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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "COCOMO MODEL"

Chhabra, Sonia, and Harvir Singh. "Optimizing Design of Fuzzy Model for Software Cost Estimation Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 19, no. 01 (March 2020): 2050005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026820500054.

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Estimation of software cost and effort is of prime importance in software development process. Accurate and reliable estimation plays a vital role in successful completion of the project. To estimate software cost, various techniques have been used. Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is amongst most prominent algorithmic model used for cost estimation. Different versions of COCOMO consider different types of parameters affecting overall cost. Parameters involved in estimation using COCOMO possess vagueness which introduces some degree of uncertainty in algorithmic modelling. The concept of fuzzy logic can deal with uncertainty involved in Intermediate COCOMO cost driver measurements via Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). In the proposed research, an effort has been made wherein, for each cost driver, an FIS is designed to calculate the corresponding effort multiplier. Proposed research provides an insight through evolutionary-based optimization techniques to optimize fuzzy logic-based COCOMO using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. The magnitude of relative error and its mean, calculated using COCOMO NASA2 and COCOMONASA datasets are used as evaluation metrics to validate the proposed model. The model outperforms when compared to other optimization techniques like Genetic Algorithm.

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DANEVA, MAYA. "UNCERTAIN CONTEXT FACTORS IN ERP PROJECT ESTIMATION ARE AN ASSET: INSIGHTS FROM A SEMI-REPLICATION CASE STUDY IN A FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 21, no. 03 (May 2011): 389–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194011005335.

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This paper reports on the findings of a case study in a company in the financial services sector in which we replicated the use of a previously published approach to systematically balance the contextual uncertainties in the estimation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) projects. The approach is based on using three techniques, a parametric model, namely COCOMO II, a portfolio management model, and Monte Carlo simulations. We investigated (i) whether the adjustment of uncertain cost drivers in the COCOMO II model increases the chance of project success in a portfolio of ERP projects, (ii) which cost drivers of the COCOMO II model can be adjusted in a way that maximized the chance of portfolio success under time constraints, and (iii) which cost drivers of the COCOMO II model can be adjusted in a way that maximized the chance of portfolio success under effort constraints. We found that 11 COCOMO II cost drivers can be changed so that the change impacts the project outcomes under both time and effort constraints. This result is different from the result in the first case study in which 13 such factors were found.

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Ramadhan, As'ary. "Estimasi Pada Effort Perangkat Lunak dengan Pendekatan Feed Forward Neural Network Backpropagation (FFNN-BP)." Technologia: Jurnal Ilmiah 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/tji.v12i2.4576.

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Estimasi biaya pengembangan proyek perangkat lunak merupakan salah satu masalah yang kritis dalam rekayasa perangkat lunak. Kegagalan dari proyek perangkat lunak diakibatkan ketidak akuratannya estimasi sumber daya yang dibutuhkan. Beberapa model telah dikembangkan dalam beberapa puluh tahun belakangan ini. Untuk meberikan keakuratan dalam estimasi biaya proyek perangkat lunak masih menjadi tantangan hingga saat ini. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini meningkatkan akurasi estimasi biaya proyek perangkat lunak dengan menerapkan algoritma genetika sebagai proses pelatihan pada Feed Forward Neural Network Backpropagation (FFNN-BP) yang mengakomodasi formula dari Post Architecture Model (COCOMO II). Magnitude of Relative Error (MRE) dan Mean Magnitude of Relative-Error (MMRE) digunakan sebagai pengkuran indikasi kinerja. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa model yang diusulkan memberikan hasil estimasi biaya proyek perangkat lunak menjadi lebih akurat dari COCOMO II dan FFNN-BP. Dalam kasus ini MMRE untuk COCOMO II adalah 74.68%, FFNN-BP adalah 39.90% . Kata kunci: COCOMO II, Machine Learning, Proyek Manajemen IT, Backpropagation

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Attarzadeh, Iman, and Siew Hock Ow. "Proposing an Effective Artificial Neural Network Architecture to Improve the Precision of Software Cost Estimation Model." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 24, no. 06 (August 2014): 935–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194014500338.

