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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Concentrating solution"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Concentrating solution"

Lukashov, Vladimir, Sergey Romanko, Sergey Timofeev, and Alexander Protsenko. "RATE OF COMPONENTS EVAPORATION FROM SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION DURING ITS CONCENTRATING IN AIR FLOW." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 11, no. 3 (August 28, 2017): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht11.03.344.

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Nakao, Shin-ich. "Optimization of Membrane Process for Concentrating Alcohol Solution." membrane 19, no. 5 (1994): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.19.344.

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Kartovskii, Yu V., V. B. Chernozubov, K. V. Glushko, V. A. Chemezov, D. S. Tretyakov, A. Yu Serkin, N. E. Chernykh, et al. "Industrial vacuum-evaporation unit for concentrating magnesium chloride solution." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 47, no. 5-6 (September 2011): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-011-9463-5.

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Parra, S., S. Malato, J. Blanco, P. Péringer, and C. Pulgarin. "Concentrating versus non-concentrating reactors for solar photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrotoluene-o-sulfonic acid." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0290.

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The photocatalytic oxidation of the non-biodegradable p-nitrotoluene-o-sulfonic acid (p-NTS) in homogeneous (photo-Fenton reactions) and heterogeneous (with TiO2) solutions has been studied at a pilot-scale under solar irradiation at the Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA). In this study two different reactors were tested: a medium concentrating radiation system (Heliomans, HM) and a non-concentrating radiation system (CPC). Their advantages and disadvantages for p-NTS degradation have been compared and discussed. The degradation rates obtained in the CPC collector are around three times more efficient than in the HM collectors. However, in both systems, 100% of the initial concentration of p-NTS was removed. Kinetic experiments were performed in both systems using TiO2 suspensions. During the photodegradation, the disappearance of p-NTS was followed by HPLC, the mineralization of the solution by the TOC technique, the evolution of NO3-, NO2-, and SO4= concentration by ionic chromatography, the toxicity by the standard Microtox® test, and the biodegradability by BOD5 and COD measurements. The obtained results demonstrated the utility of the heterogeneous catalysis (using TiO2 as catalyst) as a pretreatment method that can be followed by a biological process.

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Kuzmin, I. I., T. Kh Chyong, Ya I. Simakina, A. V. Mikhailova, and Yu I. Fabelinsky. "Determination of Copper(II) Ions by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Method." Fine Chemical Technologies 14, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2018-14-2-78-86.

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A method for copper(II) determination based on copper(II) ions interaction with the organic reagent picramine-ε, concentrating the formed complex on a solid-phase matrix and recording diffuse reflectance spectroscopy spectra by a portable combined LED miniphotometer was developed. Poly-ε-caproamide membranes were investigated as solid-phase matrixes. It was found that the diffuse reflectance coefficient of the studied membranes in the visible spectrum region does not depend on wavelength. So, the signal from membranes does not distort the results of the analysis. Factors controlling the process of sorption of the copper(II) complex with picramine-ε were studied. It was shown that the poly-ε-caproamide membranes are effective sorbents which provide the possibility of concentrating the analyte at a level higher than 105. The dependences of analytical signal on the acidity of the solution, the time of keeping the complex in the solution and the initial volume of the solution passed through the membrane were studied. Based on the obtained data, the optimal conditions of the analysis were found. Calibration dependence of the analytical signal on the concentration of copper(II) in model solutions was estimated. The method was tested for the determination of copper(II) ions in white wine. The method of additives was used for the analysis. It was found that the concentration of copper(II) ions in “Vagrus” wine is 0.0016 mkg/ml.

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Tewarson, R. P., H. Wang, J. L. Stephenson, and J. F. Jen. "Efficient solution of differential equations for kidney concentrating mechanism analyses." Applied Mathematics Letters 4, no. 6 (1991): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0893-9659(91)90078-a.

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Zhang, Guiqing, Qixiu Zhang, and Kanggen Zhou. "Study on concentrating sulfuric acid solution by vacuum membrane distillation." Journal of Central South University of Technology 6, no. 2 (November 1999): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-999-0007-5.

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He, Jie, Lili Zhang, Kunming Zhang, Yingjie Qin, and Liqiang Liu. "Concentrating aqueous urea solution by using continuous-effect membrane distillation." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 104 (December 2015): 589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2015.10.002.

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Oh, Hyeon-Ju, Taewon T. Han, and Gediminas Mainelis. "Performance of Two Different Techniques to Concentrate Samples for Bioaerosol Quantification." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050504.

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We evaluated two concentrating techniques that could be used to improve bioaerosol detection and quantification: A BioChromato Smart Evaporator C1 (BioChromato, Inc.) and two Concentrating Pipette (CP) models (CP-150 and CP-Select) (InnovaPrep, LLC). We determined the concentration factor (CF) (the concentration of particles in the final solution compared to the concentration in the initial solution) and the particle losses when processing the samples with polystyrene latex (PSL) beads and different species of bacteria. When processing total particles, regardless of the culturability status, the losses for the Evaporator were 3.70–23.89%; for the CP-models, the losses ranged from 0.20% to 67.22%. For the culturable particles processed with the CP devices, the losses ranged from 42.85% to 90.19% and were higher for Gram-negative pseudomonads compared to Gram-positive B. subtilis. Despite the loss of particles, both devices yielded more concentrated final solutions. The CF for the Evaporator was 3.59–10.92; the CF values for the CP devices ranged from 55.77 to 184.64 for total particles and from 6.29 to 96.52 for culturable bacteria. This higher CF was mainly achieved due to lower final suspension volumes. The study demonstrated that the two concentrators can improve particle detection, but that one should take particle losses into account.

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Loh, Chian Yong, Nur Zahidah Zahid, and Ooi Boon Seng. "Concentrating Fish Farm Effluent for its Nutrient Recovery via Nanofiltration." Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology 26, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/amst.v26n1.234.

