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Статті в журналах з теми "Colonial Americas"

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Fredrick, Sharonah. "Mayan and Andean Medicine and Urban Space in the Spanish Americas." Renaissance and Reformation 44, no. 2 (October 5, 2021): 147–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v44i2.37524.

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Mayan and Andean medicine included empirical perspectives and botanical cures that were transmitted in the urban spaces of colonial Spanish America, spaces themselves built over former Amerindian cities. Mayan and Andean peoples, whose histories included development of both urban and rural aspects of civilization, brought their medical knowledge to the Hispanic cities of the colonial Americas. In these cities, despite the disapproval and persecution of the Inquisition, Native American medicine gradually became part of the dominant culture. As this article will demonstrate, Mayan and Andean medical knowledge was absorbed by the “new cities” that Imperial Spain constructed in the colonial Americas, church disapproval notwithstanding. Cities and urban space became prime conduits for the circulation and incorporation of Native American medical knowledge among the newer Hispanic and mestizo population in the colonial Americas.
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Fredrick, Sharonah. "Mayan and Andean Medicine and Urban Space in the Spanish Americas." Renaissance and Reformation 44, no. 2 (October 5, 2021): 147–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v44i2.37524.

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Mayan and Andean medicine included empirical perspectives and botanical cures that were transmitted in the urban spaces of colonial Spanish America, spaces themselves built over former Amerindian cities. Mayan and Andean peoples, whose histories included development of both urban and rural aspects of civilization, brought their medical knowledge to the Hispanic cities of the colonial Americas. In these cities, despite the disapproval and persecution of the Inquisition, Native American medicine gradually became part of the dominant culture. As this article will demonstrate, Mayan and Andean medical knowledge was absorbed by the “new cities” that Imperial Spain constructed in the colonial Americas, church disapproval notwithstanding. Cities and urban space became prime conduits for the circulation and incorporation of Native American medical knowledge among the newer Hispanic and mestizo population in the colonial Americas.
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COATSWORTH, JOHN H. "Inequality, Institutions and Economic Growth in Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 3 (July 17, 2008): 545–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x08004689.

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AbstractThis essay examines three recent historical approaches to the political economy of Latin America's relative economic backwardness. All three locate the origins of contemporary underdevelopment in defective colonial institutions linked to inequality. The contrasting view offered here affirms the significance of institutional constraints, but argues that they did not arise from colonial inequalities, but from the adaptation of Iberian practices to the American colonies under conditions of imperial weakness. Colonial inequality varied across the Americas; while it was not correlated with colonial economic performance, it mattered because it determined the extent of elite resistance to institutional modernisation after independence. The onset of economic growth in the mid to late nineteenth century brought economic elites to political power, but excluding majorities as inequality increased restrained the region's twentieth-century growth rates and prevented convergence.
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Geloso, Vincent. "Predation, Seigneurial Tenure, and Development in French Colonial America." Social Science History 44, no. 4 (2020): 747–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.24.

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AbstractThere is substantial debate over the colonial origins of divergence within the Americas. In this debate, the French Empire has been largely ignored even though, until 1760, it included Canada. This article uses recent empirical advances in our knowledge of the colonial Canadian economy to introduce the role of French institutions—most notably the institution of seigneurial tenure—into the debate on the colonial origins of divergence. It argues that the institution of seigneurial tenure in Canada when it was under French rule (up to 1760) had predatory features that help to explain why Canada was the poorest of the North American colonies.
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Woolley, Christopher. "Missions and Missionaries in the Americas:A Special Teaching and Research Collection of The Americas." Americas 74, S2 (September 13, 2017): S4—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2017.90.

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For more than 70 years,The Americas, a publication of the Academy of American Franciscan History, has been a leading forum for scholars studying the history of Spanish America's colonial missions. As the articles collected from the journal for this special issue show, the general trend has been to move beyond the hagiographic treatment of missionaries and towards a more complex understanding of the historical roles played by the colonial missions in rural life.
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Rebok, Sandra. "A New Approach: Alexander von Humboldt's Perception of Colonial Spanish America as Reflected in his Travel Diaries." Itinerario 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300000073.

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AbstractThis study presents an in-depth analysis of Alexander von Humboldt's description and criticism of the various colonial societies of Spanish America which he visited during his well-known expedition through the Americas (1799–1804). His criticism of colonialism in general, deeply rooted in his personal convictions, has already been the focal point of several scholarly studies; however, during his American expedition Humboldt offered a more differentiated assessment of specific colonial societies, namely by comparing various regional and local traditions and developments. This differentiated assessment of Spanish American colonial societies has yet to be analysed. This essay focuses on Humboldt's little known personal diaries, which offer a wealth of interesting comments on colonial societies, but which have been scarcely used in international Humboldt research, since they have not yet been translated entirely.
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Allen, Robert C., Tommy E. Murphy, and Eric B. Schneider. "The Colonial Origins of the Divergence in the Americas: A Labor Market Approach." Journal of Economic History 72, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 863–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050712000629.

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This article introduces the Americas in the Great Divergence debate by measuring real wages in various North and South American cities between colonization and independence, and comparing them to Europe and Asia. We find that for much of the period, North America was the most prosperous region of the world, while Latin America was much poorer. We then discuss a series of hypotheses that can explain these results, including migration, the demography of the American Indian populations, and the various labor systems implemented in the continent.
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Fitzpatrick, Ian, and Mike Fitzpatrick. "Colonial American Fitzpatrick Settlers Part I: Making Sense of One Line." Journal of the Fitzpatrick Clan Society 1 (2020): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.48151/fitzpatrickclansociety00220.

