Готові списки джерел за темами / Coal liquefaction Waste disposal

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Coal liquefaction Waste disposal"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Coal liquefaction Waste disposal"

Uwaoma, R. C., C. A. Strydom, R. H. Matjie, J. R. Bunt, G. N. Okolo, and D. J. Brand. "Pyrolysis of Tetralin Liquefaction Derived Residues from Lighter Density Fractions of Waste Coals Taken from Waste Coal Disposal Sites in South Africa." Energy & Fuels 33, no. 9 (August 29, 2019): 9074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b01823.

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Fakoussa, R. M. "Production of water-soluble coal-substances by partial microbial liquefaction of untreated hard coal." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 1, no. 3-4 (August 1988): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(88)90020-1.

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Zhao, Hua, and Michael S. Franklin. "Ionic liquids for coal dissolution, extraction and liquefaction." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 95, no. 9 (June 20, 2020): 2301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6489.

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Ren, Xiangkun, Dingye Fang, Jialu Jin, and Jinsheng Gao. "Study on flow patterns in different types of direct coal liquefaction reactors." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 4, no. 5 (June 15, 2009): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.284.

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Zhang, Li, Han Liu, Yifei Wang, and Yongzhen Peng. "Compositional characteristics of dissolved organic matter during coal liquefaction wastewater treatment and its environmental implications." Science of The Total Environment 704 (February 2020): 135409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135409.

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Chen, Huijun, Beibei Cui, Guochun Yan, Jianli Wang, Weimin Lu, Yi Li, Wei Xie, Yuqing Niu, Jiancheng Wang, and Liping Chang. "The application of coal liquefaction residue raffinate slag-based sorbents for elemental mercury removal from coal-fired flue gas." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10, no. 1 (February 2022): 107045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107045.

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Zhang, Li, Yongzhen Peng, and Jiachun Yang. "Transformation of dissolved organic matter during advanced coal liquefaction wastewater treatment and analysis of its molecular characteristics." Science of The Total Environment 658 (March 2019): 1334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.218.

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Ghani, Zaidi Ab, Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak, and Khudzir Ismail. "Direct liquefaction of Mukah Balingian low-rank Malaysian coal: optimization using response surface methodology." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 6, no. 4 (May 29, 2010): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.442.

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Zhao, Runze, Lan Yang, Xue Song, Weishan Zhang, Baiyang Wang, Sheng Huang, Shiyong Wu та Youqing Wu. "Effects of sulfur additive on the transformation behaviors of γ-Fe2 O3 and coal liquefaction performances under mild conditions". Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 13, № 4 (липень 2018): e2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.2227.

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Ramdoss, Prakash K., Chin-Hsian Kuo, and Arthur R. Tarrer. "Utilization of Petroleum Waste in Coal Liquefaction." Energy & Fuels 10, no. 4 (January 1996): 996–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9600117.

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Дисертації з теми "Coal liquefaction Waste disposal"

Rezaee, Mohammad. "SUSTAINABLE DISPOSAL OF COAL PROCESSING WASTE STREAMS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/26.

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Анотація:

Modern coal preparation facilities incorporate a wide array of solid-solid and solid-liquid separation processes for rejecting mineral matter to meet market specifications. The coarse mineral matter is typically placed into engineered refuse piles whereas the fine refuse is either stored in impoundments or co-disposed with the coarse refuse. The discharge water from the refuse material represents an environmental concern due to the potential release of trace elements, and the subsequent elevation of total dissolved solids and conductivity. The research findings reported in this dissertation addresses sustainable coal processing waste disposal through using strategies aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts. To provide an accurate and inexpensive method to assess the potential environmental effects of a given waste material, a conductivity screening-level test was modified to incorporate the impact of particle surface area. The test was used on various waste streams as well as the particle size and density fractions of each waste stream to identify environmentally sensitive components that can be separated from the bulk and isolated to prevent negative environmental impacts. The results were subsequently evaluated for long term mobility of trace elements under different disposal scenarios: (i) static leaching tests designed to simulate the quiescent conditions in a stable impoundment, and (ii) a dynamic test to simulate waste materials exposed to the atmosphere in variable wet/dry storage conditions. The results indicated that liberating, separating and isolating the highest density fractions (>2.68 SG) which represents less than 5% of the coal refuse materials results in significant abatement of total dissolved solids and conductivity. Required modifications of the coal processing plants were suggested to segregate and subsequently isolate the environmentally sensitive fractions from the remaining refuse material.

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Basu, Kohinoor. "Feasibility of an Integrated Thin Seam Coal Mining and Waste Disposal System." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9578.