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Excessive nutrients in aquaculture effluent have become an alarming environmental issue. However, current treatment methods for recovering nutrients are ineffective since the effluent contains trace amounts of nutrients. Pressure-driven nanofiltration (NF) is a potential solution to the problem of low concentration gradient. In this work, NF was applied to concentrate and recover the nutrients (ammonium (NH4+), phosphate, (PO43-), and nitrate ions (NO3-)) from the synthetic and real fish farm effluents. The experiments were first carried out to study the effect of membrane type, feed concentrations, and operating pressures on membrane performance. It is found that NF 90 membrane was able to retain more nutrient ions but compromise with a lower flux compared to NF 270. This study also revealed that an increase in feed concentration enhanced the concentrating ability for both PO43- and NO3- ions but reduced the concentrating factor of NH4+ ions. Moreover, both NF flux and concentrating factor increased with pressure. NF on actual fish farm effluents were investigated under optimal conditions (NF 90, 5 bar). Surprisingly, prefiltered effluent was found to have lower flux than raw effluent due to the presence of denser cake layer. NF could concentrate more nutrients from prefiltered fish farm effluent with concentrating factor up to 6.17 for PO43- ions and 1.55 for NH4+ions, claiming that NF was a promising approach for concentrating nutrients. These nutrients concentrate has an opportunity to be reapplied as fertilizer as a part of sustainable resource management.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Concentrating solution"

Tseitlin, Musii, and Valentina Raiko. "Ratio between heat and mass transfer when concentrating the solution in a cooling tower." Thesis, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/42106.

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The ratio between the intensity of the mass transfer in gas and the heat transfer in liquid during the evaporative solution concentration has been studied. It was determined that the share of liquid resistance in the total resistance to enthalpy transfer increases in the temperature range from 30 to 50°C by almost 2 times, and reaches 40 %. The technique has been developed for the separate determination of the mass transfer coefficients in gas and heat transfer in liquid.
Досліджено співвідношення між інтенсивністю масопереносу в газі та передачею тепла в рідині під час концентрації випарного розчину. Встановлено, що частка опору рідини в загальному опорі переносу ентальпії зростає в діапазоні температур від 30 до 50 ° С майже в 2 рази, досягає 40%. Розроблена методика для окремого визначення коефіцієнтів масопереносу в газі і теплопередачі в рідині.

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Hopkinson, Jonathan M. "Glass transition, ice and the concentration of the maximally freeze concentrated solution the thermal behavior of sugar solutions /." Ann Arbor, MI : UMI, 1997. http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/readme/ethz-etext.html.

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Major, Jacqueline. "A solution concentration model for CIP simulation." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/871.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2001.
Carbon-in-pulp technology is used extensively in the mining industry to recover metal cyanides from solution. Also this technology has found increasing application in the gold mining sector, replacing the less efficient zinc precipitation procedure. The extensive use of carbon in such processes have prompted many researchers to investigate the mechanism of metal cyanide adsorption. Not only has this provided many viable theories in the understanding of the mechanism, but has also led to an improved understanding of the effects of the various operating conditions on the ClP circuit. Also the modelling of this process has resulted in proposed rate equations of which the famous "kn" model is the most widely used in design. This is a single rate equation that could result in significant errors and hence a dual resistance model was developed. However this model is mathematically complex. Recently in an attempt to overcome the shortcomings of previous models, empirical calculations to accurately describe adsorption kinetics were developed at the Cape Technikon. These correlations were derived using batch experimental data. In this study the focus was on modeling the adsorption process on a continuous scale using a laboratory scale cascade system. This study utilized the fact that solution concentration is the main driving force for aurocyanide adsorption onto activated carbon and that carbon loading has an indirect effect on adsorption kinetics. The metal was ultimately tested against actual plant data and provided very accurate results.

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Lam, Luk Sang. "Flow conductivity of solutions of hyaluronic acid : effects of concentration and molecular weight." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28494.

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Hyaluronic acid plays an important role in regulating the transport of fluid and solutes in the interstitium. The concentration and molecular weight of hyaluronic acid in different connective tissues are different. These factors influence the hydraulic flow conductivity, K', of connective tissues. An experimental study of the effect of concentration and molecular weight of hyaluronic acid on the hydraulic flow conductivity is the subject of this work. Hyaluronic acid of different molecular weights were obtained by fractionating commercially available hyaluronic acid using ion-exchange column chromatography. The results were not reproducible, partly because of the elution process was not continuous. Nevertheless, three molecular weight fractions (6.99 to 11.1 X 10⁵ ) were obtained. Hyaluronic acid of lower molecular weights (0.454 to 1.65 X 10⁵) were obtained by acid hydrolysing some of the chromatographed fractions for 15 min., 1 hour and 2 hours. A more homogeneous hyaluronic acid fraction (M.W. = 1.96 X10⁵) was obtained by fractionating hyaluronic acid materials acid hydrolysed for 15 min. The hydraulic flow conductivity of solutions of hyaluronic acid can be calculated from the sedimentation coefficient of the solutions at 20°C, S₂₀‚ measured by ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation experiments determining the S₂₀ of the molecular weight fractions of hyaluronic acid at various concentrations were therefore undertaken. The results showed that S₂₀ decreased with increased concentration of hyaluronic acid. Also, the curves of as a function of hyaluronic acid concentration, c, converged at high concentration, indicating that a three dimensional molecular network is formed at high concentration and the extent of entanglement between molecules is the same for the high and low M.W. fractions. At lower concentrations, for the acid hydrolysed fractions, S₂₀ increased with M.W., which is in agreement with past sedimentation data. For the non-acid hydrolysed fractions, the difference in S₂₀ between two higher M.W. fractions is small, and the lowest M.W. fraction has consistently higher S₂₀ than the higher M.W. fractions. This finding does not agree with past literature results, and the difference in results is most probably due to experimental errors. However, when the fractionated non-acid hydrolysed fractions are taken as a high M.W. group (M.W. = 6.99 to 11.1X10⁵) and the acid hydrolysed fractions as a low M.W. group (M.W. = 0.454 to 1.96X10⁵), the curves of S₂₀ as a function of c of the low M.W. group fall below those of the high M.W. group, which is in agreement with past sedimentation data. The hydraulic conductivities (K'), calculated from S₂₀ data, for all the HA fractions varied inversely with concentration. The log-log plots of K' versus c compared well with the results of Ethier (1986). The K' versus c relationships for all the fractions converged at high concentrations. At low concentrations, the HA molecules of the high M.W. group has a higher K' than those of the low M.W. group.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Chang, Yun Chea. "Concentration dependent diffusion of solid-solute, liquid-solvent systems in the supersautrated region." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11802.