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Before the turn of the 17th century the settlement of Irish in the Americas lacked permanence. Soon after, Irish came to North America and the Caribbean in a steady flow, and by the mid 18th century a flood of Irish and Scotch-Irish had settled in the Americas. The reasons for that settlement were many and varied, as were the geographic origins and lineages of those Fitzpatricks among the influx. This article provides a review of the forces that pushed and pulled Irish and Scotch-Irish to the Americas. By way of example, a single Fitzpatrick line demonstrates how messy traditional genealogy of early Colonial American Fitzpatricks can get. That messiness is due in no small part to the cut and paste functionality at websites such as ancestry.com. But by careful review of authentic historical records, caution with speculative associations, and the power of Y-DNA analysis, it is possible to untangle the mess and bring back some much-needed clarity. In this article, the example used is that of the well-known colonial-settler William Fitzpatrick (born ca. 1690 AD), of Albemarle County, Virginia, who arrived in North American ca. 1728. Two living ancestors of William have been found to share a common ancestry from ca. 1650 AD — both bear a genetic mutation (FT15113) specific to William's line; this enables the ready identification of male descendants of William.
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Clark, Emily. "MOVING FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTRE: THE NON-BRITISH IN COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA." Historical Journal 42, no. 3 (September 1999): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99008687.

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Life and religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758. By A. J. B. Johnston. London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984, paperback edition, 1996. Pp. xxxii+227. ISBN 0-7735-1525-9. £12.95.The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's first city government, 1769–1803. By Gilbert C. Din and John E. Harkins. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii+330. ISBN 0-8071-2042-1. £42.75.Revolution, romanticism, and the Afro-Creole protest tradition in Louisiana, 1718–1868. By Caryn Cossé Bell. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+325. ISBN 0-8071-2096-0. £32.95.Hopeful journeys: German immigration, settlement and political culture in colonial America, 1717–1775. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. Pp. xii+257. ISBN 0-8122-1548-6. £15.95.Britannia lost the war of American independence but still reigns over the historiography of colonial North America. This is a problem now that historians of early America have embarked on an attempt to apply an Atlantic world perspective to colonial development. The complex web of human, cultural, economic, and political encounters and exchanges among Europe, Africa, and the Americas spreads well beyond the familiar terrain of Britain and its thirteen mainland colonies. While the histories of Indians and enslaved Africans are beginning to find their way into the historical narrative of early America to challenge the British hegemony, non-British Europeans remain virtually invisible, except as opponents in the imperial wars that punctuated the colonial era. These four books illustrate obstacles that must be overcome to remedy this gap and offer glimpses of the rewards to be gained by drawing the history of continental Europeans previously treated as peripheral into the centre of the major debates currently shaping early American history.
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Millones Figueroa, Luis. "In Search of Colonial Americas." Early American Literature 38, no. 1 (2003): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eal.2003.0013.

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Дисертації з теми "Colonial Americas"

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Huang, Yi. "Borderland without Borders: Chinese Diasporic Women Writers in the Americas." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/559.

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This project seeks to expand Asian American studies and Asian North American studies to the Caribbean/South America by examining works of SKY Lee, Maxine Hong Kingston and Jan Shinebourne. I argue that these writers represent Chinese diasporic experiences by reconstructing Chinese immigration history to the Americas. Although different racial constitutions and different cultural and historical specificities occasion the racializations of the Chinese in these regions, the colonial and neocolonial powers deploy similar mechanism for racializations and cultural politics that favors the dominant. These writers’ evocation of the nomadic female subjectivity that traverses the multiple and shifting borderlands and contact zones in their narratives offers a comparative perspective on the construction of ethnic female identity across the Americas and leads to a critique of the function of (neo)colonial power in identity and social formation in the Americas. Engaging in a hemispheric study of the Chinese immigration to the Americas, this project also contributes to recent scholarship on diasporic studies as it challenges the conventional categorization of global diasporas, specifically Chinese diaspora as diaspora of trade, and destabilizes the homeland/hostland binary with an account of the secondary migrations within the Americas. Drawing on recent scholarship on diasporic, hemispheric and women’s studies, and global Asian immigration, the Introduction outlines the methodology of the project. Chapter one examines Lee’s "Disappearing Moon Café," arguing that in this family saga Lee repoliticizes the marginalization of the Chinese by exploring the relationship between Chinese and American Indians against the broad racial relationships in Canada. Chapter two reexamines autobiography as a genre and contends that Kingston documents anti-Chinese U.S. immigration history in "The Woman Warrior" and "China Men" by narrating her family genealogy, which mirrors the collective history of Chinese immigration to the Americas. Chapter three focuses on Shinebourne’s representations of creolized Chinese experiences in "The Last English Plantation" and "Timepiece" against the background of Afro- and Indo-Guyanese conflicts in colonial Guyana. While Lee and Kingston foster transpacific dialogues, Shinebourne’s works depict the intersecting experiences of Chinese, East Indian and African diasporas. Her works foreground the historical and political connection of Asian indentureship with African slavery as an alternative labor source for the colonial economy in the Caribbean and Latin America and hence make evident the extension of European Atlantic system to the Pacific
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Storey, Ann Elizabeth. "The identical synthronos Trinity : representation, ritual and power in the Spanish Americas /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6228.

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Gómez-i-Aznar, Èric. "Three essays in human capital formation. From colonial institutions in the Americas to early Catalan industrialization." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670684.

