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Статті в журналах з теми "Colonial fishery"

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Kang, Man-Ik. "Establishment and Operation of Jeju Island Fishermen’s Associations during the Japanese Colonial Era." Society for Jeju Studies 58 (August 31, 2022): 71–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.47520/jjs.2022.58.71.

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This study examines the establishment and operation of Jeju Island fishermen’s associations during the Japanese colonial era. Fishermen’s associations began to be established under the Joseon Fishery Ordinance and the Fishermen’s Associations Rule promulgated by the Japanese Government General of Korea in 1912, and the number of fishermen’s associations had since increased to approximately 200 by 1942. The first fishermen’s association established in Jeju Island is Woljeong-ri Fishermen’s Association in Woljeong-ri, Gujwa-myeon in 1916. The association was founded by Park Seong-il and other villagers as the anchovy fishery in Woljeong-ri had the largest catch in Jeju Island. Later, the Chuja-do Fishermen’s Association was established in 1919; the Jeju Island Haenyeo’s Association in 1920; and the Seogwi Fishermen’s Association in 1925. The 1929 promulgation of the Joseon Fishery Ordinance led to the establishment of myeon-unit fishermen’s associations in Jeju Island in the 1930s. Members of fishermen’s associations in Jeju Island protested against the tyranny of fishermen’s associations, as seen in the 1926 uprising by fishermen from the Chuja-do Fishermen’s Association and the 1932 anti-Japanese movement by haenyeo from the Jeju Island Fishermen’s Association. The study on Jeju Island fishermen’s associations will provide an opportunity to learn about the modern history of Jeju Island through fishermen’s associations.
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Pechar, L. "Long-term changes in fish pond management as ‘an unplanned ecosystem experiment’: importance of zooplankton structure, nutrients and light for species composition of cyanobacterial blooms." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0183.

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The study presents data on the species composition of cyanobacterial water blooms in Czech fish ponds from the 1950s to the 1990s. Since the 1950s, a shift from large-colonial Aphanizomenon flos-aquae var. flos-aquae through Microcystis aeruginosa and small-colonial species of Anabaena to single-filament species (Planktohrix agardhii, Limnothrix redekei, Aphanizomenon gracile) or single-cell forms (Microcystis ichtyoblabe), has been observed. The changes in the species composition of the water blooms are closely related to changes in fishery management (increase in fish stock, increase in application of organic fertilizers). At present the high predation of fish upon zooplankton results in elimination of large colonial blooms of A. flos-aquae associated with large filtering zooplankton (Daphnia). Low grazing pressure of zooplankton, low light conditions and low N:P ratios are suitable conditions for mass development of the small species of cyanobacteria. High pH is not necessary to achieve cyanobacteria dominance.
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Balazik, Matthew T., Greg C. Garman, Michael L. Fine, Christian H. Hager, and Stephen P. McIninch. "Changes in age composition and growth characteristics of Atlantic sturgeon ( Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ) over 400 years." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (March 17, 2010): 708–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0144.

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Populations of sturgeon (Acipenseridae) have experienced global declines, and in some cases extirpation, during the past century. In the current era of climate change and over-harvesting of fishery resources, climate models, based on uncertain boundary conditions, are being used to predict future effects on the Earth's biota. A collection of approximately 400-year-old Atlantic sturgeon spines from a midden in colonial Jamestown, VA, USA, allowed us to compare the age structure and growth rate for a pre-industrial population during a ‘mini-ice age’ with samples collected from the modern population in the same reach of the James River. Compared with modern fish, the colonial population was characterized by larger and older individuals and exhibited significantly slower growth rates, which were comparable with modern populations at higher latitudes of North America. These results may relate to higher population densities and/or colder water temperatures during colonial times.
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Choi, Sung Hwan. "The Status and Influence of Cheongsan-do Mackerel Fishery in the Japanese Colonial Era." Humanities Journal 50 (December 31, 2017): 215–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37981/hjhrisu.2017.12.50.215.

