Готові списки джерел за темами / Collective and individual risk

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Collective and individual risk"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Collective and individual risk"

1

RUMAR, KÁRE. "Collective risk but individual safety." Ergonomics 31, no. 4 (April 1988): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138808966695.

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2

Mitello, Lucia, and Fabrizio Rufo. "Individual Risk and Collective Fears:." Topoi 23, no. 2 (2004): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-004-5383-8.

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3

Bach, F. H., J. A. Fishman, N. Daniels, J. Proimos, B. Anderson, C. B. Carpenter, L. Forrow, S. C. Robson, and H. V. Fineberg. "Uncertainty in xenotransplantation: Individual benefit versus collective risk." Nature Medicine 4, no. 2 (February 1998): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0298-141.

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4

Sosna, Matthew M. G., Colin R. Twomey, Joseph Bak-Coleman, Winnie Poel, Bryan C. Daniels, Pawel Romanczuk, and Iain D. Couzin. "Individual and collective encoding of risk in animal groups." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 41 (September 23, 2019): 20556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905585116.

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Анотація:
The need to make fast decisions under risky and uncertain conditions is a widespread problem in the natural world. While there has been extensive work on how individual organisms dynamically modify their behavior to respond appropriately to changing environmental conditions (and how this is encoded in the brain), we know remarkably little about the corresponding aspects of collective information processing in animal groups. For example, many groups appear to show increased “sensitivity” in the presence of perceived threat, as evidenced by the increased frequency and magnitude of repeated cascading waves of behavioral change often observed in fish schools and bird flocks under such circumstances. How such context-dependent changes in collective sensitivity are mediated, however, is unknown. Here we address this question using schooling fish as a model system, focusing on 2 nonexclusive hypotheses: 1) that changes in collective responsiveness result from changes in how individuals respond to social cues (i.e., changes to the properties of the “nodes” in the social network), and 2) that they result from changes made to the structural connectivity of the network itself (i.e., the computation is encoded in the “edges” of the network). We find that despite the fact that perceived risk increases the probability for individuals to initiate an alarm, the context-dependent change in collective sensitivity predominantly results not from changes in how individuals respond to social cues, but instead from how individuals modify the spatial structure, and correspondingly the topology of the network of interactions, within the group. Risk is thus encoded as a collective property, emphasizing that in group-living species individual fitness can depend strongly on coupling between scales of behavioral organization.
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5

Liu, Haiyan, and Ruodu Wang. "COLLECTIVE RISK MODELS WITH DEPENDENCE UNCERTAINTY." ASTIN Bulletin 47, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 361–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2017.4.

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Анотація:
AbstractWe bring the recently developed framework of dependence uncertainty into collective risk models, one of the most classic models in actuarial science. We study the worst-case values of the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the Expected Shortfall (ES) of the aggregate loss in collective risk models, under two settings of dependence uncertainty: (i) the counting random variable (claim frequency) and the individual losses (claim sizes) are independent, and the dependence of the individual losses is unknown; (ii) the dependence of the counting random variable and the individual losses is unknown. Analytical results for the worst-case values of ES are obtained. For the loss from a large portfolio of insurance policies, an asymptotic equivalence of VaR and ES is established. Our results can be used to provide approximations for VaR and ES in collective risk models with unknown dependence. Approximation errors are obtained in both cases.
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6

VAN BINSBERGEN, JULES H., DIRK BROEDERS, MYRTHE DE JONG, and RALPH S. J. KOIJEN. "Collective pension schemes and individual choice." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 2 (December 16, 2013): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000371.

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Анотація:
AbstractCollective pension schemes are the dominant form of saving for retirement in the Netherlands. We investigate the introduction of individual choices into a collective pension system without affecting the generally accepted advantages of a collective agreement. Increasing individual choices can be beneficial, as it prevents pension plans from making decisions for the average plan participant that may not be optimal for individual participants. We argue for a system in which individuals choose from a set of low-cost balanced index funds, together with a level of intergenerational guarantees that are exchange-traded. This system maintains the two primary advantages of collective agreements: risk sharing and low implementation costs, while facilitating different risk taking behavior at the individual level. To facilitate individual choices within collective pension schemes, it is important to enhance the transparency associated with intergenerational guarantees to all participants in the scheme, both in terms of their price and quantity. We argue that the current system, in which long-term guarantees are given by the young to the old within a specific fund but not across pension funds, is not transparent and we argue that it can be suboptimal. We propose a system ofPension Guarantee Exchanges(PGEs) that increase transparency and allow pension funds with different age distributions to trade with each other. Knowing the price of such guarantees facilitates the introduction of individual portfolio choices within collective pension schemes.
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7

Verrall, R. J. "The individual risk model: a compound distribution." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 116, no. 1 (June 1989): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100036465.

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Анотація:
The two approaches to modelling aggregate claims—the individual and the collective models—have been regarded as arising by considering a portfolio of policies in different ways. The individual risk model (IRM) is derived by considering the claims on individual policies and summing over all policies in the portfolio, while the collective risk model (CRM) is derived from the portfolio as a whole. This is sometimes held to be the main difference between the IRM and the CRM. In fact the IRM can be derived in exactly the same way as the CRM and can be regarded as a compound binomial distribution. This makes a unified treatment of risk models possible, simplifies the calculation of the mean and variance of the IRM, and facilitates the calculation of higher moments.
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8

Abdel-Aty, Mohamed, and Anurag Pande. "Crash data analysis: Collective vs. individual crash level approach." Journal of Safety Research 38, no. 5 (January 2007): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2007.04.007.