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This doctoral thesis aims to investigate the role of human capital in some of the most economically dynamic areas under the control of the Hispanic monarchy. The period covered by this study extends from the 18th century, in regions that formed part of the colonial empire during the Old Regime, or in the peninsula itself during the pre-industrial period, to the creation of the 19th-century mass education systems during the transition to the liberal state. First, this research attempts to contribute to the debate on the role of institutions in human capital formation, transmission and persistence. With this objective in mind, an analysis of the case of the Guarani missions, which were established and led by the Jesuits in the 18th century, was performed. Moreover, it presents new quantitative evidence that encompasses a theoretical framework for reviewing the paradox of human capital and early industrialization in Catalonia from the beginning of the 18th century until the eve of the Civil War. In order to provide new indicators that contribute to a quantitative discussion on economic history, this research focused on the simplest form of human capital: basic literacy (the ability to read and write) and numeracy (the ability to count). After a review of the existing literature linking human capital and economic development in the introduction (Chapter 1), three essays are presented. The first, in Chapter 2, uses the age-heaping methodology to analyse the level of numeracy achieved by the Guarani missions during the 18th century, in which the Jesuits were responsible for educating the indigenous population, within the colonial context of the modern period, and allows for an assessment of the weight of institutions in human capital formation and transmission. The results reveal the high levels of numeracy achieved by the Jesuit missions and a wide diversity of institutions and situations within territories under the colonial rule of the Hispanic kings during the modern period, when the areas with the greatest economic dynamism had some institution that facilitated the transmission of elementary human capital; they also reveal, however, that the more extractive institutions hindered this process. Next, Chapter 3 focuses on Catalonia at the beginning of the 18th century and, using the same age-heaping methodology, examines the level of human capital in a varied sample of Catalan localities and by various occupations and social classes. Early 18th-century Catalonia had arithmetic levels that were relatively high in certain sectors, occupations and social groups and, more importantly, that were comparable to other dynamic areas of Europe. These contributions are consistent with the literature that examined the role that may have been played by useful knowledge in the promotion of innovation in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution to explain how economies embarked upon the path to modern economic growth. The third essay, in Chapter 4, then sets out to study the municipal-scale evolution of literacy rates in Catalonia between 1860 and 1930, for both men and women, in a key period for Catalan society and economy. The results show that in 1860, urban areas of Catalonia had higher literacy rates, although there were notable exceptions, and that the evolution between 1860 and 1900 was marked by a significant improvement that did not lead to increased territorial inequalities unlike the situation in Spain as a whole. Finally, Chapter 5 of the thesis presents some conclusions and proposes that a reassessment of the human capital paradox and early industrialization by means of new quantitative indicators from the European periphery, specifically in the case of Catalonia, may contribute to the debate on the measurement of human capital accumulation and its relationship with economic development.
Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu investigar el paper del capital humà en algunes de les àrees econòmicament més dinàmiques sota el control de la monarquia hispana. El període cobert per aquest estudi s'estén des del segle XVIII, en les regions que van formar part de l'imperi colonial durant l'Antic Règim, o en la mateixa península durant el període preindustrial, fins a la creació dels sistemes d'educació massiva de segle XIX durant la transició a l'estat liberal. En primer lloc, aquesta investigació intent contribuir al debat sobre el paper de les institucions en la formació, transmissió i persistència del capital humà. Amb aquest objectiu, s'ha realitzat una anàlisi del cas de les missions guaranís, establertes i dirigides pels jesuïtes al segle XVIII. A més, es presenten noves proves quantitatives que abasten un marc teòric per revisar la paradoxa el capital humà i la industrialització primerenca a Catalunya des de principis de segle XVIII fins a la vigília de la Guerra Civil. Per tal de proporcionar nous indicadors que contribueixin a un debat quantitatiu sobre la història econòmica, aquesta investigació es va centrar en la forma més simple de capital humà: l'alfabetització bàsica (la capacitat de llegir i escriure) i el càlcul (la capacitat de comptar). Després d'un examen de la bibliografia existent que vincula el capital humà i el desenvolupament econòmic en la introducció (Capítol 1), es presenten tres assajos. El primer, en el capítol 2, utilitza la metodologia de càlcul numèric per edats per analitzar el nivell de coneixements numèrics assolit per les missions guaranís durant el segle XVIII, en què els jesuïtes es van encarregar d'educar a la població indígena, en el context colonial del període modern, i permet avaluar el pes de les institucions en la formació i transmissió del capital humà. Els resultats revelen els alts nivells de capacitat numèrica assolits per les missions jesuítiques i una gran diversitat d'institucions i situacions dins dels territoris sota el domini colonial dels reis hispànics durant el període modern, quan les zones de major dinamisme econòmic comptaven amb alguna institució que facilitava la transmissió del capital humà elemental; també revelen, però, que les institucions més extractives obstaculitzaven aquest procés. A continuació, el capítol 3 se centra en la Catalunya de principis de segle XVIII i, utilitzant la mateixa metodologia de l'època, examina el nivell de capital humà en una variada mostra de localitats catalanes i per diverses ocupacions i classes socials. La Catalunya de principis de segle XVIII tenia nivells aritmètics relativament alts en determinats sectors, ocupacions i grups socials i, el que és més important, eren comparables a altres zones dinàmiques d'Europa. Aquestes contribucions són coherents amb la literatura que va examinar el paper que poden haver exercit els coneixements útils en la promoció de la innovació en les primeres fases de la Revolució Industrial per a explicar com les economies van emprendre el camí cap al creixement econòmic modern. A continuació, el tercer assaig, en el capítol 4, es proposa estudiar l'evolució a escala municipal de les taxes d'alfabetització a Catalunya entre 1860 i 1930, tant d'homes com de dones, en un període clau per a la societat i l'economia catalanes. Els resultats mostren que en 1860, les zones urbanes de Catalunya tenien taxes d'alfabetització més elevades, tot i que amb notables excepcions, i que l'evolució entre 1860 i 1900 es va caracteritzar per una important millora que no va provocar un augment de les desigualtats territorials, a diferència de la situació en el conjunt d'Espanya. Finalment, en el capítol 5 de la tesi es presenten algunes conclusions i es proposa que una reavaluació de la paradoxa el capital humà i de la industrialització primerenca mitjançant nous indicadors quantitatius de la perifèria europea, concretament en el cas de Catalunya, pot contribuir al debat sobre el mesurament de l'acumulació de capital humà i la seva relació amb el desenvolupament econòmic.
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Coughlin, Michael G. "Colonial Catholicism in British North America: American and Canadian Catholic Identities in the Age of Revolution." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108063.

