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Статті в журналах з теми "Classification: Basic Concepts"
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Szostak, Rick. "The Basic Concepts Classification (BCC)." KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION 47, no. 3 (2020): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2020-3-231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Basics Concept Classification (BCC) is a “universal” scheme: it attempts to encompass all areas of human understanding. Whereas most universal schemes are organized around scholarly disciplines, the BCC is instead organized around phenomena (things), the relationships that exist among phenomena, and the properties that phenomena and relators may possess. This structure allows the BCC to apply facet analysis without requiring the use of “facet indicators.” The main motivation for the BCC was a recognition that existing classifications that are organized around disciplines serve interdisciplinary scholarship poorly. Complex concepts that might be understood quite differently across groups and individuals can generally be broken into basic concepts for which there is enough shared understanding for the purposes of classification. Documents, ideas, and objects are classified synthetically by combining entries from the schedules of phenomena, relators, and properties. The inclusion of separate schedules of-generally verb-like-relators is one of the most unusual aspects of the BCC. This (and the schedules of properties that serve as adjectives or adverbs) allows the production of sentence-like subject strings. Documents can then be classified in terms of the main arguments made in the document. BCC provides very precise descriptors of documents by combining phenomena, relators, and properties synthetically. The terminology employed in the BCC reduces terminological ambiguity. The BCC is still being developed and it needs to be fleshed out in certain respects. Yet it also needs to be applied; only in application can the feasibility and desirability of the classification be adequately assessed.
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Szostak, Rick. "Classification in Terms of Basic Concepts." Advances in Classification Research Online 23, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/acro.v23i1.14234.
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Fardeau, Michel. "Congenital myopathies: basic concepts and classification." Neuromuscular Disorders 7, no. 6-7 (September 1997): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8966(97)87159-3.
Повний текст джерела
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Farxodovna, Durdona Karimova. "Basic Concepts Of Linguocultural Studies." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 2, no. 09 (September 29, 2020): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue09-62.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article highlights the notion of language and culture, their tight connections in foreign language acquisition. Presented the brief overview of target language interpretation considering the national traditions, history, literature, life style, economic and cultural studies of the nation. It also states the vital contribution of Linguoculture in exploring the interrelationship and influence of language with culture. Moreover, a deep view is presented on linguoculturemes to be one of the most important concepts in linguocultural studies as well as their classification is listed.
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Duktava, L. G. "Cultural codes in the art: basic approaches to classification." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 68, no. 1 (February 11, 2023): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2023-68-1-44-52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article emphasizes the relevance of considering cultural codes in a number of modern humanitarian disciplines, characterizes the main approaches to the definition of the term “cultural code”. First, at the language level. Secondly, an approach that is based on the semiotic concept of culture, when the concept of a cultural code borders on the concepts of an archetype, symbol, sign. Thirdly, the concept of “cultural code” is considered together with such concepts as “national worldview”, “peculiarities of the national worldview” and “national-analytical idea”.The study considers the classifications of cultural codes by V. Krasnykh, G. Bagautdinova, M. Kovshova, T. Leontieva, N. Stepanova, S. Sanko, V. Maslova, M. Pimenova and others. In the studies, there are from four to several dozen types of cultural codes: anthropomorphic, astranomic, biomorphic, spiritual, zoomorphic, calendar-chronological, quantitative, landscape, food, object, spatial, vegetative, somatic, temporal, physical-geographical, phytomorphic, floristic and etc. In general, cultural codes as carriers of culturally marked information make it possible to identify the features of the system of views and values of a certain group of society. The use of cultural codes by writers is aimed at conveying their thoughts to the recipient most clearly and, conversely, ignorance of cultural codes hinders the interpretation of a work of art.
