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Статті в журналах з теми "Commercial policy – Australia"
1
Miller, D. "Public Policy in International Commercial Arbitrations in Australia." Arbitration International 9, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/9.2.167.
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Beeson, Mark. "Bilateral Economic Relations in a Global Political Economy: Australia and Japan." Competition & Change 2, no. 2 (June 1997): 137–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949700200201.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper argues that despite the internationalisation of economic activity, and a concomitant diminution of economic policy-making autonomy, national policy settings continue to display a surprising degree of divergence and remain important determinants of economic outcomes. Similarly, there are distinctively different and enduring patterns of corporate organisation across nations which confer specific competitive advantages. Important theoretical and practical questions are raised, therefore, about the potential efficacy of national economic policies and their capacity to accommodate such divergent practices. This paper examines the bilateral relationship between Australia and Japan, and assesses the effectiveness of Australia's predominantly neoliberal economic policy framework in the light of such national and organisational variation. It will be suggested that Australian policy-makers' faith in market mechanisms caused them to underestimate the significance of Japanese commercial practices and regional production strategies, rendering attempts to transform the relationship largely unsuccessful.
3
Smith, Anthony D. M., David C. Smith, Malcolm Haddon, Ian A. Knuckey, Keith J. Sainsbury, and Sean R. Sloan. "Implementing harvest strategies in Australia: 5 years on." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 2 (October 8, 2013): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst158.
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Abstract Smith, A. D. M., Smith D. C., Haddon, M., Knuckey, I., Sainsbury, K. J., and Sloan, S. 2014. Implementing harvest strategies in Australia: 5 years on. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 195–203. Australian Commonwealth fisheries are managed using a formal harvest strategy policy (HSP) introduced by the federal government in 2007. At the State level, a number of commercial fisheries are also managed under formal harvest strategies, but no overarching policy currently exists to guide their consistent implementation across jurisdictions. There have been 5 years of experience with implementation of the Commonwealth policy across the highly diverse array of commercial fisheries found in Australia. The HSP has an explicit target of maximum economic yield, and an explicit limit set at half the biomass that would support maximum sustainable yield. The policy also specifies an acceptable level of risk associated with falling below the limit reference point. We discuss the experience gained from implementing the HSP in Australia, including a number of challenges faced, and attempt to summarize the benefits and costs of implementing harvest strategies. Our view is that, overall, the benefits clearly outweigh the costs.
4
Gordon, Louisa G., Craig Sinclair, Noel Cleaves, Jennifer K. Makin, Astrid J. Rodriguez-Acevedo, and Adèle C. Green. "Consequences of banning commercial solaria in 2016 in Australia." Health Policy 124, no. 6 (June 2020): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.04.010.
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Torkington, John. "Effectively promoting greenhouse gas storage in Australia." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The underground storage of greenhouse gases is seen by many as one of the primary technologies by which fossil fuel dependent nations can reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently there is a societal need to consider how best to facilitate the commercial scale uptake of this technology. Two principal barriers remain to the commercial scale deployment of greenhouse gas storage. Existing capture technologies are very expensive and there remains community concern that the underground storage of greenhouse gases is not permanent. It is likely that the natural gas industry will continue to be world leaders in the commercial-scale deployment of greenhouse gas storage, as this industry already captures large volumes of carbon dioxide and is familiar with underground storage technologies. In time, increased commercial scale deployment by the natural gas industry will build community confidence in the technology thus facilitating deployment by other industry sectors. Opportunities to promote greenhouse gas storage in Australia need to be considered in the broader policy context, which should be to reduce Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions at the lowest possible cost to the community. This extended abstract reviews the various ways in which greenhouse gas storage can be promoted and tests these in light of this broader policy context. The paper identifies those opportunities that should be pursued to promote the commercial scale uptake of greenhouse gas storage and flags those opportunities that, while they might assist in the uptake, are incompatible with the broader policy objective.