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Thesis advisor: André Brouillette
Thesis advisor: Maura Jane Farrelly
The purpose of this thesis is to better understand American colonial Catholicism through a comparative study of it with Catholicism in colonial Canada, both before and after the British defeat of the French in 1759, in the period of the American Revolution. Despite a shared faith, ecclesiastical leaders in Canada were wary of the revolutionary spirit and movement in the American colonies, participated in by American Catholics, and urged loyalty to the British crown. The central question of the study is as follows: why did the two groups, American Catholics (the Maryland Tradition) and Canadian Catholics (the Quebec Tradition), react so differently to British colonial rule in the mid eighteenth-century? Developing an understanding of the religious identities of American and Canadian Catholics and their interaction during the period will help shed light on their different approaches to political ideals of the Enlightenment and their Catholic faith
Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry
Discipline: Sacred Theology
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Mateer, Evan. "Colonial Union : plans to unite the American colonies from 1696 to 1763." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1457.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Arts and Humanities
History
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Lindsay, Amanda J. "Controversy on the Mountain: Post Colonial Interpretations of the Crazy Horse Memorial." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1604332472945685.

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Thomas, David. "THE ANXIOUS ATLANTIC: WAR, MURDER, AND A “MONSTER OF A MAN” IN REVOLUTIONARY NEW ENGLAND." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/538853.

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History
Ph.D.
On December 11, 1782 in Wethersfield, Connecticut, a fifty-two year old English immigrant named William Beadle murdered his wife and four children and took his own life. Beadle’s erstwhile friends were aghast. William was no drunk. He was not abusive, foul-tempered, or manifestly unstable. Since arriving in 1772, Beadle had been a respected merchant in Wethersfield good society. Newspapers, pamphlets, and sermons carried the story up and down the coast. Writers quoted from a packet of letters Beadle left at the scene. Those letters disclosed Beadle’s secret allegiance to deism and the fact that the War for Independence had ruined Beadle financially, in his mind because he had acted like a patriot not a profiteer. Authors were especially unnerved with Beadle’s mysterious past. In a widely published pamphlet, Stephen Mix Mitchell, Wethersfield luminary and Beadle’s one-time closest friend, sought answers in Beadle’s youth only to admit that in ten years he had learned almost nothing about the man print dubbed a “monster.” This macabre story of family murder, and the fretful writing that carried the tale up and down the coast, is the heart of my dissertation. A microhistory, the project uses the transatlantic life, death, and print “afterlife” of William Beadle to explore alienation, anonymity, and unease in Britain’s Atlantic empire. The very characteristics that made the Atlantic world a vibrant, dynamic space—migration, commercial expansion, intellectual exchange, and revolutionary politics, to name a few—also made anxiety and failure ubiquitous in that world. Atlantic historians have described a world where white migrants crisscrossed the ocean to improve their lives, merchants created new wealth that eroded the power of landed gentry, and ideas fueled Enlightenment and engendered revolutions. The Atlantic world was indeed such a place. Aside from conquest and slavery, however, Atlantic historians have tended to elide the uglier sides of that early modern Atlantic world. William Beadle crossed the ocean three times and recreated himself in Barbados and New England, but migrations also left him rootless—unknown and perhaps unknowable. Transatlantic commerce brought exotic goods to provincial Connecticut and extended promises of social climbing, but amid imperial turmoil, the same Atlantic economy rapidly left such individuals financially bereft. Innovative ideas like deism crossed oceans in the minds of migrants, but these ideas were not always welcome. Beadle joined the cause of the American Revolution, but amid civil war, it was easy to run afoul of neighboring patriots always on the lookout for Loyalists. Beadle was far from the only person to suffer these anxieties. In the aftermath of the tragedy, commentators strained to make sense of the incident and Beadle’s writings in light of similar Atlantic fears. The story resonated precisely because it raised worries that had long bubbled beneath the surface: the anonymous neighbor from afar, the economic crash out of nowhere, modern ideas that some found exhilarating but others found distressing, and violent conflict between American and English. In his print afterlife, William Beadle became a specter of the Atlantic world. As independence was won, he haunted Americans as well, as commentators worried he was a sign that the American project was doomed to fail.
Temple University--Theses
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Carroll, Nicole. "African American History at Colonial Williamsburg." W&M ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626197.