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Shim, Jae-Wook, and Won-Ho Ha. "The Exploitation and Utilization of East Sea Fishery Resources during the Japanese Colonial Era." Historical Association for Soong-Sil 38 (June 30, 2017): 229–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.16942/ssh.2017.38.06.07.

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Shim, Jae-Wook, and Won-Ho Ha. "The Exploitation and Utilization of East Sea Fishery Resources during the Japanese Colonial Era." Historical Association for Soong-Sil 38 (June 30, 2017): 229–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.16942/ssh.2017.38.6.07.

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von der Porten, Suzanne, Jeff Corntassel, and Devi Mucina. "Indigenous nationhood and herring governance: strategies for the reassertion of Indigenous authority and inter-Indigenous solidarity regarding marine resources." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 15, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180118823560.

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The modern-day reinvigoration of individual Indigenous nations around the world is connected to broader simultaneous movements of Indigenous nationhood worldwide. The origins, implications, philosophies, and diversities of Indigenous resurgences and resistances continue to be discussed in the growing body of literature on Indigenous governance. This article builds on these discussions by focusing on the applied tools and strategies of Indigenous resurgence. In the context of the Pacific herring fishery in British Columbia, Canada, this research explores the strategies and tools used by three Indigenous coastal nations to apply pressure on the colonial government to abdicate its asserted authority over herring governance. Motivated by a time-honored relationship to herring, we discuss how these Indigenous nations have strategized to try to regain authority over herring governance to protect species and Indigenous access to the fishery. We then discuss this ocean-based resurgence in the context of global Indigenous movements for the reassertion of self-determining authority.
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Rick, Torben C., Leslie A. Reeder-Myers, Courtney A. Hofman, Denise Breitburg, Rowan Lockwood, Gregory Henkes, Lisa Kellogg, et al. "Millennial-scale sustainability of the Chesapeake Bay Native American oyster fishery." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 23 (May 23, 2016): 6568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600019113.

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Estuaries around the world are in a state of decline following decades or more of overfishing, pollution, and climate change. Oysters (Ostreidae), ecosystem engineers in many estuaries, influence water quality, construct habitat, and provide food for humans and wildlife. In North America’s Chesapeake Bay, once-thriving eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) populations have declined dramatically, making their restoration and conservation extremely challenging. Here we present data on oyster size and human harvest from Chesapeake Bay archaeological sites spanning ∼3,500 y of Native American, colonial, and historical occupation. We compare oysters from archaeological sites with Pleistocene oyster reefs that existed before human harvest, modern oyster reefs, and other records of human oyster harvest from around the world. Native American fisheries were focused on nearshore oysters and were likely harvested at a rate that was sustainable over centuries to millennia, despite changing Holocene climatic conditions and sea-level rise. These data document resilience in oyster populations under long-term Native American harvest, sea-level rise, and climate change; provide context for managing modern oyster fisheries in the Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere around the world; and demonstrate an interdisciplinary approach that can be applied broadly to other fisheries.
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Braithwaite, Jeremy. "This is no longer a Bristol Bay Fishery”: Fisheries dispossession and colonial violence in Bristol Bay, Alaska." Marine Policy 143 (September 2022): 105172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105172.

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Cadigan, Sean T. "Merchant Capital, the State, and Labour in a British Colony: Servant-Master Relations and Capital Accumulation in Newfoundland’s Northeast-Coast Fishery, 1775-1799." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031026ar.

