numeric pain score due to clinical status, those who are unable to provide written informed consent, and those who decline participation in the study. Data was extracted by one reviewer and verified by the remaining two group members. Extraction was divided as equally as possible among the 11 listed references. Discrepancies in data extraction were discussed between the article reviewer, project editor, and group leader. Results We identified nine primary sources addressing the use of ketamine as an alternative to opioid analgesia and post-operative pain control. Our findings indicate a positive correlation between perioperative ketamine administration and postoperative pain control. While this information provides insight on opioid-free analgesia, it also revealed the limited amount of research conducted in this area of practice. The strategies for several of the clinical trials limited ketamine administration to a small niche of patients. The included studies provided evidence for lower pain scores, reductions in opioid consumption, and better patient outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Based on the results of the studies’ randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, the effects of ketamine are shown as an adequate analgesic alternative to opioids postoperatively. The cited resources showed that ketamine can be used as a sole agent, or combined effectively with reduced doses of opioids for multimodal therapy. There were noted limitations in some of the research articles. Not all of the cited studies were able to include definitive evidence of proper blinding techniques or randomization methods. Small sample sizes and the inclusion of specific patient populations identified within several of the studies can skew data in one direction or another; therefore, significant clinical results cannot be generalized to patient populations across the board.
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Kennedy, Mary Lee, and Lorraine J. Haricombe. Research Libraries as Catalytic Leaders in a Society in Constant Flux: A Report of the ARL-CNI Fall Forum 2019. Association of Research Libraries and Coalition for Networked Information, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/report.fallforum2019.

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6

Shinohara, Masanao. Working Paper PUEAA No. 6. Recent seafloor seismic and tsunami observation systems for scientific research and disaster mitigation. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.004r.2022.

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Due to its position between various tectonic plates, Japan is at constant risk of natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis. The latter have a great and destructive impact since a large part of the Japanese population lives on coastal plains. The importance of having early warning systems has led Japanese scientists to give particular importance to the study of the seabed and its tectonic characteristics, in order to better understand its geological composition, and to be able to create better and faster early warning systems with new technologies for transmission and data collection.
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Schuck-Zöller, Susanne, Sebastian Bathiany, Markus Dressel, Juliane El Zohbi, Elke Keup-Thiel, Diana Rechid, and Suhari Mirko. Developing criteria of successful processes in co-creative research. A formative evaluation scheme for climate services. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.541.

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Анотація:
Climate change and its socio-ecological impacts affect all sectors of society. To tackle the multiple risks of climate change the field of climate services evolved during the last decades. In this scientific field products to be applied in practice are developed in constant interaction between climate service providers and users. To judge the effectiveness of these co-creation endeavours, evaluation is crucial. At present, output and outcome assessments are conducted occasionally in this research field. However, the summative evaluation does not help to adjust the ongoing process of co-creation. Thus, our work focuses on the formative evaluation of co-creative development of science-based climate service products. As the first step, main characteristics of the product development process were identified empirically. Secondly, we determined the six sub- processes of climate service product development and related process steps. Thirdly, we selected the questions for the formative evaluation relevant to all the sub-processes and process-steps. Then, a literature review delivered the theoretical background for further work and revealed further quality aspects. These aspects from literature were brought together with our results from the empirical work. In the end, we created a new scheme of quality criteria and related assessment questions for the different sub-processes in climate services, based on both, empirical and theoretical work. As the authors take into account the process of co-production in a real-life case, the criteria and assessment questions proposed are operational and hands-on. The quality aspects refer to the five principles of applicability, theoretical and empirical foundation, professionalism, transparency of processes and the disclosure of preconditions. They are elaborated comprehensively in our study. The resulting formative evalu- ation scheme is novel in climate service science and practice and useful in improving the co-creation processes in climate services and beyond.
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8

Rashevska, Natalya V., and Vladimir N. Soloviev. Augmented Reality and the Prospects for Applying Its in the Training of Future Engineers. [б. в.], November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/2671.

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The education system of Ukraine is closely linked with the world education trends, therefore it requires constant renewal and expansion. One of the progressive areas of organizing studying process is creating the studying environment which will allow students to reveal their intellectual potential while searching for the necessary knowledge. That’s why the purpose of the article is analysis of the concept of augmented reality and prospects of its application in the process of training future engineers. The object of study is the system of training future engineers and the subject is using of augmented reality technologies in the process of training future engineers. The research method is analyzing the impact of the augmented reality technologies on the training future engineers. During the research, we have identified positive aspects of the augmented reality technologies in the process of training future engineers. We have defined the stages of creating some methodical system components of teaching fundamental disciplines in the higher technical school through interdisciplinary integration and technologies of augmented reality.
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9

Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2041.

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Анотація:
The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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10

Kalman, Joseph, and Maryam Haddad. Wastewater-derived Ammonia for a Green Transportation Fuel. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2041.

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Анотація:
The energy-water nexus (i.e., availability of potable water and clean energy) is among the most important problems currently facing society. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint in combustion related vehicles. However, ammonia production processes typically have their own carbon footprint and do not necessarily come from sustainable sources. This research examines wastewater filtration processes to harvest ammonia for transportation processes. The research team studied mock wastewater solutions and was able to achieve ammonia concentrations above 80%(nanofiltration) and 90% (reverse osmosis). The research team also investigated the influence of transmembrane pressure and flow rates. No degradation to the membrane integrity was observed during the process. This research used constant pressure combustion simulations to calculate the ignition delay times for NH3-air flames with expected impurities from the wastewater treatment processes. The influence of impurities, such as H2O, CO, CO2, and HCl, were studied under a range of thermodynamic conditions expected in compression ignition engines. The team observed carbon monoxide and water vapor to slightly decrease (at most 5%) ignition delay time, whereas HCl, in general, increased the ignition delay. The changes to the combustion chemistry and its influence of the reaction mechanism on the results are discussed. The experimental wastewater treatment study determined that reverse osmosis produced higher purity ammonia. The findings of the combustion work suggest that ignition delays will be similar to pure ammonia if HCl is filtered from the final product.
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