Готові списки джерел за темами / Co-Culture systems

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Co-Culture systems"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Co-Culture systems":

Heidari, B., A. Shirazi, M. M. Naderi, M. M. Akhondi, H. Hassanpour, A. Sarvari, and S. Borjian. "Effect of various co-culture systems on embryo development in ovine." Czech Journal of Animal Science 58, No. 10 (September 27, 2013): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6993-cjas.

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Considering the advent of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new source of somatic cells in embryo co-culture system, the current study was aimed to compare in vitro embryo development using embryonic MSCs monolayer with embryonic fibroblast cells (EFCs), oviductal epithelial cells (OECs), and cell-free culture system. The IVM/IVF presumptive sheep zygotes were randomly cultured in different culture conditions as follows: (1) SOFaaBSA medium for the whole culture period (SOF, n = 371), (2) SOFaaBSA medium for the first 3 days followed by co-culturing with MSCs for the next 5 days (SOF-MSCs, n = 120), (3) co-culturing with MSCs for the first 3 days followed by culture in SOFaaBSA medium for the next 5 days (MSCs-SOF, n = 133), (4) co-culturing with MSCs for the whole culture period (MSCs, n = 212), (5) SOFaaBSA medium for the first 3 days followed by co-culturing with EFCs for the next 5 days (SOF-EFCs, n = 132), (6) co-culturing with EFCs for the first 3 days followed by culture in SOFaaBSA medium for the next 5 days (EFCs-SOF, n = 165), (7) co-culturing with EFCs for the whole culture period (EFCs, n = 236), and (8) co-culturing with OECs for the whole culture period (OECs, n = 255). One-Way ANOVA by multiple pairwise comparisons using Tukey’s test was performed. Co-culturing in MSCs group had no superiority over EFCs and OECs groups. Though, when co-culturing with MSCs and EFCs was limited to the first 3 days of culture, the embryo development indices were improved compared to the other co-cultured groups. Considering both the hatching rate and total cell number, the application of MSCs for the first 3 days of culture (MSCs-SOF) was superior to the other co-culture and SOF groups.  

Zou, Jianyu, Bo Bai, and Yongchang Yao. "Progress of co-culture systems in cartilage regeneration." Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 18, no. 11 (October 10, 2018): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2018.1533116.

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Kirkpatrick, C. James, Sabine Fuchs, and Ronald E. Unger. "Co-culture systems for vascularization — Learning from nature." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 63, no. 4-5 (April 2011): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.009.

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Liu, Rongrong, Xiaoting Meng, Xiyao Yu, Guoqiang Wang, Zhiyong Dong, Zhengjie Zhou, Mingran Qi, Xiao Yu, Tong Ji, and Fang Wang. "From 2D to 3D Co-Culture Systems: A Review of Co-Culture Models to Study the Neural Cells Interaction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 13116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113116.

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The central nervous system (CNS) controls and regulates the functional activities of the organ systems and maintains the unity between the body and the external environment. The advent of co-culture systems has made it possible to elucidate the interactions between neural cells in vitro and to reproduce complex neural circuits. Here, we classified the co-culture system as a two-dimensional (2D) co-culture system, a cell-based three-dimensional (3D) co-culture system, a tissue slice-based 3D co-culture system, an organoid-based 3D co-culture system, and a microfluidic platform-based 3D co-culture system. We provide an overview of these different co-culture models and their applications in the study of neural cell interaction. The application of co-culture systems in virus-infected CNS disease models is also discussed here. Finally, the direction of the co-culture system in future research is prospected.

Marrero-Berrios, Ileana, Anil Shrirao, Charles P. Rabolli, Rishabh Hirday, Rene S. Schloss, and Martin L. Yarmush. "Multi-layer stackable tissue culture platform for 3D co-culture." TECHNOLOGY 08, no. 01n02 (March 2020): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s233954782050003x.

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In vitro tools, which can enable development of models that replicate the cell microenvironment associated with complex diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), are critically needed. In OA, catabolic and inflammatory processes orchestrated by multiple cell types lead to the eventual destruction of articular cartilage. To address this need, our group developed a device that will enable investigation of complex cell systems. Our stackable tissue culture insert was fabricated and characterized with respect to biocompatibility, ease of use, and potential for tissue culture applications. The stackable tissue culture inserts can be easily modified, fabricated, and assembled into commercially available multi-well plates. In vitro studies conducted with three different cell types demonstrated high cell viability and functional secretion when cultured in the stackable inserts. Furthermore, synergistic effects when the three cell types were cultured together were observed. This demonstrates the need to more fully interrogate in vitro culture systems, and this stackable insert can provide a tool to fill the current technological void to do so.

Kuppusamy, Palaniselvam, Dahye Kim, Ilavenil Soundharrajan, Inho Hwang, and Ki Choon Choi. "Adipose and Muscle Cell Co-Culture System: A Novel In Vitro Tool to Mimic the In Vivo Cellular Environment." Biology 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10010006.

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A co-culture system allows researchers to investigate the complex interactions between two cell types under various environments, such as those that promote differentiation and growth as well as those that mimic healthy and diseased states, in vitro. In this paper, we review the most common co-culture systems for myocytes and adipocytes. The in vitro techniques mimic the in vivo environment and are used to investigate the causal relationships between different cell lines. Here, we briefly discuss mono-culture and co-culture cell systems and their applicability to the study of communication between two or more cell types, including adipocytes and myocytes. Also, we provide details about the different types of co-culture systems and their applicability to the study of metabolic disease, drug development, and the role of secretory factors in cell signaling cascades. Therefore, this review provides details about the co-culture systems used to study the complex interactions between adipose and muscle cells in various environments, such as those that promote cell differentiation and growth and those used for drug development.

Zhang, Yu, Weimin Guo, Mingjie Wang, Chunxiang Hao, Liang Lu, Shuang Gao, Xueliang Zhang, et al. "Co-culture systems-based strategies for articular cartilage tissue engineering." Journal of Cellular Physiology 233, no. 3 (September 8, 2017): 1940–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26020.

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Kook, Yun-Min, Yoon Jeong, Kangwon Lee, and Won-Gun Koh. "Design of biomimetic cellular scaffolds for co-culture system and their application." Journal of Tissue Engineering 8 (January 1, 2017): 204173141772464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731417724640.