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Software companies have to manage different software projects based on different time, cost, and manpower requirement, which is a very complex task in software project management. Accurate software estimates at the early phase of software development is one of the crucial objectives and a great challenge in software project management, in the last decades. Since software development attributes are vague and uncertain at the early phase of development, software estimates tend to a certain degree of estimation error. A software development cost estimation model incorporates soft computing techniques provides a solution to fit the vagueness and uncertainty of software attributes. In this paper, an adaptive artificial neural network (ANN) architecture for Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is proposed in order to produce accurate software estimates. The ANN is utilized to determine the importance of calibration of the software attributes using past project data in order to produce accurate software estimates. Software project data from the COCOMO I and NASA'93 data sets were used in the evaluation of the proposed model. The result shows an improvement in estimation accuracy of 8.36% of the ANN-COCOMO II when compared with the original COCOMO II.

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Yang, Hai. "Improved Software Cost Estimation Method Based on COCOMO Model and Linear Regression." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1497.

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Software cost estimation is the key step to software development management. In order to make COCOMO model applicable to Chinese enterprises, an improved software cost estimation method based on COCOMO model and linear regression was proposed in this paper. Then the replication experiment was taken by using the historical software project data of given enterprises, and then compared experience estimation with the new improved method proposed in this paper about the forecasting accuracy. The results verified that the improved cost estimation method has more practical value to software development.

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Putri, Rahmi Rizkiana. "Peningkatan Akurasi Perkiraan Biaya dan Waktu Proyek Perangkat Lunak Berdasarkan Model Fuzzy Gaussian dan Perubahan Nilai Parameter." Jurnal IPTEK 22, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.iptek.2018.v22i2.447.

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Perkiraan biaya dan waktu akan mempengaruhi manajemen proyek perangkat lunak. Penambahan cost driver yang diperkenalkan Barry Boehm pada tahun 2000 digunakan dalam penulisan ini guna memberikan hasil akurasi yang lebih baik karena telah mencakup keseluruhan bagian yang di estimasi. Namun jika hanya menggunakan metode COCOMO II hasil estimasi masih jauh dari Actual Effort. Oleh sebab itu peningkatan akurasi hasil COCOMO II dapat menggunakan metode Fuzzy Gaussian yang memberikan hasil estimasi lebih baik dilihat dari hasil MMRE. Tidak hanya menggunakan metode tersebut, tetapi juga mengubah nilai parameter COCOMO II secara menurun dengan nilai gradual 0,0001 untuk mencapai nilai optimal. Berdasarkan hasil implementasi metode yang diusulkan disini kesalahan akurasi perkiraan biaya dapat turun 30% dan kesalahan akurasi perkiraan waktu proyek perangkat lunak dapat turun 1,19% bila dibandingkan penelitian sebelumnya. Jadi keakuratan biaya dan waktu dalam penelitian ini dapat meningkat.

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Li, Zhen You. "Predicting Project Effort Intelligently in early Stages by Applying Genetic Algorithms with Neural Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 2035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2035.

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In the early stages of a software development project, estimating the amount of effort is one of the most important project management concerns. This study has successfully produced global optimal reduced models intelligently predicting software cost estimation by employing neural networks with back-propagation learning algorithms combined with genetic algorithms (GA-NN) to determine the most significant explanatory variables among the 16 COCOMO cost drivers. The performance of the full model of GA-NN is much superior to that of the COCOMO, whilst the predicting performance of its global optimal reduced model is also comparable to that of the COCOMO in terms of MMRE and PRED (25). The optimal reduced models and their found significant factors can offer powerful supports for the project managers to make right decisions in the early stages of the projects.

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Bhawana Verma, Satish Kumar Alaria. "Design & Analysis of Cost Estimation for New Mobile-COCOMO Tool for Mobile Application." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v7i1.5222.