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Tulay, Emine Elif, Barış Metin, Nevzat Tarhan, and Mehmet Kemal Arıkan. "Multimodal Neuroimaging: Basic Concepts and Classification of Neuropsychiatric Diseases." Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 50, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550059418782093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Neuroimaging techniques are widely used in neuroscience to visualize neural activity, to improve our understanding of brain mechanisms, and to identify biomarkers—especially for psychiatric diseases; however, each neuroimaging technique has several limitations. These limitations led to the development of multimodal neuroimaging (MN), which combines data obtained from multiple neuroimaging techniques, such as electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and yields more detailed information about brain dynamics. There are several types of MN, including visual inspection, data integration, and data fusion. This literature review aimed to provide a brief summary and basic information about MN techniques (data fusion approaches in particular) and classification approaches. Data fusion approaches are generally categorized as asymmetric and symmetric. The present review focused exclusively on studies based on symmetric data fusion methods (data-driven methods), such as independent component analysis and principal component analysis. Machine learning techniques have recently been introduced for use in identifying diseases and biomarkers of disease. The machine learning technique most widely used by neuroscientists is classification—especially support vector machine classification. Several studies differentiated patients with psychiatric diseases and healthy controls with using combined datasets. The common conclusion among these studies is that the prediction of diseases increases when combining data via MN techniques; however, there remain a few challenges associated with MN, such as sample size. Perhaps in the future N-way fusion can be used to combine multiple neuroimaging techniques or nonimaging predictors (eg, cognitive ability) to overcome the limitations of MN.
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Kritzer, Karen. "Building foundations for numeracy: A qualitative analysis of the basic concept knowledge demonstrated by young deaf children." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 37, no. 2 (June 2012): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693911203700214.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
THE QUALITATIVE STUDY DESCRIBED in this article examines the knowledge of basic concepts demonstrated by six young deaf children* with high/low levels of mathematical ability as measured by performance on a formal (i.e. Bracken Basic Concept Scale) and informal (i.e. classification/sorting task) assessment. Findings indicate that children with lower mathematics ability, as measured by the Test of Early Mathematics Ability (TEMA-3), also demonstrated limited understanding of basic concepts and weaker thinking skills as evidenced by a lack of ability to categorise or classify at a level comparable to their more mathematically able peers. Such performance suggests that a foundation in basic concept knowledge and thinking skills may be critical to the development of early numeracy skills.
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Sihaloho, Wardani, Risa Ummah Pratiwi, Intan Puspita Sari, Irma Qurata Aini, Zahra Yunita, and Tiara Winanda. "Perkembangan Konsep Pendidikan dan Klasifikasi Pendidikan." Jurnal Dirosah Islamiyah 5, no. 3 (July 5, 2023): 754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/jdi.v5i3.4169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this research is to find out the development of educational concepts and educational classifications. the concept of education can include the formation of attitudes and the development of basic skills which are all useful for realizing perfect human beings who are able to stand alone, are responsible and have the provisions to enter further education are also in line with views in education. The classification of education is divided into two, namely formal and non-formal education. This study uses a qualitative method. Education is a conscious effort made to direct someone from not knowing to knowing and changing one's mindset and attitude to be better. Education is very important in carrying out all activities carried out in life
Keywords: Concept, Classification, Education.
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USTYUGOVA, ALEXANDRA. "ANCIENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS." Культурный код, no. 2024-1 (2024): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36945/2658-3852-2024-1-109-119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses the basic principles of classification of musical instruments of ancient theorists. Characteristics of ancient taxonomies, features of classification principles and their relationship with Western European theoretical thought about musical instruments are given. The author comes to the conclusion that ancient classification theories had a significant influence on Western European organology, both in relation to the concepts of systematization of musical instruments and in the terminology used. The study of ancient music theory allows us to identify the origins of the ideas of Western European taxonomies and modern classifications of musical instruments.