6
Aveyard, Karina. "Australian Films at the Cinema: Rethinking the Role of Distribution and Exhibition." Media International Australia 138, no. 1 (February 2011): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1113800106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Australian films are criticised regularly for their failure to engage local audiences and for their lack of commercial success. Academic and industry analysis of these shortcomings has tended to focus on problems in production and financing, but has given inadequate attention to the role of distribution and exhibition. This article examines how the commercial and cultural situation of Australian films is fundamentally shaped by the manner in which they are circulated and screened. It highlights the complex interrelations between the production, distribution and exhibition sectors, and addresses the implications of these issues for contemporary film policy and practice in Australia.
7
Dixon, Tim. "Commercial property retrofitting." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-02-2014-0016.
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Purpose – Progress in retrofitting the UK's commercial properties continues to be slow and fragmented. New research from the UK and USA suggests that radical changes are needed to drive large-scale retrofitting, and that new and innovative models of financing can create new opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to offer insights into the terminology of retrofit and the changes in UK policy and practice that are needed to scale up activity in the sector. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews and synthesises key published research into commercial property retrofitting in the UK and USA and also draws on policy and practice from the EU and Australia. Findings – The paper provides a definition of “retrofit”, and compares and contrasts this with “refurbishment” and “renovation” in an international context. The paper summarises key findings from recent research and suggests that there are a number of policy and practice measures which need to be implemented in the UK for commercial retrofitting to succeed at scale. These include improved funding vehicles for retrofit; better transparency in actual energy performance; and consistency in measurement, verification and assessment standards. Practical implications – Policy and practice in the UK needs to change if large-scale commercial property retrofit is to be rolled out successfully. This requires mandatory legislation underpinned by incentives and penalties for non-compliance. Originality/value – This paper synthesises recent research to provide a set of policy and practice recommendations which draw on international experience, and can assist on implementation in the UK.
8
McKay, Clare, and Alex Gardner. "Water Accounting Information and Confidentiality in Australia." Federal Law Review 41, no. 1 (March 2013): 127–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.41.1.5.
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A key objective of Australia's recent national water reforms is to keep water licence and entitlement holders accountable for the amounts of water they extract, trade and use. Water metering and the recording and reporting of water extraction and trading data are processes designed to ensure this accountability, and are central to Australia's water accounting regimes. Yet much of the data necessary to ensure compliance with water licences and access entitlements is not publicly available in Australia. This absence of publicly accessible information is due to a lack of rigour and transparency in statutory water accounting regimes. There are also restrictions imposed by water legislation and the laws of privacy and confidentiality that prevent public access to water accounting data, except in aggregated form. Consequently, commercial and industrial water consumers in Australia are not kept accountable for their consumptive water use and water market objectives are unfulfilled, contrary to the express provisions of the Intergovernmental Agreement on a National Water Initiative (‘NWI’). This article argues that statutory and policy frameworks for water accounting in most Australian jurisdictions fail to meet the NWI objectives for national water accounting. In response, it advocates legislative reforms that would facilitate the achievement of these objectives.
9
Flew, Terry. "From ‘Taste and Standards’ to Structural Pluralism: Activism in the Australian Media Policy Process." Media International Australia 99, no. 1 (May 2001): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0109900107.
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This paper traces the emergence of media policy reform activism in Australia around media content regulations for commercial broadcasting, from 1953 to 1976. Its focus is on processes of participation in public inquiries, and the ways in which these were manifestations of what Anna Yeatman (1998) has termed ‘activism in the policy process’. It finds evidence that such processes facilitated the emergence of more wide-ranging campaigns for media reform in the 1970s, but also finds that the extent to which such trends can be seen as applying a logic of ‘governmentality’ to broadcast media has in practice been limited by the predominantly commercial nature of the Australian broadcasting system, the conduct of regulatory agencies and their proneness to ‘regulatory capture’, and the extent to which the demands of media critics could be translated into implementable policies.