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Warczok, Justyna. "Concentration of Osmotic Dehydration Solutions using Membrane Separation Processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8534.

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El procesado de alimentos conlleva, en mayoría de los casos, la generación de subproductos o residuos que pueden ser reutilizados o revalorizados mediante la utilización de técnicas de separación por membrana. Estas técnicas ofrecen la posibilidad de tratar las soluciones en condiciones de operación muy suaves, y no comportan en mayoría de las ocasiones, una alteración de los componentes a recuperar. Actualmente, las técnicas de separación por membrana, debido a su alta calidad y relativamente bajos costes, se encuentran completamente integradas en la mayoría de procesos productivos que requieren de una etapa de separación. Sin embargo, la investigación en el área de las técnicas de separación por membrana sigue abriendo nuevos campos de aplicación, que surgen con la mejora de las condiciones tecnológicas de los equipos y la posibilidad de obtener nuevas membranas adaptables a necesidades específicas.

En concreto, en este proyecto se utilizaron técnicas de separación por membranas para concentrar soluciones de azúcar procedentes de deshidratación osmótica (en adelante OD). El principal objetivo fue estudiar el potencial de varias técnicas de separación, haciendo hincapié en los flujos obtenidos durante la reconcentración y en la calidad de la solución reconcentrada.

La deshidratación osmótica es un tratamiento que permite una eliminación parcial del agua en un alimento y/o la incorporación de solutos de una manera controlada, respetando la calidad inicial del producto. El proceso consiste en introducir los alimentos en una solución hipertónica, controlando las condiciones de operación para favorecer, en mayor o menor grado la incorporación de solutos y la deshidratación del alimento. La aplicación de OD puede resultar en la mejora de las propiedades nutricionales y funcionales de los alimentos y en la reducción de la energía requerida para la deshidratación. El principal problema de la aplicación industrial de la OD radica en la gestión de la solución procedente del proceso. La reutilización de esta solución plantea una doble ventaja: primero desde el punto de vista ambiental, ya que se elimina un efluente del proceso que a menudo no puede ser vertido directamente, y segundo el ahorro económico que representa la recuperación de las materias primas que muchas veces contienen solutos de importante valor económico.

Los métodos de separación por membrana utilizados para recuperar las soluciones de OD fueron los siguientes: nanofiltración, osmosis directa y destilación osmótica por membranas. La nanofiltración (NF) presenta altos niveles de retención y un menor gasto de energía que la osmosis inversa, y en la industria azucarera se aplica como uno de los pasos en la clarificación y concentración de jarabes. En los procesos de contactores de membranas: osmosis directa (DO) y destilación osmótica por membranas (OMD), a diferencia de los procesos basados en el tamizaje, el flujo depende solamente de la diferencia de potencial osmótico. Las únicas presiones hidráulicas requeridas son las necesarias para bombear la solución de azúcar y la solución osmótica hasta la superficie de la membrana. Estas características hacen que estos procesos presenten como muy prometedores para la reconcentración de soluciones de azúcar de concentraciones elevadas.

Los experimentos de filtración se llevaron a cabo utilizando plantas piloto diseñadas y construidas expresamente para el presente proyecto. Durante todos los procesos de separación por membranas, se empleó como solución modelo una solución de sacarosa a diferentes concentraciones (5-60 ºBrix), debido a que las soluciones aplicadas en la deshidratación osmótica de frutas son habitualmente soluciones de azucares (sacarosa, glucosa o jarabes).

Durante los experimentos de NF se evaluó el funcionamiento de las membranas planas: Desal5 DK (GE- Osmonics), MPF-34 (Koch Membrane), NFT-50 (DSS) y tubulares: MPT-34 (Koch Membrane) y AFC 80 (PCIMembranes). Además de la solución de azúcar de diferentes concentraciones (5-20 ºBrix), se concentraron zumos de pera y manzana.

La reconcentración mediante osmosis directa se realizó utilizando dos modos de operación: off-site e on-site. En el modo off-site, la reconcentración por ósmosis directa se llevó a cabo en una planta de filtración provista de un módulo plano o tubular, dependiendo de la membrana. En el módulo se llevó a cabo la concentración. En el modo on-site, la deshidratación se realizaba conjuntamente con la reconcentración de la solución osmótica. La solución de reconcentración de la osmosis directa en off-site (offsiteDO) fue NaCl, mientras la solución de reconcentración de la osmosis directa on-site (on-site DO) fue una solución de sacarosa más concentrada que la solución osmótica (60 para una solución osmótica de 40 y 68 para una solución de 50 ºBrix). Para garantizar el flujo de agua entre las dos soluciones y altas retenciones de azúcar durante la off-site DO, se utilizaron membranas de NF planas (Desal5-DK y MPF-34) y tubulares (MPT-34 y AFC80). La reconcentración por osmosis directa on-site se levó a cabo empleando una membrana de microfiltración (Durapore, Millipore), ya que la solución de reconcentración (SS) es la misma que la solución osmótica y la alta viscosidad de la SS restringe mucho el flujo de agua si se utiliza una membrana más densa.

En la deshidratación por membranas (OMD) se utilizaron membranas hidrófobas (11806, Sartorius) que presentan una retención teórica del 100 %. Se comparó el rendimiento de dos soluciones de reconcentración: NaCl y CaCl2.

Con el fin de obtener información referente a la influencia de las propiedades de las membranas sobre el desarrollo del proceso de concentración de las soluciones procedentes de la deshidratación osmótica, se realizó un estudio detallado de las propiedades de las membranas aplicadas mediante AFM, SEM, FTIR, ángulo de contacto y medidas de potencial zeta. Con la finalidad de generar soluciones osmóticas para someterlas a reconcentración, y también para disponer de productos procedentes de deshidratación osmótica con soluciones frescas que pudieran compararse con aquellas procedentes de OD con solución reconcentrada, se deshidrataron diferentes lotes de manzana (Granny Smith) con soluciones de sacarosa de 40, 50 y 60 ºBrix. Estas pruebas permitieron determinar también el tímelo de operación para una máxima pérdida de agua con relativamente poca impregnación de las manzanas. Después de cada experimento se analizaron los siguientes parámetros: concentración de azúcar, pH, absorbancia a 420 nm de las soluciones y humedad de las manzanas.