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Abstract This paper uses a case study of class struggle in the late-eighteenth-century Newfoundland fishery to examine the relationship between merchant capital and the employment of wage labour in staple production in early colonial development. Using a modified version of the staple model which emphasises the role of the class relations and institutional structures of staple industries on long-term development, it finds that British regulation of wages to protect the migratory fishery stymied the extensive employment of wage labour by resident planters. Evidence drawn from court records suggests that fishing servants used the law to prevent erosion of wages due from planters at the end of a fishing season by ignoring mandatory preseason contracts or account overcharges. Servants enjoyed less, but still formidable, success in winning suits brought about by masters for neglect. By using wage law beyond the intentions of its British makers, servants forced planters increasingly to rely on family labour rather than wage labour. The struggles of wage labourers with their employers, rather than merchant conservatism as such, contributed to Newfoundland's long-term domination by merchant truck with fishing families.
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Дисертації з теми "Colonial fishery"

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Checa, Leigh Carmen. "FISHER, John. Minas y Mineros en el Perú Colonial, 1976-1824. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima 1977; 256 págs; (Serie Estudios Históricos)." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122242.

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Opondo, Paul Abiero. "Fishers and fish traders of lake victoria : colonial of fish and the development of fish production in Kenya, 1880-1978." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4301.

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The developemnt of fisheries in Lake Victoria is faced with a myriad challenges including overfishing, environmental destruction, disappearance of certain indigenous species and pollution. All these problems can be located within the social, economic and political systems that exists today and in the past. This thesis, ‘Fishers and Fish Traders of Lake Victoria : Colonial Policy and the Development of Fish Production in Kenya, 1880-1978’, argues that the Luo fishers had their own indigenous techniques of fishing, modes of preservation and systems of management that ensured sustainable utilisation of fisheries. The thesis examines the role of the Luo fishers in the sustainable usage of the Lake Victoria fisheries. The British colonial settlers came up with new policies of plantation and commercial farming, taxation and forced labour, all of which encouraged the Luo fishers to partially break with their pre-colonial systems and create new ways of responding to the demands of the colonial state. The study argues that the coming of colonialism and its attendant capitalism introduced new fishing gear as well as new species, such as mbuta, that were inimical to the sustainable utilisation of the Lake Victoria fisheries. The colonial regime also introduced new practices of fisheries management such as scouts, licensing, closed seasons and the numbering of boats, practices geared towards ensuring the commercial production and development of the fisheries. This commercialisation led to cut-throat competition between Asian, European and African fish traders. The coming of independence in 1963 brought some changes, such as the provision of credit facilities, new technology, and attempts by the new African government to more effectively control and manage the fisheries. However, not much changed in terms of policy objectives, and most of the colonial policies remained unchanged. New industries were established around the fisheries, but most remained in the hands of Asians and a few African middlemen. The small-scale fishers continued to struggle against the commercialisation of fishery production, remaining voiceless and marginalised. The study recommends an all inclusive participatory approach to solve the problems currently affecting the Lake Victoria fisheries.
History
DLITT (History)
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Книги з теми "Colonial fishery"

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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to amend the 31st section of the Fishery act. Quebec: Thompson, Hunter, 2003.

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Stirrat, R. L. On the beach: Fishermen, fishwives, and fishtraders in the post-colonial Lanka. Delhi: Hindustan Pub. Corp., 1988.

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Barman, Rup Kumar. Fisheries and fishermen: A socio-economic history of fisheries and fishermen of colonial Bengal and post-colonial West Bengal. Delhi: Abhijeet Publications, 2008.

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Stirrat, R. L. On the beach: Fishermen, fishwives and fishtraders in post-colonial Lanka. Delhi: Hindustan Publishing Corporation, 1988.

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Great Britain. Colonial Office. Laws and regulations now in force in the undermentioned colonies, relative to the fisheries. [London: HMSO, 2002.

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Chalmers, George. Opinions of eminent lawyers on various points of English jurisprudence. Buffalo, N.Y: W.S. Hein, 1987.

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Fisher, Jabez Maud. A Quaker's tour of the Colonial Northeast and Canada: The 1773 travel journals of Jabez Maud Fisher of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Press, 2014.

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Great Britain. Colonial Office. Papers relative to the fisheries of British North America. London: G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswood, 2004.