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Lipworth, Wendy, Evan Doran, Ian Kerridge, and Richard Day. "Challenges to pharmaceutical policymaking: lessons from Australia’s national medicines policy." Australian Health Review 38, no. 2 (2014): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective National medicines policies (NMP) provide a means for governments to achieve their objectives in relation to pharmaceuticals and other medicines. This research aimed to identify challenges to implementing the objectives of the Australian NMP from the perspective of key stakeholders. Methods In 2012 and 2103, we conducted 30 semistructured interviews with stakeholders involved in the discovery, clinical testing, regulation and funding of medicines in Australia. We asked participants to describe their careers and to give their opinions on specific issues surrounding drug development, clinical research, regulation and subsidisation in Australia. Data were analysed using Morse’s outline of the cognitive basis of qualitative research and Charmaz’s outline of data analysis in grounded theory. The initial phase of ‘open coding’ revealed findings that could be mapped to three of the four objectives of the NMP. We then conducted ‘focussed coding’ for themes relevant to these objectives. Results Participants identified many issues relevant to the ongoing evolution of the NMP, relating primarily to ongoing tensions between the commercial objective of ensuring a viable medicines industry, and the non-commercial objectives of ensuring that medicines are safe, effective and affordable. There were also several other challenges identified to the achievement of both the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP. These included limits to government funding, globalisation, consumer advocacy, changing scientific paradigms and new information technologies. Conclusions There are many issues that need to be addressed if policymakers are to achieve the best outcomes from the NMP. Tensions between the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP suggest the need to ensure that one stakeholder group’s imperatives do not stifle those of other groups. At the same time, there are several emerging issues that are likely to concern all stakeholders equally, and these are both challenges and opportunities for new kinds of collaboration. What is known about the topic? We know that stakeholders have several concerns about medicines policy, but little is known about the specific challenges to implementing medicines policy from the perspective of those involved. What does this paper add? We demonstrate that stakeholders have many concerns that could impact the implementation of medicines policies. These relate primarily to ongoing tensions between the objective of ensuring a viable medicines industry, and the objectives of ensuring that medicines are safe, effective and affordable. There are also several issues that potentially pose a challenge to achieving both the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP. These include limits to government funding, globalisation, consumer advocacy, changing scientific paradigms and new information technologies. What are the implications for practitioners? Policymakers need to systematically address the barriers to the ongoing implementation of the NMP. Policymakers should also ensure that one imperative (such as the commercial imperative) does not stifle other objectives. Other emerging issues are likely to concern all stakeholders, and these provide opportunities for new kinds of collaboration among stakeholders.
Дисертації з теми "Commercial policy – Australia"
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Rowan, Tamsyn. "The criminalisation of cartels in South Africa, United States and Australia and the effects of the Corporate Leniency Policy." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32343.
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With the recent changes to the Competition Act1 , specifically with the inclusion of Section 73A2 which came into effect on the 1 May 2017 the amendment now makes provision for cartelists to face criminal charges for infringing Section 43 of the Act. Section 44 disallows firms from engaging cartel conduct and the objective of the recent amendment is to promote consumer welfare as well as to break the barriers to entry. Furthermore, allow for an open market and to promote the inclusion of all whom live in South Africa. To prohibit those involved in 'fixing of purchase' and or 'selling prices, dividing markets and/or involved collusive tendering amongst firms'. Despite the criminal sanctions created to deter cartels, firms or directors still are involved in collusive conduct. Cartel activity could not only be damaging to a firms' or directors' reputation, but also results in significant financial losses. With the recent implementation of S73A5 there is a more stern approach followed by our legislature by now holding directors of firms criminally liable for collusive conduct. What this paper seeks to address is the question as to whether the new developments made by the legislature allows for proper implementation in South Africa. Moreover, if the National Prosecuting Authority as the authoritative body has the competency to fully deal with the complexity of cartels. The South African model will be carefully examined against the backdrop of the United States and Australian advanced antitrust laws. Equally, as important also looking at what makes the United States and Australia more effective in their cartel detection and prevention. Particular attention will be given to the leniency policy which plays a pivotal role in prohibiting cartel conduct. And how criminal and civil sanctions should be considered in conjunction with leniency in an attempt to deter and eliminate cartel conduct.