La nanofiltración, aplicada en la primera fase del presente estudio, resultó ser viable solamente para la reconcentración de soluciones de concentraciones hasta 24 ºBrix. El aumento de la temperatura de 25 hasta 35 ºC para las dos membranas tubulares ocasionó un incremento del flujo de permeado, y el mismo efecto tuvo el aumento de presión transmembranaria de 8 a 12 bar.

Se comprobó que el factor más importante para la eficacia del proceso es disponer de una membrana que combine altos flujos y retenciones durante el proceso. La deposición de las partículas de sacarosa y/o los zumos se caracterizó mediante SEM y la topología de la capa filtrante de la membrana se identificó usando AFM. La topología de la capa filtrante de las membranas era diferente para cada una de ellas, a pesar de que todas estaban preparadas con el mismo material (poliamida). En las imágenes de los cortes transversales de las membranas realizados con SEM, se observaron los cambios en la estructura de las membranas producidos por la aplicación de presión durante los experimentos y las altas temperaturas empleadas durante su acondicionamiento. Gracias a las imágenes de SEM se pudo verificar también la eficacia del proceso de acondicionamiento de membranas.

A diferencia de NF, tanto la ósmosis directa como la destilación osmótica por membrana permiten la reconcentración de soluciones concentradas de sacarosa (hasta60 ºBrix). La eficacia de estas dos últimas técnicas se evaluó en unción de los flujos de agua obtenidos.

El sistema de ósmosis directa on-site propuesto para la reconcentración de las soluciones de OD permitió reutilizar las soluciones osmóticas como mínimo cuatro veces. Para la solución osmótica de 40 ºBrix la humedad de las manzanas fue similar utilizando solución fresca o reconcentrada. En cambio, una solución osmótica de 50 ºBrix, la pérdida de agua de las manzanas fue mayor cuando la deshidratación osmótica se llevó a cabo con reconcentración on-site de la solución osmótica. Los análisis de concentración de azúcar de las soluciones osmóticas y de la solución de reconcentración indican que la membrana elegida para los experimentos facilita el transporte óptimo de solutos y agua entre las dos soluciones. Además, el sistema de reconcentración por membrana propuesto es muy sencillo y de bajo coste porque no requiere presurización.

La osmosis directa en off-site proporcionó flujos mucho mayores que los obtenidos con el sistema on-site (1.3 kg/m2h para la solución osmótica de 50 ºBrix respecto a 0.0023 kg/m2h durante on-site DO para la misma solución). Sin embargo, el transporte de solutos de la solución de reconcentración hacía la solución osmótica puede ser considerado un obstáculo para su aplicación a escala industrial.

Los flujos de agua más elevados fueron obtenidos utilizando la OMD (2.01 kg/m2h para la solución osmótica de 50 ºBrix y con CaCl2 con la solución de reconcentración). Otra gran ventaja de este proceso es la retención de solutos que proporciona, hecho confirmado por los análisis realizados.

El estudio sobre el transporte durante los procesos de contactores de membranas indicó que la viscosidad es la propiedad limitante para la solución osmótica y la actividad de agua/alta presión osmótica como la propiedad más importante a la hora de elegir una solución de reconcentración. Para todos los procesos de separación aplicados, el aumento de la concentración de azúcar de la solución osmótica comporta una disminución notable del flujo de agua.

El desarrollo de un posible proceso de deshidratación osmótica con una etapa de reconcentración de la solución osmótica mediante procesos con contactores de membrana ha permitido calcular el área requerida para realizar la reconcentración: 3.6,9.7, 1608 m2 para OMD, off-site DO e on-site DO, respectivamente.

Las conclusiones del trabajo confirman la posibilidad de utilizar procesos por membrana para realizar la reconcentración de soluciones osmóticas. No obstante se ha constatado que técnicas más tradicionales basadas en diferencias de presión (NF) no son

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Bailey, Adelaide Fiona Grace. "The Concentration of Aqueous Solutions By Osmotic Distillation (OD)." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16006/.

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This study was to investigate theory and application of Osmotic Distillation (OD). OD is a new novel membrane separation process used for the concentration of aqueous solutions such as fruit juices without the application of heat. The present work was undertaken to investigate flux limitations focusing on feedside, membrane and stripper side characteristics of OD. Once the limiting areas were identified, further studies were undertaken to determine methods of minimizing those limitations without losing the quality and integrity of the liquid feed. A laboratory scale OD system was used to simulate the industrial process which takes place during the production of grape juice concentrate for the fruit juice industry. Results of a UF pretreatment study showed that the use of UF membranes with pore diameters of 0.1 fÝm or less as a pretreatment for the subsequent OD of grape juice resulted in significant increases in OD flux over that observed for juice not subjected to UF. The study of the physical properties of the feed played an important role in the explanation of the OD process. The increase in OD flux was attributed to a reduction in juice viscosity as the result of the removal of protein and other high molecular weight components. Apart from an increase in OD flux, UF pretreatment of the grape juice proved to be beneficial in other areas of the OD process. HPLC measurements showed that the normal concentration of fermentable sugars in standard 68 oBrix concentrate can be achieved at a lower Brix value in feed subjected to UF pretreatment, further reducing the need to handle highly viscous feeds. UF pretreatment also resulted in an increase in juice surface tension consequently reducing the tendency for membrane wet-out to occur. The study of the deoxygenation of the feed solution shows that the removal of dissolved gases by the pre boiling method and the perstraction with chemical reaction (PCR) method both had a positive affect on OD flux. Pre boiling the brine resulted in an indirect reduction in dissolved oxygen in the feed. Pre boiling both the feed and brine, further increased the flux. Throughout the PCR study, it was evident that stripper side mass transfer of O2 was not limited by flowrate but was limited by higher stripper concentration. However, the latter had an insignificant effect when the sulfite-oxygen reaction was catalysed. The use of a catalyst and increase in temperature gave a significant improvement in overall mass transfer coefficient. Ten types of hydrophobic microporous membranes were tested for their influence on OD flux. While the pore diameter is a considerable factor in mass transport of gases through the membrane, it was also noted that the type of membrane material used had an affect on the overall mass transfer. All top three performing membranes had pore diameters of 0.2 x 10-6 m and were made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The choice of brine to use as the stripper was based on criteria that were confirmed by the brine studies performed here. The best performing stripper solutions demonstrating the greatest improvement in OD flux over the most commonly used brines, NaCl, CaCl2 and CH3COOK were aqueous solutions of potassium salts of phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid and blends thereof. These salts agreed with all the required characteristics of a suitable brine, demonstrating high solubility rates, supporting the ability to lower water vapour pressure. The study of the corrosion effects of brine salts confirmed the phosphate salts are superior demonstrating some of the lowest corrosion rates and highest pH.