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The depletion of more attractive thicker and easily accessible coal seams in the central Appalachia will direct attention towards the extraction of coal seams thinner than 28 in. This thesis investigates the feasibility of an integrated mining and backfilling system applicable to thin seams. Two conceptual mining systems, namely Auger mining and Self Advancing Miner, have been proposed for this purpose. Both these systems are designed to remotely mine coal from the seams. Several attempts were made in the past to mine coal in a similar fashion but were not very successful due to several problems inherent to thin seams. The lack of effective steering techniques, accurate coal/rock interface and pillar thickness detection techniques were the main shortcomings of the systems. These problems were addressed in the proposed conceptual mining systems. Several coal/rock interface and rib thickness detection techniques currently available in the market or in the prototype stage have been discussed. Recent developments in coal/rock interface detection and direction sensing techniques have good potential in alleviating the previously encountered problems. Sensitivity analyses have been performed to assess the of effect critical mining parameters on the production potential of these systems. The self advancing miner has been found to be more promising than auger mining. Conceptual panels and face layouts for both systems have been included. Two types of filling methods namely pneumatic and hydraulic are considered applicable under thin seam conditions. A backfilling technique using rubber hoses for fill placement can be applied with both methods. Sensitivity analysis have been performed to establish the relationship between face operation cost, filling cost per ton and development cost per foot. Resulting analyses indicate that panel cost per short ton of coal is more sensitive to filling cost than on development cost.
Master of Science

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Grimes, Janet A. "Economic and system feasibility study of municipal waste stowage in underground coal mines." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05092009-040521/.

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Wang, Tian Fei. "Incineration characteristics of coal fired industrial wastes in grate and fluidised bed combustors." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310466.

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Gosling, Christine. "Co-disposal of rejects from coal and sand mining operations in the Blue Mountains : a feasibility study /." View thesis, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030822.133548/index.html.

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Albuquerque, Allwyn J. J. "Geoenvironmental aspects of coal refuse-fly ash blends /." This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12042009-020142/.

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Gosling, Christine, University of Western Sydney, and School of Civic Engineering and Environment. "Co-disposal of rejects from coal and sand mining operations in the Blue Mountains : a feasibility study." THESIS_XXXX_CEE_Gosling_C.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/824.

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This thesis presents details of investigations into the potential for co-disposal of the two rejects from Clarence Colliery and Kable's Transport Sand Mine. Column experiments were undertaken to simulate field conditions. The experiment consisted of: 1/. creating the required co-disposal arrangement and structure in containers 2/. infiltrating water through each container and measuring the rates of infiltration and overflow 3/. measuring the chemical properties of the leachate water. Geotechnical tests of co-disposal pile stability were undertaken using a specially constructed shear box. Results of this study suggest the co-disposal of course coal washery reject from Clarence Colliery with clay tailings from Kable's Transport Sand Mine is a feasible option for managing the generation of acetic drainage. It is recommended that field trials comprise layers of coal reject and clay tailings in a 9:1 ratio. Layering the coal reject with clay tailings creates a semi-permeable barrier which acts to restrict water percolation through the reject as well as reacting with the leachate to increase the leachate pH and adsorb metals
Master of Engineering (Hons)

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Muriithi, Grace Nyambura. "CO2 sequestration using brine impacted fly fish." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2786_1297918761.

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It was hypothesized that South African FA and brine could sequester CO2 through mineral carbonation. A statistical approach was undertaken to optimize the % CaCO3 formed from FA/brine/CO2 interaction with input parameters of temperature, pressure, particle size and solid/liquid ratio (S/L) being varied. The ranges adopted for the input parameters were: temperature of 30 º
C or 90 º
C
pressure of 1 Mpa or 4 Mpa
four particle sizes namely bulk ash, >
150 &mu
m, <
20 &mu
m and 20 &mu
m- 150 &mu
m particle size range
S/L ratios of 0.1, 0.5 or 1. The FA/ brine dispersions were carbonated in a high pressure reactor varying the above mentioned input parameters. The fresh Secunda FA of various size fractions was characterized morphologically using scanning electron microscopy, chemically using X-ray fluorescence and mineralogically using qualitative X-ray diffraction. The carbonated solid residues on the other hand were characterized using quantitative X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetic analysis and Chittick tests. The raw brine from Tutuka together with the carbonation leachates were characterized using inductively coupled mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. Total acid digestion was carried out to evaluate the differences in the total elemental content in both the fresh ash and the carbonated solid residues. The results suggested that South African FA from Secunda belongs to class F based on the CaO content as well as the total alumina, silica and ferric oxide content, while the RO brine from Tutuka were classified as NaSO4 waters...

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Albuquerque, Allwyn J. "Geoenvironmental aspects of coal refuse-fly ash blends." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46095.