2
Radcliffe, Jeanette, and n/a. "The Australian Broadcasting Tribunal's Australian Content Inquiry 1983 - 1990: a case study in The dynamics of a public policy debate." University of Canberra. Communication, Media & Tourism, 1994. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061207.162525.
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Since their inception in the early 1960s, Australian content requirements for commercial television have been subjected to
considerable scrutiny through a series of formal inquiries. Over
the last ten years this process has intensified. In recent years
there have been a number of academic criticisms regarding the
state of debate about the regulation of Australian content on
commercial television and the capacity of the debate to generate
genuine criticism and embrace change.
This thesis examines the dynamics of debate about Australian
content. It focuses on the ABT's Inquiry into Australian Content
on Commercial Television (ACI) which ran from 1983 to 1989.
It takes as its basic point of reference Jurgen Habermas' concept
of the 'public sphere'. This concept refers to a realm of social life,
separate from the state and private spheres, in which 'public
opinion' can be formed. Habermas has argued that, with the
refeudalisation of the public sphere, the state and private
interests have increasingly collaborated to close off the public
sphere. The thesis concludes that in many respects Habermas'
concept of a refeudalised 'public sphere' is a useful explanatory
tool for understanding the dynamics of the ACI and the limited
degree of criticism generated by it. However, Habermas' model
is limited in so far as it fails to accord adequate recognition to the
complexities and significance of the mediation of the 'public
interest' by key participants in the inquiry and the strategic role
of rhetoric for these participants.
Habermas concludes that with the refeudalisation of the public
sphere and the disappearance of the historical conditions which
supported its operation, the public sphere must now be
reconstructed on a case by case basis. Attempts to achieve this,
have tended to focus on the facilitation of citizen participation in
public policy debate. However, as this analysis of the ACI
demonstrates, the dynamics of the debate itself appear to limit
I the degree to which 'public opinion' can be elevated above
'private interest'.
This thesis demonstrates that the mediation of the 'public
interest' assumed a central role in the rhetoric and strategy of
the ACI. Each of the key players represented distinct interests and were largely unaccountable to the 'public' they claimed to
serve. This thesis concludes that in order to gain a more detailed
understanding of how communication works in such a context,
and in order to conceive of alternative participatory forms, we
need to focus on those aspects of public discourse which Habermas neglects: the rhetoric and the strategic nature of public
representation. It suggests that fruitful avenues for further
study may lie with Bantz's notion of communicative structures or
Luhmann's systems approach to communication.
3
Ma, Yunlong. "Holistic assessment of the impacts of building energy code improvements on Australian commercial buildings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/205597/1/Yunlong_Ma_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis conducted a holistic investigation of the impacts of National Construction Code improvements on Australian commercial building performance from the energy, economic and environmental aspects. A customisation of the Best Code was established by comparing building energy codes in selected different countries. This study demonstrates significant financial and environmental benefits that Australia could achieve through more stringent building energy codes. The findings can inform the Australian government’s consideration of National Construction Code improvements in the current Regulation Impact Assessment process for the future, and contribute to promoting reductions in Australian building energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.
4
Flynn, John Michael. "Locally significant content on regional television : a case study of North Queensland commercial television before and after aggregation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16697/1/John_Michael_Flynn_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is an exploration of the fate which has befallen the regional commercial television industry in North Queensland in the wake of the aggregation policy introduced by the Federal Labor Government in 1990. More specifically, it examines the effectiveness of policy outcomes which stem from the Australian Broadcasting Authority's 2001 inquiry into the adequacy of regional and rural commercial television news and information services.
The research is primarily concerned with the quality of local content provided by regional commercial broadcasters in response to the implementation of the Australian Communications and Media Authority's points system for broadcast of matters of local significance. The policy outcomes are balanced against an historical context, which traces the regional commercial television industry in North Queensland back to its very beginning.