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Schmidt, Hannah. "Surviving Plymouth: Causes of Change in Wampanoag Culture in Colonial New England." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2223.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Hannah J. Schmidt, for the Master of Arts degree in History, presented on May 23, 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. (Do not use abbreviations.) TITLE: Surviving Plymouth: Causes of Change in Wampanoag Culture in Colonial New England MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Kay J. Carr The following research investigates the relationship between the Wampanoag tribe and English colonists of Southeastern Massachusetts throughout the seventeenth century. The Wampanoags, under the leadership of grand sachem Massasoit, were the first people to befriend members of the Plymouth Colony upon their landing in Massachusetts Bay in November 1620. The relationship that was built between the two groups was instrumental in establishing English colonial rule throughout the region that would later expand beyond Massachusetts. The dynamics of this relationship and the subsequent political, economic, and cultural dominance of the English throughout New England led to massive changes in Wampanoag culture and practices. Because of the early timing and unique closeness of their friendship, it is necessary to examine the Wampanoag tribe’s interactions with the colonists as a distinct experience that is, in many ways, specific to their tribe and cannot wholly be a depiction of larger relations between the English colonists and Native American groups of the period. The distinctive nature of the Wampanoag-English relationship is also particularly enlightening to the conflicting dynamic between native perspectives and practices and that which the English colonists brought with them and later imposed. The ideas of each group informed how they interacted with each other throughout the seventeenth century. Upon the establishment of English dominance throughout the region, the ideological frameworks within English settler-colonialism, in conjunction with environmental and other economic influences, threatened traditional Wampanoag culture and practices and led to an immense transformation in Wampanoag ways of living that was both willingly and unwillingly adopted.
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Wickman, Thomas. "Snowshoe Country: Indians, Colonists, and Winter Spaces of Power in the Northeast, 1620-1727." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10439.

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This dissertation is a political and environmental history of winter in the colonial Northeast during some of the coldest years of the Little Ice Age. Unlike conventional histories of Atlantic encounters and environmental change, which overwhelmingly concern the warmer half of the year, this dissertation asks how encounters and ecological change functioned in the colder half of the year. Indians and English settlers adapted differently to the vicissitudes of climate change in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, respectively creating winter spaces of power within the varied landscapes of the Maritime Peninsula. This dissertation takes a broad geographical view of the Northeast and incorporates political ecology into the history of early America, stressing the importance of conflicts over access to long-distance travel routes and wild resources, both along the coasts and in the vast uplands. Using captivity narratives, diaries, letters, treaty minutes, and war records, it recovers the ways that winter knowledge and winter technologies both inhibited and facilitated colonialism in the Northeast. Over the course of the seventeenth century, settlers transformed winter ecologies along the coasts and isolated indigenous people in cold conditions. In response, Native Americans increasingly spent longer winters in the interior uplands, dividing themselves into family hunting bands, drawing sustenance and power from wild environments that colonists could not reach, and launching winter raids upon vulnerable English towns. The last quarter of the seventeenth century, one of the coldest periods of the last millennium, presented comparative advantages to mobile Indians, whose snowshoes kept them afloat in times of deep and long lying snows. In the early eighteenth century, however, the English systematically adopted this same indigenous technology to use against Native Americans, disrupting the activities of family hunting bands and raiding parties. English patrols on snowshoes penetrated Native Americans’ winter hunting grounds as never before, and with this winter strategy, colonial leaders attempted to impose a new political ecology in the greater Northeast. Conquest of the northern uplands was incomplete, however, leading to slow and sparse settlement in the interior and leaving ample opportunities for indigenous people to return to their winter lands.
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Книги з теми "Colonial Americas"

1

Gage, Susan. Colonialism in the Americas: A critical look. Victoria, B.C: Victoria International Development Education Association, 1991.

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Bernier, Marc André, Clorinda Donato, and Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, eds. Jesuit Accounts of the Colonial Americas. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442663480.

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Dambrosio, Monica. The Americas in the Colonial era. [Milwaukee: Raintree, 1993.

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Bushnell, Amy Turner. Establishing Exceptionalism: Historiography and the Colonial Americas. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315256146.

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Amy, Turner Bushnell, ed. Establishing exceptionalism: Historiography and the colonial Americas. Aldershot, Hampshire, Great Britain: Variorum, 1995.

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Lemay, J. A. Leo 1935-, Mulford Carla 1955-, and Shields David S, eds. Finding colonial Americas: Essays honoring J.A. Leo Lemay. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 2001.

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Greene, Roland Arthur. Unrequited conquests: Love and empire in the colonial Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

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Ralph, Bauer, Mazzotti José Antonio 1961-, Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture., and Society of Early Americanists, eds. Creole subjects in the colonial Americas: Empires, texts, identities. Chapel Hill: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by the University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

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9

Parker, Lewis K. English colonies in the Americas. New York: PowerKids Press, 2003.

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Parker, Lewis K. Dutch colonies in the Americas. New York: PowerKids Press, 2003.

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Частини книг з теми "Colonial Americas"

1

Fernández, Juan Marchena. "Colonial economies." In The Routledge Handbook to the History and Society of the Americas, 48–56. Abingdon, Oxon; N.Y., NY: Routledge, [2019]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351138703-5.

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Cavieres, Eduardo. "Colonial rule." In The Routledge Handbook to the History and Society of the Americas, 57–66. Abingdon, Oxon; N.Y., NY: Routledge, [2019]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351138703-6.

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Bianca, Brigidi, and F. Brooks James. "Indo-Hispano Borderlands in the Americas." In The World of Colonial America, 59–82. Names: Gallup-Diaz, Ignacio, 1963- editor.Title: The world of colonial America : an Atlantic handbook/edited by Ignacio Gallup-Diaz.Description: New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315767000-5.

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Schwartz, Stuart B. "Brazil: The Colonial Period." In Establishing Exceptionalism: Historiography and the Colonial Americas, 173–99. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315256146-8.

