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Готові списки джерел за темами / Climate laws

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Climate laws"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Climate laws":

1

Dubash, Navroz K. "Climate laws help reduce emissions." Nature Climate Change 10, no. 8 (July 13, 2020): 709–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0853-6.

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2

Mugga, Jovan Ivan, Joyeeta Gupta, and René Lefeber. "Shaping Africa’s Climate Action through Climate Litigation: An Impact Assessment." Recht in Afrika 26, no. 1 (2023): 26–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6270-2023-1-26.

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The academic literature scarcely covers court cases from the Global South on climate change. Hence, this paper examines the impact of existing climate litigation on shaping Africa’s climate action and the role of courts in climate change jurisprudence on the continent. The paper determines that: NGOs are key actors in challenging state granted environmental authorisations of projects whose activities violate human rights, affect climate change, and contravene formal procedures. Courts are deciding that fossil fuel activities like gas flaring violate fundamental human rights and exacerbate climate change. They call for amending laws allowing for such activities to bring them in conformity with laws on the protection of fundamental human rights. In a balancing act of the socio-economic rights and environmental human rights violations courts acknowledge that fossil fuels form part of the energy mix of sources on account of existing government laws and policies aimed at addressing priorities like energy security and poverty alleviation, a context that should inform climate change action. The implication is that short of laws banning fossil fuel activities, these activities will continue under enabling laws thus limiting the extent of court’s intervention in challenging climate change.

3

Huang, Jennifer. "Exploring Climate Framework Laws and The Future of Climate Action." Pace Environmental Law Review 38, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.58948/0738-6206.1849.

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4

Henderson, Janis, Jennifer K. Chapman, Shera Thomas-Jackson, Lauren Kelly, and Miriam Mulsow. "Campus Climate." Clinical Lactation 8, no. 4 (2017): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2158-0782.8.4.158.

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A return to work and school presents mothers with barriers to breastfeeding. Concerns include negative attitudes toward breastfeeding, scheduling and break-time, and appropriate, private space. Current federal laws require worksite support and provision of adequate accommodations for lactation purposes, as do some state laws. An evaluation of faculty, staff, and students (N = 510) at a large public university, assessed breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and support following the implementation of new mother-friendly policies and lactation rooms. Additionally, awareness of the lactation rooms and university policies were assessed. Overall, the university climate reflected high breastfeeding knowledge and positive attitudes. Employees had higher awareness of the new lactation facilities and university policies than did students. Implementation limitations were a need for education and awareness efforts targeted to students. Future directions for worksites and schools are addressed.

5

Pelley, Janet. "States take lead on climate change laws." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 2 (January 2004): 30A—31A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0403413.

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6

Wenta, Joseph, Jan McDonald, and Jeffrey S. McGee. "Enhancing Resilience and Justice in Climate Adaptation Laws." Transnational Environmental Law 8, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102518000286.

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AbstractResilience thinking – an approach for understanding and managing change – is increasingly central to climate change adaptation law and policy. Yet the influence of adaptation law and policy on the distribution of climate impacts is often overlooked in studies of socio-ecological resilience to climate change. This article demonstrates how environmental justice scholarship helps to address this gap in the literature relating to adaptation law and resilience. Drawing on existing literature, the article identifies four principles to promote resilience and justice through climate adaptation laws. Climate adaptation laws must (i) prepare for, and respond to, change; (ii) address the distributive effects of climate change and adaptation; (iii) promote participation in adaptation processes; and (iv) cross sectors and scales. Each criterion can be implemented in part through existing legal processes, but might also be further supported by incremental law reform. Developing both resilience and justice dimensions will enhance the effectiveness of adaptation laws in addressing climate impacts.

7

Johnston, Jane, and Mark Pearson. "Australia’s media climate: Time to renegotiate control." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v14i2.945.

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In 2007, Australia was rated by two international media bodies as well down the chain in media freedom. Within its own borders, internal media groups—in particular the Australian Press Council and the Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance, as well as a consortium of major employer groups—have recently released reports investigating the position of media freedoms. This atricle examines a select few of these shrinking freedoms which range from the passive restrcitions on access to documents to the overt threat of imprisonment for publishing sensitive material. In particular, it considers laws relating to freedom of information, camera access to courts, shield laws and whistleblower protection and finally revamped anti-terrorism laws. The article maps the landscape of Australia's downgraded press fredom and suggests that laws controlling media reportage need to be renegotiated.

8

Kehinde, A. O., and O. Abifarin. "Legal Framework for Combating Climate Change in Nigeria." Kutafin Law Review 9, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2713-0525.2022.3.21.395-414.

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A very important issue that needs to be addressed urgently across the globe is the issue of climate change. Nigeria as a country is not left out in the battle against climate change. One of the major things that results in the change in climate is the low level or inadequate laws governing activities which lead to climate change. The laws available are ineffective as the level of compliance with the existing laws is extremely low; ignorance on the part of Nigerians is another major issue as an average Nigerian is not aware that his/her day-to-day activities might result in a change in climatic condition. The concept of climate change is a concept in Nigeria that has received a bit of recognition but has not been addressed as it ought to be. This paper examines the effects of climate change on Nigerians and the Nigeria environment in its totality; it further makes an overview of the international conventions on climate change while evaluating the adoption of the international conventions by Nigeria. It examines the laws put in place by the Nigeria government in relation to environmental protection generally and further considers their effectiveness. It concludes that there is no solid legal framework to combat climate change in Nigeria and that the laws put in place to govern environmental protection in Nigeria are grossly inadequate. It protection in Nigeria are grossly inadequate. It recommends that new laws should as a matter of urgency be promulgated to tackle the menace of climate change in Nigeria.