Regulatory reform has resulted in a basic level of news content being maintained. However the significance of elements of this news content to local viewers is minimal.
The reduction in local information content, despite being identified in the earliest stages of the ABA investigation, has not been adequately addressed by the reform process.
5
Flynn, John Michael. "Locally significant content on regional television : a case study of North Queensland commercial television before and after aggregation." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16697/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is an exploration of the fate which has befallen the regional commercial television industry in North Queensland in the wake of the aggregation policy introduced by the Federal Labor Government in 1990. More specifically, it examines the effectiveness of policy outcomes which stem from the Australian Broadcasting Authority's 2001 inquiry into the adequacy of regional and rural commercial television news and information services. The research is primarily concerned with the quality of local content provided by regional commercial broadcasters in response to the implementation of the Australian Communications and Media Authority's points system for broadcast of matters of local significance. The policy outcomes are balanced against an historical context, which traces the regional commercial television industry in North Queensland back to its very beginning. Regulatory reform has resulted in a basic level of news content being maintained. However the significance of elements of this news content to local viewers is minimal. The reduction in local information content, despite being identified in the earliest stages of the ABA investigation, has not been adequately addressed by the reform process.
6
Sullivan, Robert Emmett. "Trade, protection and taxation : the formation of Australian tariff policy, 1901-14." Phd thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145921.
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Kerley, Margot. "Commercial television in Australia: government policy and regulation, 1953 to 1963." Phd thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/13892.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Television came relatively late to Australia, but by 1950 the overriding issue
of whether to allow commercial as well as national television stations had
been settled in favour of a 'dual system', with reference to the examples of
Britain, Canada and the United States.
The Royal Commission on Television was set up in 1953 to determine the
residual details. It decided that television could be successfully regulated by
the Broadcasting Control Board which had proved itself a capable regulator
of radio broadcasting, and that television transmission channels would be
licensed to private individuals or companies selected by means of public
hearings. Television 'services' would, it was hoped, gradually be extended to
all major urban and regional centres in an equitable and orderly manner.
The weaknesses of the Broadcasting and Television Act 1956, began to be
manifest from the first round of licence hearings. The Control Board were
placed in an increasingly invidious position, caught between the market
imperatives which were driving the commercial television industry, and
the demands of a bevy of reformers who sought to change programme
outcomes to reflect a variety of minority interests.
Despite the existence of an avowed policy of 'localism', commercial
licensees were quick to form networks based initially on programme sharing
arrangements, but later extended by means of a web of minority
shareholdings in regional subsidiary companies.
8
Rollins, Adrian David. "The power to deal : the domestic origins of the shift in Australia's trade policy in the 1990s and early 2000s." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In mid-1997 the Cabinet of the Howard government decided to approve the
negotiation of explicitly preferential trade agreements, overturning a
political consensus that had developed over the preceding five decades that
trade policy should be non·discriminatory. The move indicated a
fundamental shift in the intent of trade policy, from being primarily a tool
for productivity-enhancing domestic economic reform to become much more
closely integrated with the government's domestic and international
political aims.
The purpose of this thesis is to assess how and why this polit,-y shift, with its
far-reaching implications for economic development, occurred. In seeking to
develop an account of the Howard government's decision to negotiate
preferential trade agreements, two propositions regarding state behaviour
and trade policy formation are examined. The first, which was espoused by
the Howard government itself, is that the decision to negotiate preferential
trade agreements was a pragmatic response to a changing international
policy environment characterized by faltering progress toward multilateral
trade liberalization and the proliferation of preferential trade agreements.
The second proposition, which owes much to work in the field of political
economy, is that trade policy is driven and shaped by the demands of
politically influential material-based societal interests.
In examining these propositions this study concludes that the international
environment is a necessary, but not in itself a sufficient, factor in explaining
the policy shift. Similarly, although organized economic interests were
important in helping implement the government's decision to negotiate
preferential trade agreements, they did not drive it.