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Parliament, Great Britain. A bill to enable His Majesty to make regulations with respect to the taking and curing fish in certain parts of the coasts of Newfoundland, Labrador, and His Majesty's other possessions in North America, according to a convention made between His Majesty and the United States of America. [London: s.n., 2004.

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Great Britain. Colonial Office. Papers relative to the fisheries of British North America. London: Harrison, 2004.

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Частини книг з теми "Colonial fishery"

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Minard, Pete. "Regulating and Understanding Victorian Fisheries." In All Things Harmless, Useful, and Ornamental, 57–71. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651613.003.0005.

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This chapter investigates local fisheries and fish species in Victoria. The ASV’s fisheries regulation policies and fisheries management program are outlined to create an understanding of the commercial potential of Australian fisheries and the protection of fishes. The analysis of fishery management illustrates the actions of local fishermen and the damages done to them during and after the gold rush. The investigation of commercial fishery provides insight on the Murray Darling river system, the labouring of the Yorta Yorta people, and Chinese merchants and fishermen. Local fishermen argued that their Chinese competitors used nets with a very fine mesh, destroying immature fish that they thought unfit for market. This practice would bring Chinese fishermen into conflict with the ASV and the colonial government’s fish protection policies as they developed in the mid-1860s. Also discussed are the controversies over taxonomic relationships among fish species and how declining fish stocks initiated protective regulation. Overall, the chapter illustrates how the ASV attempted to restore and improve Victorian fisheries.
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Truxes, Thomas M. "Introduction." In The Overseas Trade of British America, 1–16. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300159882.003.0001.

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Historians of the early modern Atlantic have long recognized the connection between commerce and colonies—“unthinkable each without the other,” wrote Charles McLean Andrews, the great historian of colonial America. The bond between commerce and colonies is nowhere more plain than in the overseas trade of British America. The centrality of trade is evident in the blueprint for an English America that Richard Hakluyt laid before Queen Elizabeth I in 1584; in the commercial potential of Newfoundland cod; in the transformative impact of tobacco on the first permanent English New World settlement at Jamestown early in the seventeenth century; in how the Georges Bank fishery and West Indian trade rescued the Massachusetts economy in the 1640s; and in the consequences of sugar production on England’s fragile colonial settlements in the eastern Caribbean. Trade built British America; trade enriched it; and a dispute over trade in the third quarter of the eighteenth century led to its breakup and the birth of the United States of America....
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Djumanto, Muhammad Erdi Lazuardi, Imam Musthofa Zainudin, and Sukma Ridarwati. "The Role of Marine-Protected Areas as A Life Support for Fishery Communities: Indonesian Perspective." In Protected Area Management - Recent Advances. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100214.

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This chapter examines relevant literature on marine-protected areas (MPAs) development and their benefit to support fishery communities in Indonesia. The MPAs concepts experienced since Indonesia’s kingdoms eras, continuing the Dutch Colonial period, the next post-independence, and the period from 2000 to the present. One of the functions of MPAs is as a source of livelihood for fishery communities. The size of MPAs in the year 2000 was around 2.6 million hectares (ha) and significantly increased in 2021 up to 23.3 million ha. The size of MPAs is growing along with forming the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. The Indonesian government targets MPAs of 32.5 million ha or 10% of the territorial sea of the archipelago. The involvement of stakeholders in the utilization and management of MPAs ensures the area’s sustainability and environmental safety. It improves the welfare of fishermen through the availability of fish resources. Therefore, in the purpose of protecting ecological assets, even though the literature sources were limited, our finding suggests that many MPAs involving local communities and traditional management can become the foundation of the fishery community’s livelihood.
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Zallen, Jeremy. "Dragged up Hither from the Bottom of the Sea." In American Lucifers, 13–56. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653327.003.0002.