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Software cost estimation is a resource forecasting method, which is required by the software development process. However, estimating the workload, schedule and cost of a software project is a complex task because it involves predicting the future using historical project data and extrapolating to see future values. For cost estimates for software projects, several methods are used. Among the various software cost estimation methods available, the most commonly used technology is the COCOMO method. Similarly, to calculate software costs, there are several cost estimating tools available for software developers to use. But these released cost estimation tools can only provide parameters (i.e. cost, development time, average personnel) for large software with multiple lines of code. However, if a software developer wants to estimate the cost of a small project that is usually a mobile application, the available tools will not give the right results. Therefore, to calculate the cost of the mobile application, the available cost estimation method COCOMO II is improved to a new model called New Mobile COCOMO Tool. The New Mobile COCOMO tool developed specifically for mobile applications is a boon for software developers working in small software applications because it only includes important multipliers that play a vital role in estimating the cost of developing mobile applications. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to propose a cost estimation model with a special case of COCOMO II, especially for mobile applications, which calculates the person-month, the programmed time and the average personnel involved in the development of any mobile app.

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Sachan, Rohit Kumar, Ayush Nigam, Avinash Singh, Sharad Singh, Manjeet Choudhary, Avinash Tiwari, and Dharmender Singh Kushwaha. "Optimizing Basic COCOMO Model Using Simplified Genetic Algorithm." Procedia Computer Science 89 (2016): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.06.107.

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ul Hassan, Ch Anwar, Muhammad Sufyan Khan, Rizwana Irfan, Jawaid Iqbal, Saddam Hussain, Syed Sajid Ullah, Roobaea Alroobaea, and Fazlullah Umar. "Optimizing Deep Learning Model for Software Cost Estimation Using Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithmic Approach." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (October 4, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3145956.

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Effective software cost estimation significantly contributes to decision-making. The rising trend of using nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms has been seen in software cost estimation problems. The constructive cost model (COCOMO) method is a well-known regression-based algorithmic technique for estimating software costs. The limitation of the COCOMO models is that the values of these coefficients are constant for similar kinds of projects whereas, in reality, these parameters vary from one organization to another organization. Therefore, for accurate estimation, it is necessary to fine-tune the coefficients. The research community is now examining deep learning (DL) as a forward-looking solution to improve cost estimation. Although deep learning architectures provide some improvements over existing flat technologies, they also have some shortcomings, such as large training delays, over-fitting, and under-fitting. Deep learning models usually require fine-tuning to a large number of parameters. The meta-heuristic algorithm supports finding a good optimal solution at a reasonable computational cost. Additionally, heuristic approaches allow for the location of an optimum solution. So, it can be used with deep neural networks to minimize training delays. The hybrid of ant colony optimization with BAT (HACO-BA) algorithm is a hybrid optimization technique that combines the most common global optimum search technique for ant colonies (ACO) in association with one of the newest search techniques called the BAT algorithm (BA). This technology supports the solution of multivariable problems and has been applied to the optimization of a large number of engineering problems. This work will perform a two-fold assessment of algorithms: (i) comparing the efficacy of ACO, BA, and HACO-BA in optimizing COCOMO II coefficients; and (ii) using HACO-BA algorithms to optimize and improve the deep learning training process. The experimental results show that the hybrid HACO-BA performs better as compared to ACO and BA for tuning COCOMO II. HACO-BA also performs better in the optimization of DNN in terms of execution time and accuracy. The process is executed upto 100 epochs, and the accuracy achieved by the proposed DNN approach is almost 98% while NN achieved accuracy of up to 85% on the same datasets.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "COCOMO MODEL"

Hjalmarsson, Alexander. "Software Development Cost Estimation Using COCOMO II Based Meta Model." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123367.

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Large amounts of software are running on what is considered to be legacy platforms. These systems are often business critical and cannot be phased out without a proper replacement. The generations of developers that have developed, maintained and supported these systems are leaving the workforce leaving an estimated shortfall of developers in the near time. Migration of these legacy applications can be troublesome due poor documentation and estimating the sizes of the projects is nontrivial. Expert estimates are the most common method of estimation when it comes to software projects but the method is heavily relying on the experience, knowledge and intuition of the estimator. The use of a complementary estimation method can increase the accuracy of the estimation. This thesis constructs a meta model that combines enterprise architecture concepts with the COCOMO II estimation model in order to utilize the benefits of architectural overviews and tested models with the purpose of supporting the migration process. The study proposes a method combining expert cost estimation with model based estimation which increases the estimation accuracy. The combination method on the four project samples resulted in a mean magnitude of relative error of 10%.