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Tao, Jing. "Effects of Molecular Weight and Solution Concentration on Electrospinning of PVA." Digital WPI, 2003. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/889.

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"The effects of molecular weight (Mw) and concentration (c) on the structure of electrospun PVA have been studied. Experiments have been conducted for Mw values ranging from 9000 g/mol to 124,000 g/mol. The concentration was varied from 5 to 35 wt %. Data were acquired for several solvents including water, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Ethylene Glycol and N-Methyl Pyrrolidone. The transient phenomena occurring during jet breakdown were examined by high speed digital photography. The structure in the electrospun polymer was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The fiber diameter distribution for various conditions was characterized by optical image analysis. The effects of additives such as NaCl and Poly Ethylene Glycol on the structure have been studied. The results indicate that a minimum Mw and c corresponding to [h]c ~ 5 or Capillary number, Ca ~ 0.5 is necessary for forming a fibrous structure. As Mw or c increase, the fiber diameter becomes larger and a broader distribution of fibers may be obtained. The average diameter of the fiber, D, follows a Power law relationship: D (nm) = 18.6([h]c)1.11. Round fibers may be obtained at low Mw and c, while flat fibers are observed at high Mw and c. The transition from round to flat fibers appears to begin at [h]c ~ 12. At any [h]c, there is a minimum Capillary and Ohnesorge numbers at which fibers are stabilized and a maximum at which viscous effects become dominant. The addition of NaCl lowers the average fiber diameter in PVA samples with a high molecular weight. Electrospinning can be used to produce nanofibers of PVA with various architectures. "

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Gilley, Andrew. "Amorphous solid dispersion effects on in vitro solution concentrations of quercetin." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72864.

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Quercetin is a flavonol with potential health benefits including activities against cardiovascular disease, obesity, and oxidative stress. However, the benefits of quercetin are likely limited by poor bioavailability, primarily attributed to its poor aqueous solubility (due to its hydrophobicity and crystallinity) and extensive phase-II metabolism. Improving the apparent solubility of quercetin has the potential to improve its in vivo bioavailability. Strategies to increase solution concentrations in the small intestinal lumen have the potential to substantially increase quercetin bioavailability, and efficacy. We aimed to achieve this by incorporating quercetin into amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) with cellulose derivatives, eliminating crystallinity, and selectively releasing amorphous quercetin under simulated intestinal conditions (pH 6.8, 37C). Amorphous quercetin was dispersed in cellulose esters including 6-carboxycellulose acetate butyrate (CCAB), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and cellulose acetate suberate (CASub) to achieve stability and provide pH-triggered release. In addition, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing CASub and CCAB blends were prepared to further promote enhanced dissolution. The ASD employing 10% quercetin in 20% PVP:70% CASub was most successful at enhancing the solution concentration of quercetin, providing an 18-fold increase in the area under the concentration/time curve (AUC) compared to quercetin alone. These results warrant in vivo assessment of quercetin-loaded ASDs formulated with CASub and its blend with PVP towards improving the bioavailability of quercetin.
Master of Science in Life Sciences

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Проценко, Сергій Іванович, Сергей Иванович Проценко, Serhii Ivanovych Protsenko, Оксана Анатоліївна Гричановська, Оксана Анатольевна Гричановская, Oksana Anatoliivna Hrychanovska, Лариса Валентинівна Однодворець та ін. "Тemperature and Concentration Dependences of Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Film Materials". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/42726.

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In framework the phenomenological approach the question of the temperature dependence of anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) at the fixed value inducing an external magnetic field (B) and the concentration dependence of AMR at the fixed B and T were analyzes. The obtained ratio to assess and predict the magnitude of thermal and concentration coefficients of AMR, virtually can not be done in the classical model, since it allows complex ratio with many uncertain parameters.

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Книги з теми "Concentrating solution"

McGlynn, P. High concentration metal soap solutions. Manchester: UMIST, 1992.

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pH and buffer theory: A new approach. Chichester: Wiley, 1996.

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Auschwitz: Les nazis et la "solution finale". Paris: Albin Michel, 2005.

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Wilkinson, R. Allen. Raman intensity as a probe of concentration near a crystal growing in solution. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1989.

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Selwyn, Lyndsie. Analysis of the chloride ion concentration in aqueous solutions by potentiometric titration. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Conservation Institute, 2001.

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Juan, Carlos G. Designing Microwave Sensors for Glucose Concentration Detection in Aqueous and Biological Solutions. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76179-0.

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Miller, J. Effect of NaCI concentration on corrosion of mild steel in CO2 saturated solutions. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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O'Donnell, S. Rheology of milk protein concentrate solutions as a function of shear rate and concentration. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Malpas, David George. The mass transport properties of selected membranes in potassium hydroxide solutions of various concentrations. [London]: Middlesex University, Energy Technology Centre, 1992.

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McMahon, Patrick E., Rosemary F. McMahon, and Bohdan B. Khomtchouk. "Solution Concentration, Molarity, and Solution Stoichiometry." In Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 141–52. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429445828-11.

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Ochkov, Valery. "Concentration of Solutions." In Thermal Engineering Studies with Excel, Mathcad and Internet, 57–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26674-9_3.