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Justin, Roberts. "The Development of Slavery in the British Americas." In The World of Colonial America, 123–49. Names: Gallup-Diaz, Ignacio, 1963- editor.Title: The world of colonial America : an Atlantic handbook/edited by Ignacio Gallup-Diaz.Description: New York: Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315767000-9.

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Slabodsky, Santiago E. "De-colonial Jewish Thought and the Americas." In Postcolonial Philosophy of Religion, 251–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2538-8_14.

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Cipolla, Craig N. "Theorizing Indigenous-Colonial Interactions in the Americas." In The Routledge Handbook of the Archaeology of Indigenous-Colonial Interaction in the Americas, 109–25. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429274251-9.

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de la Carrera, Cristián Roa. "Translating Nahua Rhetoric: Sahagún’s Nahua Subjects in Colonial Mexico." In Rhetorics of the Americas, 69–87. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230102118_5.

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Bernier, Marc André, Clorinda Donato, and Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink. "Introduction." In Jesuit Accounts of the Colonial Americas, edited by Marc André Bernier, Clorinda Donato, and Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, 1–18. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442663480-002.

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Imbruglia, Girolamo. "1. A Peculiar Idea of Empire: Missions and Missionaries of the Society of Jesus in Early Modern History." In Jesuit Accounts of the Colonial Americas, edited by Marc André Bernier, Clorinda Donato, and Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, 21–49. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442663480-003.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Colonial Americas"

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Pérez Gallego, Francisco, and Rosa María Giusto. "La influencia de Pedro Luis Escrivá en el sistema defensivo colonial de América." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11340.

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The influence of Pedro Luis Escrivá in the American colonial defense systemThe architect and military engineer Pedro Luis Escrivá (1490 ca. - sixteenth century), at the service of Charles V of Habsburg and the Viceroyal Court of Naples, built two bastioned fortifications designed to considerably influence the subject of territorial defense structures: The quadrangular Spanish Fort of L'Aquila (1534-1567) and the reconstruction of the Sant’Elmo Castle in Naples (1537), with an elongated six-pointed stellar plan, served as a reference point for the European and American fortifications of the period. Due to its size and versatility, the model adopted in L’Aquila was widely used in the Latin American context between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. It is found in countries that were Hispanic colonies such as Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Argentina and Uruguay; as well as in the Hispanic domains of the United States and in some of the dependent territories of the Portuguese crown, in Brazil. Based on a historical-architectural and contextual analysis of these structures, the effects of the “cultural transfer” between Europe and America will be investigated with respect to the model devised by Escrivá to promote its cultural valorization.
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Clark, Kenneth, Elisa Del Bono, and Antonio Luna Garcia. "The Geography of Power in South America: Divergent Patterns of Domination in Spanish and Porteguese Colonies." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.21.

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The authors of this paper explore the geography of power in South America as expressed by Spain and Portugal in their different patterns of development in colonial America. The paper outlines the political position of each country during the Age of Discovery, the political attitudes of each and the resultant urban morphologies and spatial organizations developed by each colonial power. A close examination of two South American colonial cities one Spanish, one Portuguese-reveals that the Spanish urban pattern promoted a hierarchy of interconnected cities of gridded layout, with key state and religious functions strategically located in relationship to the plaza. Portugal, in contrast, created a series of isolated commercial-military towns, of informal morphology with key state and religious functions distributed according to topography. Two case studies of Spanish and Portuguese colonial cities clearly illustrate the divergent policies and patterns of spatial control of these two important colonizing powers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
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Tapia Uriona, Roxana. "Contribuciones para la construcción de la teoría sobre la ciudad latinoamericana." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Maestría en Planeación Urbana y Regional. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6037.

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Los estudios realizados sobre la ciudad latinoamericana siempre han estado ligados a modelos teóricoconceptuales europeos dada la herencia colonial o a patrones de influencia norteamericana principalmente, el presente trabajo, defiende la idea de que la ciudad latinoamericana tiene códigos propios, si bien innegablemente se desarrolló bajo el soporte físico de la ciudad colonial y en su desarrollo tuvo diversas influencias, fue la ciudadanía quien la transformó a partir de sus usos y costumbres, de igual forma que hizo con el arte colonial, desarrolló un “sincretismo urbano”. Para entender las lógicas de la ciudad actual latinoamericana, debemos estudiar su código genético, apoyándonos en la arqueología como herramienta de trabajo para extraer las señas de identidad que se transmitieron en el tiempo desde aquellas sociedades precolombinas e ir superponiendo los diferentes periodos históricos que transformaron morfológicamente las ciudades, extrayendo elementos singulares que puestos en relación con los demás, crearon nuevas estructuras. Studies Latin American city have always been linked to theoretical and conceptual European models given the colonial legacy or patterns of American influence mainly the present study supports the idea that Latin American city has its own codes, although undeniably was developed under the physical support of the colonial city and its development had different influences, citizenship who was transformed from their customs, just as he did with the colonial art, he developed an "urban syncretism " . To understand the logic of the current Latin American city, we must study its genetic code, relying on archeology as a tool to extract the hallmarks that were transmitted in time from those pre-Columbian societies and go superimposing different historical periods morphologically transformed cities, extracting unique elements brought into relation with others, created new structures.
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Redmann, Christopher P. "Incorporating animation technologies into tools for colonial American education." In ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 educators programme. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1507713.1507735.

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Макаров, Е. П. "PROBLEMS OF RELATIONSHIP OF LOCAL ELITES AND COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION OF VIRGINIA ON THE EVE OF THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.21.32.011.