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The extracellular matrix of most natural tissues comprises various types of cells, including fibroblasts, stem cells, and endothelial cells, which communicate with each other directly or indirectly to regulate matrix production and cell functionality. To engineer multicellular interactions in vitro, co-culture systems have achieved tremendous success achieving a more realistic microenvironment of in vivo metabolism than monoculture system in the past several decades. Recently, the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have primarily focused on three-dimensional co-culture systems using cellular scaffolds, because of their physical and biological relevance to the extracellular matrix of actual tissues. This review discusses several materials and methods to create co-culture systems, including hydrogels, electrospun fibers, microfluidic devices, and patterning for biomimetic co-culture system and their applications for specific tissue regeneration. Consequently, we believe that culture systems with appropriate physical and biochemical properties should be developed, and direct or indirect cell–cell interactions in the remodeled tissue must be considered to obtain an optimal tissue-specific microenvironment.

Carvalho, A. Vitorino, E. Canon, L. Jouneau, C. Archilla, L. Laffont, M. Moroldo, S. Ruffini, E. Corbin, P. Mermillod, and V. Duranthon. "Different co-culture systems have the same impact on bovine embryo transcriptome." Reproduction 154, no. 5 (November 2017): 695–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-17-0449.

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During the last few years, several co-culture systems using either BOEC or VERO feeder cells have been developed to improve bovine embryo development and these systems give better results at high oxygen concentration (20%). In parallel, the SOF medium, used at 5% O2, has been developed to mimic the oviduct fluid. Since 2010s, the SOF medium has become popular in improving bovine embryo development and authors have started to associate this medium to co-culture systems. Nevertheless, little is known about the putative benefit of this association on early development. To address this question, we have compared embryo transcriptomes in four different culture conditions: SOF with BOEC or VERO at 20% O2, and SOF without feeders at 5% or 20% O2. Embryos have been analyzed at 16-cell and blastocyst stages. Co-culture systems did not improve the developmental rate when compared to 5% O2. Direct comparison of the two co-culture systems failed to highlight major differences in embryo transcriptome at both developmental stages. Both feeder cell types appear to regulate the same cytokines and growth factors pathways, and thus to influence embryo physiology in the same way. In blastocysts, when compared to culture in SOF at 5% O2, BOEC or VERO seems to reduce cell survival and differentiation by, at least, negatively regulating STAT3 and STAT5 pathways. Collectively, in SOF medium both blastocysts rate and embryo transcriptome suggest no influence of feeder origin on bovine early development and no beneficial impact of co-culture systems when compared to 5% O2.

Gupta, P. S. P., H. S. Ramesh, B. M. Manjunatha, S. Nandi, and J. P. Ravindra. "Production of buffalo embryos using oocytes from in vitro grown preantral follicles." Zygote 16, no. 1 (February 2008): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096719940700442x.

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SummaryThe present study examines the use of buffalo preantral follicles as a source of oocytes for in vitro embryo production. Preantral follicles were isolated from abattoir-derived buffalo ovaries and were grown for 100 days in five different culture systems: (1) minimum essential medium (MEM); (2) coconut water; (3) MEM + ovarian mesenchymal cell (OMC) co-culture; (4) MEM + granulosa cell (GC) co-culture; or (5) MEM + cumulus cell (CC) co-culture. Low growth rates for the preantral follicles were observed when follicles were cultured in MEM or coconut water medium. Moderate growth rates were seen for OMC and GC co-cultures, and high rates of growth were observed when follicles were grown in CC co-culture. The survival of preantral follicles was low in the MEM culture (<25%), but was over 75% in the other culture systems. Oocytes were not recovered from the MEM group, while an oocyte recovery rate of 80–100% was observed when the follicles were cultured with coconut water/somatic cells. Transferable embryos could be produced only with the oocytes obtained from preantral follicles grown in the OMC and CC co-culture systems. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that it is possible to produce buffalo embryos by in vitro fertilization of oocytes derived from in vitro grown preantral follicles.

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Дисертації з теми "Co-Culture systems":

Dongre, Arundhati. "Modelling lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) using two-dimensional and three-dimensional in vitro co-culture systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50037/.