9

C McCormack, Phillipa. "Climate Change, Wildfires and Wetland Ecosystem Services." University of Queensland Law Journal 39, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 417–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.38127/uqlj.v39i3.5655.

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Australia’s 2019–20 fire season has been described as the ‘Black Summer’. Vast swathes of the continent burned, including areas that have not been fire-prone in the past, such as wet rainforest and alpine wetlands. This article considers the implications of more frequent and intense wildfires for wetland ecosystems and the extremely valuable ecosystem services that they provide. The article investigates what Australia’s laws have to say about restoring ecosystem services after extreme events such as fire. In particular, the article considers the extent to which existing laws anticipate the possibility of ecosystem transformation, asking: what do our laws require if restoration is not possible?

10

McCormack, Phillipa C., Jan McDonald, and Kerryn A. Brent. "Governance of Land-based Negative-emission Technologies to Promote Biodiversity Conservation: Lessons from Australia." Climate Law 10, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-01002001.

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Climate change is a fundamental threat to biodiversity. Climate mitigation in general, and Negative-Emission Technologies (nets) in particular, have the potential to benefit biodiversity by reducing climate impacts. Domestic laws could help to ensure that nets have benefits for biodiversity adaptation to climate change (e.g. reducing land clearing and habitat loss and facilitating habitat restoration, corridors for species’ migration, and broader ecological resilience). Domestic laws will also need to govern trade-offs between nets and biodiversity adaptation (e.g. increased competition for land and landscape-scale fragmentation by new industrial developments and linear infrastructure). We argue that domestic laws should be used to maximize the benefits of nets while minimizing trade-offs for biodiversity. These laws should ensure that trade-offs are, at the very least, explicit and transparent, both in terms of their implications for current biodiversity and in the context of an acceleration of climate-driven biodiversity decline.

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Дисертації з теми "Climate laws":

1

Sabbag, Bruno Kerlakian. "Processo de incorporação da dimensão climática no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e análise do caso do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-03052013-100345/.

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A partir da Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima, o Brasil tem publicado inúmeras leis sobre mudança do clima, mas tem-se verificado dificuldades em sua aplicação. Apesar disso, pouco se tem escrito com o objetivo de identificar os aspectos mais críticos que permitam auxiliar a revisão e aprimoramento do marco jurídico-climático no país. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi realizar uma análise crítica da Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima e da Política sobre Mudança do Clima do Estado de São Paulo, a fim de avaliar se o processo de incorporação da dimensão climática no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, e em especial no Estado de São Paulo, tem sido adequado e, em caso negativo, porque não. Foram identificadas e estudadas mais de 100 leis no Brasil sobre mudança do clima, mas a análise crítica na dissertação limitou-se à lei nacional e paulista sobre mudança do clima. Também foi estudada a bibliografia principal sobre o assunto e foi realizado estudo de casos já levados ao Poder Judiciário. Os resultados da análise permitem verificar que as principais falhas dos marcos legais em nível nacional e estadual apontam para a ausência de clareza na alocação de responsabilidades dos setores envolvidos. Além disso, a legislação paulista adotou uma meta de redução de emissões que tem se mostrado inatingível, o que gera insegurança jurídica e prejudica a eficácia das normas. Finalmente, recomendações são apresentadas para o aprimoramento dos marcos legais.
Since the Brazilian National Climate Change Policy was enacted, Brazil has been issuing many laws on climate change, but implementation of such laws has not been adequate. Nevertheless, there are very few legal assessments on the Brazilian climate change regime that could assist to improve its effectiveness. The main purpose of this masters dissertation is to undertake a critical assessment of Brazilian National Climate Change Policy and of State of São Paulo Climate Change Policy, in order to comprehend whether or not the process of incorporating the climate change dimension on the Brazilian legal system has been adequate, and if not why. More than one hundred laws on climate change in Brazil were researched, but the detailed assessment was limited to the National and State of São Paulo legislation. Court precedents and main doctrine have also been analyzed. The results of the assessment demonstrate that since the National Climate Change Policy, many other climate change laws have been enacted, and most of them present serious uncertainties, which impair the execution of these laws. The main uncertainties of such laws arise from the fact the they do not clearly allocate responsibility and obligations to all stakeholders involved. Besides, the state law adopted a reduction target that is not achievable, which cause legal uncertainty and impairs the execution of these laws. In the end, the dissertation presents recommendations for the improvement of Brazilian climate change legal regime.

2

Sandström, Stina, Emelie Looyenga, and Anna Åslund. "From hate media to great media? : Rwandan radio journalist’s view of the media climate in their country." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52405.