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Alshathry, Omar. "A regression-based model for optimising cost of software quality assurance." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4536.

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Chakraverti, Sugandha, Sheo Kumar, S. C. Agarwal, and Ashish Kumar Chakraverti. "Modified Cocomo Model For Maintenance cost Estimation of Real Time System Software." IJCSN, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219511.

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Software maintenance is an important activity in software engineering. Over the decades, software maintenance costs have been continually reported to account for a large majority of software costs [Zelkowitz 1979, Boehm 1981, McKee 1984, Boehm 1988, Erlikh 2000]. This fact is not surprising. On the one hand, software environments and requirements are constantly changing, which lead to new software system upgrades to keep pace with the changes. On the other hand, the economic benefits of software reuse have encouraged the software industry to reuse and enhance the existing systems rather than to build new ones [Boehm 1981, 1999]. Thus, it is crucial for project managers to estimate and manage the software maintenance costs effectively.
Accurate cost estimation of software projects is one of the most desired capabilities in software development Process. Accurate cost estimates not only help the customer make successful investments but also assist the software project manager in coming up with appropriate plans for the project and making reasonable decisions during the project execution. Although there have been reports that software maintenance accounts for the majority of the software total cost, the software estimation research has focused considerably on new development and much less on maintenance. Now if we talk about real time software system(RTSS) development cost estimation and maintenance cost estimation is not much differ from simple software but some critical factor are considered for RTSS development and maintenance like response time of software for input and processing time to give correct output. As like simple software maintenance cost estimation existing models (i.e. Modified COCOMO-II) can be used but after inclusion of some critical parameters related to RTSS. A Hypothetical Expert input and an industry data set of eighty completed software maintenance projects were used to build the model for RTSS maintenance cost. The full model, which was derived through the Bayesian analysis, yields effort estimates within 30% of the actual 51% of the time,outperforming the original COCOMO II model when it was used to estimate theseprojects by 34%. Further performance improvement was obtained when calibrating the full model to each individual program, generating effort estimates within 30% of the actual 80% of the time.

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Douglas, Michael Jay. "The impacts of the handoffs on software development : a cost estimation model." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001692.

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Lipkin, Ilya. "Testing Software Development Project Productivity Model." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1321593577.

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Fonseca, Filho José Raimundo dos Santos. "ESTIMAÇÃO DE MÉTRICAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO AUXILIADA POR REDES NEURAIS ARTIFICIAIS." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2003. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/324.

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Several modeling approaches for the process of development in software engineering able of subsidizing decision making in the management of project are being searched. Metric of softwares, process modeling and estimation techniques have been independently considered either taking into consideration the intrinsic characteristic of softwares or their constructive process. This research proposes a complete, simple and efficient model for representing the whole process of development which, based on a set of features of the process and basic attributes of softwares, yields good estimation metrics (time and effort) of the development of the software still at the beginning of the process. The model relates constructive characteristics of the process to each type of organization, for identifying classes of homogeneous behavior based on Kohonen Neural Network. Directly, from this classification, according to the basic attributes of each software being developed, metrics may be estimated supported by Feedforward Neural Networks. A prototype is specified in Unified Model Language (UML) and implemented to estimate metrics for the development of softwares. Comparisons of the obtained results with those available in literature are presented.
Diversas representações do processo de desenvolvimento na Engenharia de softwares capazes de, eficientemente, subsidiar a tomada de decisões no gerenciamento de projetos, vêm sendo arduamente pesquisadas. Métricas de softwares, modelos de processo e técnicas de estimação têm sido propostos em grande quantidade, tanto devido a características intrínsecas dos softwares quanto a características do próprio processo construtivo. Buscando superar algumas das dificuldades de estimação de métricas relacionadas ao processo de desenvolvimento, este trabalho realiza, inicialmente, um estudo de ferramentas voltadas para tal objetivo e que estão disponíveis no mercado. Em seguida, um conjunto de descritores do processo em questão e também um conjunto de atributos básicos dos softwares será levantado. A partir de então, é proposto um modelo que represente o processo de desenvolvimento de maneira simples e eficiente. O modelo de processo do desenvolvimento na Engenharia de softwares relaciona as características desse processo construtivo a classes de entidades desenvolvedoras, tal que se possa estabelecer um comportamento homogêneo ao processo. Baseado nessa classificação, são relacionados, de maneira direta, métricas (tempo e esforço) de desenvolvimento com os atributos básicos dos softwares, definidos por Albrecht, visando a estimação de métricas. O modelo de processo é baseado no mapa de Kohonen e o estimador de métricas será auxiliado por redes neurais feed forward. Uma ferramenta de software (protótipo) é especificado em Linguagem de modelamento unificada (UML). Esta ferramenta auxiliará a produção de estimativas de tempo e de esforço de desenvolvimento de softwares. Comparações de resultados obtidos serão realizadas com os disponibilizados na literatura consultada.