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9

McDonald, Nicholas D., Sean A. Rands, Francesca Hill, Charlotte Elder, and Christos C. Ioannou. "Consensus and experience trump leadership, suppressing individual personality during social foraging." Science Advances 2, no. 9 (September 2016): e1600892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600892.

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Анотація:
Whether individual behavior in social settings correlates with behavior when individuals are alone is a fundamental question in collective behavior. However, evidence for whether behavior correlates across asocial and social settings is mixed, and no study has linked observed trends with underlying mechanisms. Consistent differences between individuals in boldness, which describes willingness to accept reward over risk, are likely to be under strong selection pressure. By testing three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in a risky foraging task alone and repeatedly in shoals, we demonstrate that the expression of boldness in groups is context-specific. Whereas personality is repeatable in a low-risk behavior (leaving a refuge), the collectively made consensus decision to then cross the arena outweighs leadership by bolder individuals, explaining the suppression of personality in this context. However, despite this social coordination, bolder individuals were still more likely to feed. Habituation and satiation over repeated trials degrade the effect of personality on leaving the refuge and also whether crossing the arena is a collective decision. The suppression of personality in groups suggests that individual risk-taking tendency may rarely represent actual risk in social settings, with implications for the evolution and ecology of personality variation.
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10

Kaas, R., A. E. van Heerwaarden, and M. J. Goovaerts. "Between Individual and Collective Model for the Total Claims." ASTIN Bulletin 18, no. 2 (November 1988): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.18.2.2014950.

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Анотація:
AbstractThis article studies random variables whose stop-loss rank falls between a certain risk (assumed to be integer-valued and non-negative, but not necessarily of life-insurance type) and the compound Poisson approximation to this risk. They consist of a compound Poisson part to which some independent Bernoulli-type variables are added.Replacing each term in an individual model with such a random variable leads to an approximating model for the total claims on a portfolio of contracts that is computationally almost as attractive as the compound Poisson approximation used in the standard collective model. The resulting stop-loss premiums are much closer to the real values.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Collective and individual risk"

1

Deavers, Frances. "Modeling Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women in a Court-Ordered Substance Treatment Program." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6264.

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Анотація:
Developing a comprehensive model of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) risk factors and their inter-relationships is vital to improving methods of risk identification and treatment delivery. The CDC posed three general categories that may serve as a framework for such a model: sexual network, individual behavior, and social/ structural risk. None of the extant risk models incorporate measures from all three categories. Additionally, none of these models, generally focused on individual behavior, use medical data on infection as their outcome variable. This is problematic because the ultimate outcome of infection is also influenced by sexual network and social/ structural variables, in addition to individual behaviors. Therefore the current study aimed to develop a comprehensive model of risk incorporating sexual network, individual behavior, and social/ structural risk variables, using medical data on infection status as the outcome variable. The sample consisted of 506 women in a court-ordered substance treatment program. An Exploratory Factor Analysis provided preliminary evidence for a three factor model corresponding to the CDC framework. However, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis failed to confirm this model. Additionally, a logistic regression suggested that this model has limited clinical utility for this sample. Future studies may more conclusively determine the importance of various STI risk variables, the relationships between them, and whether they mirror the CDC theoretical framework. With rates of infection still high in the United States, and even increasing among women for certain STIs, this is a critical public health issue that should continue to be examined.
M.S.
Masters
Psychology
Sciences
Clinical Psychology
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2

Tatu, Ofélia. "Processus de reconnaissance : de la prévention d'un risque psychosocial à la construction de la santé au travail." Thesis, Artois, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ARTO0101.

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Анотація:
La présente recherche étudie le rôle de la reconnaissance comme ressource et levier pour la construction de la santé et le développement des capacités des employés. Elle analyse également la place des ressources individuelles, collectives et organisationnelles dans le cadre des démarches de prévention des risques psychosociaux au travail et la contribution de la reconnaissance dans le processus de construction de la santé au travail. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous avons analysé 16 démarches de prévention des risques psychosociaux, ainsi que des documents significatifs par rapport à notre problématique. Nous avons également réalisé 147 entretiens individuels et trois entretiens collectifs. Les résultats ont mis en évidence le fait que la reconnaissance joue un rôle important pour la santé et que les pratiques de reconnaissance doivent se matérialiser en lien avec quatre sources : l’institution, le collectif, l’activité de travail et l’autrui significatif. De plus, nos résultats ont mis en évidence une tridimensionnalité du concept de reconnaissance. Ainsi, cette thèse apporte une contribution théorique et pratique sur le thème de la reconnaissance au travail. Elle permet de préciser le cadre conceptuel et méthodologique à mobiliser pour analyser la reconnaissance et mettre en place de pratiques qui favorisent la santé
This research studies the role of recognition as a resource for health enhancement and for employees’ capability development. Furthermore, it analyses the role of individual, collective and organizational resources in preventing psychosocial risks in the workplace. This research discusses also the contribution of recognition in the process of occupational health enhancement. In the first study we analysed 16 programs of psychosocial risks prevention as well as important documents for this issue. For the second and the third study we interviewed 147 persons individually, and we conducted three focus group interviews. The results have shown that recognition plays an important role for health and that recognition practices must come from four sources: the organization, the work team, the work activity and the “significant others”. Our results have also shown that the concept of recognition has three main dimensions. Therefore, this research makes a theoretical and practical contribution to the issue of recognition in the workplace. It helps clarifying the conceptual and methodological framework needed to analyse recognition and implement actions that protect, enhance and promote employees’ health
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3

Murphy, Krista Bailey. "COLLEGE STUDENT RISK TAKING AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS USING THE NATIONAL COLLEGE HEALTH ASSESSMENT II AND INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/230941.