Instead, the evidence gathered indicates that the Howard government's
decision to negotiate preferential trade agreements, though influenced by
developments in international trade policy and supported by some private interests, was driven by partisan political considerations. The findings of
this study indicate that Prime Minister John Howard and senior colleagues
viewed trade policy primarily as an instrument to help advance geopolitical
goals and domestic political and electoral ascendancy rather than as a
means to drive economic development and reform, and used it to that end.
In executing this strategy Howard and his advisers were aided by a political
institutional architecture in which an electorally-successful prime minister
could wield substantial trade policymaking authority - an arrangement that
fostered policy entrepreneurship of the kind that led to the negotiation of
the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement.
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Gruen, Nicholas John. "Economists, intra-industry trade and the Australian car industry." Phd thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144005.
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Yamaji, Hideki. ""Japan's policy-making process and the liberalization of the beef market in 1988"." Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/128792.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On 20 June 1988, after around four months of negotiations
between the two countries, Japan made an agreement with the United
States to liberalize the Japanese beef and citrus market fro. April
1991. Four days later it made an agreement with Australia which was
substantially the same as the one with the United States. This was
a remarkable achievement as many Western researchers believed at
the time that t he influence of the domestic agricultural lobby on
Japanese policy-making was such that Japan would not open up its
highly protected and less competitive domestic agricultural market.
This was based on a more general belief that because of the domestic
clout of protectionist agricultural groups within Japan, Japan would
not reciprocate benefits it had received from an international
trade regime predicated on free trade principles. The announcement
of the liberalization of Japan 's beef market in 1988 not only shook
this belief but also raised the question of whether this
announcement heralded a fundamental change in Japan's external
economic policy-making system, and eventually a change in Japan's
contribution to the international economic system. Despite the
noteworthy implications of the 1988 agreement, not much attention
has been paid to how the decision making process in Japan produced
such a decision.
Книги з теми "Commercial policy – Australia"
1
Bryan, Horrigan, Queensland University of Technology. Centre for Commercial and Property Law., and Queensland University of Technology. Research Concentration in Public Law., eds. Government law and policy: Commercial aspects. Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press, 1998.
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2
Networking: Commercial television in Australia : a history. Strawberry Hills, N.S.W: Currency House, 2012.
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3
M, Corden W. Protection and liberalization in Australia and abroad. [Adelaide]: University of Adelaide, 1995.
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4
The Political economy of manufacturing protection: Experiences of ASEAN and Australia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1986.
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5
Australia at the crossroads: Radical free market or a progressive liberalism? Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1998.
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6
Industry assistance: The inside story. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 1986.
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7
Commercial media in Australia: Economics, ownership, technology, and regulation. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1986.
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8
Goh, Jeffrey. The single aviation market of Australia and New Zealand. London: Cavendish, 2001.
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9
Snape, Richard H. Australian trade policy, 1965-1997: A documentary history. St. Leonards, NSW., Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1998.
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10
Government, international trade, and laissez-faire capitalism: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand's relations with Japan. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Commercial policy – Australia"
1
Massarotto, Paul. "Cost Benefit Analysis of Coalbed Methane Recovery Activities in Australia and New Zealand- Implications for Commercial Projects and Government Policy." In Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation, 33–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1062-6_4.
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2
Caelli, William J. "Commercial Key Escrow: An Australian perspective." In Cryptography: Policy and Algorithms, 40–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0032345.
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3
"Investor-state arbitration policy and practice in Australia." In International Commercial and Investor-State Arbitration, 313–77. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800880825.00021.
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Okonkwo, Paul C., El Manaa Barhoumib, Wesam H. Beitelmal, Israr I. U. Hassan, Michael Nnamdi Azubuike, Fadhil Khadoum Al Housnia, and Florence Jonathan. "The Uses of Renewable Energy in Buildings." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 257–74. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7023-4.ch012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Only 5% of Australia's energy utilization comes from renewables, while 86.3% of the electricity is produced from fossil fuels. Nonetheless, this pattern has been disturbed by the ongoing decommissioning and closure of old coal power plants, alongside the Australian policy to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Presently, Australia is at a pivotal phase of its change to renewable energy power generation and utilization specifically in residential and commercial buildings. Sustainability in renewable energy utilization is being achieved through guided government policies, reasonable energy costs, and improved energy technology transfer approaches. To give a refreshed delineation of renewable energy, related government policy, and the route ahead in the Australian setting, this chapter presents a deliberate Australia update with renewable energy generation and utilization in Australian buildings.