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Background: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare progressive neoplastic cystic lung disease that primarily affects women of child bearing age leading to lung destruction, respiratory failure and death. Thought to be a consequence of dysregulated protease expression, cells of unknown origin accumulate in the lung, often forming clusters or nodules of cells with both melanocytic and smooth muscle properties. Some of these cells, known as LAM cells, have bi-allelic mutations in TSC2 resulting in constitutive mTOR activation. However LAM nodules are heterogeneous structures and genotyping analyses suggest that cells without LOH for TSC2 including wild-type fibroblasts are also common within LAM nodules. Hypotheses and aims: We hypothesise that LAM cells recruit wild-type fibroblasts and modify their properties to generate a permissive microenvironment, akin to a tumour stroma including the production and activation of matrix-degrading proteases which contribute to the destruction of the lung parenchyma. This study has therefore deigned in vitro co-culture models with an aim to study the expression patterns and activation of proteases in a LAM lung leading to matrix destruction. Another aim was also to characterise transcriptional differences normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs) and LAM-associated fibroblasts (LAFs) and to investigate changes in their gene expression when cultured together with a model LAM cell line, 621-101 angiomyolipoma cells which were derived from a LAM patient and have bi-allelic loss of TSC2. Methods: In vitro 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensionalD (3D) co-culture models were designed and validated using fibroblasts characterised and isolated from 4 LAM lung donors, now termed LAFs, and 621-101 cells. The 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) incorporated the two cell types in a 10:1 ratio embedded in a basement membrane extract (BME) mimicking the lung matrix. An organotypic spheroid model was also developed incorporating both cell types thereby mimicking a LAM nodule. 6 LAM lung and 3 normal lung tissue donors were screened for candidate proteases in LAM pathology using qRT-PCR and identified upregulated proteases which may contribute to a role in LAM pathology. These findings were verified in the 2D and 3D in vitro models as well as ex vivo tissue using a variety of immunostaining techniques, activity assays and ELISA. Lastly, commercially bought NHLF (n=3) and LAF (n=3) were cultured in the presence or absence of 621-101 cells in the 2D Boyden chamber co-culture model. LAF and NHLF RNA was analysed using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays and Genomics Suite and Pathway (Partek). Findings were validated by multiplex assay and immunohistochemistry in 2D and 3D in vitro models and tissue respectively. Inflammatory cell migration and function was examined in co-culture model and LAM tissue. Results: The 3D BME model showed that TSC2-/- 621-101 cells and fibroblasts spontaneously form aggregates and clump together akin to a LAM nodule. The two cell types exhibited strong heterotypic cell-cell adhesive forces and resulted in strictly spherical spheroids. The 3D models designed all showed expression of markers of LAM nodules thereby representing LAM nodules in a dish. Of 30 proteases screened, cathepsin K gene expression was increased almost 15-fold in LAM lung compared to normal tissue and was also found to be elevated in 3D BME model. Cathepsin K in LAM tissue was expressed in the LAM nodules associated with cysts and was expressed exclusively by fibroblasts in the 3D spheroid model. As cathepsin K requires low pH for activity it was determined if LAFs and TSC2-/- cells can acidify the extracellular space. TSC2-/- cells but not LAFs decreased extracellular pH, over 24 hours and pH values < 7 were associated with increased cathepsin K activity in co-cultures. TSC2-/- cells expressed membrane transporters associated with extra-cellular acidification and inhibitors of the sodium bicarbonate co-transporters, carbonic anhydrases and mTOR reduced the pH gradient and decreased CTSK activity in co-cultures. Transcriptomic analysis using the 2D co-culture model showed 148 genes were significantly altered in both NHLF and LAF by 621-101 cells. Soluble factors from 621-101 cells induce pro-inflammatory transcriptional changes in both NHLFs and LAFs and pathway analysis showed enhanced chemokine signalling which highlighted stimulation of mainly the C-X-C motif chemokines and chemokine receptor signalling. The analysis identified 6 C-X-C motif chemokines all possessing a cognate receptor. The gene and protein expression of these chemokines was validated in the in vitro models and in ex vivo LAM lung tissue. Conclusions: The in vitro models are versatile and mimic the LAM lung nodule and environment. A potent matrix degrading protease possibly playing a role in LAM has been identified and using the in vitro models a possible mechanism of activation of CTSK resulting from a synergistic relationship between TSC2-/- cells and LAFs has been demonstrated. Also, soluble factors from the TSC2-/- LAM cell line elicit changes in gene expression in co-cultured fibroblasts. Chemokine signalling is associated with cell migration; elevated chemokine expression may be associated with the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the LAM nodule. The identification of these mechanisms and pathways opens up new avenues for therapeutic interventions in LAM.

Ostertag, Renate Magdalene [Verfasser]. "Characterisation of human co-culture systems for applications in bone tissue engineering / Renate Magdalene Ostertag." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1041898878/34.

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Freyer, Nora [Verfasser]. "Optimizing culture conditions for hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells : from 3D culture systems to co-cultures / Nora Freyer." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160514968/34.

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Zhiyan, Wu. "The co-creation and circulation of brands and cultures : historical Chinese culture, global fashion systems, and the development of Chinese global brands." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3165.

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This dissertation is a study of the possibilities and processes of constructing strong Chinese brands in the global marketplace. It investigates conceptual and strategic relationships between brands and cultures, focusing specifically on the issue of the unprivileged position of Chinese brands vis-à-vis that of other famous global counterparts. Accordingly, it deploys three illustrative cases from the Chinese context – Jay Chou (a successful Chinese music artist), the 2008 Beijing Olympics opening ceremony, and Shanghai Tang (a global Chinese fashion brand). In so doing, it moves away from the general trend to study the managerial aspects of Western brand building in Chinese contexts, and instead examines how Chinese brands express cultural aspects of their own well-known brand development models in the global marketplace. In short, this study uses a Chinese vantage to examine the emergence of cultural branding (using historical culture and global fashion systems to develop global brands), and its capacity to function as a useful complement to existing models of brand globalisation and global brand culture. The function of the three cases is illustrative and analytic. Collectively, they serve as a lens through which to study Chinese brand development in the global marketplace and examine global brand culture. Each case was fleshed out through various multi-sited ethnographic studies, which consisted of interviewing and observing consumers and managerial workers, the results of which shed light on several important but under-studied aspects of global brand culture. These include Chinese cultural branding in the global context, the cultural approach to branding among various brand actors, and relationships between brands and cultures across branding cultures. Drawing on these examinations, this study not only demonstrates ways in which brands and cultures circulate and construct each other in global brand culture. It also uses these insights to argue for the development of Chinese culture or Chinese-ness into a global brand resource by Chinese brand builders.

Dijamentiuk, Alexis. "Propagation de communautés bactériennes : modelage, stabilisation et sélection pour la biopréservation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0124.