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Анотація:
Educational Psychology
Ph.D.
The present study investigated high risk behaviors in a population of college students through the use of a large, national quantitative data set and individual qualitative interviews. Since millions of students are enrolled in higher education, which often comes at a great financial cost and sacrifice to them and their families (Henretta, Wolf, Van Voorhis & Soldo, 2012), this is a particularly important population to study. Additionally, despite being a time of optimal health, adolescence is also a time of increased mortality, particularly as it relates to social morbidities (Resnick et al., 1997). While risk taking amongst college students manifests itself in many ways, the primary focus of this research will be on alcohol use, drug use and sexual behavior. Recent research in the field, including the composite measure of psychosocial maturity (Steinberg, Cauffman, Woolard, Graham & Banich, 2009a), the social neuroscience perspective (Steinberg, 2008) and current trends in alcohol use, drug use and sexual behaviors amongst college students were examined. The American College Health Association National College Health Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA II) provided statistically significant evidence that students who drink more (frequency and quantity) have lower overall GPAs, experience more negative consequences as a result of their drinking and experience more impediments to academic success. Students who live on campus, are members of Greek fraternities and sororities and/or are varsity athletes engage in higher levels of binge drinking than their peers. Additionally, students who drink more (frequency and quantity) engage in other risky behaviors (unprotected sex, NMPD use, etc.) at higher rates than their peers. Qualitative interviews with high achieving students who engaged in various levels of risk taking resulted in the explication of six distinct themes: defining and conceptualizing risk taking, decision making, painting a picture of individual risk taking, academic achievement, peer perceptions and influence, and achieving both (what allows a high risk student to also be high achieving). In addition to the above analyses, the present study also examines implications for practitioners and directions for future research.
Temple University--Theses
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4

Федчишин, Максим Олександрович. "ГІС-аналіз екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах". Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/26993.

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Анотація:
Магістерська дисертація складається зі вступу, п’яти розділів, висновку, переліку посилань з 26 найменувань, 4 додатки, і містить 19 рисунків, 35 таблиць. Повний обсяг магістерської дисертації складає 108 сторінки, з яких перелік посилань займає 3 сторінки, додатки – 16 сторінок. Актуальність теми. З точки зору безпеки трубопроводи мали хороший досвід у перевезенні небезпечних матеріалів, але зараз виникають декілька факторів, які дозволяють зробити висновок, що дотримання найкращих міжнародних стандартів трубопровідності може бути недостатнім для задоволення безпеки та екологічних очікувань суспільства. Основними чинниками, що ведуть до цього висновку, є: – трубопроводи зношуються, і записи показують, що ймовірність виникнення інцидентів на цих трубопроводах зростає; − трубопроводи працюють в районах, де щільність населення збільшилася. Недоліки трубопроводів, що містять деякі небезпечні матеріали, можуть становити серйозні ризики навіть з невеликих викидів. Враховуючи вищезазначене, Європейське співтовариство розробляє ініціативу з безпеки трубопроводів, яка, як очікується, вимагатиме демонстрації безпеки та стану трубопровідних систем у випадку безпеки. Для підвищення репрезентативності, змістовності та достатності інформації необхідно врахування більшої кількості початкових даних, інформації з різних джерел, а просторова прив'язка дозволяє зробити цю інформацію зручною для її сприйняття та використання при прийнятті рішення, саме цю задачу вирішуватиме розроблена система. Метою дослідження є створення методичної та алгоритмічної бази для ГІС-аналізу екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах. Для досягнення поставленої задачі були сформульовані наступні завдання дослідження, що визначили логіку дослідження та його структуру: − проаналізувати критерії та показники екологічних ризиків аварій на трубопроводах; − проаналізувати сучасні інформаційні ГІС-технології в задачах моніторингу довкілля; − визначити розрахункові моделі оцінки екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах; − спроектувати архітектуру системи ГІС-аналізу екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах; − розробити програмне забезпечення для ГІС-аналізу екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах. Об’єктом дослідження є інформаційні технології моніторингу довкілля. Предметом дослідження є інформаційні технології моніторингу екологічних ризиків. Методико-математичне забезпечення. Розв’язання поставлених задач виконувались з використанням наступних методико-математичних забезпечень: − індивідуальний ризик; − колективний ризик; − комплексні ризики; − збитки. Практичне значення одержаних результатів роботи полягає в розробці системи ГІС-аналізу екологічних ризиків в результаті аварій на газо-нафтопроводах, що спрощує роботу працівників міністерства надзвичайних ситуацій.
Master's thesis consists of an introduction, five sections, a conclusion, a list of references from 26 denominations, 4 appendices, and have 19 figures, 35 tables. The full volume of the master's thesis is ?? pages, 3 of which is list of references, ?? – appendices. Topicality. From the safety point of view, pipelines have had good experience in the transport of hazardous materials, but now there are several factors that can lead to the conclusion that compliance with the best international pipeline standards may not be sufficient to meet the security and environmental expectations of society. The main factors leading to this conclusion are: − pipelines are wearing out, and records show that the probability of incidents occurring on these pipelines is increasing; − pipelines operate in areas where population density has increased. Disadvantages of pipelines containing some hazardous materials can pose serious risks even with small emissions. Taking into account the above, the European Community is developing a pipelines' safety initiative, which is expected to require demonstration of the security and status of pipeline systems in the event of a safety concern. In order to increase the representativity, content and sufficiency of information, it is necessary to take into account more initial data, information from different sources, and spatial binding allows making this information convenient for its perception and use when making a decision, this task will be solved by the developed system. The aim of the research is creation of methodical and algorithmic basis for GIS analysis of environmental risks as a result of accidents on gas and oil pipelines. To accomplish the task, the following research objectives were formulated, which determined the logic of the research and its structure: − analyze the criteria and indicators of environmental risks of pipeline accidents; − to analyze modern information technology GIS in the tasks of environmental monitoring; − to determine the estimated models of environmental risk assessment as a result of accidents on gas and oil pipelines; − to design the architecture of the system of GIS analysis of environmental risks as a result of accidents on gas and oil pipelines; − to develop software for GIS analysis of environmental risks as a result of accidents on gas pipelines. The object of research is the information technology of environmental monitoring. The subject of research is an information technology for monitoring environmental risks. Methodological and mathematical support. The solving of defined tasks was performed using the following methodological and mathematical support: − Individual risk; − collective risk; − complex risks; − losses. The practical value of research the work is to develop a system of GIS analysis of environmental risks as a result of accidents on gas and oil pipelines, which simplifies the work of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
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5