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In 1994 a brutal genocide took place in Rwanda were one part of the population killed over 800 000 of their own people over a period of one hundred days. Rwandan radio, the biggest and most influential medium in the country, played a crucial part in the tragedy and today, almost 22 years after the genocide, Rwanda is trying to rebuild the media system as well as the trust between the public and the journalists. Over recent years Rwanda has made a huge development within the media sector and keeps moving forward from its dark history. This study aims to examine how radio journalist at the government owned radio channel RBA, Rwanda Broadcasting Agency, experiences the changes in the media climate and focus will mainly lie on the period after the introduction of new media laws in 2013. This study also examines how journalists have experienced different international collaborations, especially between Western countries and Rwanda, that are aiming to develop the media system. In total eleven radio journalist from RBA were interviewed and our research questions were as follows; How do Rwandan radio journalists within the RBA experience the media situation in the country today? How do Rwandan radio journalists within the RBA regard their role within their profession? How can Rwanda’s media climate be interpreted through different normative media systems? To understand the media climate at RBA three theoretical perspectives were used as a base; Agenda Setting Theory, globalisation and domestication. To study the media situation an ethnographic method was applied and put into the context of Rwanda's history and culture. During our interviews we have talked about how the journalists regard their role in the society, how it has changed, what may still change, how they value their independency as journalists and what they think the future holds for Rwandan media development. The informants all agreed that Rwandan journalism is constantly developing and journalists are learning how to work in a society where the media's biggest aim is to be trusted by the public. Rwandan journalists and international journalists, the latter group also partly represented in the study, regard Rwanda's media situation differently but both parts agree upon the fact that the country has a long way to go to reach an open media climate. Our result leads up to a cultural conclusion; it is difficult to make a fair judgement of the media situation in Rwanda only by measuring the country's development and the journalistic competence according to Western ideals.

3

Afinowi, Olubunmi Ayodele. "An outline and critical assessment of the role of planning laws in the regulatory framework of climate change adaptation in South Africa and Nigeria." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29313.

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Climate change affects the natural and built environment, including all forms of development. The risks of climate change include severe alterations to the normal functioning of communities, including adverse effects on humans, infrastructure, land use, the built and natural environment. Due to these occurring and projected adverse effects, there is the need to develop resilience within communities, especially in areas of particular vulnerability. The point of departure of this research is that planning laws have a role to play in the adapting to, and building of resilience against, climate change. As such the work argues for an integration of climate change considerations into planning, environmental and related laws. The relevant laws will be examined to consider the extent to which they are suited to aid the adaptation process. The research entails a comparative approach through the analysis of planning laws in Nigeria and South Africa. It also involves qualitative empirical research into the effectiveness of planning laws as a means of adaptation to climate change. Planning law in Nigeria is very procedural and is limited to physical planning and ordering of the built environment. South Africa, on the other hand, has integrated sustainable development considerations into her planning legislation and it now encompasses spatial planning, integrated development plans, land use management and others. In both countries, however, there seems to be no express integration of climate change into planning laws, especially at the national level of government. The research also examines the legal aspects of climate change adaptation strategies in both countries. It found that in Nigeria in particular, there is no provision for inter-governmental cooperation to facilitate physical planning or climate adaptation action. In the case of South Africa, there is a well-structured intergovernmental collaboration regarding planning and land use management, which gives some consideration to climate change adaptation. However, the structure for cooperation is still being developed as seen in the draft National Adaptation Strategy and the proposed Climate Change Act. There is a need to reevaluate the relevant laws in both countries, with special consideration to the role of planning in adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change on the natural and built environment.

4

Traore, Sidy Shafahil, and Sidy Shafahil Traore. "Understanding Environmental Laws: The Role Of Federalism In Developing A National Climate Change Mitigation Strategy For Greenhouse Gas Emission. A Case Study Of The Clean Power Plan Proposal." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621970.

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Defined as a “system of state and national government [where] each level has some degree of autonomy” (Farber, 2013 page 12), federalism is one of the most important characteristics of the American political system. Although the word federalism never appears in the U.S. Constitution, the Supremacy Clause establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties constitute "the supreme law of the land" (U.S. Const. art. VII, § 2). In other words, federal laws take precedence over any other forms of law on U.S. soil. Naturally, federalism has a major importance in environmental laws. The goal of this paper is to analyze whether overlapping jurisdiction of the federal system facilitates or obstructs an efficient implementation of a national climate change mitigation strategy for U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. The importance of the environmental theme in recent news places this paper in the center of international debate on environmental regulation. Indeed, although there is a common scientific agreement that climate change and environmental degradations are happening at an alarming rate, national and international legislators have failed to take significant actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. However, the Paris Climate Change Conference agreement recently ratified by 193 countries, gives new hopes in the fight against climate change. It suggests an imperative that policymakers must take imminent actions to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, at the local and international level. The Clean Power Plan proposed by President Obama’s administration is a direct effort to comply with the Paris agreement commitment, in order to reduce U.S carbon dioxide emissions.

5

Insinna, Patrick. "Vergleichende Multiproxy-Untersuchungen zur Bioindikation von Pinus sylvestris L. und Pinus ponderosa DOUGL. ex P. et C. LAWS. in Brandenburg vor dem Hintergrund sich ändernder Klimabedingungen = Comparative multyproxy-investigations for bioindication on Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus ponderosa DOUGL. ex P. et C. LAWS. in Brandenburg (Germany) against the background of a changing climate /." Bayreuth, 2007. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000252757.

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6

Jeffery, A. "The British lawn and climate change." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605074.