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Dufour, Partanen Bianca. "On the Valuation of Contingent Convertibles (CoCos): Analytically Tractable First Passage Time Model for Pricing AT1 CoCos." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188792.

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Contingent Convertibles (CoCos) are a new type of hybrid debt instrument characterized by forced equity conversion or write-down under a specified trigger event, usually indicating a state of near non-viability of the Additional Tier 1 capital category, giving them additional features such as possible coupon cancellation. In this thesis, the structure of CoCos is presented and different pricing approaches are introduced. A special focus is put on structural models with the Analytically Tractable First Passage Time(AT1P) Model and its extensions. Two models are applied on the write-down CoCo issued by Svenska Handelsbanken, starting with the equity derivative model and followed by the AT1P model.
Contingent Convertibles (Cocos) - villkorade konvertibla obligationer, är en ny typ av hybridinstrument som kännetecknas av konvertering till eget kapital eller nedskrivning av lånet vid en viss utlösande händelse, som vanligtvis indikerar ett tillstånd där den emitterande banken har behov av att absorbera förluster. Under strikta villkor kan dessa CoCo obligationer tillhöra primärkapital, där de kännetecknas av bland annat möjlig inställning av kuponger. I denna avhandling presenteras CoCons struktur och olika prissättningsmodeller läggs fram. Ett särskilt fokus läggs på strukturella modeller med “Analytically Tractable First Passage Time (AT1P) Model” och dess utvidgningar. Två modeller tillämpas på CoCon emitterad av Svenska Handelsbanken: “equity derivative” modellen och AT1P modellen.

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FARIAS, Lourival Antonio Simões de. "Estudo da viabilidade de agroindustrialização do coco (cocos nucifera L.) em São Gonçalo, Sousa-PB." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/787.