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The separate land disposal of coal refuse and fly ash presents difficulties throughout the Appalachian region, both in terms of disposal costs per acre and in terms of its potential environmental impacts on soil, ground water, revegetation, and slope stability. The purpose of this study was to determine how fly ash addition to coal refuse would impact on certain geotechnical properties of the refuse disposal piles, and whether the refuse-fly ash blends would be suitable as co-disposed materials. Accordingly, the compaction, permeability and shear strength characteristics of the refuse-fly ash blends were experimentally determined for varying fly ash percentages. The compaction test results indicated that, with increasing fly ash, the maximum dry density of these blends marginally decreased. The permeability test results showed that the permeability of the test specimens progressively decreased with the increase in fly ash. The shear strength results demonstrated that the addition of fly ash did not significantly influence the shear strength of the refuse. The critical factor of safety determined during slope stability analysis revealed that the tested slope geometries were stable for long term, drained conditions (using the STABGM computer program). The volume change analysis determined that there was a minimal expansion in the volume of refuse when it was blended with fly ash. However, it may be noted that all the stated results depend on a number offactors, including the nature of the refuse and fly ash used. Therefore, these findings would be specific to bulk blends of coal refuse and fly ash only. In general, this study indicates that fly ash can be beneficially reused with respect to the geotechnical properties evaluated. Co-disposal of fly ash and coal refuse may be a reasonable alternative to present disposal methods.
Master of Science

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Stewart, Barry R. "Physical and chemical properties of coarse coal refuse from Southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41626.

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Coarse coal refuse is difficult to reclaim due to high potential acidity and coarse fragment content, low water holding capacity, low fertility, and other problems. Little is known about coal refuse properties, particularly as they relate to revegetation potential. This study was undertaken to determine the physical and chemical properties of composite samples from 27 coal waste piles of varying age. Selected physical and chemical properties varied widely across this sample set. The mean coarse fragment (>2mm) content of these materials was 60%. The average texture of the fine (<2mm) fraction was a sandy loam with 15% clay. The mean water retention difference, between 0.03 MPa and 1.5 MPa of soil moisture tension, on a whole sample basis was 0.08 g water/g refuse. The pH values varied from 8.3 to 3.0, and the older piles generally had lower pH values than the more recent piles. The saturated paste electrical conductivity (EC) was higher in the younger coal waste materials. Total elemental analysis revealed that Si, Al, Fe, and K were the most abundant elements in these materials. The mineralogy of three selected samples was found to be dominated by quartz in the sand and silt fraction and mica in the clay fraction. The physical factor most limiting to plant growth was found to be low water holding capacity. Low pH was found to be the chemical factor most limiting to plant survival. These findings indicate that some refuse piles may be suitable for direct seeding, but many will require heavy lime and/or organic treatments.
Master of Science

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Книги з теми "Coal liquefaction Waste disposal"

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Coal Waste Impoundments. Coal waste impoundments: Risks, responses, and alternatives. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2002.

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Ove Arup & Partners, ed. Procedural manual evaluative framework: Assessment of alternative colliery spoil disposal options. 2nd ed. London: Ove Arup & Partners, 1990.

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Dawson, R. F. Liquefaction flowslides in western Canadian coal mine waste dumps: Phase II, case histories. S.l: s.n, 1994.

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Golomb, A. LIF waste characterization for handling/disposal 1985. [Toronto]: Ontario Hydro, Research Division, 1986.

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ASCE, National Convention (1988 Nashville Tenn ). Disposal and utilization of electric utility wastes: Proceedings of a session. New York, N.Y: ASCE, 1988.

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Villiers, A. J. De. Coal liquefaction and health: Elements of a worker health surveillance program. Ottawa: Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch, 1990.

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Liberati, Michael R. Attenuation of leachates from coal and coal combustion by-products by Maryland soils. West Chester, Pa: Environmental Resources Management, 1985.

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How should the federal government address the health and environmental risks of coal combustion waste?: Oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources of the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, Tuesday, June 10, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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L, Aaranson Mel, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Fuels Handling, Transportation, and Storage Technical Committee., and International Joint Power Generation Conference (1990 : Boston, Mass.), eds. Fuel strategies: Coal supply, dust control, and byproduct utilization : presented at the 1990 International Joint Power Generation Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, October 21-25, 1990. New York, N.Y: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990.

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Robert Peccia & Associates. Final report for the Judith Basin County small prospects, abandoned mine reclamation project. Helena, Mont: R. Peccia & Associates, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Coal liquefaction Waste disposal"

Holley, Carl A. "Ash Utilization and Disposal." In Clean Energy from Waste and Coal, 242–52. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0515.ch019.

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Huffman, G. P. "Coliquefaction of Waste Material with Coal: A Research Program of the Consortium for Fossil Fuel Liquefaction Science." In Conversion And Utilization Of Waste Materials, 39–50. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315140360-4.