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The overall aim of this study was to assess the robustness of the lawn ecosystem to increased temperature and imposed drought in line with current scenarios of climate change. The practical aim was to identify everyday lawn treatments (fertilizer and leaving clippings) which are sustainable and increase tolerance of, or recovery from, these climatic conditions. Investigations of lawn growth rates and colour indicated that the lawn recovers from the range of climatic conditions tested (3°C temperature elevation and two or three month summer drought), that recovery is rapid following drought, and under the extreme combination of heat and drought, the lawn ecosystem is still persistent. Warming leads to increased ET and reduced soil moisture and this in turn decreases lawn growth and quality, particularly in the summer. However, growth and colour rapidly return to normal levels when soil moisture increases in the autumn. When soil moisture is non-limiting, warming can lead to increases in lawn growth. Similarly, fertilizer increases growth and greenness when environmental conditions are non-limiting but under drought or warming fertilizer can lower ecosystem robustness. Drought leads to increases in nitrate leaching as does heating to a lesser extent and heating can also increase plant uptake of nitrogen. Nitrate losses from highly fertilized plots are severe and losses can also occur when clippings are left on the lawn. In clippings treatments nitrate leaching is higher in unheated than heated plots where plant uptake of nitrogen is also higher. Leaving clippings is effective in the autumn recovery of heated and unheated plots. This study has shown that a no-management approach to summer drought and warmer temperatures is valid if browning-off is acceptable, that management for autumn recovery rather than summer persistence is appropriate, and that clippings are better for lawn robustness than fertilizer.

7

Tedenljung, Amanda. "Climate Change and Forced Migration : How Climate Refugees fit into EU Asylum Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412272.

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Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humankind and its effects will hit the most vulnerable persons disproportionately hard. Several millions of people risk displacement due to environmental hazards, natural disasters and climate mediated conflicts, influencing migration patterns across the world. Without a strategy for protecting specifically climate refugees, States risk violating several human rights, which makes the issue highly relevant to the international community. Nevertheless, an intergovernmental strategy for addressing the challenges does not yet exist. This thesis focuses specifically on the European Union’s role in protecting climate refugees. It offers an analysis of the mechanical and attitudinal dimensions of refugee protection in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and uses post-colonial theory as a tool for interpreting its implementation. This thesis is written with the purpose of contributing to the discourse on how climate refugees can and should fit in under current EU legislative mechanisms.

8

Osofsky, Hari. "Scales of Law: Rethinking Climate Change Governance." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13297.

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The international treaty regime on climate change is failing to address this problem adequately and cannot fully capture the scales of the problem or of efforts to address it. This dissertation draws from geographic conceptions of scale and legal governance theory to: (1) argue for the value of polycentric, multi-scalar approaches to climate change governance, (2) explore the nuances of what such approaches entail, and (3) propose strategies for improving their effectiveness. It does so by applying these theoretical approaches to three case studies: climate change litigation, federal climate change regulation, and suburban action on climate change. For each of these case studies, it demonstrates the complexity of defining scales and scalar dynamics and considers how the activity being described does and should fit into multi-scalar governance approaches. It concludes by reflecting upon the lessons from the case studies for how to understand the geography of multi-level governance approaches and to approach its core principles of hybridity, multi-scalar, and inclusion. This dissertation includes previously published material.

9

Rached, Danielle Hanna. "The international law of climate change and accountability." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28696.

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In the past few decades, accountability has become a key concept to assess the role and place of a wide range of trasnational institutions. Such trend can be partially explained by the widespread sense of unaccountability that permeates the legal realm beyond the state. The aim of this thesis is to investigate three particular institutional actors of the Climate Change Regime: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Compliance Committee of the Kyoto Protocol (CCKP), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This investigation is carried out through the descriptive and critical lenses of accountability. It resorts to the Global Administrative Law (GAL) project in order to pursue that task. Along the way, the thesis asks four interrelated research questions. The first is conceptual: what is accountability? The second is an abstract normative question: what is regarded as a desirable accountability relationship at the national and the global level? The third is purely descriptive: how accountable are the three institutions? The fourth, finally, is a contextualised normative question: how appropriate are their three accountability arrangements? The two former questions are instrumental and ancillary to the two latter. That is to say, they respectively provide the analytical and evaluative frameworks on the basis of which a concrete description and a concrete normative assessment will be done.

10

Wendland, Johannes. "International human rights law and climate change: the case for a duty to mitigate climate change." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33976.

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The dissertation deals with the relationship between climate change and international human rights law. A special focus lies on the question if states have a human rights obligation to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas-emissions. To this end, the dissertation develops and proposes a risk-based approach that helps overcome the complex issue of causation. After a short introduction (section I), the thesis establishes the framework (section II) by defining climate change on one hand and international human rights law on the other hand, describing roughly the scientific processes and the most pertinent legal instruments. It then puts both element in relation by briefly tracing the history of how scholars and activists have started to apply a human rights approach to the issue of climate change. This relation is further enlarged upon with an analysis of the factual impacts that climate change has on human rights guarantees (section III). Next to established human rights under especially the ICCPR and the ICESCR, the question is discussed if a self-standing right to a healthy environment exists de lege lata. The thesis also briefly describes the issue of climate justice. On this basis, the centrepiece of the dissertation then discusses the resulting human rights obligations (section IV). It notes that so far, there is significant scepticism towards a human rights duty to mitigate and its potential content is rather vague. To strengthen the case for a duty to mitigate, the text proposes a “risk-based” approach: Based mainly on jurisprudence by the European Court of Human Rights, it is argued that states not only have to prevent harm but also reduce mere risks of harm. This way, the issue of causation and attribution which is often seen as the Achilles-heel of a human rights approach to mitigation can be overcome. In the end, it is submitted that states are under a duty to reduce their greenhouse gas-emissions in accordance with the remaining “greenhouse gas-budget”. This argument is further corroborated with regard to climate justice and an extraterritorial perspective on the duty to mitigate (section V). It is argued that the international relevance of the right to self-determination as well as a duty not to interfere with human rights in other countries could require states to take into account not only climate change impacts in their own territory but also abroad. This way, the human rights duty to mitigate is not only reinforced, but can also help to realise a greater degree of climate justice. Lastly, the conclusion (section VI) recaps and summarizes the given argument and concludes that a human rights approach can be useful to compel governments to more decisive mitigation measures.