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В работе анализируются особенности политической и экономической обстановки, сложив-шейся в Виргинии к началу 1760-х гг. Отдельного внимания заслуживает проблема формирования самосознания торгово-финансовой элиты Виргинии, заметного на фоне международных полити-ческих процессов данного периода. Обратившись к вопросу неоднородности виргинской колони-альной элиты, а также выделив участников колониального политического процесса, можно про-следить становление и эволюцию виргинской аристократии в период обострения противоречий между колониальным обществом и властью метрополии. The paper analyzes the features of the political and economic situation that had developed in Virginia by the beginning of the 1760s. Special attention should be paid to the problem of the formation of self-awareness of the commercial and financial elite of Virginia, noticeable against the background of the international political processes of this period. Turning to the issue of the heterogeneity of the Virginian colonial elite, as well as highlighting the participants in the colonial political process, one can trace the process of the formation and evolution of the Virginian aristocracy during the period of aggravation of the contradictions between colonial society and the power of the metropolis.
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Viotti, Ana. "The utopia of a healthy land: Leprosy reports in Portuguese colonial America." In The 2nd International Multidisciplinary Congress Phi 2016 – Utopia(S) – Worlds and Frontiers of the Imaginary. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315265322-55.

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Pan, Wen. "Brave Eves: an Evaluation of American Womenrs Marital Life in the Colonial Period." In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.311.

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Campos, João. "The superb Brazilian Fortresses of Macapá and Príncipe da Beira." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11520.

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During the eighteenth century Portugal developed a large military construction process in the Ultramarine possessions, in order to compete with the new born colonial trading empires, mainly Great Britain, Netherlands and France. The Portuguese colonial seashores of the Atlantic Ocean (since the middle of the sixteenth century) and of the Indian Ocean (from the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century) were repeatedly coveted, and the huge Portuguese colony of Brazil was also harassed in the south during the eighteenth century –here due to problems in a diplomatic and military dispute with Spain, related with the global frontiers’ design of the Iberian colonies. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) had specifically abrogated the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Portugal and Spain, and the limits of Brazil began to be defined on the field. Macapá is situated in the western branch of Amazonas delta, in the singular cross-point of the Equator with Tordesillas Meridian, and the construction of a big fortress began in the year of 1764 under direction of Enrico Antonio Galluzzi, an Italian engineer contracted by Portuguese administration to the Commission of Delimitation, which arrived in Brazil in 1753. In consequence of the political panorama in Europe after the Seven Years War (1756-1763), a new agreement between Portugal and Spain was negotiated (after the regional conflict in South America), achieved to the Treaty of San Idefonso (1777), which warranted the integration of the Amazonas basin. It was strategic the decision to build, one year before, the huge fortress of Príncipe da Beira, arduously realized in the most interior of the sub-continent, 2000 km from the sea throughout the only possible connection by rivers navigation. Domingos Sambucetti, another Italian engineer, was the designer and conductor of the jobs held on the right bank of Guaporé River, future frontier’s line with Bolivia. São José de Macapá and Príncipe da Beira are two big fortresses Vauban’ style, built under very similar projects by two Italian engineers (each one dead with malaria in the course of building), with the observance of the most exigent rules of the treaties of military architecture.
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Pizzi, M. "Fortification system in Valdivia, Chile: relevant Spanish colonial urban settlement expressions transferred to America." In DEFENCE HERITAGE 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/dshf140301.

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Тимонин, М. А. "EPISODES OF THE PAMPHLET WAR: EXPERIENCE IN STUDYING CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PREREQUISITES INDEPENDENCE OF THE USA." In ИНСТИТУТЫ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ГРАЖДАНИНА В ИСТОРИИ РОССИИ. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56777/lawinn.2023.27.52.016.

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Актуальной задачей отечественной историко-правовой науки на современном этапе ее развития является выработка нового взгляда на предысторию США. Целью работы является анализ процесса формирования конституционно-правовых предпосылок независимости США, в том числе, борьбы колонистов за неукоснительное соблюдение одного из принципов британской конституции на территории Северной Америки, выраженного лозунгом - нет налогов без представительства. Исследование позволило выявить незавершенность британского конституционного права на всех его уровнях, включая право самой метрополии и её колоний. Чем и воспользовались лидеры американских патриотов, которые к своей выгоде использовали как неустойчивость, так и неопределенность правоотношений, сложившихся между имперским центром и колониями. An urgent task of the national historical and legal science at the present stage of its development is to develop a new look at the prehistory of the United States. The purpose of the work is to analyze the process of formation of the constitutional and legal prerequisites for the independence of the United States, including the struggle of the colonists for strict observance of one of the principles of the British Constitution in North America, expressed by the slogan - no taxes without representation. The study revealed the incompleteness of British constitutional law at all its levels, including the law of the metropolis itself and its colonies. This was what the leaders of the American patriots took advantage of, who used to their advantage both the instability and the uncertainty of the legal relations that had developed between the imperial center and the colonies.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Colonial Americas"

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Rodrigues-Moura, Enrique, and Christina Märzhauser. Renegotiating the subaltern : Female voices in Peixoto’s «Obra Nova de Língua Geral de Mina» (Brazil, 1731/1741). Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-57507.