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Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-23T14:52:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LOURIVAL ANTONIO SIMÕES DE FARIAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 10079550 bytes, checksum: 58af2a33af68f236c4e05efeb4f7ee04 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T14:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LOURIVAL ANTONIO SIMÕES DE FARIAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 10079550 bytes, checksum: 58af2a33af68f236c4e05efeb4f7ee04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03
O semiárido brasileiro é caracterizado por chuvas irregulares, alta evapotranspiração, elevadas temperaturas e baixa pluviometria, fenômenos que assolam grande parte do território brasileiro, sendo visualizado com maior intensidade na região Nordeste. Dentro deste espaço, localiza-se o estado da Paraíba, que periodicamente vivencia o fenômeno da seca, a qual é causadora das irregularidades de safras agrícolas e prejuízos nas lavouras. Buscou-se, neste estudo, demonstrar a influência da variação de temperatura e da sazonalidade pluviométrica, nos polos receptores do fruto, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, na formação do preço unitário deste, independentemente das variações de temperatura e das chuvas na região de São Gonçalo, o que faz oscilar o seu valor unitário, deixando o produtor sem possibilidades de negociação ou mesmo de um maior lucro em relação à demanda e à oferta. Nesta dissertação tem-se por objetivo verificar as possibilidades de aproveitamento dos derivados do coco, em substituição à venda do fruto verde in natura, desenvolvendo em um primeiro momento, a análise de um questionário sobre as características socioeconômicas deste produtor, de sua propriedade e da relação com os atravessadores na produção e venda do fruto in natura. Utilizando-se os dados coletados, realizou-se o confronto entre os índices pluviométricos e de temperatura média mensal, tanto do polo produtor, como do polo receptor, com o preço unitário do coco verde em São Gonçalo no período de 2012 a 2014. Na sequência, foram utilizadas ferramentas matemáticas de modelagem e de custo, para observar quais as possibilidades de agroindustrialização dos derivados do coco, analisando os seus custos e as suas devidas restrições, buscando uma situação máxima de receita que possibilite ao produtor armazenar, beneficiar, agregar valor e até mesmo agroindustrializar os derivados do coco a exemplo de: água, leite, óleo, fibra, ralados, etc. Verificou-se que existem alternativas mais lucrativas, para o produtor, ao realizar a agroindustrialização dos derivados do fruto, principalmente na produção do óleo de coco.
The Brazilian semiarid region is characterized by irregular rainfall, high evapotranspiration, high temperatures and low rainfall, phenomena that plague much of the Brazilian territory, being viewed with greater intensity in the Northeast. Within this space is located the state of Paraiba, which periodically experiences the phenomenon of drought, which is the cause of the irregularities of agricultural crops and damage to crops. We sought in this study demonstrate the influence of changes in temperature and rainfall seasonality in recipient poles of fruit, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, in the pricing of this unit, regardless of temperature variations and rainfall in the region of São Gonçalo, which makes oscillate the unit value, leaving the producer without tradability or even a higher profit in relation to demand and supply. In this dissertation has for objective to verify the possibilities of use of derivatives coconut, replacing the sale of the green fruit fresh, developing in the first place, the analysis of a questionnaire on the socioeconomic characteristics of this producer, its property and relationship with the middlemen in the production and sale of fresh fruit. Using the data collected, there was the confrontation between the rainfall and average temperatures of both the production hub, and the recipient pole, with the unit price of coconut in São Gonçalo in the 2012 period to 2014. In sequence, mathematical modeling tools and cost were used to observe which industrialization possibilities of coconut derivatives, analyzing their costs and their due restrictions, seeking a maximum state revenue that enables the producer storing, processing, adding value and even agroindustrializar derived from coconut example: water, milk, oil, fiber, grating, etc. It was found that more profitable alternative for the producer to perform the industrialization of the derivatives of fruit, especially in the production of coconut oil.

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Rankin, Erik. ""Önskar man hade två käftar och tre telefoner" : COCOM och kontroll inom flygledning." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-117603.

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Анотація:

Denna magisteruppsats redogör för en anpassning av COCOM (Contextual Control Model) till flygledningsdomänen. COCOM är en modell som kan användas för att beskriva och förutse kontroll hos operatörer i komplexa system. En central del av modellen är begreppet kontrollnivå vilket beskriver hur graden av kontroll hos ett JCS (Joint Cognitive System) beror av och påverkar de parametrar som beskriver dess prestation. Fokus i denna uppsats ligger på det JCS som omfattar flygledaren i sin arbetsposition. I uppsatsen anpassas Hollnagels generella beskrivning av kontrollnivåer i COCOM till flygledningsdomänen. Till grund för anpassningen ligger en kvalitativ studie i form av observation och intervju av sju operativa flygledare vid en svensk kontrollcentral. De tre parametrarna målavvägning, subjektivt tillgänglig tid samt planering och prioritering befinns särskilt lämpliga för att beskriva kontroll inom flygledning. I uppsatsen identifieras också, med utgångspunkt i resilience engineering, tolv strategier som flygledare använder för att bibehålla kontroll i det vardagliga arbetet. Två exempel på strategier är att anpassa sig till kollegor och deras arbetssituation, samt användandet av ”extra ögon”, att låta en kollega övervaka arbetet. Valet av strategi kopplas i uppsatsen samman med vilken kontrollnivå flygledaren befinner sig på. Domänanpassningen av COCOM visar att modellen är lämplig för modellering av operatörer. COCOM för flygledning kan användas för att bättre klassificera prestation specifikt inom detta område, samt som stöd i samband med utvecklandet av nya verktyg och arbetsmetoder. Kunskap om kontrollstrategier kan med fördel utnyttjas vid utbildning av flygledare, som med denna typ av metakunskap kan få mer medvetna verktyg för att bibehålla kontroll.