Cuesta, Hillary Angelique. "Identifying Pathways to Disease Using Data Mining: Understanding the Combined Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Health Indicators of Diabetes Mellitus and Asthma among High-Risk Philadelphians." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/427144.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
Epidemiology
M.S.
Introduction: Disadvantaged urban neighborhoods suffer disproportionate chronic illness burden related to social determinants of health. Studies have shown that socioeconomic characteristics and factors related to poor neighborhood conditions, such as physical inactivity and neighborhood disorder, to be associated with an increased risk of asthma and diabetes. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to determine the hierarchy of individual and combined neighborhood health indicators that are predictive of asthma and diabetes in a population of high-risk Philadelphians, in order to make actionable recommendations that promote disease prevention. The secondary aim was to illustrate the relevance of using decision trees (data mining) to understand multilevel relationships among the predictors of complex health outcomes. Methods: Secondary data on individual health measures and neighborhood characteristics (N = 450) and vacant lot data (N = 676) was obtained from researchers at the University of Pennsylvania. RapidMiner data science software was utilized to perform decision tree analyses, illustrating the levels of influence and patterns between individual and neighborhood characteristics predicting asthma and diabetes. Results: Individual- and neighborhood-level factors were intricately related and demonstrated significant trends of influence on the outcomes of asthma and diabetes. The decision trees created in this study had high specificity, accurately classifying the factors that are protective of each disease. Factors that emerged as influential across all decision trees were those involving non-demographic variables: hours outside, psychological distress, recreational walking, walk to work, social and physical disorder, and certain vacant lot characteristics (primarily lot trash). Understanding the complex relationships that exist between individual- and neighborhood-level factors are vital for creating disease prevention programs, particularly within low socioeconomic populations, who have limited access to other prevention resources Conclusion: Improved neighborhood-level conditions related to social and physical disorder were consistently found to be protective of both asthma and diabetes in this urban population. This study illustrates the practicality of applying machine learning techniques for understanding complex public health issues.
Temple University--Theses
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6

Gregório, Joana Catalina Mendes Moreira Saúde. "Life annuities and ruin." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9273.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
Mestrado em Ciências Actuariais
Este trabalho pretende combinar dois grandes tópicos num contexto atuarial: rendas contingentes sobre a vida humana e teoria da ruína, de forma a determinar a probabilidade de ruína financeira para carteiras de anuidades-vida. Duas principais perspetivas podem ser consideradas nesta situação: a dos indivíduos e a das seguradoras de vida, com aplicação de diferentes modelos. Limitações de tempo disponível e extensão do texto conduziram a que apenas a perspetiva das empresas fosse objeto de estudo, aplicando-se o modelo de risco individual clássico. Após uma extensiva revisão literária, os conceitos fundamentais sobre anuidades-vida e teoria da ruína são explicados e um caso de estudo é tratado. Primeiramente, os conceitos teóricos são desenvolvidos, de tal forma que um resultado, não encontrado na literatura, é obtido; segue-se a aplicação dos conceitos a uma carteira de riscos real. O problema a ser resolvido consiste em determinar se as reservas são suficientes para manter a probabilidade de ruína sob controlo, quando considerando tal carteira de anuidades-vida, dividida em grupos homogéneos. Dois procedimentos são seguidos: calcular as probabilidades de ruína, a partir de uma reserva inicial; e encontrar a melhor alocação das reservas iniciais pelos grupos de forma a maximizar as probabilidades de sobrevivência. Frostig e Denuit (2009) é a principal referência bibliográfica. Alguns resultados significativos são observados.
This work intends to combine two major topics under the actuarial framework: life annuities and ruin theory, as to determine the probability of financial ruin for life annuities' portfolios. Two main perspectives may be considered: the household's and the life insurance company's, for which different models apply. Time constraints and limitations on text length became the reason why only the company's perspective has been explored, using a classic individual risk model. After an extensive literature review the basics on life annuities and ruin theory are explained and a case study is toiled. Firstly, the theoretical framework is developed, with a useful result, not found in the literature, being obtained; and finally, the application follows. The problem to be solved consists broadly in studying whether reserves are high enough to keep the ruin probability under control, when considering a given insurer's portfolio of life annuities, divided into homogeneous groups. This is done in two different ways: computing the ruin probabilities, given the initial reserve; and finding the initial reserves' allocation amongst the groups that maximizes the survival probabilities. Frostig and Denuit (2009) is the main reference. Some significant results are observed.
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Mallon, Eamonn Bernard. "Individual assessments and collective decisions." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341101.

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Ash, R. E. "Individual and collective identities in Tacitus' Histories." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319030.

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Locsei, Janos Tobias. "Individual and collective behaviour of swimming microorganisms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612404.