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Книги з теми "Climate laws":

1

Lovejoy, S. The weather and climate: Emergent laws and multifractal cascades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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2

McAdam, Jane. Climate change, forced migration, and international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

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3

Casher, Dana E. Collecting money today: Practical approaches in the current climate. Boston, MA (Ten Winter Pl., Boston 02108-4751): Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education, 2002.

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4

Lord, Richard. Climate change liability: Transnational law and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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5

Abate, Randall, and Elizabeth Ann Kronk. Climate change and Indigenous peoples: The search for legal remedies. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2013.

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6

Shabon, Anwar. The political, economic, and labor climate in Turkey. Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A: Industrial Research Unit, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1985.

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7

1734-1813, Long Edward. The history of Jamaica: Reflections on its situation, settlements, inhabitants, climate, products, commerce, laws, and government. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004.

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8

Center for Ethics in Government (U.S.). The state of state legislative ethics: A look at the ethical climate and ethics laws for state legislators. Denver, Colo: National Conference of State Legislatures, Center for Ethics in Government, 2002.

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9

Brownell, F. William. The legal impact of climate change: Leading lawyers on navigating new laws, avoding liability, and anticipating future challenges for clients. 2nd ed. [Boston, MA]: Aspatore Books, 2010.

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10

Switzerland), Displacement Solutions (Organization :. Bangladesh housing, land, and property (HLP) rights initiative: Climate displacement in Bangladesh : stakeholders, laws, and policies : mapping the existing institutional framework. Chittagong: Young Power in Social Action, 2014.

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Більше джерел

Частини книг з теми "Climate laws":

1

de Freitas, Leonardo Esteves, Raiza Fernandes da Silva, and Ana Luiza Coelho Netto. "Post-catastrophic Disaster Induced Laws for Climatic Change Adaptation: A Case Study in SE-Brazil." In Climate Change Management, 197–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37425-9_10.

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2

de Salles Cavedon-Capdeville, Fernanda, Erika Pires Ramos, Andrea Cristina Godoy Zamur, Diogo Andreola Serraglio, Ignacio Odriozola, Luiza de Moura Pallone, Fernanda Dalla Libera Damacena, Lilian Yamamoto, and Giulia Manccini Pinheiro. "Climate Change, Extreme Events and Human Mobility in Latin America: Exploring the Links Through National Laws and Policies." In Climate Change Management, 679–700. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37425-9_34.

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3

Pansak, Wanwisa, Natta Takrattanasaran, Nuntapon Nongharnpitak, and Nuttapon Khongdee. "Soil-Related Laws in Thailand." In International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2022, 243–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40609-6_10.

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AbstractRapid economic development and urbanization are changing land management systems in many countries, including Thailand, and climate change has emerged as a significant source of risks. These changes are having major impacts on the status of soil resources in Thailand. Therefore, the soils are under increasing pressure of intensification leading to soil degradation including erosion, contamination, the decline in nutrients, compaction, salinization, acidification, and biodiversity loss of soils. Therefore, sustainable soil management is important for maintaining the capacity of soil to function according to its potential and management strategies, which is essential for the maintenance of human well-being and the conservation of biodiversity. In addition, any assessment of soil threats, measures against soil threats, and their effects on soil functions and ecosystem services should consider local conditions, national and global strategies e.g. biophysical characteristics, economic society, policies, and laws. In Thailand, soil and land protection are regulated by legislation and land use planning document such as the Forest Act and the National Forest Act, the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Land Protection, and the Law on Agricultural Land. Land use planning regulations represent the basis for supervision of the land use of all types and purposes and the management of natural resources, implementing guidelines for space preservation and protection, and measures of sustainable use of land resources. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to determine the status of sustainable soil management efforts and raise awareness of soil in Thailand.

4

Jerolleman, Alessandra, Elizabeth Marino, and Nathan Jessee. "Concluding Thoughts." In People or Property, 203–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36872-1_10.

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AbstractWe have come to the end of this broad-reaching book. It is 200 pages that attempt to weave together legal theories and contradictions within property law; case studies of relocated and relocating communities; the laws that shape those processes; and the bureaucratic discretion that interprets those laws, in order to see the tangled web of culture, law, assumption, property, power, race, and weather that create modern relocations in “response” to climate change.

5

Fang, Mandy Meng. "Renewable energy laws and policies in China in the context of climate change." In Climate Change Law in China in Global Context, 68–83. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge advances in climate change research: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315182209-5.

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6

Rashid, Mamunor. "Bangladeshi Laws, Policies, and Plans to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change." In Handbook of Nature-Based Solutions to Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98067-2_13-1.

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Salau, Aaron Olaniyi. "The future of climate change litigation in pursuit of environmental sustainability in Africa." In Domestic and Regional Environmental Laws and Policies in Africa, 405–21. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003382256-27.