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Beginning with the rise of the American whale fishery in the 1750s, this chapter explores the violent accumulation and circulation of energy embodied in whales. The lives and struggles of workers across the Atlantic world were caught up in the politics and processes of producing oil lights. Enslaved Africans forced into nightwork in West Indian sugar houses, the London poor confronting new state-sponsored street lamps, cotton mill laborers, and Pacific mariners were tangled together around common threads of American whale oils. American deep-sea whaling voyages first triggered a street lighting revolution that radiated from London to Europe and America, while a New England run trade in spermaceti candles, whale oil, slaves, and sugar helped illuminate and circulate the people and goods caught up in colonial transatlantic sugar slavery. Later, American whale oils lubricated an industrial revolution in cotton manufacturing, while fugitive slaves and free blacks carved out a geography of freedom in the globe-spanning Quaker-run fishery. As these entwined revolutions in night and cotton intensified in the antebellum period, they overwhelmed the capacity of the American fishery to meet the demand for both light and lubrication, even as ship masters drove whalemen on harder and longer voyages for less pay.
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Poling, Gregory B. "America and the Free Seas, Part I." In On Dangerous Ground, 34–52. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197633984.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the challenges to the colonial-era norms governing freedom of the seas, including from the United States, which eventually led to the Truman Proclamations on the continental shelf and fishery management. It explores the unforeseen consequences of those proclamations and the unsuccessful post-Truman efforts to control the fallout, which eventually led to the first two United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea. The chapter examines how those conferences formalized many concepts of modern maritime law, including the continental shelf, but left key disagreements unresolved. Throughout, the chapter examines the role of the various Southeast Asian claimants in these debates.
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Jarvis, Michael J. "Islands of Settlement." In Islands and the British Empire in the Age of Sail, 55–76. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847229.003.0004.

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North Atlantic islands played a key role in early English imperial expansion as critical sites of precedent and experimentation. From John Cabot’s first landing in 1497, Newfoundland gave England both a claim to America and a base for an enormously profitable fishery. Further south, and following its initial accidental English occupation in 1609, Bermuda became England’s first fully settled overseas colony. Furthermore, and crucially, it provided a template for colonial success that was widely copied throughout the Caribbean. New England’s Nantucket Island offers a third maritime-oriented imperial site of innovation as a uniquely successful seventeenth-century whaling base. This chapter highlights the contributions these different North Atlantic islands made in British imperial expansion and their changing roles across time, especially in the wake of the American Revolution.
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Dixon, Wheeler Winston. "A Working Director." In The Films of Terence Fisher, 147–80. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325345.003.0004.

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This chapter talks about the completion of Four Sided Triangle, which was received as just another science-fiction programmer at the time, and marked no immediate advance in Terence Fisher's status as a director. It discusses the importance of rehearsal to Fisher, sp much that even in his lowest budgeted films, he always insisted on some time to work with the actors on the floor. It also describes how Fisher rehearsed the actors just before the cameras rolled and shot the scene immediately when he was happy with the results. The chapter recounts Fisher's method of working on a film in 1973, from the first day of shooting onward. It looks at Fisher's work in television, such as his directorial work on an episode of Colonel March of Scotland Yard in 1956, a half-hour detective series with occasional supernatural overtones.
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"Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing." In Benthic Habitats and the Effects of Fishing, edited by JEREMY S. COLLIE, JEROME M. HERMSEN, PAGE C. VALENTINE, and FRANK P. ALMEIDA. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569605.ch62.