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Yakubo, S., M. Ito, Y. Ueda, H. Okamoto, Y. Kimura, Y. Amano, T. Togo, H. Adachi, T. Mitsuma, and K. Watanabe. "Pattern Classification in Kampo Medicine." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/535146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pattern classification is very unique in traditional medicine. Kampo medical patterns have transformed over time during Japan’s history. In the 17th to 18th centuries, Japanese doctors advocated elimination of the Ming medical theory and followed the basic concepts put forth by Shang Han Lun and Jin Gui Yao Lue in the later Han dynasty (25–220 AD). The physician Todo Yoshimasu (1702–1773) emphasized that an appropriate treatment could be administered if a set of patterns could be identified. This principle is still referred to as “matching of pattern and formula” and is the basic concept underlying Kampo medicine today. In 1868, the Meiji restoration occurred, and the new government changed its policies to follow that of the European countries, adopting only Western medicine. Physicians trained in Western medicine played an important role in the revival of Kampo medicine, modernizing Kampo patterns to avoid confusion with Western biomedical terminology. In order to understand the Japanese version of traditional disorders and patterns, background information on the history of Kampo and its role in the current health care system in Japan is important. In this paper we overviewed the formation of Kampo patterns.
Дисертації з теми "Classification: Basic Concepts"
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Yano, Jun-Ichi, Jean-François Geleyn, Martin Köller, Dmitrii Mironov, Johannes Quaas, Pedro M. M. Soares, Vaughan T. J. Phillips, et al. "Basic concepts for convection parameterization in weather forecast and climate models: COST Action ES0905 final report." MDPI AG, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A12408.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research network “Basic Concepts for Convection Parameterization in Weather Forecast and Climate Models” was organized with European funding (COST Action ES0905) for the period of 2010–2014. Its extensive brainstorming suggests how the
subgrid-scale parameterization problem in atmospheric modeling, especially for convection, can be examined and developed from the point of view of a robust theoretical basis. Our main cautions are current emphasis on massive observational data analyses and process studies. The closure and the entrainment–detrainment problems are identified as the two highest priorities for convection parameterization under the mass–flux formulation. The need for
a drastic change of the current European research culture as concerns policies and funding in order not to further deplete the visions of the European researchers focusing on those basic issues is emphasized.
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Rodrigo, Clinton. "Basic Comparison of Three Aircraft Concepts: Classic Jet Propulsion, Turbo-Electric Propulsion and Turbo-Hydraulic Propulsion." Master's thesis, Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO), Department of Automotive and Aeronautical Engineering, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1204558019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose - This thesis presents a comparison of aircraft design concepts to identify the superior propulsion system model among turbo-hydraulic, turbo-electric and classic jet propulsion with respect to Direct Operating Costs (DOC), environmental impact and fuel burn. --- Approach - A simple aircraft model was designed based on the Top-Level Aircraft Requirements of the Airbus A320 passenger aircraft, and novel engine concepts were integrated to establish new models. Numerous types of propulsion system configurations were created by varying the type of gas turbine engine and number of propulsors. --- Findings - After an elaborate comparison of the aforementioned concepts, the all turbo-hydraulic propulsion system is found to be superior to the all turbo-electric propulsion system. A new propulsion system concept was developed by combining the thrust of a turbofan engine and utilizing the power produced by the turbo-hydraulic propulsion system that is delivered via propellers. The new partial turbo-hydraulic propulsion concept in which 20% of the total cruise power is coming from the (hydraulic driven) propellers is even more efficient than an all turbo-hydraulic concept in terms of DOC, environmental impact and fuel burn. --- Research Limitations - The aircraft were modelled with a spreadsheet based on handbook methods and relevant statistics. The investigation was done only for one type of reference aircraft and one route. A detailed analysis with a greater number of reference aircraft and types of routes could lead to other results. --- Practical Implications - With the provided spreadsheet, the DOC and environmental impact can be approximated for any commercial reference aircraft combined with the aforementioned propulsion system concepts. --- Social Implications - Based on the results of this thesis, the public will be able to discuss the demerits of otherwise highly lauded electric propulsion concepts. --- Value - To evaluate the viability of the hydraulic propulsion systems for passenger aircraft using simple mass models and aircraft design concept.