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8

Villa, Federica, Marta Cimatti, and Moreno Di Marco. "Biodiversity and Environmental Impact from Climate Change: Causes and Consequences." In Biodiversity Laws, Policies and Science in Europe, the United States and China, 105–24. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56218-1_6.

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9

Mustafa, Maizatun, Azlinor Sufian, and Sharifah Zubaidah Syed Abdul Kader. "Progression of Policies and Laws Towards Addressing Climate Change and Sustainability Issues: Recent Initiatives from Malaysia." In Human and Environmental Security in the Era of Global Risks, 133–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92828-9_7.

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10

Adejonwo, Oluwatoyin, and Sidnoma Nita Belemsobgo. "Towards an integrated gender-sensitive approach to climate change governance in pursuit of environmental sustainability in Africa." In Domestic and Regional Environmental Laws and Policies in Africa, 220–38. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003382256-16.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Climate laws":

1

"Climate change and Environmental laws in India." In International Conference on Latest Trends in Food, Biological & Ecological Sciences. International Academy Of Arts, Science & Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/iaast.a0714023.

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2

Alan, Ilemin N. "AN EVALUATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE OF TURKEY IN THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW." In The 5th International Conference on Climate Change 2021 – (ICCC 2021). The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/2513258x.2021.5106.

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Climate change is a global emergency. Each country's efforts and responses to climate change are of significance individually. The dynamics behind their attitudes are needed to be understood to harmonize global response. Turkey is of a different legal approach than the international community generally. For instance, it is the only G20 country that is not a party to the Paris Agreement. Also, the legal perspective of Turkey is of particular significance for the European Union to achieve its targets. Thus, the question of international legal steps taken and the next steps by Turkey arises. To evaluate this situation, the legal frameworks are analyzed with specific reference to Turkey. It was found that Turkey has been demanding to be recognized as a developing country in the international climate instruments. Although Turkey put some afford to act against climate change, it was not seen as adequate by scientific reports. Also, international and regional human rights instruments have been invoked by individuals for the current policies of Turkey and legal proceedings were started. For an efficient response to climate change, key points regarding common but differentiated responsibilities, the relationships between international and national laws, and the importance of laws with comparing regulations and political instruments are addressed to see how these points can inform recommendations. It is concluded that the ratification of the Paris Agreement is required in the first place. Then, enriched legal perspective in international law, and new specific climate laws in national laws are a necessity to provide a meaningful legal response to this global threat. It is hoped that other legal systems may benefit from analyzing its legal perspective. Every country needs to contribute to the shared enterprise of combatting climate change if the future of humanity and the natural world is to be assured. Keywords: Climate Change, Turkey, International Law, the Paris Agreement

3

Ugrekhelidze, A. T. "COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.285-288.

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This article examines the problem of the release of a large amount of carbon dioxide on the example of the territory of the European Union. In addition, examples of possible solutions to this problem are given due to a number of adopted laws in the field of additional taxes, as well as the prohibition of harmful emissions and subsidies to industries using harmless renewable energy.

4

BUNDE, ARMIN, and SHLOMO HAVLIN. "SCALING IN THE ATMOSPHERE: ON GLOBAL LAWS OF PERSISTENCE AND TESTS OF CLIMATE MODELS." In International Workshop and Collection of Articles Honoring Professor Antonio Coniglio on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812778109_0021.

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5

Toshkhodzhaeva, Muhayo, Elena Gracheva, Dadabaev Shakhboz, Mashurajon Homidova, and Stanimir Valtchev. "Failure Distribution Laws for 110 kV Overhead Power Lines in a Sharply Continental Climate." In 2022 4th International Conference on Control Systems, Mathematical Modeling, Automation and Energy Efficiency (SUMMA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/summa57301.2022.9974066.

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6

Sorkhani, Hamidreza Afrand, Mohammad Avatefi Hemmat, Taghi Shamekhi, Elaheh Mohseni, and Osman Devrim Elvan. "Forest Laws and Wildfire: A Comparative Legal Study of Iran, France, Türkiye and South Africa." In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.17.

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Global warming and climate changes have caused an increase in the frequency and intensity of forest fires in recent years, which in turn exacerbates the climate change speed with the emissions of carbon from burned plant biomass. This paper deals with the comparative study of forest fire in the forest laws of Iran, France, Türkiye and South Africa countries to identify the national solutions in dealing with wildfires and to suggest the best solutions. Comparative law is among the best ways to study the legal solutions of specific countries to learning from each other’s and improve the laws. Comparative law has five steps: the first step is the determination of the scope and delimitations of the study, which in this research includes the selection of the mentioned four countries and the topic of forest fires; The second step is the description and analysis of legal materials; The third step is the Comparison of laws and show the similarities and differences; The fourth step is the explanation of the reasons for similarities and differences and the fifth step is the evaluation of laws and provide best solutions of the studied countries in the field of wildfire control. The categories extracted from the content of legal articles and the classification of categories with a common meaning together showed that the legal measures of combat wildfire can be classified into four main pillars as well as the following sub pillars: 1- Measures before fire include a) limitations, regulations and preventive measures, b) cleansing, c) screening, firebreak and prescribed fire, d) fire protection associations, e) determination of high-risk areas and fire risk rating. 2- Measures during fire outbreaks include a) Custodian of fighting fire and providing equipment, b) right of way, servitude, possession, intervention, c) firefighting tactics and use of controlled fire. 3- Measures after the fire include a) Improvement and sanitation measures, b) Prohibitions, regulations, evaluation and review, c) Revival and restoration, d) Incentives, compensation, and 4- Crimes and punishments. Evaluation of the legal solutions of the studied countries showed that some countries have performed well in some pillars and sub-pillars and poorly in some others. South Africa provides considerable provisions by establishing a law specific to fire. However, French legislators have done well in this field by setting up appropriate legal requirements and prohibitions during fire season. While the forest firefighting laws of Türkiye and Iran are scattered throughout the text of the forest law and are not sufficient. Finally, by using the strengths of the laws of the studied countries, the weak points of the national forest laws are identified and recommendations suggest to modify. Also, this research introduces a legal framework to classify national forest laws in the field of forest fire management.