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<em><strong>Abstract. </strong></em>This study assessed the effects of disturbance to benthic communities and the rate of recovery in an area closed to bottom fishing. The study site was the gravel sediment habitat on the northern edge of Georges Bank, which is an important fishing ground and a nursery area for juvenile fish. On eight cruises to this area from 1994 to 2000, we collected dredge samples and photographs from sites of varying depths and with varying degrees of disturbance from otter trawling and scallop dredging. We assessed the megafaunal communities at two adjacent sites in Canadian waters, one heavily fished and the other only lightly trawled. The lightly trawled site (84-m water depth) had significantly higher numerical abundance and biomass of benthic megafauna than did the heavily fished site. There were also marked differences in community composition between the two sites: the undisturbed site was characterized by fragile species— shrimps, polychaetes, and brittle stars—that live in the complex habitat provided by colonial epifauna, which is not present at the disturbed site (80 m). We also monitored the recovery of a previously disturbed shallow area (47 m) that was closed to bottom fishing in January 1995. In the closed area (Closed Area II), we observed significant shifts in species composition and significant increases in abundance (4×), biomass (18×), production (4×), and epifaunal cover. Among the taxa that have increased are species of crabs, molluscs, polychaetes, and echinoderms. Species-dominance curves reversed following the closure, with species abundance progressively decreasing and species biomass progressively increasing, as large animals came to dominate the biomass. Results of this and prior studies have been used by the New England Fishery Management Council to designate and maintain a Habitat Area of Particular Concern for juvenile Atlantic cod <em>Gadus morhua</em>.
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Dickens, Charles. "To Colonel Fisher, 3 July 1868." In The British Academy/The Pilgrim Edition of the Letters of Charles Dickens, Vol. 12: 1868–1870, edited by Graham Storey, 146. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00120149.

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Robinson, D. H. "‘Events Abroad’." In The Idea of Europe and the Origins of the American Revolution, 381–400. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862925.003.0011.

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This concluding chapter recapitulates the argument of The Idea of Europe and the Origins of the American Revolution, and offers a few reflections on the post-revolutionary period. It traces its implications of colonial geopolitical thinking for the competing American futurities of Thomas Jefferson and Fisher Ames after 1783, as well as the transition from formal to effective independence and American foreign policy in the nineteenth century and beyond.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Colonial fishery"

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Chriscoe, Mackenzie, Rowan Lockwood, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colonial National Historical Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2291851.

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Colonial National Historical Park (COLO) in eastern Virginia was established for its historical significance, but significant paleontological resources are also found within its boundaries. The bluffs around Yorktown are composed of sedimentary rocks and deposits of the Yorktown Formation, a marine unit deposited approximately 4.9 to 2.8 million years ago. When the Yorktown Formation was being deposited, the shallow seas were populated by many species of invertebrates, vertebrates, and micro-organisms which have left body fossils and trace fossils behind. Corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, worms, crabs, ostracodes, echinoids, sharks, bony fishes, whales, and others were abundant. People have long known about the fossils of the Yorktown area. Beginning in the British colonial era, fossiliferous deposits were used to make lime and construct roads, while more consolidated intervals furnished building stone. Large shells were used as plates and dippers. Collection of specimens for study began in the late 17th century, before they were even recognized as fossils. The oldest image of a fossil from North America is of a typical Yorktown Formation shell now known as Chesapecten jeffersonius, probably collected from the Yorktown area and very likely from within what is now COLO. Fossil shells were observed by participants of the 1781 siege of Yorktown, and the landmark known as “Cornwallis Cave” is carved into rock made of shell fragments. Scientific description of Yorktown Formation fossils began in the early 19th century. At least 25 fossil species have been named from specimens known to have been discovered within COLO boundaries, and at least another 96 have been named from specimens potentially discovered within COLO, but with insufficient locality information to be certain. At least a dozen external repositories and probably many more have fossils collected from lands now within COLO, but again limited locality information makes it difficult to be sure. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for Colonial National Historical Park (COLO). Although COLO fossils have been studied as part of the Northeast Coastal Barrier Network (NCBN; Tweet et al. 2014) and, to a lesser extent, as part of a thematic inventory of caves (Santucci et al. 2001), the park had not received a comprehensive paleontological inventory before this report. This inventory allows for a deeper understanding of the park’s paleontological resources and compiles information from historical papers as well as recently completed field work. In summer 2020, researchers went into the field and collected eight bulk samples from three different localities within COLO. These samples will be added to COLO’s museum collections, making their overall collection more robust. In the future, these samples may be used for educational purposes, both for the general public and for employees of the park.
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