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González-Andrés, Cristina. "The role of marine offshore protected areas in protecting large pelagics. Practical case: Cocos Island National Park (Costa Rica)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/115291.

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Книги з теми "COCOMO MODEL"

Kouyaté-Ethui, Mamou. Optimal pricing model for primary commodities in developing countries: An application to the cocoa subsector in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Socio-economic Research and Planning Division, 1989.

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Njinkeu, Dominique. Supply response for cocoa in Cameroon. [Yaounde, Cameroon?: s.n., 1988.

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Penn, Alexandra. Integrating academic and vocational education: A model for secondary schools. Alexandria, Va: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1996.

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Gotsch, Nikolaus. Dynamic welfare effects of future biotechnical progress for perennial crops: A theoretical vintage model for different assumptions on supply shift and its application to Malaysian cocoa production. Kiel: Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, 1999.

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Trivedi, P. K. A model of cocoa replanting and new planting in Bahia, Brazil, 1966-85. Washington, DC: International Economics Dept., World Bank, 1988.

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Akiyama, T. Cocoa and coffee pricing policies in Côte d'Ivoire. [Washington, D.C.]: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1988.

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Panagariya, Arvind. Taxes versus quotas: The case of cocoa exports. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Country Economics Dept., World Bank, 1991.

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Titilola, Sunday O. An econometric model of Nigeria's agricultural sector with emphasis on the future of cocoa in the Nigerian economy (1970-1990). Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), 1997.

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De la trata de negros al cultivo del cacao: Evolución del modelo colonial español en Guinea Ecuatorial de 1778 a 1914. Vic (Barcelona): CEIBA Ediciones, 2005.

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A, Chuchel Bruce, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Principal facts, gravity profile, and interpreted geologic model for 128 gravity stations along a portion of a COCORP seismic profile on the Millett 1 by 2 degree quadrangle, Nevada. [Menlo Park, CA]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "COCOMO MODEL"

Trendowicz, Adam, and Ross Jeffery. "Constructive Cost Model—COCOMO." In Software Project Effort Estimation, 277–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03629-8_9.

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Cooper, Ronnie E. "The Complete COCOMO Model: Basic, Intermediate, Detailed, and Incremental Versions for the Original, Enhanced, Ada, and Ada Process Models of COCOMO." In Cost Estimating and Analysis, 111–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2936-0_7.

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Idri, A., B. Griech, and A. El Iraki. "Towards an adaptation of the Cocomo cost model to the software measurement theory." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 525–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-63531-9_37.

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Alshalif, Sarah Abdulkarem, Noraini Ibrahim, and Tutut Herawan. "Artificial Neural Network with Hyperbolic Tangent Activation Function to Improve the Accuracy of COCOMO II Model." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 81–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51281-5_9.

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Hussain, Sharraf, Shakeel A. Khoja, Nazish Hassan, and Parkash Lohana. "Effect of Schedule Compression on Project Effort in COCOMO II Model for Highly Compressed Schedule Ratings." In Wireless Networks, Information Processing and Systems, 202–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89853-5_22.

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Dalal, Surjeet, Neeraj Dahiya, and Vivek Jaglan. "Efficient Tuning of COCOMO Model Cost Drivers Through Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) Nonlinear Optimization with Best-Fit Analysis." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 347–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6872-0_32.

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Pientka, Brigitte, and Ulrich Schöpp. "Semantical Analysis of Contextual Types." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 502–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45231-5_26.

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AbstractWe describe a category-theoretic semantics for a simply typed variant of Cocon, a contextual modal type theory where the box modality mediates between the weak function space that is used to represent higher-order abstract syntax (HOAS) trees and the strong function space that describes (recursive) computations about them. What makes Cocon different from standard type theories is the presence of first-class contexts and contextual objects to describe syntax trees that are closed with respect to a given context of assumptions. Following M. Hofmann’s work, we use a presheaf model to characterise HOAS trees. Surprisingly, this model already provides the necessary structure to also model Cocon. In particular, we can capture the contextual objects of Cocon using a comonad $$\flat $$ ♭ that restricts presheaves to their closed elements. This gives a simple semantic characterisation of the invariants of contextual types (e.g. substitution invariance) and identifies Cocon as a type-theoretic syntax of presheaf models. We express our category-theoretic constructions by using a modal internal type theory that is implemented in Agda-Flat.