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Doboš, Pavel, Robert Osman, Ondřej Šerý, Daniel Kaplan, Simona Surmařová, and Stanislav Škop. "Brněnský archiv příkladů dobré praxe: proč ne Metodika?" In Geografie bariér, 313–406. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.m210-9910-2021-9.

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The ninth chapter presents Examples of good practice for the creation of accessible urban space, which have been practiced by multiple actors in Brno city under specific circumstances and which can serve as inspiration and motivation for other municipalities in their barrier-free policies and practice. While being the source for inspiration can be their principal goal, another goal is to archive the good practice. The authors start the chapter defining themselves against methods guidelines for barrier-free space; methods are introduced as a certain conceptual tool for strict, systematic and universal creation of barrier-free/accessible space, which can be too binding and less open to eventual changes. On the other hand, Examples of good practice represent a different approach, open to eventual developments, unexpected phenomena and trying to inspire for creation of accessible space everywhere and every time, in pragmatic, unprecedented and diverse ways. As has been indicated above, Methods guides for barrier-free space can be bound by three universalities, which usually prevent experimenting and creativity. Examples of good practice aim to inspire and incent creativity, and thus represent a universal “will” to be creative, unhinged and active. Each example consists of several parts: Illustrative story presenting the barriers and related pitfalls by describing the original situation and the need for intervention; Analysis concentrating on the pitfalls; Suggested solution with a discussion; a Concrete realization in Brno city, showing the concrete process of dealing with the so-far describe accessibility; then Solution limits are presented; Conclusion, which offers insight for future application, and Time axis outlining the whole process from a chronological perspective. Each Example is also documented by photographs showing the original state full of barriers and pitfalls, and the state when a chosen solution has been realized.

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Kyprianidou-Leodidou, Tasoula C., and Gregory D. Botsaris. "Freeze Concentration of Aqueous Solutions." In ACS Symposium Series, 364–72. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1990-0438.ch027.

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Derzhanski, A., S. Panayotova, G. Popov, and I. Bivas. "Influence of Dissolved Additives on the Critical Micellar Concentration of Surfactants." In Surfactants in Solution, 333–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1831-6_26.

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Gambi, C. M. C., L. Léger, and C. Taupin. "Experimental Evidence of a Nonuniform Microemulsion in the Low Surfactant Concentration Range." In Surfactants in Solution, 159–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7990-8_9.

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Aoudia, M., M. A. J. Rodgers, and W. H. Wade. "Excimer-Monomer Emission in Alkylbenzenesulfonates: A New Technique for Determining Critical Micellar Concentrations." In Surfactants in Solution, 103–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1831-6_7.

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Esposito, Pierpaolo, Angela Pistoia, and Jérôme Vétois. "Blow-up Solutions for Linear Perturbations of the Yamabe Equation." In Concentration Analysis and Applications to PDE, 29–47. Basel: Springer Basel, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0373-1_3.

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Moudgil, Brij M., and Dursun Ince. "Role of pH and Collector Concentration in Separation of Phosphates from Dolomitic Gangue Using DDA-HC1." In Surfactants in Solution, 457–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7990-8_35.

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Amin, Nor Azrita Mohd, Mohd Bakri Adam, and Ahmad Zaharin Aris. "Extreme Value Theory for Modeling and Prediction of High PM10 Concentration in Johor." In From Sources to Solution, 319–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-70-2_58.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Concentrating solution"

Dall, Ernest, Grant H. Muller, Fred Bailey, Reiner Jagau, Arno R. Pfohl, Jacobus Swart, and Juan Manuel Saenz Caballos. "CSP in Namibia – Solution to the “duck curve”?" In SOLARPACES 2018: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117595.

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Tseitlin, Musii, and Valentina Raiko. "Ratio between Heat and Mass Transfer when Concentrating the Solution in a Cooling Tower." In Chemical technology and engineering. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/cte2019.01.092.

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Yalcin, Refet A., and Hakan Ertu¨rk. "Optimization of Pigmented Coatings for Concentrating Solar Thermal Applications." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63322.

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Spectrally selective coatings are used in absorbers of solar collectors to maximize efficiency of solar thermal energy systems. Desired coating should have high absorptance at solar wavelengths and low emittance at the wavelengths where absorber emits heat. This study focuses on pigmented coatings that consist of a binder and uniformly distributed nano-particles known as pigments that exhibit the desired spectrally selective behavior. Radiative behavior of coatings depend on coating thickness, pigment size, concentration, and the optical properties of binder and pigment materials. In order to understand the effect of these parameters, a radiative model of the pigmented coatings is developed using Lorentz-Mie theory in conjunction with Hartel theory to incorporate the multiple scattering effects. Through the solution of the radiative transfer equation by the four flux method, spectral emittance is predicted. Design of such a coating is formulated as an inverse problem of estimating design variables yielding the desired spectral emittance of the ideal coating. The nonlinear problem is solved by optimization applying two algorithms for the solution. While both algorithms are capable of providing the same solution, the convergence of Quasi Newton method is found to be superior to that of Nelder Mead simplex algorithm.

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Marston, A. J., K. J. Daun, and M. R. Collins. "Geometric Optimization of Concentrating Solar Collectors Using Monte Carlo Simulation." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10523.

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This paper presents an optimization methodology for designing linear concentrating solar collectors. The proposed algorithm makes intelligent design updates to the collector surface geometry according to specialized numerical algorithms. The process is much more efficient than traditional “trial-and-error” methods, producing a final solution that is near-optimal. A Monte Carlo technique is used to quantify the performance of the collector design in terms of an objective function, which is then minimized using a modified Kiefer-Wolfowitz algorithm that uses sample size and step size controls. The methodology is applied to the design of a linear parabolic concentrating collector, successfully arriving at the known optimal solution.

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Zaki, Abdelali, Daniel Bielsa, and Abdessamad Faik. "Development of a continuous solid solution with extended Red-Ox temperature range and unexpected high reaction enthalpies for thermochemical energy storage." In SOLARPACES 2018: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117759.

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Tanaka, Nobuyuki, Tetsuya Yamaki, Masaharu Asano, Yasunari Maekawas, Kaoru Onuki, and Ryutaro Hino. "Stability of Radiation Grafted Membranes in Electro-Electrodialysis of HIX Solution." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29359.