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Webb, Derek, Glen Richgels, Marty J. Wolf, Todd Frauenholtz, and Ann Hougen. "Improving Student Interest, Mathematical Skills, and Future Successthrough Implementation of Novel Mathematics Bridge Course for High School Seniors and Post-secondary Students." Proceedings of the tenth International Conference Models in Developing Mathematics Education. - Dresden : Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft, 2009. - S. 575 - 578, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A1823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present a new course titled “Introduction to the Mathematical Sciences.” The course content is 1/3 algebra, 1/3 statistics, and 1/3 computer science and is taught in a laboratory environment on computers. The course pedagogy departs radically from traditional mathematics courses taught in the U.S. and makes extensive use of spreadsheet software to teach algebraic and statistical concepts. The course is currently offered in area high schools and two-year postsecondary institutions with financial support from a Blandin Foundation grant (referenced under BFG). We will present empirical evidence that indicates students in this course learn more algebra than students in a traditional semester-long algebra course. Additionally, we present empirical evidence that students learn statistical and computer science topics in addition to algebra. We will also present the model of developing this course which depended on increasing future student success in a variety of disciplines at the post-secondary level of study.
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Fritsche, Katrin, Barbosa Malu Amanda Dänzer, and Sander Münster. "Modulare Selbstlernangebote auf Basis von Videotutorien zur Vermittlung digitaler Forschungsmethoden in den Geisteswissenschaften: Forschungsstand und curriculare Perspektiven." TUDpress, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74157.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Der Beitrag stellt das Projekt Modulare Selbstlernangebote zur Vermittlung von digitalen Forschungsmethoden in existierenden Kursangeboten der Geisteswissenschaften vor und beschreibt ausgehend davon wesentliche Erkenntnisse zum Videolernen durch Screencasts sowie Gelingensbedingungen für die Umsetzung und Anwendung von Videotutorials. Anschließend werden die zugrundeliegenden lern- und kompetenztheoretischen Grundlagen und Annahmen dargelegt, bevor auf curriculare Anforderungen und Herausforderungen, welche sich im Zuge digitalisierter Lernräume und digitalisierter Lernprozesse ergeben, eingegangen wird. Final wird ein kurzer Ausblick des Projekts sowie dessen Mehrwert gegeben.
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Katzenbach, Michael. "Individual Approaches in Rich Learning Situations Material-based Learning with Pinboards." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-80328.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Active Approaches provide chances for individual, comprehension-oriented learning and can facilitate the acquirement of general mathematical competencies. Using the example of pinboards, which were developed for different areas of the secondary level, workshop participants experience, discuss and further develop learning tasks, which can be used for free activities, for material based concept
formation, for coping with heterogeneity, for intelligent exercises, as tool for the presentation of students’ work and as basis for games. The material also allows some continuous movements and can thus prepare an insightful usage of dynamic geometry programs. Central Part of the workshop is a work-sharing group work with learning tasks for grades 5 to 8. The workshop will close with a discussion of general aspects of material-based learning.
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Beydeda, Sami, and Volker Gruhn. "Basic Concepts and Terms." 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32140.
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VRZALOVÁ, Monika. "Role sestry ve screeningu deprese u seniorů." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-260905.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The diploma thesis deals with problems of depression in older people. Mainly the work is focused on identifying and analyzing the role of nurses in screening for depression in older people in primary care, acute care, long-term care and home care. This thesis was focused on theoretical direction and was used the method of design and demonstration. In this thesis was set one main goals with five research questions. The main goal was to identify and analyze the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly. RQ 1: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 2: What is the role of the nurse in the primary care in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 3: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in hospitalized patients in acute care? RQ 4: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in seniors in long-term and home care? RQ 5: What rating scales and methods are used in screening for depression in the elderly? The thesis introduce the concept of depression. The following are specified the causes of and the important factors that affect depression in the elderly. It also deals the differences in the clinical symptomatology of depression in old age. It explains possibilities and various barriers in the diagnosis of depression. Another chapter introduces complete geriatric examination, diagnostic classification systems, possible screening methods and scales for detection of depression in the elderly population. It also deals methods of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and its possible complications associated with older age. By reason of increased suicide rate caused by depressive disorder the issue of suicidal behavior in the elderly is introduced. The next chapter deals with the nursing process, which is used by nurses in practice. It consists of the evaluation of the patient's health condition, making nursing diagnosis, creating nursing plan and subsequent implementation and evaluation. The nursing process is also needy for providing quality care. The nursing process in the stage of nursing diagnosis, introduces possible nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from depression, which are based on the latest classification. Finally is described the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly in different health facilities and their contribution to the timely evaluation of depression in the elderly. This chapter introduces the role of nurses, nursing screening and collaboration with a physician. The role of nurses in screening for depression in different medical facilities is based on the first phase of the nursing process of assessment. On the basis of objective and subjective information, the nurse will assess the overall health and mental condition of the patient. Primarily, it was investigated what is the role of the nurse in screening for depression. On the basis of content analysis and synthesis it was necessary to used and processed domestic and foreign literature. A number of relevant sources are the results of various studies and Meta-analyzes, mostly from abroad, but also from the Czech Republic. The thesis can serve as a basis for nurses. The result of this thesis is to create e-learning material available for students in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice in the tutorial called Moodle.
