Готові списки джерел за темами / Coding framework

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Coding framework"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Coding framework"

Shaban, Amirreza, Hamid R. Rabiee, Mahyar Najibi, and Safoora Yousefi. "From Local Similarities to Global Coding: A Framework for Coding Applications." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 24, no. 12 (December 2015): 5074–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2465171.

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Tanaka, Midori, Tomoyuki Takanashi, and Takahiko Horiuchi. "Glossiness-aware Image Coding in JPEG Framework." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 64, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 50409–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2020.64.5.050409.

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Abstract In images, the representation of glossiness, translucency, and roughness of material objects (Shitsukan) is essential for realistic image reproduction. To date, image coding has been developed considering various indices of the quality of the encoded image, for example, the peak signal-to-noise ratio. Consequently, image coding methods that preserve subjective impressions of qualities such as Shitsukan have not been studied. In this study, the authors focus on the property of glossiness and propose a method of glossiness-aware image coding. Their purpose is to develop an encoding algorithm that produces images that can be decoded by standard JPEG decoders, which are commonly used worldwide. The proposed method consists of three procedures: block classification, glossiness enhancement, and non-glossiness information reduction. In block classification, the types of glossiness in a target image are classified using block units. In glossiness enhancement, the glossiness in each type of block is emphasized to reduce the amount of degradation of glossiness during JPEG encoding. The third procedure, non-glossiness information reduction, further compresses the information while maintaining the glossiness by reducing the information in each block that does not represent the glossiness in the image. To test the effectiveness of the proposed method, the authors conducted a subjective evaluation experiment using paired comparison of images coded by the proposed method and JPEG images with the same data size. The glossiness was found to be better preserved in images coded by the proposed method than in the JPEG images.

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Barth, Erhardt, and Andrew B. Watson. "A geometric framework for nonlinear visual coding." Optics Express 7, no. 4 (August 14, 2000): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.7.000155.

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Li, Weiping. "Video coding using a vector wavelet framework." Journal of Electronic Imaging 7, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.482597.

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Tan, Min, Raymond W. Yeung, Siu-Ting Ho, and Ning Cai. "A Unified Framework for Linear Network Coding." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 57, no. 1 (January 2011): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2010.2090216.

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Zhu, Weijia, Wenpeng Ding, Jizheng Xu, Yunhui Shi, and Baocai Yin. "Screen Content Coding Based on HEVC Framework." IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 16, no. 5 (August 2014): 1316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2014.2315782.

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Halloush, Mohammed, and Hayder Radha. "Network Coding with Multi-Generation Mixing: A Generalized Framework for Practical Network Coding." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 10, no. 2 (February 2011): 466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2011.120810.090280.

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Li, Jianjun, and Esam Abdel-Raheem. "Modeling DV/DVCPRO Standards on Reconfigurable Video Coding Framework." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/509394.

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After more than 20 years, several video coding standards and technologies have been delivered. Less consideration is taken on their commonalities and interoperations. Specification and reference code of case by case is time consuming. The MPEG reconfigurable video coding (RVC) framework is a new standard under development by MPEG. It aims to provide a unified high-level specification of current MPEG video coding technologies. In this framework, the decoder is built as a configuration of video coding tools taken from MPEG toolbox library. Up to now, MPEG-4 simple profile and China audio video coding standard (AVS) decoders have been successfully modeled with RVC framework. In this paper, we examine another video standard, that is, DV/DVCPRO, and model it with RVC-CAL. The flexibility and ease of RVC-CAL is demonstrated as well as the validation of RVC modeling.

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Pavlovic, V., P. Moulin, and K. Ramchandran. "An integrated framework for adaptive subband image coding." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 47, no. 4 (April 1999): 1024–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.752600.

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Barajas-Solano, Crisostomo, Juan-Marcos Ramirez, and Henry Arguello. "Convolutional sparse coding framework for compressive spectral imaging." Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 66 (January 2020): 102690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2019.102690.

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Дисертації з теми "Coding framework"

He, Shan. "A joint coding and embedding framework for multimedia fingerprinting." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7347.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Electrical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Pliushch, Iuliia [Verfasser]. "Self-deception within the predictive coding framework / Iuliia Pliushch." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130424901/34.