7

Wong, Kau-Fui Vincent. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Heat Release to the Global Environment by Human Activities." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38201.

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It is the postulate of the current work that all human activities do add heat to the global environment. The basis used is the concept of thermodynamic entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It has been discussed and shown that human activities do release heat to the global environment. There is no claim and not the objective in the current work to make any statement about climate change or global warming. It is suggested that all significant human-related activities have been included in the discussion, and hence the proof and deduction. The approach used is in accordance with the manner in which the laws of thermodynamics were derived, which is empirical.

8

Chiessa, Dennis. "Barn-House: Affordable House- Undocumented Immigrant Workers + Family." In 2017 ACSA Annual Conference. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.amp.105.12.

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There are an estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States and housing for a large number of them is becoming a social problem that they themselves have to begin to solve. The political climate around the issue of immigration has made it more difficult for undocumented individuals to demand adequate housing from their landlords. Several cities have tried to pass laws that punish property owners that rent to undocumented tenants.

9

Tamhankar, Anurag, and Vidushi Gupta. "Impediments to Sustenance and Revival of Vernacular Architecture in Rural Madhya Pradesh, India." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15695.

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Over the past couple of decades, building typology in rural India has seen an unprecedented shift away from vernacular material and construction techniques. The substitute - replicable, mass-produced, concrete structures fail to respond to the climatic and cultural context. In addition to being carbon intensive, inadequate knowledge about form and function of new construction methods and materials have led to poor quality construction that has a shorter life span. Compared to the existing vernacular buildings, such concrete structures are found to be uninhabitable by many end users.Studies done in the past on vernacular architecture of India focus on climate responsive design and execution, and traditional materials. However, there is insufficient research investigating the factors affecting the decline of vernacular practices.This paper assesses the reasons behind change in rural fabric of Madhya Pradesh, India, through primary focussed group discussions, key informant interviews & field observations. The study identifies diverse factors, ranging from individual preferences to policies and laws governing access to resources. It also uncovers unexpected factors such as changing food habits leading to lack of traditional construction materials. These wide-ranging factors are classified under social, technical, financial, and legal categories. The study develops a framework to analyse patterns emerging across different agro-climatic and geographic regions. Based on the findings, the paper also recommends potential interventions for reviving sustainable vernacular architecture in the region.

10

Fussey, Peter, He Ma, and Nilabza Dutta. "Application of Model Predictive Control to Cabin Climate Control Leading to Increased Electric Vehicle Range." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0137.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">For electric vehicles (EVs), driving range is one of the major concerns for wider customer acceptance and the cabin climate system represents the most significant auxiliary load for battery consumption. Unlike internally combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs cannot utilize the waste heat from an engine to heat the cabin through the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Instead, EVs use battery energy for cabin heating, this reduces the driving range.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To mitigate this situation, one of the most promising solutions is to optimize the recirculation of cabin air, to minimize the energy consumed by heating the cold ambient air through the HVAC system, whilst maintaining the same level of cabin comfort. However, the development of this controller is challenging, due to the coupled, nonlinear and multi-input multi-output nature of the HVAC and thermal systems. Furthermore, the controller must satisfy different control requirements by leveraging multiple control actuators whilst simultaneously respecting multiple control and system constraints. A Model Predictive Controller has been used to reduce the control complexity of a conventional controller that requires many heuristic control laws and significant calibration effort. The control solution has been realised for an industrialized application, respecting typical embedded control hardware solutions, minimizing computational effort and memory requirements.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper introduces a development approach utilizing Adaptive Model Predictive Control (AMPC) to address the challenges above, leading to the demonstration in a vehicle (Jaguar I-PACE) over the UDDS cycle on a climatic chassis dynamometer. The structured development approach improves the efficiency and flexibility of setting-up advanced control solutions.</div></div>

Звіти організацій з теми "Climate laws":

1

Editors, Intersections. Climate Change Refugees Need More Legal Protections. Intersections, Social Science Research Council, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35650/int.4016.d.2024.

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2

Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West, and Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.

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Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.

3

Baldwin, Katherine, Brian R. Williams, Christopher Sichko, Francis Tsiboe, Saied Toossi, Jordan W. (Jordan William) Jones, Dylan Turner, and Sharon Raszap Skorbiansky. U.S. agricultural policy review, 2022. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2023.8134363.ers.