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Les découvertes récentes sur les communautés microbiennes, ou microbiotes, ont révélé un potentiel biotechnologique considérable dans divers domaines. Ils sont considérés comme essentiels pour accélérer l'innovation dans les systèmes de production alimentaire. Toutefois, les procédés existants ne sont pas adaptés à la culture des microbiotes. La difficulté que représente la culture de microbiotes a notamment pour origine la capacité des microorganismes à interagir par compétition, qui peut conduire à la réduction indésirable de la biodiversité au sein du réacteur de culture. Ce phénomène peut aboutir à l'obtention de communautés qui ne présentent pas les fonctionnalités souhaitées. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'influence de la propagation de microbiotes en condition contrôlée sur leur structure et leur fonction. Les travaux de cette thèse ont permis de développer et de déterminer la performance d'un procédé excluant la compétition microbienne pour la culture de communautés bactériennes. La stratégie choisie repose sur le micro-confinement et la ségrégation spatiale des bactéries au sein d'un bouillon de culture structuré en émulsion inverse. Après avoir étudié l'effet de la culture en émulsion inverse sur la croissance de bactéries individuelles, les travaux ont comparé son effet sur la dynamique de communautés propagées selon un régime séquentiel, ou backslopping, avec celui exercé par un système classique non-émulsionné. Les résultats ont montré que l'utilisation d'une émulsion inverse conduit à la génération de nouvelles structures de communautés au cours de la propagation, et que l'utilisation de la culture classique conduit à leur stabilisation. Les comportements différents issus de ces deux systèmes de culture en font des outils complémentaires pour le modelage et la propagation de communautés microbiennes. Enfin, l'effet de la propagation sur la variabilité fonctionnelle de communautés a été étudiée dans un contexte de biopréservation. Le criblage de microbiotes de laits crus propagés a montré qu'ils se différenciaient en termes de robustesse et de reproductibilité de leur activité anti-Listeria, justifiant de tenir compte de la variabilité fonctionnelle des communautés pour leur sélection dans un contexte d'ingénierie de microbiotes
Recent discoveries about microbial communities, or microbiota, have revealed considerable biotechnological potential in a variety of fields. They are considered essential to accelerate innovation in food production systems. However, existing processes are not adapted to the cultivation of microbiota. One major barrier to community propagation is competition between microorganisms, which can lead to an undesirable reduction in biodiversity within the culture reactor. This phenomenon can lead to communities that lack the desired functionality. The objective of this thesis was to study the influence of microbiota propagation, under controlled conditions, on their structure and function. During this work, a process of microbial culture excluding microbial competition for the propagation of bacterial communities was developed. The chosen strategy is based on the micro-confinement and spatial segregation of bacteria within a broth structured as an invert emulsion. The effect of the invert emulsion culture on the growth of individual bacteria was studied, then the effect of this system on the dynamics of communities propagated according to a sequential regime, or backslopping, as well as that exerted by a conventional non-emulsified system was investigated. The results showed that the use of an inverse emulsion leads to the generation of new community structures during propagation, and that the use of the classical culture leads to their stabilization. The different behaviors of these two culture systems make them complementary tools for the modeling and the propagation of microbial communities. Finally, the effect of propagation on the functional variability of communities was studied in a biopreservation context. The screening of propagated raw milk microbiota showed that they differed in terms of robustness and reproducibility of anti-Listeria activity, emphasizing the need to take into account the functional variability of communities when selecting communities of interest for microbiota engineering

Kanjickal, Deenu George. "Perivascular Drug Delivery Systems for the Inhibition of Intimal Hyperplasia." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1133715441.

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Hammoudi, Taymour Marwan. "3D micropatternable hydrogel systems to examine crosstalk effects between mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, and adipocytes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45972.

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Poor skeletal health results from aging and metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes and involves impaired homeostatic balance between marrow osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Tissue engineering provides researchers with the ability to generate improved, highly controlled and tailorable in vitro model systems to better understand mechanisms of homeostasis, disease, and healing and regeneration. Model systems that allow assembly of modules of MSCs, osteoblasts, and adipocytes in a number of configurations to engage in signaling crosstalk offer the potential to study integrative physiological aspects and complex interactions in the face of changes in local and systemic microenvironments. Thus, the overall goal of this dissertation was to examine integrative physiological aspects between MSCs, osteoblasts, and adipocytes that exist within the marrow microenvironment. To investigate the effects of intercellular signaling in different microenvironmental contexts, methods were developed to photolithographically pattern and assemble cell-laden PEG-based hydrogels with high spatial fidelity and tissue-scale thickness for long-term 3D co-culture of multiple cell types. This platform was applied to study effects of crosstalk between MSCs, osteoblasts and adipocytes on markers of differentiation in each cell type. Additionally, responses of MSCs to systemic perturbations in glucose concentration were modulated by mono-, co-, and tri-culture with these cell types in a model of diabetes-induced skeletal disease. Together, these studies provided valuable insight into unique and differential effects of intercellular signaling within the niche environment of MSCs and their terminally differentiated progeny during homeostatic and pathological states, and offer opportunities further study of integrative physiological interactions between mesenchymal lineage cells.

Essaouiba, Amal. "Development of a liver-pancreas in vitro model using microfluidic organ-on-chip technologies." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2573.

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Le diabète mellitus, également désigné comme la maladie du siècle, est une pathologie mortelle qui affecte le système endocrinien. Les mécanismes liés à la rupture de la boucle de rétroaction, qui régule le métabolisme et induit le diabète, ne sont pas entièrement connus. La compréhension des mécanismes d'action de l'insuline est donc essentielle pour le développement de stratégies thérapeutiques efficaces afin du lutter contre cette maladie. Par conséquent, il est impératif de trouver un modèle robuste et fiable, capable de surmonter les limites de la culture cellulaire traditionnelle en 2D et de l'expérimentation animale, pour la recherche sur le diabète. L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer un nouveau modèle de co‐culture foie‐pancréas en utilisant des systèmes microphysiologiques avancés (MPs) afin d’aborder plus efficacement le mécanisme impliqué dans la régulation endocrinienne hépatique et pancréatique. Ce travail met en évidence la capacité des systèmes multi‐organes sur puce qui combinent la compartimentation avancée des cellules en 3D, la microfluidique et la technologie des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSC), pour atteindre une complexité biologique élevée et des fonctions rarement reproduites par une seule de ces technologies d’ingénierie tissulaire
Diabetes mellitus (DM) or the so called disease of the century is a life threatening dysfunction that affects the endocrine system. The mechanisms underlying the break in the feedback loop that regulates the metabolism and the consequent diabetes induction are not fully known. Understanding the mechanisms of insulin action is therefore crucial for the further development of effective therapeutic strategies to combat DM. Accordingly, it is imperative to find a robust and reliable model for diabetes research able to overcome the limitations of traditional 2D in vitro cell culture and animal experimentation. The aim of this thesis is to develop a new liver‐pancreas co‐culture model using advanced microphysiological systems (MPs) to tackle more effectively the mechanism involving the hepatic and pancreatic endocrine regulation. This work highlights the power of multi organ‐on‐chip systems that combines the advanced 3D‐cell compartmentalization, microfluidics and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology to achieve a high biological complexity and functions that are rarely reproduced by only one of these tissue engineering technologies

Hammond, John Stotesbury. "Scaffolds for liver tissue engineering : in vitro co-culture & in vivo release." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12556/.