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Al-Najdawi, Ashraf. "A multi-objective performance optimisation framework for video coding." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6446.

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Digital video technologies have become an essential part of the way visual information is created, consumed and communicated. However, due to the unprecedented growth of digital video technologies, competition for bandwidth resources has become fierce. This has highlighted a critical need for optimising the performance of video encoders. However, there is a dual optimisation problem, wherein, the objective is to reduce the buffer and memory requirements while maintaining the quality of the encoded video. Additionally, through the analysis of existing video compression techniques, it was found that the operation of video encoders requires the optimisation of numerous decision parameters to achieve the best trade-offs between factors that affect visual quality; given the resource limitations arising from operational constraints such as memory and complexity. The research in this thesis has focused on optimising the performance of the H.264/AVC video encoder, a process that involved finding solutions for multiple conflicting objectives. As part of this research, an automated tool for optimising video compression to achieve an optimal trade-off between bit rate and visual quality, given maximum allowed memory and computational complexity constraints, within a diverse range of scene environments, has been developed. Moreover, the evaluation of this optimisation framework has highlighted the effectiveness of the developed solution.

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Yellapragada, Deepthi V. L. "A SNOMED annotator for UIMA framework." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5402.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 47 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47).

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Herath, H. M. A. C. "Statistical databases within a relational framework." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386218.

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Chung, Wilson C. "Adaptive subband video coding in a rate-distortion-constrained framework." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15459.

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Cai, Xiaodong. "Object-based video : integrated segmentation framework and coding quality control." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444364.

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Harrison, Timothy David. "A connectionist framework for continuous speech recognition." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253820.

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Kim, Changick. "A framework for object-based video analysis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5823.

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Mei, Liming, and james mei@ieee org. "A DWT Based Perceptual Video Coding Framework - Concepts, Issues and Techniques." RMIT University. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090506.103244.

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The work in this thesis explore the DWT based video coding by the introduction of a novel DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) / MC (Motion Compensation) / DPCM (Differential Pulse Code Modulation) video coding framework, which adopts the EBCOT as the coding engine for both the intra- and the inter-frame coder. The adaptive switching mechanism between the frame/field coding modes is investigated for this coding framework. The Low-Band-Shift (LBS) is employed for the MC in the DWT domain. The LBS based MC is proven to provide consistent improvement on the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the coded video over the simple Wavelet Tree (WT) based MC. The Adaptive Arithmetic Coding (AAC) is adopted to code the motion information. The context set of the Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (ABAC) for the inter-frame data is redesigned based on the statistical analysis. To further improve the perceived picture quality, a Perceptual Distortion Measure (PDM) based on human vi sion model is used for the EBCOT of the intra-frame coder. A visibility assessment of the quantization error of various subbands in the DWT domain is performed through subjective tests. In summary, all these findings have solved the issues originated from the proposed perceptual video coding framework. They include: a working DWT/MC/DPCM video coding framework with superior coding efficiency on sequences with translational or head-shoulder motion; an adaptive switching mechanism between frame and field coding mode; an effective LBS based MC scheme in the DWT domain; a methodology of the context design for entropy coding of the inter-frame data; a PDM which replaces the MSE inside the EBCOT coding engine for the intra-frame coder, which provides improvement on the perceived quality of intra-frames; a visibility assessment to the quantization errors in the DWT domain.

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Книги з теми "Coding framework"

Benoit, Hervé. Digital television: Satellite, cable, terrestrial, IPTV, mobile TV in the DVB framework. 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Focal Press, 2008.

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Benoit, Hervé. Digital television: Satellite, cable, terrestrial, IPTV, mobile TV in the DVB framework. 3rd ed. Burlington, MA: Focal Press, 2008.

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David, Upton, and ebrary Inc, eds. CodeIgniter 1.7: Improve your PHP coding productivity with the free compact open-source MVC CodeIgniter framework! Birmingham, U.K: Packt Pub., 2009.

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Sinha, Pradeep K. Electronic health records: Standards, coding systems, frameworks, and infrastructures. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

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Mastering openFrameworks: Creative Coding Demystified. Packt Publishing, 2013.