Книги з теми "Classification: Basic Concepts"
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Fedotova, Elena. Computer science. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1200564.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The basic concepts in the field of computer science are given, the main categories of computer hardware and software, the principles of building the architecture of computer systems are described. The structural organization of data and the basics of algorithmization, types of software, classification of information technologies and systems, modern document management and office management automation systems, the basics of building artificial intelligence systems, geoinformation systems, virtual reality systems, as well as the basics of information security are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students of higher technical educational institutions studying the discipline "Computer Science", for teachers and specialists working in this field, as well as for those who study this subject area independently.
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Cvetkov, Viktor. Basics of complexity theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2110856.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph reveals the basics of complexity theory and methods for assessing complexity. The concept of complexity consideration is based on the analysis of complexity as a common attribute in processes and systems. The monograph describes the main methods for assessing different types of complexity. The concept of considering complexity in this monograph is also based on the fact that complexity is a comparative characteristic. It is given on a relative scale of difficulty. Therefore, complexity must be defined on a relative scale of “simplicity-complexity.” This concept motivates the consideration and analysis of the concept of “simplicity” as a complement to the concept of “complexity”. These concepts set the scale of complexity. The monograph provides a comparative analysis of the related concepts of simplicity and complexity. Three methods for assessing complexity are described: expert assessment of complexity, assessment of complexity using mathematical metrics, comparative assessment of complexity based on the theory of comparative analysis. The monograph contains a taxonomy of the main types of complexity. The content of the main types of complexity is revealed in detail: descriptive complexity, system complexity, modeling complexity, computational complexity. algorithmic complexity, deterministic complexity. Specific cognitive difficulties are described in detail. For cognitive complexity, special assessment methods are used. An interpretation of the concept of cognitive filter is given. Complexity is associated with the concept of complex systems. In most monographs on complex systems, the complexity aspect has not been considered or is viewed in a simplified manner. This monograph examines complexity as a characteristic of complex systems and the basis for their classification. Emergence is described as a characteristic of the complexity of systems and complex processes. The monograph contains a taxonomy of complex systems with characteristics of the complexity of different systems. Complex data systems have been explored. An analysis of organizational complex systems is given. Various types of complex ergatic systems have been described. An analysis of complex technical systems is given. Self-developing complex systems are described. autopoiesis of a complex organizational and technical system has been studied as a principle of systems development. Cyber-physical systems are described as an example of the development of complex systems. The monograph is intended for specialists in the field of computer science, systems analysis, artificial intelligence and philosophy of information.
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Shul'gina, Ol'ga, Aleksandr El'chaninov, and Valentina Dmitrieva. Cartography with the basics of topography. Dictionary-reference. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1842521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dictionary-reference book presents the basic concepts and terms of cartography and topography, generally accepted classifications, methodological approaches to the definition and calculation of various indicators on maps, methods of cartographic images, brief information about surveying and geodetic instruments, information about outstanding cartographers. Some new concepts characterizing the development of cartography at the beginning of the XXI century are also included.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended as an additional textbook for students of pedagogical universities and colleges studying geographical and cartographic profiles, and can also be useful for geography teachers and high school students.