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Marcoci, Alexandru. "Formal explorations in collective and individual rationality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3667/.

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This thesis addresses several questions regarding what rational agents ought to believe and how they ought to act. In the first part I begin by discussing how scientists contemplating several mutually exclusive theories, models or hypotheses can reach a rational decision regarding which one to endorse. In response to a recent argument that they cannot, I employ the tools of social choice theory to offer a ‘possibility result’ for rational theory choice. Then I utilize the tools of judgment aggregation to investigate how scientists from across fields can pool their expertise together. I identify an impossibility result threatening such a procedure and prove a possibility result which requires that some scientists sometimes waive their expertise over some propositions. In the second part I first discuss the existing justifications for a restricted principle of indifference that mandates that two agents whose experiences are subjectively indistinguishable should be indifferent with respect to their identities. I argue that all existing justifications rely on the same mistaken reasoning behind the ‘staying’ strategy in the Monty Hall problem. Secondly, I show this mistake is more widespread and I identify it in arguments purporting to show the failure of two reflection-like principles. In the third part I look at a recent argument that fair policy makers face a dilemma when trying to correct a biased distributive process. I show the dilemma only holds if the correction has to happen in one-shot. Finally, I look at how we ought to design public restrooms so that we reduce the discrimination faced by minority groups. I make the case for opening our public restrooms to all genders.
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Книги з теми "Collective and individual risk"

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Zhuang, Yahui. A long-term atmospheric transport model for dispersion over meso-scale areas and implications for individual and collective doses fromthe disposal of Canada's nuclear fuel waste. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1996.

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Krishnamurthy, K. V. Vedic administration: Collective & individual. Hyderabad: Published by EMESCO Books jointly with I-SERVE, 2011.

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Alvarez, Alex. Violence: Individual and collective aggression. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2008.

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Stewart, Ann. Individual housing rights and collective responsibility. Warwick: University of Warwick, Legal Research Institute, 1988.

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Complex economics: Individual and collective rationality. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010.

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H, Quigley James, ed. As one: Individual action, collective power. London: Portfolio/Penguin, 2011.

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Michał, Seweryński, ed. Collective agreements and individual contracts of employment. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2003.

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LLoyd, P. J. Individual and collective rationality in the household. Parkville, Vic: Dept. of Economics, University of Melbourne, 1992.

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9

Binder, Constanze, Giulio Codognato, Miriam Teschl, and Yongsheng Xu, eds. Individual and Collective Choice and Social Welfare. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46439-7.

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Individual interests and collective action: Selected essays. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Collective and individual risk"

1

Braband, Jens, and Hendrik Schäbe. "Individual Risk, Collective Risk, and F–N Curves for Railway Risk Acceptance." In Handbook of RAMS in Railway Systems, 119–38. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21983-8.

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Pellungrini, Roberto, Francesca Pratesi, and Luca Pappalardo. "Assessing Privacy Risk in Retail Data." In Personal Analytics and Privacy. An Individual and Collective Perspective, 17–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71970-2_3.

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Gollier, Christian. "Risk and Portfolio Choices in Individual and Collective Pension Plans." In Ageing, Health and Pensions in Europe, 43–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307346_3.

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Pensa, Ruggero Gaetano, and Livio Bioglio. "Your Privacy, My Privacy? On Leakage Risk Assessment in Online Social Networks." In Personal Analytics and Privacy. An Individual and Collective Perspective, 3–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71970-2_1.

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Rachev, Svetlozar T., Lev B. Klebanov, Stoyan V. Stoyanov, and Frank J. Fabozzi. "How Close Are the Individual and Collective Models in Risk Theory?" In The Methods of Distances in the Theory of Probability and Statistics, 395–420. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4869-3_18.

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March, Alan, Leonardo Nogueira de Moraes, and Janet Stanley. "Dimensions of Risk Justice and Resilience: Mapping Urban Planning’s Role Between Individual Versus Collective Rights." In Natural Hazards and Disaster Justice, 93–115. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0466-2_5.

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Handke, Michael. "The (De-)Contextualization of Geographical Knowledge in Forest Fire Risk Management in Chile as a Challenge for Governance." In Knowledge for Governance, 161–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_8.

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AbstractChilean society is confronted with increasing risk from wildfires. Individual rather than collective risk management solutions predominate. Large forest companies, for example, reduce the probability of wildfires affecting their tree plantations with hierarchically-ordered management routines. Additionally, they purchase insurance policies to protect themselves from economic losses. Other stakeholders in the Chilean forest regions, however, do not have the same access to these forms of risk management due to the high degree of technical knowledge and organizational competences required. In his contribution, Michael Handke assesses the strengths and weaknesses of interacting hierarchical and market forms of risk management and calls for a deeper geographical approach to risk governance. He reveals that detailed geographical knowledge of wildfires is explicitly decontextualized and even ignored in current risk management practices. As a result, essential knowledge about the causes and effects of arson, which seem to be on the rise in Chile, is lost.
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Coleman, Carl H. "The Right to Refuse Treatment for Infectious Disease." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 171–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_11.