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Koche, Markus, and Wood. Salesforce Coding Genius: A Complete Salesforce Coding Framework Reference Guide. Independently Published, 2019.

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Salesforce Coding Genius: A Complete Salesforce Coding Framework Reference Guide. Independently Published, 2019.

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Microsoft ASP.NET Coding Strategies with the Microsoft ASP.NET Team. Microsoft Press, 2003.

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Gibbs, Matthew, and Rob Howard. Microsoft ASP.NET Coding Strategies with the Microsoft ASP.NET Team (Pro-Developer). Microsoft Press, 2003.

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How to Code .NET: Tips and Tricks for Coding .NET 1.1 and .NET 2.0 Applications Effectively. Apress, 2006.

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Частини книг з теми "Coding framework"

Cid, C., S. Murphy, and M. J. B. Robshaw. "An Algebraic Framework for Cipher Embeddings." In Cryptography and Coding, 278–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11586821_19.

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Abdolmaleki, Behzad, Hamidreza Khoshakhlagh, and Daniel Slamanig. "A Framework for UC-Secure Commitments from Publicly Computable Smooth Projective Hashing." In Cryptography and Coding, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35199-1_1.

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Branco, Pedro, Jintai Ding, Manuel Goulão, and Paulo Mateus. "A Framework for Universally Composable Oblivious Transfer from One-Round Key-Exchange." In Cryptography and Coding, 78–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35199-1_5.

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Munz, Manuel, Knut Wenzig, and Daniel Bela. "String Coding in a Generic Framework." In Methodological Issues of Longitudinal Surveys, 709–26. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11994-2_39.

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Javed, Yasir, Qasim Ali Arian, and Mamdouh Alenezi. "SecurityGuard: An Automated Secure Coding Framework." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 303–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71711-7_25.

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Wee, Susie J., Michael O. Polley, and William F. Schreiber. "A Generalized Framework For Scalable Video Coding." In Multimedia Communications and Video Coding, 483–90. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0403-6_59.

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Ooi, James M. "Discrete Memoryless Channels: An Introduction to the Framework." In Coding for Channels with Feedback, 9–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5719-7_2.

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Billings, Alexis C., and Daniel T. Blumstein. "A Framework to Understand Interspecific Multimodal Signaling Systems." In Coding Strategies in Vertebrate Acoustic Communication, 315–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39200-0_13.

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Ting, Zhu, Dongxiao Li, Wang Lianghao, and Ming Zhang. "A New Framework for Layered Depth Video Coding." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 361–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34531-9_38.

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Huo, Longshe, Qingming Huang, and Jianguo Xie. "Embedded Packetization Framework for Layered Multiple Description Coding." In Advances in Multimedia Information Processing - PCM 2004, 713–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30543-9_89.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Coding framework"

Biermann, T., Z. A. Polgar, and H. Karl. "Cooperation and Coding Framework." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccw.2009.5207962.

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Al-Najjar, Hazem, and Nadia Rousan. "Trusted network coding framework." In 2012 18th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icon.2012.6506542.

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Qaisar, Saad, and Hayder Radha. "A reliability framework for visual sensor networks." In 2009 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2009.5167446.

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Richardson, Iain, Sampath Kannangara, Maja Bystrom, James Philp, and Manuel de Frutos Lopez. "A framework for fully configurable video coding." In 2009 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2009.5167425.

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Cai, Chunlei, Li Chen, Xiaoyun Zhang, Guo Lu, and Zhiyong Gao. "A Novel Deep Progressive Image Compression Framework." In 2019 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs48520.2019.8954500.

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Park, Jae Young, and Michael B. Wakin. "A multiscale framework for Compressive Sensing of video." In 2009 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2009.5167440.

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Sung Soo Hwang, Sujung Kim, Seong-Dae Kim, and Sang-Young Park. "Visual hull-based prediction framework for 3D object coding." In 2012 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2012.6213333.

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Keimel, C., J. Habigt, C. Horch, and K. Diepold. "QualityCrowd — A framework for crowd-based quality evaluation." In 2012 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pcs.2012.6213338.