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This thesis presents the development and evaluation of two applications for scaffolds in the field of liver tissue engineering. In the first study a poly (D,L lactic acid) (PDLLA) scaffold is used as a three-dimensional template for hepatocyte–hepatic stellate cell (HSC) co-culture. To enhance PDLLA ligand binding capacity scaffolds are surface modified using allylamine plasma deposition and treatment with NaOH. Primary adult rat hepatocytes and HSC are then seeded onto these scaffolds and cultured in static conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to assess mono-culture and co-culture morphology whilst synthetic and cytochrome P450 function are measured using albumin and testosterone assays. The second study explores the potential for intrahepatic growth factor and extracellular matrix (ECM) delivery from a biodegradable polymer scaffold to promote liver growth and to enhance regeneration. The study is undertaken in rats. The scaffold design and implantation technique are first piloted in a short survival study. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)1, FGF2 and liver derived ECM (L-ECM) are then loaded into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) + 5% poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffolds and implanted into normal and partially hepatectomised liver. Implant morphology is assessed by micro-CT reconstruction. Growth factor bioactivity and release are confirmed by in vitro profiling. Liver growth and volume redistribution are assessed by liver weight analysis. Parenchymal injury and function are quantified by measuring serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) & bilirubin. 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) inclusion & MIB-5 immunohistochemistry (IHC) are used to identify hepatocyte and non-parenchymal cell proliferation. Liver-scaffold interaction is characterised by H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining. Non-parenchymal cell migration is assessed by ED-1 and desmin IHC. All histology is then subjected to image analysis.

Smith, A. S. T. "Development and characterisation of a novel myotube-motoneuron 3D co-culture system." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1339141/.

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The aim of this Thesis was to characterise the behaviour and interaction of primary muscle derived cells (MDCs) and motoneurons within a collagen-based 3D in vitro culture system. Cells cultured under uniaxial tension within 3D collagen matrices are known to selforientate along the lines of principle strain. In the case of skeletal muscle cells, this leads to the formation of aligned myotubes, thereby generating cultures which more closely recapitulate the architecture of in vivo muscle. Since maturation of muscle in vivo is dependent on functional innervation, integration of this model with a physiologically correct neural input would further improve both the accuracy and complexity of the in vitro construct. Furthermore, reliable neuromuscular junction formation in 3D culture could have substantial benefits for the study of neuromuscular disease and the testing of novel therapeutic agents. The behaviour of primary rat MDCs within an established collagen-based 3D culture system was optimised and subsequently characterised. A comparison of this model to conventional 2D cell culture techniques was carried out using immunohistochemical and PCR analysis. Investigation of myogenin expression levels over a three week culture period in both 2D and 3D found no significant differences between the two systems, indicating a conserved ability for MDC differentiation in both models. Immunohistochemical data illustrated the alignment of uniaxial myotubes in 3D compared with randomly orientated and branched myotubes in conventional culture, demonstrating the improved biomimicity of myotubes developed in 3D and under directional tension. The presence of motoneurons within the 3D co-culture was found to promote maturation of the MDCs as indicated by levels of macroscopic construct contraction and by quantitative PCR analysis. Co-localisation of pre- and post- synaptic markers in culture indicated the presence of putative synaptic contacts within the model. The model presented in this Thesis represents a step forward in the development of physiologically accurate in vitro models of skeletal muscle, which may help in future investigations of skeletal muscle development, physiology and pathology.

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Книги з теми "Co-Culture systems":

Walker, David John. Human IVF and co-culture systems. [s.l.]: typescript, 1994.

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Ismailov, Nariman. Globalism and ecophilosophy of the future. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1212905.

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From the point of view of the new science of globalism, the problems of the ecological, socio-economic state of the world and countries are considered through the prism of the interaction of the human psyche and society and the inhabited world. The criteria of ecological civilization of countries and peoples are justified. Optimizing the consumption of natural bio-and energy resources is becoming a fundamental environmental factor for sustainable development. The "Law of the maximum for humanity" as the law of the biosphere can be the arbitration court, the neutral force that will explain the historical need for mutual understanding, taking into account the interests of ecology and economy for the survival of man as a biovid on Earth; a new reality will begin to form — the phenomenon of co-residence of the world society with the biosphere. The world's population, its energy and bio-consumption, as well as all living matter on the planet, must correspond to the biological capacity of the Earth and not go beyond its boundaries. The task of the society is to implement a worldview breakthrough at the current stage of development, its own cultural mutation, which in the future will create the basis for adaptive technological and socio-cultural development. The task is to classify the entire Earth as a "Green Book" and to solve systemic environmental problems of a global nature. An integral part of sustainable development should be the principle of "vital consumption" at both the personal and social level, instead of the dominant principle of"expanded production and consumption". The indicator of the" culture of consumption "of natural resources, both at the individual level and at the level of society, should be included as an integral part of the integral indicator in the "True Indicator of Progress" and the "Human Development Index". The book is interdisciplinary in nature; it is a kind of scientific and philosophical poetic essay intended for teachers and students of universities in the field of sociology, ecology, biology and related fields, as well as for everyone who cares about the future of society.

Marshall, Catherine A., ed. Surviving Cancer as a Family and Helping Co-Survivors Thrive. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216021728.

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Within this book, family members will find the information they need to better understand and cope with cancer in the family, thereby helping their loved one, and themselves, most effectively. Family members of individuals diagnosed with cancer are, themselves, cancer survivors. Yet, all too often, their needs, questions, and concerns are not systematically addressed by the medical and human services systems. Surviving Cancer as a Family and Helping Co-Survivors Thrive was written to help everyone touched by cancer understand and cope. In this unique book, answers to practical questions, including how and where to find financial and emotional support as a caregiver, are explored through research and personal experience. Influences, such as culture and socioeconomic status that impact the family system within which a cancer patient is cared for, are addressed as well. Recognizing that family members sometimes need help even more than their loved one with cancer, the book provides vignettes demonstrating situations and solutions for particular ethnic and cultural populations and for spouses/partners and children of cancer patients. Easy to read and use, Surviving Cancer as a Family and Helping Co-Survivors Thrive will quickly give readers the knowledge to cope with a cancer diagnosis of a loved one or even themselves.

Zhang, Yanlong. Trust and Economics: The Co-Evolution of Trust and Exchange Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Zhang, Yanlong. Trust and Economics: The Co-Evolution of Trust and Exchange Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Zhang, Yanlong. Trust and Economics: The Co-Evolution of Trust and Exchange Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Zhang, Yanlong. Trust and Economics: The Co-Evolution of Trust and Exchange Systems. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Koch, Anne. Economy. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.26.