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Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been conducting research and development on a thermochemical water-splitting cycle featuring iodine- and sulfur-compounds (called an IS process) as one of promising heat utilization systems of High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors. We have prepared polymer electrolyte membranes by the radiation-induced graft polymerization and cross-linking methods and then have investigated their applicability to electro-electrodialysis (EED) for concentrating HI in an HI-I2-H2O mixture. For practical applications, EED membranes are required to be stable in the severe environment of high-temperature strongly acidic solutions. We thus examined thermal, chemical and electrochemical stabilities of the radiation-grafted membranes under the conditions of the actual EED operation over 100 hours, while measuring the time evolution of a cell voltage and a change in the ion exchange capacity between the EED experiment. The results showed that chemical cross-linking in the graft chains could largely improve the membrane stability.

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Carnelli, Lino, Carla Lazzari, Tamara Passera, Chiara Sartori, and Joseph Epoupa Mengou. "Integration of Concentrating Solar Heat into Oil and Gas Operations for Increased Sustainability." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208176-ms.

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Abstract According to Eni's mission to reach carbon neutrality in the countries where it operates, the development of renewable energy could be a key element in the company's strategy for evolving the business model towards a low carbon scenario. In this context, concentrating solar technology can provide a real solution in order to goal the carbon neutrality. Solar thermal energy could be an alternative source to the fossil fuel in industrial processes and also in the oil&gas sector, where the upstream operations (dewatering, stabilization, sweetening…) require substantial amounts of heat. Usually this heat is easily produced by combustion of natural gas available at the oil&gas site. Concentrating Solar Heat (CSH) technology allows to produce process heat by using specific collectors that concentrate the solar radiation onto a receiver where a heat transfer fluid is heated at medium/high temperature. A thermal energy storage can be added to the solar field to increase the solar fraction and reducing so the CO2 emissions. The fraction of thermal energy not covered by the CSH plant can be provided by a fossil source that acts as a back-up. With this in mind, a pre-feasibility study was carried out for the integration of a medium temperature(∼200-300°C) concentrating solar plant with or without a thermal storage system and a back-up gas heater in an oil&gas site located in North Africa. The solar heat partially replaces the duty necessary to the heat exchangers that heat the crude to guarantee the separation from water and best stabilization. Reflective areas of the solar field and total occupancy, thermal energy production during the year, solar multiple and preliminary evaluations of cost of investment are presented. Obviously, the reduction of CO2 emission increases with the solar fraction but the competitiveness and cost-effectiveness of the integration strongly depend on the local cost of natural gas, the presence of government incentives, CO2 credit tax, etc. In any case the proposed solution represents an important step towards energy transition.

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Dasgupta, Saumyadeb, Ravi Chavali, Naga Siva Kumar Gunda, and Sushanta Kumar Mitra. "Evaluating the Efficacy of Hollow Fiber Pre-Concentrator for Water Quality Monitoring." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2015-48192.

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Simple, efficient and compact concentrating systems are of prime importance to the development of portable biosensor based testing solutions for bacterial contamination in potable water. Bacteria are non-uniformly distributed in drinking water and hence testing with small sample volumes does not provide an accurate estimation. Hence bacteria have to be concentrated from large volumes of water of the order of 100 mL as recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to a few hundred microliters to accommodate within portable biosensor platforms like Lab on a Chip (LOC), paper microfluidics and micro-cantilever systems. In the present work, we have developed a simplified, rapid, handheld and field deployable concentrating module which involves filtration of contaminated water through a hollow fiber filter using tangential flow filtration and a subsequent elution step to facilitate the transfer of the concentrated mixture on to a portable biosensor platform. The process involves the collection of water sample in a 5 mL syringe. With the aid of two other syringes, the sample volume is concentrated by passing it through the hollow fiber a couple of times. For improved efficiency, bacteria recovery is performed using 1 mL of a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 20) solution as an elution fluid which is administered by another syringe. The bacteria along with the elution fluid form the required concentrated mixture. This elution strategy was found to be very efficient and the product recovery was close to 85%. With further modification to the current configuration, the system can be developed into a highly efficient pre-concentrating module compatible with any microfluidics based platform.

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Kaneko, Hiroshi, Chong-il Lee, Yosuke Ishikawa, Koichiro Hosogoe, and Yutaka Tamaura. "Solar H2 Production With Tokyo Tech Rotary-Type Solar Reactor to be Tested Using Solar Concentration System at CSIRO in Australia." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90420.

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The test operation of the Tokyo Tech rotary-type solar reactor (2nd model) is scheduled to be carried out using the solar concentrating system of CSIRO (New castle, Australia) as an international collaboration research between Japan (Tokyo Tech) and Australia (CSIRO) in APP (Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate) project. The rotary-type solar reactor is positioned at an elevation of about 17 m. The input of solar power for the test operation is planned to be 50 kW from the solar concentrating system with about 10 heliostats. The estimation of evolved H2 gas was calculated from the amount of evolved O2 gas and the energy conversion efficiency is evaluated from the estimated amount of evolved H2 gas and the input of solar energy. The two-step water splitting process with the reactive ceramics of ceria-based solid solution (0.8CeO2−0.2ZrO2 prepared by the polymerized complex method) was investigated using the solar simulator of concentrated Xe lamp beams for the test operation of the rotary-type solar reactor at CSIRO solar concentrating system. The amounts of O2 and H2 gases evolved in the two-step water splitting reaction with CeO2-ZrO2 solid solution were determined for the H2-generation reaction temperatures of 773, 1273 and 1473 K. The amounts of evolved H2 gas decreased with an increase of the reaction temperature, however, the lowering of H2 gas evolution at 1473 K was 20% in comparison with that at 773 K. The heating time of the reactive ceramics up to the O2-releasing reaction temperature is evaluated to 3 s, when the difference between the O2-releasing reaction temperature (1773 K) and the H2-generation reaction temperature (1473 K) is 300 K.

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Nithyanandam, Karthik, and Ranga Pitchumani. "Numerical Analysis of Latent Thermal Energy Storage System With Embedded Thermosyphons." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91416.