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Averna, Guido, Biagio Lenzitti, Davide Taibi, and Domenico Tegolo. "Iconic framework for cooperative coding." In CompSysTech'18: 19th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3274005.3274016.

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He, Zhichu, Lu Yu, Xiaozhen Zheng, Siwei Ma, and Yun He. "Framework of AVS2-video coding." In 2013 20th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icip.2013.6738311.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Coding framework"

Rintoul, Mark Daniel, Elebeoba Eni May, William Michael Brown, Anna Marie Johnston, and Jean-Paul Watson. Deciphering the genetic regulatory code using an inverse error control coding framework. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/922758.

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Kumar, Anil R., and Hannah Bowman. Understanding the Safety and Usability of Personal Vehicles for Non-Driving Individuals with Disabilities and their Families/Care Providers. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2110.

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The connections between shared personal vehicles of individuals with disabilities (IWDs) and their household family members play an important role in the mobility, overall health, and well-being of all involved actors, yet this topic remains mostly overlooked within publicly available research. Families that include a non-driving IWD are more likely to be low-income, and often struggle with the costs of operating a family car but, due to insufficient public transportation options, they own vehicles despite their prohibitive cost. This exploratory study utilized the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, a framework focused on assessing the interplaying sociotechnical factors that contribute toward work-systems to gain a holistic understanding of the factors that influence household vehicles, safety, and a sense of well-being for non-driving IWDs and their household family members. A combined effort of surveys, interviews, qualitative coding, and statistical analysis (including one-way ANOVA) revealed a series of influential factors, including: (1) slow bureaucratic processes for vehicle funding; (2) error-prone modifications including lift and tie-downs; (3) miscommunications between IWDs and family members; and (4) residential area development and subsequent social support. Findings highlight the need for improved access to government funding, more reliable modification equipment, and interior vehicle designs that consider better social integration for IWDs.

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Adebayo, Oliver, Joanna Aldoori, William Allum, Noel Aruparayil, Abdul Badran, Jasmine Winter Beatty, Sanchita Bhatia, et al. Future of Surgery: Technology Enhanced Surgical Training: Report of the FOS:TEST Commission. The Royal College of Surgeons of England, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/fos2.2022.

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Over the past 50 years the capability of technology to improve surgical care has been realised and while surgical trainees and trainers strive to deliver care and train; the technological ‘solutions’ market continues to expand. However, there remains no coordinated process to assess these technologies. The FOS:TEST Report aimed to (1) define the current, unmet needs in surgical training, (2) assess the current evidence-base of technologies that may be beneficial to training and map these onto both the patient and trainee pathway and (3) make recommendations on the development, assessment, and adoption of novel surgical technologies. The FOS:TEST Commission was formed by the Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT), The Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS England) Robotics and Digital Surgery Group and representatives from all trainee specialty associations. Two national datasets provided by Health Education England were used to identify unmet surgical training needs through qualitative analysis against pre-defined coding frameworks. These unmet needs were prioritised at two virtual consensus hackathons and mapped to the patient and trainee pathway and the capabilities in practice (CiPs) framework. The commission received more than 120 evidence submissions from surgeons in training, consultant surgeons and training leaders. Following peer review, 32 were selected that covered a range of innovations. Contributors also highlighted several important key considerations, including the changing pedagogy of surgical training, the ethics and challenges of big data and machine learning, sustainability, and health economics. This summates to 7 Key Recommendations and 51 concluding statements. The FOS:TEST Commission was borne out of what is a pivotal point in the digital transformation of surgical training. Academic expertise and collaboration will be required to evaluate efficacy of any novel training solution. However, this must be coupled with pragmatic assessments of feasibility and cost to ensure that any intervention is scalable for national implementation. Currently, there is no replacement for hands-on operating. However, for future UK and ROI surgeons to stay relevant in a global market, our training methods must adapt. The Future of Surgery: Technology Enhanced Surgical Training Report provides a blueprint for how this can be achieved.

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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.