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Abstract One of the central tenets of contemporary bioethics is that mentally competent persons have a right to refuse medical treatment, even if the refusal might lead to the individual’s death. Despite this principle, laws in some jurisdictions authorize the nonconsensual treatment of persons with tuberculosis (TB) or other serious infectious diseases, on the grounds that doing so is necessary to protect the safety of others. This chapter argues that, in the vast majority of situations, overriding a refusal of treatment for infectious disease is not justifiable, as the risk to third parties can be avoided by the less restrictive alternative of isolating the patient. At the same time, it rejects the extreme position that the nonconsensual treatment of infectious disease is never appropriate. Instead, it concludes that compelling an individual to undergo treatment for infectious diseases may be ethically justifiable in exceptional situations if a refusal of treatment poses a grave risk to third parties, the treatment is not overly burdensome and has been established to be safe and effective, and less restrictive alternatives, including humanely isolating the patient, are not feasible under the circumstances. The burden should be on those seeking to compel unwanted treatment to demonstrate that these requirements have been met.
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Hardon, Anita. "Chemical Creativity." In Critical Studies in Risk and Uncertainty, 247–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57081-1_8.

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Abstract The microdosing of mind-altering substances, like LSD and magic mushrooms, is a trend among young creatives, who report enhanced creativity, improved focus, and other productivity-enhancing effects. This chapter, Chemical Creativity, describes how both users and researchers have been exploring the range of effects of microdosing, including through more experimental ethnographic research. Using virtual ethnography, we analyzed drug users’ narratives of their personal experiences, practices, and motivations with microdosing. We also collaborated with participants using online platforms focused on drug experimentation to generate data, combining their collective experiences while acknowledging individual expertise. Finally, we reviewed research on clinical trials that compare the effects of psychoactive substances, like LSD, with placebos. What emerges is a clearer picture of the benefits of microdosing, how dosages are tweaked, and how users engage in “harm reduction from below” by spreading their cautionary tales within the microdosing world. In so doing, we offer a glimpse into how this relatively new practice develops, as it gains popularity with both laypeople and the academic and scientific communities.
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Bryant, Peter T. "Agentic Modality." In Augmented Humanity, 75–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76445-6_3.

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AbstractThree organizing agentic modalities consistently occur, namely, individuals, relational groups, and collectives of various kinds. Digital augmentation transforms these modalities. Particularly, the infusion of artificial agency compresses traditional hierarchies and layers. It also strengthens organizing capabilities, enabling new agentic forms and functions. Yet human agency is likely to remain layered and relatively uncompressed. Therefore, augmented agentic modality could be either more fluid and flattened, or internally conflicted. This chapter examines these developments and highlights the changing nature of procedural habit and routine, as key mediators of agentic modality, mindful that habit forms the scaffold for individual personality, and collective routine for collectivity. When these patterns of action are digitalized, they become more dynamic and generative. Although here, too, risks and dilemmas emerge, regarding the potential divergence and convergence of agentic modalities.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Collective and individual risk"

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Yang, Shun-hua, and Xi-cang Zhao. "Correlation Study between Individual Risk Models and Collective Risk Models for a Single Period." In 2008 International Conference on Risk Management & Engineering Management. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrmem.2008.63.

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Bu, Fanliang, Huisen Dang, and Mengmeng Gao. "Study of individual's risk perception in collective violent events." In 2014 International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing (PIC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pic.2014.6972312.

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Sturdivant, Maggie, and Earl Carnes. "Knowledge Transfer for Emerging Work Paradigms." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1025.

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Abstract Department of Energy (DOE) missions include scientific research and development, nuclear weapons stockpile stewardship, and cleanup of the environmental legacy from weapons production. Since the cold war’s end, changes in mission focus have placed considerable attention on the standards for performing work. For activities where risk is understood, the work force’s collective experience is codified in standards. For activities with unconventional risks, good practices and individual experience communicate what is known at the edge of technology and consensus Standards. This paper describes the basis for a Procedures standard, a principles-based enterprise approach for knowledge transfer that supports the unique missions of DOE.
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4

Dinnie, Keith S. "Managing CANDU Plant Ageing Using a Risk Informed Engineering Approach." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75331.

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A common challenge to operators of plants nearing the end of design life or undergoing life extension is to maintain safe and economic operation where multiple components are degrading simultaneously due to ageing effects. Typically, the management of ageing is carried out on a component-by-component basis but the real challenge is to ensure that the collective impacts of degradation are controlled such that the risk posed by continued operation of the plant remains acceptably small. The strategy being proposed to the Canadian industry is to use a risk-informed approach that derives failure frequency targets for individual components in a manner that ensures that the total risk remains within established limits. These frequency limits can then be embodied in fitness for service guidance to manage component reliability. The approach is to use the component importance measures in the plant PSA to derive the failure frequency that would result in a risk contribution of 1E−06 or less per reactor-year to the severe core damage frequency. Given that the safety goal limit for existing plants is 1E−04 per reactor-year, this would allow a number of components to be managed in this way without a significant increase in severe core damage frequency relative to the limit, where a cumulative increase of 1E−05 per reactor-year or more would be considered “significant”. A limit is placed on the derived “allowable” failure frequency for any individual component by deterministic considerations, in that the frequency is not permitted to exceed the maximum for the event class for which it was licensed in Canada. The frequency is also reviewed for economic and operability implications to ensure such risks are not unreasonably high. This approach helps to achieve a balanced allocation of inspection and maintenance resources as well as maintaining an adequate safety margin. The paper summarizes some of the challenges facing the current CANDU fleet, and provides examples of how the proposed approach could be applied to selected components. It should be noted that the approach is under consideration by the Canadian industry but is not committed at the present time.
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Valencia-Romero, Ambrosio, and Paul T. Grogan. "Toward a Model-Based Experimental Approach to Assessing Collective Systems Design." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85786.