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Out of ~11.000.000 enslaved Africans disembarked in the Americas, ~ 46% were taken to Brazil, where transatlantic slave trade only ended in 1850 (official abolition of slavery in 1888). In the Brazilian inland «capitania» Minas Gerais, slave numbers exploded due to gold mining in the first half of 18th century from 30.000 to nearly 300.000 black inhabitants out of a total ~350.000 in 1786. Due to gender demographics, intimate relations between African women and European men were frequent during Antonio da Costa Peixoto’s lifetime. In 1731/1741, this country clerk in Minas Gerais’ colonial administration, originally from Northern Portugal, completed his 42-page manuscript «Obra Nova de Língua Geral de Mina» («New work on the general language of Mina») documenting a variety of Gbe (sub-group of Kwa), one of the many African languages thought to have quickly disappeared in oversea slaveholder colonies. Some of Peixoto’s dialogues show African women who – despite being black and female and therefore usually associated with double subaltern status (see Spivak 1994 «The subaltern cannot speak») – successfully renegotiate their power position in trade. Although Peixoto’s efforts to acquire, describe and promote the «Língua Geral de Mina» can be interpreted as a «white» colonist’s strategy to secure his position through successful control, his dialogues also stress the importance of winning trust and cultivating good relations with members of the local black community. Several dialogues testify a degree of agency by Africans that undermines conventional representations of colonial relations, including a woman who enforces her «no credit» policy for her services, as shown above. Historical research on African and Afro-descendant women in Minas Gerais documents that some did not only manage to free themselves from slavery but even acquired considerable wealth.
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Lindert, Peter, and Jeffrey Williamson. American Colonial Incomes, 1650-1774. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19861.

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Grubb, Farley. Colonial American Paper Money and the Quantity Theory of Money: An Extension. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22192.

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McCallum, Bennett. Money and Prices in Colonial America: A New Test of Competing Theories. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3383.

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Williamson, Jeffrey. Latin American Inequality: Colonial Origins, Commodity Booms, or a Missed 20th Century Leveling? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20915.

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Graubart, Karen. Imperial Conviviality: What Medieval Spanish Legal Practice Can Teach Us about Colonial Latin America. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/graubart.2018.08.

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Chriscoe, Mackenzie, Rowan Lockwood, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colonial National Historical Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2291851.

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Colonial National Historical Park (COLO) in eastern Virginia was established for its historical significance, but significant paleontological resources are also found within its boundaries. The bluffs around Yorktown are composed of sedimentary rocks and deposits of the Yorktown Formation, a marine unit deposited approximately 4.9 to 2.8 million years ago. When the Yorktown Formation was being deposited, the shallow seas were populated by many species of invertebrates, vertebrates, and micro-organisms which have left body fossils and trace fossils behind. Corals, bryozoans, bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, worms, crabs, ostracodes, echinoids, sharks, bony fishes, whales, and others were abundant. People have long known about the fossils of the Yorktown area. Beginning in the British colonial era, fossiliferous deposits were used to make lime and construct roads, while more consolidated intervals furnished building stone. Large shells were used as plates and dippers. Collection of specimens for study began in the late 17th century, before they were even recognized as fossils. The oldest image of a fossil from North America is of a typical Yorktown Formation shell now known as Chesapecten jeffersonius, probably collected from the Yorktown area and very likely from within what is now COLO. Fossil shells were observed by participants of the 1781 siege of Yorktown, and the landmark known as “Cornwallis Cave” is carved into rock made of shell fragments. Scientific description of Yorktown Formation fossils began in the early 19th century. At least 25 fossil species have been named from specimens known to have been discovered within COLO boundaries, and at least another 96 have been named from specimens potentially discovered within COLO, but with insufficient locality information to be certain. At least a dozen external repositories and probably many more have fossils collected from lands now within COLO, but again limited locality information makes it difficult to be sure. This paleontological resource inventory is the first of its kind for Colonial National Historical Park (COLO). Although COLO fossils have been studied as part of the Northeast Coastal Barrier Network (NCBN; Tweet et al. 2014) and, to a lesser extent, as part of a thematic inventory of caves (Santucci et al. 2001), the park had not received a comprehensive paleontological inventory before this report. This inventory allows for a deeper understanding of the park’s paleontological resources and compiles information from historical papers as well as recently completed field work. In summer 2020, researchers went into the field and collected eight bulk samples from three different localities within COLO. These samples will be added to COLO’s museum collections, making their overall collection more robust. In the future, these samples may be used for educational purposes, both for the general public and for employees of the park.
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Grubb, Farley. Chronic Specie Scarcity and Efficient Barter: The Problem of Maintaining an Outside Money Supply in British Colonial America. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18099.

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Gutiérrez Rodríguez, Encarnación. Entangled Migrations The Coloniality of Migration and Creolizing Conviviality. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/rodriguez.2021.35.

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Анотація:
This Working Paper discusses entangled migrations as territorially and temporally entangled onto-epistemological phenomena. As a theoretical-analytical framework, it addresses the material, epistemological and ethical premises of spatial-temporal entanglements and relationality in the understanding of migration as a modern colonial phenomenon. Entangled migrations acknowledges that local migratory movements mirror global migrations in complex ways, engaging with the analysis of historical connections, territorial entrenchments, cultural confluences, and overlapping antagonistic relations across nations and continents. Drawing on European immigration to the American continent and specifically to Brazil in the 19th century, this argument is tentatively developed by discussing two opposite moments of entangled migrations, the coloniality of migration and creolizing conviviality. To do this, the paper engages first with the theoretical framework of spatial-temporal entanglements. Second, it approaches the coloniality of migration. Finally, it briefly discusses creolizing conviviality.
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Grubb, Farley. Is Paper Money Just Paper Money? Experimentation and Variation in the Paper Monies Issued by the American Colonies from 1690 to 1775. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17997.

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