5
Marston, Greg, Louise Humpage, Michelle Peterie, Philip Mendes, Shelley Bielefeld, and Zoe Staines. "Resistance And Reform: Individual And Collective Agency." In Compulsory Income Management in Australia and New Zealand, 125–46. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447361497.003.0006.
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The chapter highlights individual and collective resistance to the material restrictions associated with ‘being on the card’. Resistance can occur through formal and informal channels, and it can be overt or covert as the participant interviews highlight. The sense of shame of ‘being on the card’ sometimes resulted in avoidance of public spaces and commercial settings where the devalued identity of being a ‘welfare recipient’ would be more visible to others. Other forms of resistance discussed in the chapter include attempting to circumvent income quarantining, such as buying approved goods with the card and selling them for cash. Covert resistance like this was perceived by participants as less risky than ‘overt resistance’ in the form of trading public protests, direct advocacy and coordinated campaigns. This chapter traces the public campaigns and policy activism, both off-line and online that have sought to change the policy settings. Interviews with community stakeholders from different trial sites are drawn upon to examine the effectiveness of ongoing campaigns and advocacy to have the compulsory income management trials halted.
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Dora, Neo. "Part I Legal and Practical Challenges to Traditional Trade Finance, 8 Injunctions to Restrain Payment on Independent Guarantees: ‘Unconscionability’ to Bolster the Fraud Exception." In Trade Finance. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198854470.003.0008.
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This chapter explores the grant of injunctions to restrain calls on independent guarantees based on the unconscionability exception to the autonomy principle. Using Singapore law as the primary basis for discussion, it explains the rationale and operation of the unconscionability exception and its relationship with the traditional fraud exception. This approach is compared with the UK approach, and brief reference is also made to the position in Australia and the USA. The chapter argues that the unconscionability exception is a justifiable policy response to address the potentially oppressive nature of performance bonds. If used sparingly and confined within narrow limits, this approach will promote integrity in the call on performance bonds without affecting the commercial usefulness of these instruments. The chapter also examines the situation where the underlying contract is affected by frustration or force majeure—a question which has become of greater prominence after the COVID-19 pandemic—and discusses whether the grant of an injunction to restrain payment on a performance bond in these circumstances can be supported based on the fraud or unconscionability exception or some other principle.
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Alger, Justin. "A “Paper Park” in the Australian Coral Sea." In Conserving the Oceans, 105–32. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197540534.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the fraught efforts of subsequent Australian governments to protect the Australian Coral Sea over a 10-year period. The political economy of the Australian Coral Sea made efforts to protect it a contested stakeholder battle between the government, environmental groups, the ecotourism sector, and the commercial and recreational fishing sectors. Moderate levels of commercial activity in the area forced the government to repeatedly water down regulations over its decade-long consultation process. The end result, this chapter argues, was a “paper park” that does little to protect ocean ecosystems. The Coral Sea process demonstrates the outsized influence that even relatively minor extractive industry interests can often have over conservation policy.
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Ragusa, Angela T. "The Impact of Sociocultural Factors in Multicultural Communication Environments." In Web-Based Education, 1661–83. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-963-7.ch112.