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Gonzalez, R. E., M. T. Stephens, C. Toma, K. J. Elwood, and D. Dowdell. "Post-earthquake Demolition in Christchurch, New Zealand: A Case-Study Towards Incorporating Environmental Impacts in Demolition Decisions." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 47–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_3.

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AbstractThe 2010/2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence resulted in severe loss and disruption in Christchurch, New Zealand due to liquefaction and damage from strong shaking. Following the earthquake, over 60% of concrete buildings with 3 + stories in the Christchurch CBD were demolished, resulting in a widespread displacement of people and business, an excess of $NZD 40 billion in losses, and significant environmental impacts from the demolition. Following the event, it was revealed that environmental impacts were not a direct consideration in demolition decision making. This paper provides a quantitative evaluation of the environmental impacts of the demolitions in Christchurch to highlight the importance of including environmental considerations when deciding between repair or demolition of a damaged building. First, the quantitative and qualitative factors that led to the demolitions following the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence are discussed to provide context for the argument that environmental impacts should be included in such considerations. Next, the environmental impacts of building demolitions in Christchurch are presented in terms of the embodied CO2 and energy in the building materials; the demolition process and waste disposal are not considered in this initial evaluation. Finally, a brief discussion on incorporating environmental impacts into the demolition decision making paradigm is presented. Moreover, consideration of environmental impacts of demolitions supports the need to move toward low-damage design in the future evolution of building codes.

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Hirschi, Joseph C., and Y. Paul Chugh. "Sustainable coal waste disposal practices." In Advances in Productive, Safe, and Responsible Coal Mining, 245–69. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101288-8.00012-2.

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Palmer, S. R., E. J. Hippo, D. Tandon, and M. Blankenship. "Liquefaction of coal/waste plastic mixtures." In Coal Science, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Coal Science, 1523–26. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9449(06)80097-2.

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Huffman, G. P., Zhen Feng, F. E. Huggins, and Vikram Mahajan. "Direct liquefaction of waste plastics and coliquefaction of waste plastics with coal." In Coal Science, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Coal Science, 1519–22. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9449(06)80096-0.

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İsmail Tosun, Yıldırım. "Hazardous Waste Granule Composting by Cycled Retort Using Microwave Radiated Asphalt/Asphaltite Coal Slime Mixing." In Hazardous Waste Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101676.

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The hazardous sludge metal content of Mazıdağı metal leaching and electrowinning plants causes a great threat to ecology. The high-level metal and salt contaminants occurred in the copper leaching waste tailing ponds. The seepage liquors leak through the permeable bottom of ponds, such as acidic seepages. While urbanization needs freshwater; freshwater demand in the region increases because of global warming and drought. The estimated contamination values are avoided designing the controlling contamination level systems and meeting the disposal compost demand. In this approach, the demand for land covering and compost disposal has been designed as pellet or granule units determined independently of the specific needs of fertilizer products, agricultural remediation, and human needs. The amounts of sludge and wet hazardous toxic waste sludge’s of Mazıdağı Phosphate Plants of Eti Bakır in Mardin change the ecosystem. The hazardous sludge of plant tailings is needed planned paste disposal or controlled regional dumping, pool effluents barrier on regarding seepage control demand of the freshwater lake of town region. The planned work is disposal tests for waste sludge composting as pasting. Additionally, this method protects ecology and improves waste sludge disposal by neutralizing it at a small scale. Even the toxicity will be easily monitored. Heavy metal contamination hazard maps will be prepared and an agricultural warning system will be established for agricultural irrigation.

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M. Lankapati, Henilkumar, Kalpana C. Maheria, and Ajay K. Dalai. "Transformation of Waste Coal Fly Ash into Zeolites for Environmental Applications." In Coal Energy in the 21st Century [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108252.

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The generation of a large quantity of waste coal fly ash (CFA) via coal combustion process during power generation is of major concern as disposal of such huge quantity of fly ash causes serious threats to the environment. There is an exigent need to find out the proper solution for its disposal/utilization to reduce its harmful effects. The composition of waste coal fly ash mostly consists of silica and alumina. Hence, the researchers are tempted to utilize waste coal fly ash as a starting ingredient to make value-added materials like zeolites. It is anticipated that such research efforts will act as a valuable aid to reduce the disposal cost of fly ash and ultimately reduce harmful effects of fly ash to the environment. In this review, various synthesis methods to synthesize different types of zeolites from CFA, such as Zeolite-A, Zeolite-X and Zeolite-P, have been summarized and their potential for various applications such as sorption and catalysis has been explored.

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BROS, B. "Geotechnical Aspects of Fine Coal Waste Disposal in Lower Silesia, Poland." In Advances in Mining Science and Technology, 381–91. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-42876-9.50035-x.