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The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development and crop improvement. We set to: Determine the common and unique factors that are altered upon juvenile to adult phase transition. Determine the functions of select miR156 target genes in tomato and maize, and identify those targets that mediate phase transition. Characterize the role of miR172 and its targets in tomato phase change. Determine the relationships between the various molecular circuits directing phase change. Determine the effects of regulated manipulation of phase change genes on plant architecture and if applicable, productivity. In the course of the study, a new technology for gene expression was introduced – next generation sequencing (NGS). Hence some of the original experiments that were planned with other platforms of RNA profiling, primarily Affymetrix arrays, were substituted with the new technology. Yet, not all were fully completed. Moreover, once the initial stage was completed, each group chose to focus its efforts on specific components of the phase change program. The Israeli group focused on the roles of the DELAYED SYMPODIAL TERMINATION and FALSIFLORA factors in tomato age dependent programs whereas the US group characterized in detail the role of miR156 (also termed Cg) in other grasses and in maize, its interplay with the many genes encoding miR172.

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Torres, Marissa, Norberto Nadal-Caraballo, and Alexandros Taflanidis. Rapid tidal reconstruction for the Coastal Hazards System and StormSim part II : Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41482.

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This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes the continuing efforts towards incorporating rapid tidal time-series reconstruction and prediction capabilities into the Coastal Hazards System (CHS) and the Stochastic Storm Simulation System (StormSim). The CHS (Nadal-Caraballo et al. 2020) is a national effort for the quantification of coastal storm hazards, including a database and web tool (https://chs.erdc.dren.mil) for the deployment of results from the Probabilistic Coastal Hazard Analysis (PCHA) framework. These PCHA products are developed from regional studies such as the North Atlantic Coast Comprehensive Study (NACCS) (Nadal-Caraballo et al. 2015; Cialone et al. 2015) and the ongoing South Atlantic Coast Study (SACS). The PCHA framework considers hazards due to both tropical and extratropical cyclones, depending on the storm climatology of the region of interest. The CHS supports feasibility studies, probabilistic design of coastal structures, and flood risk management for coastal communities and critical infrastructure. StormSim (https://stormsim.erdc.dren.mil) is a suite of tools used for statistical analysis and probabilistic modeling of historical and synthetic storms and for stochastic design and other engineering applications. One of these tools, the Coastal Hazards Rapid Prediction System (CHRPS) (Torres et al. 2020), can perform rapid prediction of coastal storm hazards, including real-time hurricane-induced flooding. This CHETN discusses the quantification and validation of the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) tidal constituent database (Szpilka et al. 2016) and the tidal reconstruction program Unified Tidal analysis (UTide) (Codiga 2011) in the Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands (PR/USVI) coastal regions. The new methodology discussed herein will be further developed into the Rapid Tidal Reconstruction (RTR) tool within the StormSim and CHS frameworks.

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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.

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Cachalia, Firoz, and Jonathan Klaaren. Digitalisation, the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and the Constitutional Law of Privacy in South Africa: Towards a public law perspective on constitutional privacy in the era of digitalisation. Digital Pathways at Oxford, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/04.

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In this working paper, our focus is on the constitutional debates and case law regarding the right to privacy, adopting a method that is largely theoretical. In an accompanying separate working paper, A South African Public Law Perspective on Digitalisation in the Health Sector, we employ the analysis developed here and focus on the specific case of digital technologies in the health sector. The topic and task of these papers lie at the confluence of many areas of contemporary society. To demonstrate and apply the argument of this paper, it would be possible and valuable to extend its analysis into any of numerous spheres of social life, from energy to education to policing to child care. In our accompanying separate paper, we focus on only one policy domain – the health sector. Our aim is to demonstrate our argument about the significance of a public law perspective on the constitutional right to privacy in the age of digitalisation, and attend to several issues raised by digitalisation’s impact in the health sector. For the most part, we focus on technologies that have health benefits and privacy costs, but we also recognise that certain technologies have health costs and privacy benefits. We also briefly outline the recent establishment (and subsequent events) in South Africa of a contact tracing database responding to the COVID-19 pandemic – the COVID-19 Tracing Database – a development at the interface of the law enforcement and health sectors. Our main point in this accompanying paper is to demonstrate the value that a constitutional right to privacy can bring to the regulation of digital technologies in a variety of legal frameworks and technological settings – from public to private, and from the law of the constitution to the ‘law’ of computer coding.

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