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Changes in the availability and quality of communicationtechnology have revolutionized, and fundamentally altered, learning environments. As citizens of the “Information Age,”the breadth and impact of global communication are triggering unprecedented transformation of social structures and institutions. This chapter explores theimpact of commodification on education when institutions of higher education sell knowledge as a commercial good. Thecontemporary phenomenon of distance education is increasingly offered and purchased by an international market which experiences heightened pressure for standardization from the global citizens it serves. It is argued here that technological changes necessitate reevaluation of communication processes, discursive practices, and organizational policies. To stay competitive and produce quality products for increasingly international audiences, institutions must create well-articulated policies. By providing insight on the impact multiple socio-cultural and communicative norms have on virtual communication, this research uses qualitative discursive analysis of caseexamples to examine how variance in the structure and delivery of virtual communication environments at a leadingdistance education university in Australia affects student satisfaction, perception, and learning outcomes. Whereas previous research fails to include a theoretical or conceptual framework, this work draws upon interdisciplinary work from the fields of sociology,education, and science and technology studies. How “cyberspace” changes interaction rituals, masks cultural norms, and alters entrenched social expectations by creating new sensitivities is discussed, along with theramifications of variation in technological availability, competence, and expectations in global classrooms. In sum, ideas for informing change in policy, administration, and the delivery of distance education and virtualcommunication in global environments are discussed to equip leaders and participants with skills to foster effective communicative and interaction strategies.
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Ragusa, Angela T. "The Impact of Sociocultural Factors in Multicultural Communication Environments." In Utilizing Information Technology Systems Across Disciplines, 279–300. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-616-7.ch018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Changes in the availability and quality of communication technology have revolutionized, and fundamentally altered, learning environments. As citizens of the “Information Age,” the breadth and impact of global communication are triggering unprecedented transformation of social structures and institutions. This chapter explores the impact of commodification on education when institutions of higher education sell knowledge as a commercial good. The contemporary phenomenon of distance education is increasingly offered and purchased by an international market which experiences heightened pressure for standardization from the global citizens it serves. It is argued here that technological changes necessitate reevaluation of communication processes, discursive practices, and organizational policies. To stay competitive and produce quality products for increasingly international audiences, institutions must create well-articulated policies. By providing insight on the impact multiple sociocultural and communicative norms have on virtual communication, this research uses qualitative discursive analysis of case examples to examine how variance in the structure and delivery of virtual communication environments at a leading distance education university in Australia affects student satisfaction, perception, and learning outcomes. Whereas previous research fails to include a theoretical or conceptual framework, this work draws upon interdisciplinary work from the fields of sociology, education, and science and technology studies. How “cyberspace” changes interaction rituals, masks cultural norms, and alters entrenched social expectations by creating new sensitivities is discussed, along with the ramifications of variation in technological availability, competence, and expectations in global classrooms. In sum, ideas for informing change in policy, administration, and the delivery of distance education and virtual communication in global environments are discussed to equip leaders and participants with skills to foster effective communicative and interaction strategies.
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"Throwing the baby out with the bathwater: Australias 2011-2013 policy shift against treaty-based investor-state arbitration." In International Commercial and Investor-State Arbitration, 260–87. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800880825.00019.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Commercial policy – Australia"
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Moore, Tahli, and Hao Zhang. "Life Cycle GHG Assessment of Mixed Construction and Demolition Waste Treatment for End of Life Recovery Facility Design: A Sydney, Australia Case Study." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22578.
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Abstract Historically in Australia, mixed Construction and Demolition waste, and Commercial and Industrial waste has been traditionally landfilled. As environmental impacts of landfilling is becoming more evident New South Wales policy makers and innovators have begun exploring an incineration strategy to use such waste to generate electricity. The objective of this study is to utilise life cycle assessment to evaluate GHG emissions from this waste treatment strategy and the environmental impact of a case study facility, in Sydney Australia. The system boundary includes the thermal treatment of waste through incineration, the electricity generation from the steam turbine and air pollution control processes involved within. The functional unit is based on 1 tonne of input mixed Construction and Demolition waste and Commercial and Industrial waste. GHG emissions are calculated and the result shows that the facility generates 0.994 MWh/tonne waste and 1.16 tCO2e/MWh electricity. This emission is lower than a brown coal fired powerplant emission factor 1.31 tCO2e/MWh. The results from this study assists understanding and policy making for the future of Energy-from-Waste as part of the generation mix in New South Wales, Australia.