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Religion is in many ways an economic phenomenon and can be analyzed as such. By economy most economists understand systems for the allocation of resources. In this light, this chapter notes various ways in which religious organizations are engaged in sectoral markets and produce private and public goods, entailing products and services. Religion and economy are interdependent and relate to each other in distinct ways across societal subsystems. Economy both permeates religious structures and is a co-system. This is generally studied by political economy: recent moves beyond neoclassical economic theory (which saw culture as an exogenous factor) emphasize the economy’s embeddedness in social relationships and its variation across cultures. The chapter considers ways in which religious phenomena reflect recent changes in capitalist systems and ways in which religious economies function as explicit economic systems.

Ngo, Rachel D. An in vitro co-culture system for studying the macrophage regulation of adipocyte metabolic expression profiles. 2005.

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Jens, David Ohlin. Part IV The ICC and its Applicable Law, 21 Co-Perpetration: German Dogmatik or German Invasion? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0021.

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The current doctrines of co-perpetration, most notably the control theory of perpetration, are heavily influenced by German criminal law theory. To some critics, the ICC’s importation of Claus Roxin’s control theory is evidence that one legal culture is having an outsized influence on the direction of the Court’s jurisprudence. This chapter situates the current doctrines within historical context. It lays out the foundations of the ICC doctrine of co-perpetration and evaluates the most notable objections to it, including alternate versions of co-perpetration. The chapter argues that the criticism about the ICC becoming too weighted towards the criminal law approach of one particular system is unfair, since the Court engages in first-order questions of criminal law theory. Nevertheless, the criticism remains that the Court has done insufficient work to justify its methodology and properly ground its importation of domestic criminal law theory within a general theory of sources of international law.

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Частини книг з теми "Co-Culture systems":

Ménézo, Yves J. R., Edouard Servy, Anna Veiga, André Hazout, and Kay Elder. "Culture Systems: Embryo Co-Culture." In Embryo Culture, 231–47. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-971-6_14.

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Perry, Luba, Shahar Ben-Shaul, Shira Landau, and Shulamit Levenberg. "Co-Culture Systems for Vasculogenesis." In Vascularization for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21056-8_7-1.

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Perry, Luba, Shahar Ben-Shaul, Shira Landau, and Shulamit Levenberg. "Co-culture Systems for Vasculogenesis." In Vascularization for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 385–413. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54586-8_7.

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Stickney, Robert R., and Robert W. Brick. "Sustainability Needs and Challenges: Marine Systems." In Tilapia in Intensive Co-culture, 71–80. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118970652.ch5.

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Perschbacher, Peter W. "Sustainability Needs and Challenges: Freshwater Systems." In Tilapia in Intensive Co-culture, 114–28. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118970652.ch8.

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Milstein, Ana, and Martha Hernández. "Ecological Basis of Tilapia Co-culture Systems." In Tilapia in Intensive Co-culture, 1–24. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118970652.ch1.

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Betz, E. "The Value of Co-Culture Systems in Arteriosclerosis Research." In New Aspects of Metabolism and Behaviour of Mesenchymal Cells during the Pathogenesis of Arteriosclerosis, 117–24. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-99112-6_12.

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Kim, Hee-Hoon, Kyurae Kim, Song Hwa Hong, and Won-Il Jeong. "Isolation of Hepatic Stellate Cells and Lymphocytes for Co-culture Systems." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 111–28. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_7.

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Chen, Ding Wen, Kathleen Pauloff, and Marianna Foldvari. "Three-Dimensional Co-Culture Bioassay for Screening of Retinal Gene Delivery Systems." In Retinal Gene Therapy, 79–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7522-8_6.

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English, Jay, Danny McSweeney, Fumiko Ribbe, Ethan Howell, and ChangHui Pak. "Generation and Co-culture of Cortical Glutamatergic and GABAergic-Induced Neuronal Cells." In Stem Cell-Based Neural Model Systems for Brain Disorders, 21–37. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3287-1_3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Co-Culture systems":

Chen, Michael C. W., Madhuja Gupta, and Karen C. Cheung. "Hydrogel-based microfluidic systems for co-culture of cells." In 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2008.4650299.

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Melms, Johannes Christian, Clarence Yapp, Caitlin Elizabeth Mills, Peter Sorger, and Benjamin Izar. "Abstract 2168: A growth rate corrected metric for cytotoxic co-culture systems." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2168.

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Cantini, Marco, Gianfranco B. Fiore, Alberto Redaelli, and Monica Soncini. "CFD-Aided Design of a Dynamic Culture System for the Co-Culture of Adherent and Non-Adherent Cells." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206431.

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Haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation has been widely used to treat patients that have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiotherapy for haematological or non-haematological malignancies, and is currently investigated for the treatment of several other pathologic conditions. Nevertheless, present and expected clinical applications are hindered by the shortage of cells available for transplantation. Hence, many researchers have attempted to achieve an in vitro expansion of HSCs, using different experimental set-ups and approaches, which range from traditional static monolayer cultures to three-dimensional (3D) dynamic systems. Specifically, several bioreactor systems have been proposed, including perfusion chambers, stirred, rotating, hollow fiber, and packed bed reactors [1]. Taken together, literature studies suggest that a dynamic 3D culture system may provide superior expansion of HSCs.

Mukashyaka, Patience, Javad Noorbakhsh, Pooja Kumar, Elise Courtois, Olga Anczukow, Paul Robson, Edson Liu, and Jeffrey Chuang. "Abstract 3144: Intratumor heterogeneity quantification using 3D segmentation of organoids co-culture systems." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-3144.

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Colella, Antonio, Aniello Castiglione, and Alfredo De Santis. "The Role of Trust and Co-partnership in the Societal Digital Security Culture Approach." In 2014 International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incos.2014.142.

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Chin, L. K., K. Q. Luo, W. Park, M. Je, J. Tsai, D. L. Kwong, and A. Q. Liu. "Double-layer hepatocyte tumor co-culture using hydrogel for drug effectivity and specificity analysis." In 2012 IEEE 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2012.6170309.

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Al-Mutawah, Khalid, and Vincent C. S. Lee. "Implementing corporate culture fit across networked enterprises — A multiagent co-evolution path approach." In 2008 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2008.4598474.

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Isshiki, Yohei, Taikopaul Kaneko, Atsushi Tamada, Keiko Muguruma, and Ryuji Yokokawa. "Co-Culture of a Brain Organoid Derived from Human iPSCs and Vasculature on a Chip." In 2020 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mems46641.2020.9056422.