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This work presents a conceptual model of collective decision-making processes in engineering systems design to understand the tradeoffs, risks, and dynamics between autonomous but interacting design actors. The proposed approach combines value-driven design, game theory, and simulation experimentation to study how technical and social factors of a design decision-making process facilitate or inhibit collective action. The collective systems design model considers two levels of decision-making: 1) lower-level design value exploration; and 2) upper-level design strategy selection. At the first level, the actors concurrently explore two strategy-specific value spaces with coupled design decision variables. Each collective decision is mapped to an individual scalar measure of preference (design value) that each actor seeks to maximize. At the second level, each of the actor’s design values from the two lower-level design exploration tasks is assigned to one diagonal entry of a normalform game, with off-diagonal elements calculated in function of the “sucker’s” and “temptation-to-defect” payoffs in a classical strategy game scenario. The model helps generate synthetic design problems with specific strategy dynamics between autonomous actors. Results from a preliminary multi-agent simulation study assess the validity of proposed design spaces and generate hypotheses for subsequent studies using human subjects.
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Miulescu, Miruna Luana. "Youth at Risk of Early School Leaving: Exploring Educational Strategies." In 17th Education and Development Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/edc.2022.016.

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ABSTRACT There is general agreement among scholars and policy makers that Early School Leaving (ESL) represents a serious social phenomenon that has many negative consequences on the individual, economic development, and on society as a whole. ESL is considered a serious social problem, as well as an important phenomenon on the public agenda and education policies of Romania. As part of the Erasmus+ project Orienta4YEL, a multidimensional study was conducted and the data shows that Romania also experiences unpreparedness of school and community to embrace the whole spectrum of early school leaving. The study design employed individual interviews for members of school leadership team and administration (N=9), focus groups for general and vocational secondary schools and high schools teachers/trainers (N=63), and focus groups for young people representatives (N=91) as data collection tools. The empirical findings of the study revealed that in Romania there is a convergence of opinion on the most relevant factors that cause young people to leave school before completing compulsory education. Therefore, personal challenges are the one that contribute the most to the risk of early leaving, followed closely by family reasons and institutional factors. Therefore, this paper explores the challenges that are aimed at improvements in the early school leaving rate. Specifically, the analysis will shed light on the prevention strategies that have been developed and implemented, as well as on the deficit perspective on early school leaving within institutional and national policies. By addressing the existing supporting educational actions in areas where economic and social conditions are an obstacle for pupils, this paper will furthermore particularly analyse the potential barriers which arise on the system’s ways of reducing the early leaving rate in order to better identify, prepare for, and respond to this phenomenon. Keywords: early school leaving, risk factors, support strategies, education policy
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Feil, Wayne H., and Graeme G. King. "A New Approach to Pipeline Risk Assessment and Integrity Management." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1818.

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The goal of pipeline integrity management is to reduce risks associated with pipeline failures to the lowest level possible within given budgetary constraints. A traditional method of deciding where to allocate resources most effectively begins with the assessment of risks for all pipelines within the system. The pipelines are then ranked in order of risk to decide which pipelines should be given attention first. This “worst-first” approach has many benefits but it requires a large quantity of accurate data to rank the pipelines in the correct order, and it does not readily reveal the integrity maintenance activities that are required first by the pipelines at the top of the list. A new approach is presented that focuses on prioritizing integrity management activities rather than ranking pipelines. This is more straightforward because it is only the activities that can be directly controlled by integrity managers. The new approach also involves a change in purpose. Instead of assessing risks to find the “worst” pipelines, the new approach helps integrity managers to design a well-balanced program with uniform system-wide integrity. System-wide rules are used that consider pipeline systems as a collection of many different integrity components such as pipe walls, pipe coatings, cathodic protection systems, chemical inhibition systems, signs, and fences rather than a collection of pipelines. Each different integrity component has its own specialized inspection, maintenance and repair activities that keep it in good operating condition. The new method schedules these integrity activities for each individual component of each pipeline in the system. It also provides a practical way to minimize the amount of data that is required to successfully administer the integrity program. After integrity activities have been scheduled and implemented, the new approach can be used to manage them effectively. A new concept of exposure rather than risk is proposed. It provides clear and measurable statement of goals for integrity management. It is useful for prioritizing activities and for deciding which projects can be postponed in order to stay within budgetary limitations.
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Misewicz, David, Anita Cuevas Smith, Maher Nessim, and David Playdon. "Risk-Based Integrity Project Ranking." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27214.

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Kinder Morgan, Inc. (KMI) is one of the largest midstream energy companies in North America, operating more than 30,000 miles of natural gas and product pipelines. Major interstate natural gas pipeline assets include Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (NGPL), Kinder Morgan Interstate Gas Transmission, L.L.C., TransColorado and Trailblazer. NGPL transports up to 5.7 billion cubic feet (Bcf)/day) of natural gas through 10,000 miles of pipeline and has 210 Bcf of working gas storage. Other gas pipeline operations in intrastate service include Kinder Morgan Texas Pipeline, L.P., Kinder Morgan Tejas Pipeline, L.P., Northern Gas Company and Rocky Mountain Natural Gas Company. KMI affiliates also own and operate significant liquid pipelines, CO2 pipelines, bulk and liquids terminals, natural gas retail distribution and electric generation. KMI has a long history of performance under a risk based Integrity Management Program. Integrity maintenance projects carried out in a given year are selected from a list of proposals submitted by individual pipeline operations managers. A variety of integrity project proposals are received for specific pipeline segments each year, including replacements, in-line inspections and hydrostatic tests. KMI’s Risk Engineering group performs a risk-based evaluation of the projects proposed in any given year to identify the most cost effective collection of projects that provide the greatest level of risk reduction. The approach is based on a benefit cost ratio, defined as the expected risk reduction in dollars per mile over the project useful life, divided by the total project cost. Risk reduction is estimated using a quantitative risk analysis approach in which the failure rate reduction achieved by carrying out a given project is multiplied by the expected failure costs. The project ranking provides a useful guide for selecting projects that fit within the maintenance budget while providing the greatest risk reduction. The benefit cost results can also be used as a tool to justify the maintenance budget. This paper describes the quantitative risk evaluation approach and demonstrates its benefits, which include substantial potential savings and a convincing case to support the decisions made.
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Gonzalez, Jose Luis Martinez, Enrique Rodriguez Betancourt, Roberto Ramirez, Lorenzo Martinez Gomez, and Arturo Godoy Simon. "Pipelines Risk and Integrity Management in Shared Right of Way: Case Study." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33324.