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Schept, Judah. "“This Is a Place for Trash”." In Coal, Cages, Crisis, 37–64. NYU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479837151.003.0002.

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Part I of this book, which includes chapters 1 and 2, examines the spatial and political relationships among coal, waste, and incarceration, focusing on sites of mountaintop removal that subsequently became the locations for prisons. In order to begin examining the contiguities among mining, waste, and prison, chapter 1 uses extensive data from ethnographic field research, including two foundational interviews in which research participants spoke to the ways in which the prisons in their communities were a part of a larger historical geography of extraction and disposal. In the discussion of the attempt to build the newest prison in the region in Letcher County, the chapter also introduces the contested nature of this economic transition, profiling one of the central actors in a coalition that opposed the prison–a landowner and master falconer–as he discusses the long history of land expropriation, exploitation, and opposition. Embedded in his and others’ testimonies are insights into understandings of and contests over enclosures and the commons.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Coal liquefaction Waste disposal"

Yanli, Huang, Zhang Jixiong, Liu Zhan, and Zhang Qiang. "Underground Backfilling Technology for Waste Dump Disposal in Coal Mining District." In 2010 International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation (ICDMA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdma.2010.450.

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Chen lie, Cao Kang, Zhao Xueyi, Wang Xing, Pan Yue, and Wu Miao. "Integrated pipeline transport and disposal system for solid waste coal sludge." In International Technology and Innovation Conference 2006 (ITIC 2006). IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20061161.

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Themelis, Nickolas J., and Saman Reshadi. "Potential for Reducing the Capital Costs of WTE Facilities." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2366.

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The dominant waste-to-energy technology is combustion of “as-received” municipal solid wastes (MSW) on a moving grate. By far, the largest cost item in the operation of such plants is the repayment of the initial capital investment of $600 to $750 per annual metric ton of capacity which results in capital charges of $60–75 per ton of MSW processed. On the average, such plants generate about 650 kWh of electricity per metric ton of MSW combusted. Therefore, on the basis of 8,000 hours of operation per year (90% availability), the capital investment in WTE facilities ranges from $7,500 to $9,000 per kW of electric capacity. This number is three times higher than the present cost of installing coal-fired capacity (about $2,500 per kW). Of course, it is understood that WTE plants serve two purposes, environmental disposal of solid wastes and generation of electricity; in fact, most WTE plants would not exist if the fuel (i.e. the MSW) had to be paid for, as in the case of coal, instead of being a source of revenue, in the form of gate fees. However, the question remains as to why WTE plants are much more costly to build, per kWh of electricity generated, than coal-fired plants, even when the coal supply is lignite of calorific value close to that of MSW (about 10 MJ/kg). This study intends to examine the possible contributing causes, one by one, in the hope that the results may lead to the design of less costly WTE plants. Some of the factors to be examined are: Feed-stock handling; heat generation rate per unit volume of combustion chamber; heat transfer rate per unit area of boiler surfaces; % excess air and, therefore, volume of gas to be treated in Air Pollution per kW of electricity; differences in gas composition and high temperature corrosion in boiler that limit steam temperature and pressure and thus thermal efficiency; cost of APC (air pollution control) system because of the need to remove volatile metals and dioxin/furans from the process gas; and the handling of a relatively large amount of ash. In seeking the answers to the above questions, the study also compares the operational performance characteristics and engineering design of various existing WTE plants. This study is at its very beginning and it is presented at NAWTEC 17 in the hope of generating useful discussion that may lead to significant improvements in the design of future WTE facilities. The WTEs built in the U.S. until 1995 were designed for efficient and environmentally benign disposal of MSW, with energy recovery being a secondary consideration. There have been three principal changes since then: (a) the capital cost of WTEs, per daily ton of capacity has doubled and in some cases nearly tripled, (b) energy recovery per unit of carbon dioxide emitted has become an important consideration, and (c) the price of renewable electricity has increased appreciably. All these three factors point to the need for future WTEs to become more compact, less costly to build, and more energy-efficient. It is believed that this can be done by combining developments that have already been tested and proven individually, such as shredding of the MSW, higher combustion rate per unit surface area of the grate, oxygen enrichment, flue gas recirculation and improved mixing in the combustion chamber, superior alloys used for superheaters, and steam reheating between the high-pressure and low-pressure sections of the steam turbine. For example, oxygen enrichment is practiced at the Arnoldstein, Austria, WTE where parts of the primary air stream are enriched between 23% and 31% oxygen; steam reheating has been proven at the Waste Fired Power Plant of AEB Amsterdam where electricity production for the grid has been increased to over 800 kWh per ton MSW.