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Uchidiuno, Judith Odili, Jaemarie Solyst, Erik Harpstead, and Ross Higashi. "“I'm a little less inclined to do it”: How Afterschool Programs’ Culture Impact Co-Design Processes and Outcomes." In DIS '23: Designing Interactive Systems Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3596006.

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Hayashi, Tomoya, Hisako Takigawa-Imamura, Koichi Nishiyama, Hirofumi Shintaku, Hidetoshi Kotera, Takashi Miura, and Ryuji Yokokawa. "Vascular network formation for a long-term spheroid culture by co-culturing endothelial cells and fibroblasts." In 2015 28th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2015.7050995.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Co-Culture systems":

Gollahon, Lauren S., and Nathan Collie. Analysis of Breast Cell-Lineage Response Differences to Taxol Using a Novel Co-Culture System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463693.

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Shaw, Kristi Lee, and Geoff Bridgman. Creating Appreciation and Community Support for Mothers Caring for a Child with an Anxiety Disorder. Unitec ePress, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/mono.097.

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This research examined a unique approach to anxiety disorder, one of the most prevalent and growing mental health concerns internationally. It uncovered the mostly invisible and challenging experiences of mothers caring for a child with an anxiety disorder and the value of their reciprocal relationships with their children for both their health and wellbeing. In addition, it explored social identity in making meaningful connection using a generative action-oriented social approach to address anxiety in the community. An appreciative inquiry, using social constructionist theory, and underpinned by elements of kaupapa Māori values, was utilised to explore the research questions. The data was collected via paired interviews, focus groups and small questionnaires with three to four mothers, after which thematic analysis was undertaken to identify important themes.There were four key themes discovered in the findings: (1) the mothers’ ongoing and challenging experiences of being silenced and isolated on the fringes, navigating the quagmire of social and institutional systems to help them help their children; (2) the mothers’ learning to cope by creating calm in the home, the child, and in themselves, often requiring them to ‘suspend’ their lives until their children become more independent; (3) the mothers employing a mother as advocate identity to face the challenges, and co-creating a mother as advocate group identity to continue to face those challenges to design a collective initiative;and (4) the value of freedom that the mothers experienced participating in the appreciative inquiry process with other mothers facing similar challenges and sharing their stories.This study demonstrates how appreciative inquiry is aligned with and supports the value of social identity theory and creating meaningful connections to help position and address anxiety disorder in the community. A key insight gained in this study is that our current social and institutional systems create disconnection in many facets of Western life, which contributes to the generation and perpetuation of stigmatisation, isolation and anxiety disorder. Within a Western capitalistic and individualistic culture, mental illness has become predominantly pathologised and medicated, positioning anxiety disorder within the child, and relegating the social dimension of the biopsychosocial approach as almost irrelevant. As mothers in this system spend valuable energy advocating for more support for their children, they put their own mental health at risk. There is no one solution; however, this study demonstrates that when mothers are supported through an appreciative inquiry process, strengthening their personal and social identities, there is the potential for health and wellbeing to increase for them, their children and the community.

Swan, Megan, and Christopher Calvo. Site characterization and change over time in semi-arid grassland and shrublands at three parks?Chaco Culture National Historic Park, Petrified Forest National Park, and Wupatki National Monument: Upland vegetation and soils monitoring 2007?2021. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301582.

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This report presents results of upland vegetation and soil monitoring of semi-arid grasslands at three Parks by the Southern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network (SCPN) from 2007?2021. The purpose is to compare and contrast five grassland ecological sites and examine how they have changed during the first 15 years of monitoring. Crews collected data on composition and abundance of vegetation, both at the species level and by lifeform (e.g., perennial grass, shrub, forb) and soil aggregate stability and soil texture at 150 plots within five target grassland/shrubland communities delineated using NRCS ecological site (ecosite) classification (30 plots per ecosite). Soils in plots at Petrified Forest NP and Chaco Culture NHP were deeper than those at Wupatki NM. Undifferentiated soil crust comprised the largest component of the soil surface, except at Wupatki where surface gravel dominated. Cover of biological soil crust (cyanobacteria, lichen, and moss) was low. Soil aggregate stability was moderate. From 2007?2021, SCPN crews identified 283 unique plant species. Overall live foliar cover ranged from 12-24%. Four of five ecological sites were dominated by C4 grass species (>70% of total live foliar cover). Shrubs co-dominated at one site (WUPA L) and forbs were an overall small component of total vegetation cover but contributed most of the diversity in these sites. Less than 4% of species detected were nonnative. Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) was the most frequently sampled nonnative, occurring in > 50% of plots at Wupatki in the volcanic upland ecological site. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) was the second most common invasive species but occurred in < 10% of the plots at all ecological sites. Vegetation cover was modeled using Bayesian hierarchical models and included seasonal climatic water deficits, year effects and topographic variables as covariates. Models revealed significant negative time trends (i.e., changes over time that were not explained by changes in seasonal deficit covariates included) in some modeled responses, particularly in the cover of perennial grass at all five ecological sites. Time trends in shrub and forb responses were mixed. Species richness showed variable effects by ecosite, decreasing at CHCU S, and increasing at PEFO S and WUPA V. Modeled responses were influenced by climate covariates, but direction of these effects varied. The most consistent effects were that greater July water stress and higher accumulated growing degree days (i.e., warmer spring temperatures) increased cover of perennial grasses and shrubs during the same year. However, greater water stress in the spring had a negative effect on many responses as expected. Decreasing cover of perennial grass and increasing cover of shrubs and weedy forbs has been predicted for southwestern grasslands in response to increasing aridification due to anthropogenic climate change. Perennial grass trends reported here correspond with these predictions with mixed results on shrub and forb community trends. Continued drought conditions will likely exacerbate negative changes in these systems.

Thunø, Mette, and Jan Ifversen. Global Leadership Teams and Cultural Diversity: Exploring how perceptions of culture influence the dynamics of global teams. Aarhus University, October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aul.273.