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De Spiegeleer, Jan, Ine Marquet, and Wim Schoutens. "Pricing Models for CoCos." In The Risk Management of Contingent Convertible (CoCo) Bonds, 23–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01824-5_2.

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Moser, Günter, and Marc Fischer. "Das CoCo-Modell." In Kommunikation und Controlling, 13–44. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07914-7_3.

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Badsberg, J. H. "Model Search in Contingency Tables by CoCo." In Computational Statistics, 251–56. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-26811-7_33.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "COCOMO MODEL"

Verma, Aditya, and Preeti. "Calibrating Intermediate COCOMO Model Using Genetic Algorithm." In 2021 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccis51004.2021.9397181.

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Sachan, Rohit Kumar, and Dharmender Singh Kushwaha. "Anti-Predatory NIA Based Approach for Optimizing Basic COCOMO Model." In 2020 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/confluence47617.2020.9058033.

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Thirumalai, Chandrasegar, R. R. Shridharshan, and L. Ranjith Reynold. "An assessment of halstead and COCOMO model for effort estimation." In 2017 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipact.2017.8245069.

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Yuan, Xiang, Jie Su, Chutian Yu, and Shaojie Ye. "Power Grid Software Cost Estimation Based on Improved COCOMO Model." In 2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electronic Technology, Communication and Information (ICETCI). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetci57876.2023.10176686.

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Putri, Rahmi Rizkiana, Daniel Siahaan, and Chastine Fatichah. "A Comparative Study on COCOMO II Model for Cost Estimation." In 2023 IEEE 13th International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsce58721.2023.10237162.

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Sharma, Hitesh Kumar, Ravi Tomar, J. C. Patni, and Ankur Dumka. "E-COCOMO: An effort estimation model for cleanroom software development approach." In 2016 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ngct.2016.7877403.

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Sunindyo, Wikan Danar, and Chintia Rudiyanto. "Improvement of COCOMO II Model to Increase the Accuracy of Effort Estimation." In 2019 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (ICEEI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceei47359.2019.8988909.

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Sharma, Hitesh Kumar, Ravi Tomar, Ankur Dumka, and M. S. Aswal. "OpenECOCOMO: The algorithms and implementation of Extended Cost Constructive Model (E-COCOMO)." In 2015 1st International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ngct.2015.7375225.

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Attarzadeh, Iman, and Siew Hock Ow. "Improving estimation accuracy of the COCOMO II using an adaptive fuzzy logic model." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fuzzy.2011.6007471.

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Madheswaran, M., and D. Sivakumar. "Enhancement of prediction accuracy in COCOMO model for software project using neural network." In 2014 5th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt.2014.6963021.

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Звіти організацій з теми "COCOMO MODEL"

Boehm, Barry, and Walker Royce. Ada COCOMO and the Ada Process Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada243476.

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Amanor, Kojo, Joseph Yaro, and Joseph Teye. Long-Term Patterns of Change in the Commercialisation of Cocoa in Ghana: Forest Frontiers and Technological Transformation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.045.

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Анотація:

The commercialisation of cocoa production in Ghana has a long history dating back to the nineteenth century. The process of commercial development in cocoa is well documented and provides an alternative mode to contemporary models of commercialisation rooted in the adoption of modern technology and integration of farmers into markets. This working paper critically analyses frameworks for agricultural commercialisation in cocoa through intensification based on the uptake of synthetic inputs and hybrid seeds, by placing agricultural development within a broader framework of the historical development of the frontier in Ghana, and the related problems of ecological and economic crises. The study examines access to land, labour and technology, and how the complex interactions of scarcity of access to physical resources and labour influence farmers’ farming strategies and adoption of technology.

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