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Some pipeline operators evaluate risk on an individual pipeline basis even if the right of way (ROW) is shared with other pipelines. Determining a ROW strip risk condition may be complex or quite simple, according to the model adopted by the analyst. If the pipelines allocated in a shared ROW belong to different operators it is very likely that they apply different methods to evaluate a risk condition. The relative risk contribution cannot be added to estimate the risk of a ROW strip. In Mexico insurance companies request studies of collective risk in pipelines to decide whether to increase a prime or reduce coverage. This request does not have technical support or engineering guidelines to perform the analysis. In Pemex there are few documented events where a pipeline failure affects parallel pipelines, known as collateral damage. There are some methods to estimate a potential collateral damage as a function of soil damping and separation between pipelines (Ref.2). This scheme applies for gas pipelines and has to be complemented with an ignition scenario probabilistic analysis. In the case of hazardous liquids scenarios of leak and rupture have to be considered, including potential shed routes, product concentration sites and operator response capability. Since risk is assessed with particular and specific attributes of a pipeline the probability of failure cannot be directly added to adjacent pipelines. There are some failure mechanisms common for pipelines sharing the ROW, such as external corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC), with different intensity when considering coating and corrosion protection (CP) efficiency. Internal corrosion depends on other factors such as product features so it does not necessarily repeat with the same magnitude in all pipelines. Pipeline threats can be expected to be the same in this case — with different intensity. For instance, third party activity and weather can threaten all pipelines allocated in the same ROW. These pipelines may present similar symptoms with different magnitude. Cover depth, additional protection and wall thickness play an important role in reducing third party (TP) and weather and outside forces (WOF) threats. The paper provides risk results of a ROW strip based on probability of failure values. Pipelines with biggest risk contribution were identified and integrity management alignment diagrams were obtained to correlate with risk values. A simple algorithm was developed to process risk results in terms on shared ROW buffer dimensions. The study is complemented with the results of a consequence simulation analysis for a gas pipeline
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Vodden, Alice. "The drivers of overdiagnosis within modern healthcare systems - An interdisciplinary analysis." In Building Bridges in Medical Science 2021. Cambridge Medicine Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7244/cmj.2021.03.001.5.

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“Overdiagnosis” - when people are labelled with or treated for a disease that would never cause them harm - is increasingly highlighted as a significant issue within contemporary healthcare, yet one which to date, has received little attention outside of the medical context. As a society, our collective enthusiasm to diagnose and treat disease has paradoxically been shown to potentially do more harm than good, impacting individuals whilst simultaneously increasing financial costs to the health system. As health systems across the world continue to face unprecedented pressures, tackling this phenomenon represents an important step in reducing the proliferation of low-value care inherent within the practice of modern medicine, and contributing towards the development of sustainable health systems. This research represents the first interdisciplinary analysis of the factors contributing towards overdiagnosis within modern healthcare systems. The analysis finds that individual disciplines of a medical and non-medical origin elude to important insights in relation to the drivers of overdiagnosis which are not necessarily reflected across multiple disciplines. Drivers identified within literature which lies beyond the medical context likely represent new knowledge in relation to the causes of overdiagnosis, and collectively provide a starting point from which to consider the role of patients and clinicians in influencing overdiagnosis, the nature of the interaction between the drivers of overdiagnosis, and the role of the different models of health in providing a unique perspective of the wider phenomenon. These findings highlight the importance of interdisciplinarity within health research and contribute towards efforts to reduce the rise of low value care within modern healthcare, fostering the development of sustainable health systems.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Collective and individual risk"

1

Franzot, Sarah, Anne-Marie Gendron, Alfredo Staffa, David Ohayon, Marie-Eve SansCartier, Chantal St-Denis, and Kathy Low. Individual and Collective Protection Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada482088.

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2

Martín Serrano, M., and O. Velarde Hermida. The communicative mediation of individual and collective identities. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2015-1059en.

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3

Reshidi, Pëllumb, Alessandro Lizzeri, Leeat Yariv, Jimmy Chan, and Wing Suen. Individual and Collective Information Acquisition: An Experimental Study. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29557.

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4

Caballero, Ricardo, and Arvind Krishnamurthy. Flight to Quality and Collective Risk Management. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12136.

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5

Cianciolo, Anna T., Brian T. Crabb, Peter Schaefer, Steven Jackson, and Jeff Grover. Sustainment of Individual and Collective Future Combat Skills: Modeling and Research Methods. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada514991.

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6

Caballero, Ricardo, and Arvind Krishnamurthy. Collective Risk Management in a Flight to Quality Episode. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12896.

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7

Hemstreet, George P., and III. Biomarker Based Individual Risk Assessment for Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430343.

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8

Hemstreet, George P., and III. Biomarker Based Individual Risk Assessment for Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420787.

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9

Hemstreet, III, and George P. Biomarker Based Individual Risk Assessment for Prostate Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada472804.

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10

Feldstein, Martin, and Elena Ranguelova. Individual Risk and Intergenerational Risk Sharing in an Investment-Based Social Security Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6839.

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