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Ageshkina, Nataliya. Fundamentals of the functioning of the hotel industry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1072197.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this textbook, the basic foundations of the functioning of the hotel industry are considered (the concept of the hotel industry, its subjects, objects and participants; trends in the development of the hotel industry and its relationship with the hospitality industry; the concept, forms of organization and conduct of hotel activities; the concept, signs and types of hotel services; the basics of legal regulation of hotel activities; classification, criteria of consumer the choice and organizational structure of accommodation facilities; the basis of the legal status of the subjects of the hotel industry and the specifics of their activities; aspects related to the staff of accommodation facilities and the requirements imposed on them).
Special attention is paid to the study of the features of the provision of hotel services (contractual relations of accommodation facilities with tour operators; specifics of concluding and implementing a contract for the provision of hotel services; informing consumers of hotel services; nuances of the technological process of hotel services).
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
It is intended for study by students receiving secondary vocational education in the specialties 43.02.14 "Hotel business" and 43.02.10 "Tourism". It can be recommended for training in other specialties, within the framework of which the study of certain aspects in the field of the hospitality industry is provided, as well as to subjects whose activities are directly related to the organization and conduct of the hotel and tourism business.
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Zaykova, Anastasiya. The administrative and legal status of a doctor: the main directions of improvement. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2001725.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph is devoted to the current state of the administrative and legal status of a doctor in the Russian Federation. The concept, signs and structure of administrative and legal status, basic rights and guarantees of the realization of the rights of a doctor in the field of public administration, problems of administrative and disciplinary responsibility of doctors are considered.
Based on the results of the scientific research, the classification of administrative and legal relations with the participation of doctors was carried out; proposals were developed to eliminate terminological uncertainty between the concepts of "doctor", "medical worker", "specialist doctor" and "attending physician"; the need to establish administrative responsibility for improper provision of medical services, which entailed the infliction of mild and moderate the severity of the harm to the patient's health; proposals have been made to improve legislation in the field of public health protection in the Russian Federation.
It is addressed to researchers in the field of administrative and medical law, practitioners in the field of public health, students and undergraduates studying at medical and law schools, as well as a wide range of readers.
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Gagarina, Larisa, Elena Akimova, Anton Garaschenko, Ilona Kapitanova, Martin Tihonov, and Larisa Gagarina. Software design. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1893880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The basic concepts and definitions, classification of software, stages of software product creation within the life cycle are considered, the current state of software product development technologies is highlighted. The existing approaches to assessing the quality of software creation processes are described, requirements analysis and definition of software specifications are performed. Much attention is paid to the issues of software design, its reliability, and collective development using modern version control systems. The theoretical material is accompanied by a workshop in the form of laboratory work on the stated topic.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students and teachers of higher educational institutions of technical profile, as well as for specialists of any subject area who have shown interest in the current state of programming methods and tools.
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Markov, Sergey. Logic, second edition. 2nd ed. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01957-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the textbook, written in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education and intended for university students (primarily in the humanities and specialties), logic is considered as a methodological basis and a tool for logically correct thinking. Topics for study include logical rules for dividing the scope of a concept, classification, topics of definitions of terms, logical rules for constructing normative statements, logic of questions and answers, rules and techniques of inference, hypothetico-deductive method, syllogistics, as well as other materials useful for managers , lawyers, doctors, economists.
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Vlasyenko, Nikolay, Artem Tsirin, YEkatyerina Spyektor, Natalya Povetkina, Zarina Bedoeva, Yuliya Belyaeva, Maksim Zaloilo, Elena Rafalyuk, and E. Sidorova. Dictionary on the Subject of Anti-Corruption. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18663.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Currently, the problem of combating corruption is in the center of attention of Russian society and the state. The legal and organizational framework for combating corruption has been formed. Anti-corruption legislation is constantly being improved, becoming more holistic and systematic, so further classification of its concepts is required.
The Glossary contains more than 500 terms of Russian and foreign language origin, which are basic in the practice of combating corruption and are used in criminal, administrative and financial law of Russia; it guides the reader in a complex system of modern legal categories related to anti-corruption topics; uses the tools of international agreements ratified by the Russian Federation; it will help clarify the conceptual apparatus of normative legal acts and eliminate contradictions in existing documents.