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Chen, Han-Ping, Xian-Hua Wang, Shi-Hong Zhang, De-Chang Liu, Yu-Hua Lai, Jian-Xin Tian, Shao-You Jiang, Shao-Peng Wei, Jian-Hui Liu, and Ming-Ge Huang. "Retrofitting 25T/h Pulverized Coal-Fired Boiler Into 35T/h Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler for Burning Mixture of Coal and Bagasse." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78041.

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In China, there are a large number of pulverized coal-fired industrial boilers, whose steam capacities are usually relatively small. These boilers can burn only high-grade coal and have low combustion efficiency. Furthermore, the combustion emissions, such as SO2 and NOx, pollute the environment severely. Therefore it is very important and urgent to adopt economically efficient and environmentally friendly technologies to retrofit these boilers. At the same time, there are many industrial wastes, such as bagasse, wood waste, rubbish, petroleum coke and so on, need burning disposal in China. Fluidized bed combustion technology is a kind of clear combustion technology, which has many advantages, such as excellence fuel flexibility, high combustion efficiency, low pollutant emission and good turndown capability etc. So, adopting fluidized bed combustion technology, retrofitting pulverized coal-fired boiler into fluidized bed boiler can realize pure burning various wastes or co-firing with coal, which should have great economic benefits and social benefits. And the application prospect of the method is also extensive. The State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion has successfully retrofitted a 25t/h pulverized coal-fired boiler into circulating fluidized bed boiler with in-bed tubes and downward exhaust cyclone. The retrofitted boiler can burn mixture of coal and bagasse and the steam capacity reaches 35t/h. This paper presents the retrofitting measures and the operation status of the boiler after retrofitting.

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Kulić Mandić, Aleksandra, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Đurđa Kerkez, Gordana Pucar Milidrag, Vesna Pešić, and Miljana Prica. "A mini review: Optimal dye removal by fenton process catalysed with waste materials." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p21.

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Large quantities of solid waste from different industries are commonly disposed in landfills, where can generate wide range of environmental problems. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to give insight on the usage of various waste materials as oxidation catalysts in different Fenton processes for dye removal. In that manner the circular value chain of these materials will be reinforced, obtaining disposal cost reduction and further value addition. Some of industrial wastes (fly ash, electric arc furnace dust, red mud, coal bottom ash, activated carbon from biomass, etc.) that have been used to catalyse Fenton reaction in various researches are reviewed from optimization point of view. Both types of optimization, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) are investigated. The study revealed that factors as catalyst concentration, pH value, hydrogen peroxide concentration, dye concentration and reaction time are main factors that influence final Fenton capacity as oxidation process catalysed with reviewed waste materials.

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Al-Abdulkarem, Abdullah, Yunho Hwang, and Reinhard Radermacher. "Efficiency Improvement of Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plant With CO2 Capturing and Sequestration." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87436.

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Although natural gas is considered as a clean fuel compared to coal, natural gas combined cycles (NGCC) emit high amounts of CO2 at the plant site. To mitigate global warming caused by the increase in atmospheric CO2, CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) using amine absorption is proposed. However, implementing this CCS system increases the energy consumption by about 15–20%. Innovative processes integration and waste heat utilization can be used to improve the energy efficiency. Four waste heat sources and five potential uses were uncovered and compared using a parameter defined as the ratio of power gain to waste heat. A new integrated CCS configuration is proposed, which integrates the NGCC with the CO2 removal and CO2 compression cycles. HYSYS simulation software was used to simulate the CO2 removal cycle using monoethanolamine (MEA) solution, NGCC, CO2 compression cycle, CO2 liquefaction cycles and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The developed models were validated against experimental data from the literature with good agreements. Two NGCC with steam extraction configurations were optimized using Matlab GA tool coupled with HYSYS simulation software. Efficiency improvement in one of the proposed CCS configurations that uses the available waste heat in absorption chillers to cool the inlet-air to the gas turbine and to run an ORC, and uses the developed CO2 liquefaction and pumping instead of multistage compression is 6.04 percent point, which represents 25.91 MW more power than the conventional CCS configuration.

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Kienzler, Bernhard, Peter Vejmelka, and Volker Metz. "Near Field Radionuclide Concentrations: Sorption or Solubility Constrained?" In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1236.