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This is the 2022 edition of the annual series documenting developments in U.S. agricultural policies, with a focus on policies related to production agriculture, agrofood value chains, and food and nutrition assistance. Developments related to production agriculture include temporary assistance programs in response to extreme weather and the continuing effects of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; changes to standing farm programs, including commodity programs, conservation programs, credit programs, and crop insurance; the development of new programs, including the Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities, and the allocation of additional resources for existing USDA conservation programs to support the adoption of certain practices with climate mitigation benefits; the introduction of new measures and programs focused on improving equity; updates to USDA organic regulations and the launch of new programs to support producers transitioning to organic operations; and developments in certain laws and regulations overseen by agencies other than USDA that affect the agricultural sector. In 2022, developments in agrofood value chain policies related to the continued economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain vulnerabilities. In the realm of food and nutrition assistance, 2022 saw the continued development of temporary changes to existing food assistance programs in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; the establishment of a new permanent Summer Electronic Benefit Transfer program; the implementation of various emergency actions to respond to reduced infant formula availability; and the release of a National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health in conjunction with the White House Conference on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health

4

Corriveau-Bourque, Alexandre, Fernanda Almeida, and Alain Frechette. Uncertainty and Opportunity: The Status of Forest Carbon Rights and Governance Frameworks in Over Half of the World’s Tropical Forests. Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/fnpn5361.

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Most of the world’s remaining tropical forests lie in areas that are customarily managed and/or legally owned by Indigenous Peoples and local communities. In the context of climate change and global efforts to protect and enhance the capacity of forests to capture and store greenhouse gas emissions, the question of who owns the trees and the carbon stored therein is paramount. Clarifying this question is crucial, both for the future of the planet, and for up to 1.7 billion people worldwide who rely on forests for their livelihoods. This brief presents a review of the nominal progress made in the national-level laws and regulations that govern the carbon trade and define the rights of parties —across a sample of 24 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. These countries collectively hold more than 50 percent of global tropical and subtropical forests. This brief also examines the design and establishment of safeguard mechanisms concerning benefit sharing, providing redress and resolution to disputes related to carbon-based schemes, and the operationalization of carbon registries for each of these countries.

5

Sulyok, Katalin. The quality of law requirement as a climate litigation tool. ELTE Faculty of Law, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58360/20221129-sulyok.

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6

Amelia Lewerissa, Yanti, Hehanussa DJA, Rony J. Siwabessy, and Eliza Kissya. Old tribal law can protect sealife at risk from climate change. Edited by Ria Ernunsari. Monash University, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/37ae-d109.

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7

Bertlin, Julian. Climate & environment assessment. Business case: Commercial Law and Justice Programme (CLJP). Evidence on Demand, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_hd.nov2013.bertlin.

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8

Mote, Philip W., John Abatzoglou, Kathie D. Dello, Katherine Hegewisch, and David E. Rupp. Fourth Oregon climate assessment report. State of climate science : 2019. Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, Oregon State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1159.

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This report, required by state law under HB3543, provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of science of climate change as it pertains to Oregon, covering the physical, biological, and social dimensions. The first chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge of physical changes in climate and hydrology, focusing on the period since the previous Oregon Climate Assessment Report (OCAR3, Dalton et al. 2017); and the second chapter covers the impacts. The second chapter is, verbatim, the Northwest chapter of the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) which was released by the federal government November 23, 2018. It is available for download separately: https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_Ch24_Northwest_Full.pdf

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Megersa, Kelbesa. Gender and Tax: Programming and Evidence. Institute of Development Studies, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.040.

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Generally, policymakers and tax analysts (as well as donors concerned about gender equity) have not made proper consideration about how tax policies and tax reforms can interact with gendered cultural norms in developing countries. However, there are worries that tax systems are biased against women and that recent tax reforms may increase the incidence of taxes on women and other underprivileged groups – while, at the same time, failing to garner sufficient tax revenue to fund social programmes necessary to enhance their lives. Since women in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to poverty, a comprehensive and rigorous assessment of tax systems (e.g., existing tax laws, tax administrations and new tax reforms) is needed to understand how they are uniquely affected. Gender-responsive tax programming by donors (and developing-country governments) requires dedication to assess the gender impact of tax policy and tax administration – i.e., who benefits and who is losing from existing tax arrangements or proposed reforms. Although there is growing evidence in the academic literature about the gender dimension of tax, there is still very limited programming by donors on tax policy and tax administration with an explicit focus on gender. Similarly, rarely do donor-funded programmes targeting gendered inequities and empowerment of women incorporate a clear tax agenda. However, there is some evidence that this trend is changing. Some recent regional and country programmes on DRM (e.g., on tax administration, tax policy, tax research, etc.), as well as business and investment climate improvement programmes, are incorporating explicit gender targets into their tax programme components. Some of these regional and country programmes are briefly discussed in the review (with more information on these provided in Sections 4 and 5).

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Silverman, Allison. Using International Law to Advance Women’s Tenure Rights in REDD+. Rights and Resources Initiative, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/uyna2326.

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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an international initiative to mitigate climate change in the forest sector. It is intended to incentivize developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as promote sustainable management of forests, and conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. REDD+ has significant implications for land and resource rights, and raises particular concerns for women. These concerns arise from discrimination that women already face in resource management processes, largely due to unclear, unsecure and unequal tenure rights. Women represent a large percentage of the world’s poor, and they are often directly dependent on natural resources. As a result, there are significant risks that REDD+ could exacerbate existing inequalities for women if it fails to respect women’s tenure rights. This paper makes a case for advancing women’s tenure rights and how international law can be used to promote those rights in the context of REDD+.