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In the 21st century, business engagements are becoming increasingly global, and global teams are now an established form of organising work in multinational organisations. As a result, managing cultural diver-sity within a global team has become an essential part of ensuring motivation, creativity, innovation and efficiency in today’s business world.Global teams are typically composed of a diversity of experiences, frames of references, competencies, information and, not least, cultural backgrounds. As such, they hold a unique potential for delivering high performance in terms of innovative and creative approaches to global management tasks; however, in-stead of focusing on the potentials of cultural diversity, practitioners and studies of global teams tend to approach cultural diversity as a barrier to team success. This study explores some of the barriers that cultural diversity poses but also discusses its potential to leverage high performance in a global context.Our study highlights the importance of how team leaders and team members perceive ‘culture’ as both a concept and a social practice. We take issue with a notion of culture as a relatively fixed and homogeneous set of values, norms and attitudes shared by people of national communities; it is such a notion of culture that tends to underlie understandings that highlight the irreconcilability of cultural differences.Applying a more dynamic and context-dependent approach to culture as a meaning system that people negotiate and use to interpret the world, this study explores how global leadership teams can best reap the benefits of cultural diversity in relation to specific challenging areas of intercultural team work, such as leadership style, decision making, relationship building, strategy process, and communication styles. Based on a close textual interpretation of 31 semi-structured interviews with members of global leader-ship teams in eight Danish-owned global companies, our study identified different discourses and per-ceptions of culture and cultural diversity. For leaders of the global leadership teams (Danish/European) and other European team members, three understandings of cultural diversity in their global teams were prominent:1)Cultural diversity was not an issue2)Cultural diversity was acknowledged as mainly a liability. Diversities were expressed through adifference in national cultures and could typically be subsumed under a relatively fixed numberof invariable and distinct characteristics.3)Cultural diversity was an asset and expressions of culture had to be observed in the situationand could not simply be derived from prior understandings of cultural differences.A clear result of our study was that those leaders of global teams who drew on discourses of the Asian ‘Other’ adherred to the first two understandings of cultural diversity and preferred leadership styles that were either patriarchal or self-defined as ‘Scandinavian’. Whereas those leaders who drew on discourses of culture as dynamic and negotiated social practices adhered to the third understanding of cultural di-versity and preferred a differentiated and analytical approach to leading their teams.We also focused on the perceptions of team members with a background in the country in which the global teams were co-located. These ‘local’ team members expressed a nuanced and multifaceted perspective on their own cultural background, the national culture of the company, and their own position within the team, which enabled them to easily navigate between essentialist perceptions of culture while maintain-ing a critical stance on the existing cultural hegemonies. They recognised the value of their local knowledge and language proficiency, but, for those local members in teams with a negative or essentialist view of cultural diversity, it was difficult to obtain recognition of their cultural styles and specific, non-local competences. 3Our study suggeststhat the way global team members perceive culture, based on dominant societal dis-courses of culture, significantly affects the understandings of roles and positions in global leadership teams. We found that discourses on culture were used to explain differences and similarities between team members, which profoundly affected the social practicesand dynamics of the global team. We con-clude that only global teams with team leaders who are highly aware of the multiple perspectives at play in different contexts within the team hold the capacity to be alert to cultural diversity and to demonstrate agility in leveraging differences and similarities into inclusive and dynamic team practices.

Eyal, Yoram, Gloria Moore, and Efraim Lewinsohn. Study and Manipulation of the Flavanoid Biosynthetic Pathway in Citrus for Flavor Engineering and Seedless Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7570547.bard.

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The proposal was aimed to identify and functionally characterize key genes/enzymes in the citrus flavanone neohesperidoside biosynthetic pathway and to use them as tools for metabolic engineering to decrease bitterness levels in grapefruit. The proposed section on fruit seediness was dropped as suggested by the reviewers of the proposal. Citrus flavor and aroma is composed of complex combinations of soluble and volatile compounds. The former includes mainly sugars, acids and flavanones, a subgroup of flavonoids that includes bitter compounds responsible for the bitter flavor of grapefruit and pummelo. Bitter species contain mostly bitter flavanone neohesperidosides, while non-bitter species contain mostly tasteless flavanone rutinosides. Both flavanone versions are diglycosides consisting of a rhamnose-glucose oligosaccharide a-linked at position 7 to the flavanone skeleton. However, in the bitter neohesperidosides the rhamnose is attached at position 2 of the glucose moiety, while in the tasteless rutinosides the rhamnose is attached at position 6 of the glucose moiety. Thus, the position of the rhamnose moiety, determined by the specificity of the last enzymes in the pathway- rhamnosyltransferase (1,2 or 1,6 specificity), is the determinant of the bitter flavor. Flavanones, like all flavonoids are synthesized via one of the branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway; the first committed step is catalyzed by the enzyme Chalcone synthase (CHS) followed by Chalcone isomerase (CHI). During the course of the work a key gene/enzyme in the biosynthesis of the bitter flavanones, a 1,2 rhamnosyltransferase (1,2RT), was functionally characterized using a transgenic cell-culture biotransformation system, confirming that this gene is a prime candidate for metabolic engineering of the pathway. This is the first direct functional evidence for the activity of a plant recombinant rhamnosyltransferase, the first confirmed rhamnosyltransferase gene with 1,2 specificity and the second confirmed rhamnosyltransferase gene altogether in plants. Additional genes of the flavanone pathway that were isolated during this work and are potential tools for metabolic engineering include (I) A putative 1,6 rhamnosyltransferase (1,6RT) from oranges, that is presumed to catalyze the biosynthesis of the tasteless flavanones. This gene is a prime candidate for use in future metabolic engineering for decreased bitterness and is currently being functionally characterized using the biotransformation system developed for characterizing rhamnosyltransferases. (2) A putative 7-0-glucosyltransferase presumed to catalyze the first glycosylation step of the flavanone aglycones. Silencing of gene expression in grapefruit was attempted using three genes: (1) The "upstream" flavonoid biosynthesis genes CHS and CHI, by antisense and co-suppression; and (2) The "downstream" 1,2R T, by an RNAi approach. CHS and CHI silencing resulted in some plants with a dramatically decreased level of the bitter flavanone neohesperidoside naringin in leaves. We have yet to study the long-term effect of silencing these genes on tree physiology, and on the actual bitterness of fruit. The effect of 1,2RT silencing on naringin content in grapefruit has yet to be examined, but a slow growth phenotype for these plants was noted. We speculate that silencing of the final glycosylation step of the flavanones delays their evacuation to the vacuole, resulting in accumulation of flavanones in the cytoplasm, causing inhibitory effects on plant growth. This speculation is yet to be established at the product level. Future metabolic engineering experiments are planned with 1,6RT following functional characterization.