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Abstract The amount of mobile radionuclides is controlled by the geochemical isolation potential of the repository. Many investigations are available in order to determine the maximal radionuclide concentrations released from different waste forms of specific disposal strategies for disposal in rock salt formations. These investigations result in reaction (dissolution) rates, maximum concentrations, and sorption coefficients. The experimental data have to be applied to various disposal strategies. The case studies presented in this communication cover the selection, the volumes, and the composition of backfill materials used as sorbents for radionuclides. As an example, for brown coal fly ash (BFA) - Q-brine systems, sorption coefficients were measured as well as solublilities of several actinides and other long-lived radionuclides. Dissolved CO32− was buffered to negligible concentration by the presence of high amount of Mg in solution. In the sorption experiments Pu, Th, Np, and U concentrations close or below detection limit were obtained. Concentrations in the same ranges are computed by means of geochemical modeling, if precipitation of “simple” tetravalent hydroxides (An(OH)4(am) phases) is assumed. In the case of U in a Portland cement dominated geochemical environment, measured U(VI) concentration corresponds to the solubility of hexavalent solids, such as Na2U2O7. A similar behavior of U was observed in high-level waste glass experiments. Experiments investigating sorption behavior of corroded cement showed that in the case of application of a sufficient large inventory of actinides, measured concentrations were found to be independent of the inventory. In this case, measured concentrations were controlled by solid phases. If smaller actinide inventories were applied, resulting concentrations were found to be below concentrations constrained by well-known solids. Here, a more or less pronounced sorption of the radioactive elements was observed. The radionuclide concentrations determined in the BFA “sorption” experiments are found to be close to the detection limits. For this reason, it is not possible to extrapolate the radionuclide behavior to lower concentrations. We cannot distinguish, if sorption or precipitation controls measured radionuclide concentrations. However, in the presence of reducing materials such as BFA, solubilities of tetravalent actinides and of Tc(IV) represent a realistic estimation of the maximal element concentrations needed in performance assessment studies. The concentrations of these redox sensitive elements are controlled by precipitation of An(OH)4(am) phases for disposal concepts considered in German salt formations. Under this assumption, quantities such as solid-solution ratios used in (sorption) experiments do not affect the mobilization of the radionuclides. Additional conclusions can be drawn from comparison of the findings for the redox sensitive elements in the BFA / portland cement brine systems: We can assume that expected actinide and technetium concentrations in the near-field of radioactive wastes are affected by the total inventory of radionuclides in the disposal room. Sorption will be relevant, if the total dissolved radionuclide concentration remains below the maximal solubility defined by the solid radionuclide phase which is stable in the geochemical environment. In contrast to the portland cement system, the relevant radionuclide phase are most probably tetravalent hydroxides in the BFA systems. These conclusions are of high importance to performance assessment for the radioactive waste repository systems, because they restrict the applicability of sorption models in the near field of the waste.

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Breckel, Alex C., John R. Fyffe, and Michael E. Webber. "Net Energy and CO2 Emissions Analysis of Using MRF Residue as Solid Recovered Fuel at Coal Fired Power Plants." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88092.

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According to the waste management hierarchy published by the U.S. EPA, waste reduction and reuse are the most preferred modes of waste management, followed by recycling, energy recovery and lastly disposal. As many communities in the U.S. work towards sustainable waste management practices, recycling tends to be a cost-effective and common solution for handling municipal solid waste. With the introduction of single-stream recycling and automated materials recovery facilities (MRFs), where commingled recyclables are sorted into various commodity streams for sale to recycling facilities, recycling rates have steadily climbed in recent years. Despite increasing total recycling rates, contamination and diminishing returns for higher recovery ratios causes MRFs to landfill 5–25% of the incoming recycling stream as residue. This residue stream is composed primarily of plastics and fiber, both of which have high energy content that could be recovered instead of buried in a landfill. Plastics in particular are reported to have heat contents similar to fossil fuels, making energy recovery a viable end-of-life pathway. Sorting, shredding and densifying the residue stream to form solid recovered fuel (SRF) pellets for use as an alternative fuel yields energy recovery, displaced fossil fuels and landfill avoidance, moving more disposed refuse up the waste management hierarchy. Previous studies have shown that plastic, paper, and plastic-paper mixes are well suited for conversion to SRF and combustion for energy production. However, these studies focused on relatively homogenous and predictable material streams. MRF residue is not homogenous and has only a moderate degree of predictability, and thus poses several technical challenges for conversion to SRF and for straightforward energy and emissions analysis. This research seeks to understand the energetic and environmental tradeoffs associated with converting MRF residue into SRF for co-firing in pulverized coal power plants. A technical analysis is presented that compares a residue-to-SRF scenario to a residue-to-landfill scenario to estimate non-obvious energy and emissions tradeoffs associated with this alternative end-of-life scenario for MRF residue. Sensitivity to key assumptions was analyzed by considering facility proximity, landfill gas capture efficiency, conversion ratio of residue to SRF and the mass of residue used. The results of this study indicate that the use of MRF residue derived SRF in coal fired steam-electricity power plants realizes meaningful reductions of emissions, primary energy consumption, coal use and landfill deposition.