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Latent thermal energy storage (LTES) system offers high energy storage density and nearly isothermal operation for concentrating solar power generation. However, the low thermal conductivity possessed by the phase change material (PCM) used in LTES system limits the heat transfer rates. Utilizing thermosyphons to charge or discharge a LTES system offers a promising engineering solution to compensate for the low thermal conductivity of the PCM. The present work numerically investigates the enhancement in the thermal performance of charging and discharging process of LTES system by embedding thermosyphons. A transient, computational analysis of the LTES system with embedded thermosyphons is performed for both charging and discharging cycles. The influence of the design configuration of the system and the arrangement of the thermosyphons on the charge and discharge performance of the LTES installed in a concentrating solar power plant (CSP) is analyzed to identify configurations that lead to improved effectiveness.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Concentrating solution"

Rowley, J. K. Concentration increases in the isotopic germanium carrier solutions inferred from solution weights. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/515516.

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Terah, E. I. Practical classes in general chemistry for students of specialties «General Medicine», «Pediatrics», «Dentistry». SIB-Expertise, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0556.13042022.

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Videos of 11 practical lessons on general chemistry are presented. The following topics are considered – chemical thermodynamics and kinetics, chemical equilibrium, methods of expressing the concentration of solutions, electrolyte solutions, pH, buffer solutions, hydrolysis, redox pro-cesses. For each topic, the main theoretical provisions are given, as well as a detailed solution of typical calculation problems is given. The total dura-tion of the video lessons is 8 hours 21 minutes.

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Rempel, K. U., A. E. Williams-Jones, and K. Fuller. An experimental investigation of the solubility and speciation of uranium in hydrothermal ore fluids. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328995.

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Experimental data on the solubility and speciation of uranium in hydrothermal solution is required to improve genetic models for the formation of ore deposits, yet very few data of this type have been published. Of particular interest is the oxidation state of the uranium in solution, as conventional wisdom suggests that U is dissolved in the oxidized U(VI) state and precipitated as reduced U(IV) minerals, yet recent experiments have shown ppm-level solubility for U(IV). This study investigated the mobility of reduced U(IV) and oxidized U(VI) in acidic (pH = 2), fluoride- bearing and alkaline (pH = 10), chloride-bearing solutions at 100-200°C and 1 to 15.8 bars (0.1-1.58 MPa). Preliminary data for the mobility of U(IV) in pH 2 fluids with 0.01 m F- show concentrations of 1.76 to 3.92 ppm U at 200°C, indicating that, contrary to common belief, the reduced U(IV) can be transported in solution. We have also conducted experiments on U(VI) solubility in pH 2 fluoride-bearing, and pH 10 chloride-bearing solutions. Uranium concentrations in the F- -bearing experiments ranged from 624 to 1570 ppm (avg. 825 ppm, n = 6) at 100°C, 670 to 1560 ppm (avg. 931 ppm, n = 4) at 150°C, and 3180 to 7550 ppm (avg. 5240, n = 9) at 200°C. In comparison, U concentrations in the Cl- -bearing runs range from 86.1 to 357 ppm (avg. 185 ppm, n = 15) at 200°C. Clearly, oxidized U(VI) is very readily mobilized in hydrothermal fluids. However, the measured concentrations of U(VI) are independent of those of F- or Cl-, suggesting the formation of U oxide or hydroxide species rather than U chlorides or fluorides. These experimental data will be verified and supplemented in future experiments, which will be used to derive the stoichiometry and thermodynamic constants for the dominant uranium species in hydrothermal solutions. The data from this study will then be integrated into a comprehensive genetic model for uranium ore-forming systems.

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Eng, G. Thin-source concentration-dependent diffusion: A full solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6441049.

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Stepinski, D. C., A. J. Youker, and G. F. Vandegrift. Plant-Scale Concentration Column Designs for SHINE Target Solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1132244.

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Jerden, J., J. Kropf, A. Bakel, and G. F. Vandegrift. Speciation and Concentrations of Metals in a Homogeneous Reactor Fuel Solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1131395.

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Pike, L. M., Y. A. Chang, and C. T. Liu. Point defect concentrations and solid solution hardening in NiAl with Fe additions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/537325.

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Stepinski, Dominique C., and G. F. Vandegrift. Plant-Scale Concentration Column Designs for SHINE Target Solution Utilizing AG 1 Anion Exchange Resin. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1227397.

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Akinleye, Taiwo, Idil Deniz Akin, Amanda Hohner, Indranil Chowdhury, Richards Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer, James Mueller, and Will Moody. Evaluation of Electrochemical Treatment for Removal of Arsenic and Manganese from Field Soil. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-019.

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Soils containing inorganic compounds are frequently encountered by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way, and they pose a threat to human health and the environment. As a result, construction activities may experience project delays and increased costs associated with management of inorganic compounds containing soils required to meet environmental regulations. Recalcitrance of metal-contaminated soils toward conventional treatment technologies is exacerbated in clay or organic content-rich fine-grained soils with low permeability and high sorption capacity because of increased treatment complexity, cost, and duration. The objective of this study was to develop an accelerated in situ electrochemical treatment approach to extract inorganic compounds from fine-grained soils, with the treatment time comparable to excavation and off-site disposal. Three reactor experiments were conducted on samples collected from two borehole locations from a field site in Illinois that contained arsenic (As)(~7.4 mg/kg) and manganese (Mn)(~700 mg/kg). A combination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or citrate buffer solution was used to treat the soils. A low-intensity electrical field was applied to soil samples using a bench-scale reactor that resembles field-scale in situ electrochemical systems. For the treatment using 10% H2O2 and citrate buffer solution, average removal of 23% and 8% were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. With 4% H2O2 and citrate buffer, 39% and 24% removal were achieved for Mn and As; while using only citrate buffer as the electrolyte, 49% and 9% removal were achieved for Mn and As, respectively. All chemical regimes adopted in this study reduced the inorganic compound concentrations to below the maximum allowable concentration for Illinois as specified by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. The results from this work indicate that electrochemical systems that leverage low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and citrate buffer can be effective for remediating soils containing manganese and arsenic.

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Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.

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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.

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