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Ávila, Adrian, Víctor Nova, Rafael Gomez, Arnaldo Verdeza, and Jorge M. Mendoza. "Biobriquettes: As a Sustainable Composite Fuel for Rural Areas in Developing Countries." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91105.

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The province of Cordoba, Colombia, has a 250.000 tons production of corn, which generate about 45.000 tons of cobs per year, which do not represent any value for farmers. The disposal of this agricultural waste has become a source of contamination because is burned in open areas. On the other hand, this province has a considerable production of raw coal; nevertheless, it is characterized by its high sulfur content (1.65%) and low heat value (5111 cal/gr), as a consequence, it has a limited market, but is still used as a fuel. This study proposes the use of biobriquettes that are a composite fuel prepared from a mixture of biomass (corn cob) and coal in a low die press briquetting machine. They consist of different proportions of milled cob (up to 80%) and coal (up to 40%) mixed with a cassava starch based binder. For the mixtures proximal analysis, including sulfur content and heat values of the material was determined according to their composition. The experimental results showed that the biobriquettes compared with the raw coal have between a 92 to 32% lower sulfur content, while the heat value was reduced by 14 to 29%. Therefore, its use will reduce the amount of burned residue in open spaces and consequently the pollution.

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Beyke, Gregory, and Gregory J. Smith. "Advances in the Application of In Situ Electrical Resistance Heating." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7136.

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Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) is an aggressive in situ thermal remediation technology that was developed by the U.S. Department of Energy from the original oil production technology to enhance vapor extraction remediation technologies in low permeability soils. Soil and groundwater are heated by the passage of electrical current through saturated and unsaturated soil between electrodes, not by the electrodes themselves. It is the resistance to the flow of electrical current that results in increased subsurface temperatures, and this is typically applied to the boiling point of water. It is estimated that more than 75 ERH applications have been performed. Capacity to perform these projects has increased over the years, and as many as 15 to 20 of these applications now being performed at any given time, mainly in North America, with some European applications. While the main focus has been to vaporize volatile organic compounds, as one would expect other semi-volatile and non-volatile organic compounds have also been encountered, resulting in observations of chemical and physical reactions that have not been normally incorporated into environmental restoration projects. One such reaction is hydrolysis, which is slow under normal groundwater temperatures, becomes very rapid under temperatures that can easily be achieved using ERH. As a result, these chemical and physical reactions are increasing the applicability of ERH in environmental restoration projects, treating a wider variety of compounds and utilizing biotic and abiotic mechanisms to reduce energy costs. For the treatment of oil and coal tar residues from manufactured gas plants, a process TRS has called steam bubble floatation is used to physically remove the coal and oil tar from the soils for collection using conventional multi-phase collection methods. Heat-enhanced hydrolysis has been used to remediate dichloromethane from soils and groundwater at a site in Illinois, while heat-enhanced biotic and abiotic dehalogenation has been observed at the vast majority of the sites where ERH has been applied. With disposal options becoming more limited around the world, alternate in situ treatment methods for soil and groundwater restoration are becoming more important. Over the 10 years of commercialization of the ERH technology, soil and groundwater remediation mechanisms and processes that were not envisioned by the technology’s developers expand the range of chemicals that have successfully been treated. This paper will discuss these processes and how these processes have been used to effect remediation of soil and groundwater where ERH has been employed.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Coal liquefaction Waste disposal"

Gerald Huffman. Cooperative Research Program in Coal-Waste Liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/991118.

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Blasing, T. J., R. L. Miller, and L. N. McCold. Potential effects of clean coal technologies on acid precipitation, greenhouse gases, and solid waste disposal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10128275.

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Henghu Sun and Yuan Yao. Research and Development of a New Silica-Alumina Based Cementitious Material Largely Using Coal Refuse for Mine Backfill, Mine Sealing and Waste Disposal Stabilization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1048945.

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Salvaging Wood from Fallen Trees after Hurricanes Irma and Maria. USDA Caribbean Climate Hub, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6943414.ch.

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The USDA Caribbean Climate Hub and the State and Private Forestry Program of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry of the US Forest Service, held a workshop on November 21, 2017 where more than 80 people gathered to identify the opportunities and resources necessary to take advantage of the wood from fallen trees in Puerto Rico after hurricanes Irma and Maria. Due to the economic and cultural value of tropical timber species, economic activities can be created from the available posthurricane plant waste. Millions of fallen trees and branches can be processed to produce compost, mulch, coal and biofuels, or raw material for artisans and construction. There is also economic value in the handling of wood materials, the sale of tools and equipment for transporting and processing, and the sale of valuable wood products. In addition, many wood products store carbon indefinitely, mitigating the increase of CO² in the atmosphere. The main need identified during the discussion was the need to act quickly to avoid the burning and disposal of wood materials in landfills across the country.

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