The publication is intended to be used in the educational process in the framework of scientific and educational support for combating corruption.
For employees of scientific institutions and government agencies, teachers, students, postgraduates of higher educational institutions and practicing lawyers.
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Marchenko, Mihail, Ivan Kuksin, Elena Deryabina, Elena Pirogova, Tamara Soshnikova, Viktor Kornev, Elizaveta Frolova, et al. Legal conflictology: theory and methodology of research. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1860797.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The textbook examines a wide range of theoretically and practically significant issues related to legal conflictology as a kind of social conflictology. Considerable attention is paid to the concept, the main features and features of this direction in science, as well as the methodology of the study of legal conflictology and individual legal conflicts. On the basis of various criteria, certain types of legal conflicts are identified and considered, their classification is carried out, a system of measures aimed at preventing legal conflicts and their resolution is analyzed.
For students and teachers of law schools.
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Nekrasov, Vasiliy. Criminal law protection of public relations in the field of innovation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2100002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph gives the concept of "innovative activity" and reveals its connection with related categories, characterizes public relations in the field of innovation, and also presents a range of norms aimed at criminal law protection of relations in the field of innovation. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of modern trends in criminal policy in the field of protection of innovative public relations, retrospective and comparative analysis of responsibility for socially dangerous encroachments on relations in the field of innovation. On the basis of the classification carried out, the features of the types of innovative activities in criminal law are revealed. The proposals on the use of individual components of legislative technology in the norms on crimes in the field of innovation are formulated, the set of means of differentiating responsibility for crimes in the noted field of activity is critically evaluated and clarified.
It is addressed to everyone who is interested in the issues of criminal law protection of public relations in the field of innovation, practitioners who are faced with the qualification of crimes in this area, as well as teachers, students and cadets of educational organizations of a legal profile.
Частини книг з теми "Classification: Basic Concepts"
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Holeňa, Martin, Petr Pulc, and Martin Kopp. "Basic Concepts Concerning Classification." In Studies in Big Data, 69–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36962-0_2.
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Apel, Sven, Don Batory, Christian Kästner, and Gunter Saake. "Basic Concepts, Classification, and Quality Criteria." In Feature-Oriented Software Product Lines, 47–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37521-7_3.
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Huber, Gerd. "Newer Concepts of Basic Disorders and Basic Symptoms in Endogenous Psychoses: Introduction." In Clinical Psychopathology Nomenclature and Classification, 459–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5049-9_81.
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Klosterkötter, J. "The Newer Concepts of Basic Disorders and the Original Concept of Schizophrenia." In Clinical Psychopathology Nomenclature and Classification, 465–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5049-9_82.
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Kung, Ignatius T. M., Wah Kit Lam, and Tai Hing Lam. "Observer Variability Studies of the WHO Classification of Lung Cancer." In Basic and Clinical Concepts of Lung Cancer, 53–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1593-3_4.
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Rees, Paul A. "Principles of classification and taxonomy." In Key questions in biodiversity: a study and revision guide, 1–16. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248630.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter contains questions on the classification and taxonomy of living things and its history along with questions on some important historical figures and their publications. The questions are divided into three levels, i.e. foundation, intermediate, and advanced. Knowledge of basic facts are dealt with at the foundation level while the intermediate level and advanced levels contain questions involving more obscure facts and concepts.
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Ünlü, Ali, Daniel Kasper, Matthias Trendtel, and Michael Schurig. "The OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Study: A Review of Its Basic Psychometric Concepts." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 417–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01595-8_45.
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Rees, Paul A. "Arthropods and echinoderms." In Key questions in biodiversity: a study and revision guide, 118–35. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248630.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter contains questions on the classification, anatomy and characteristics of the Arthropoda and Echinodermata. The questions are divided into three levels, i.e. foundation, intermediate, and advanced. Knowledge of basic facts are dealt with at the foundation level while the intermediate level and advanced levels contain questions involving more obscure facts and concepts.
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Rees, Paul A. "Sponges, cnidarians, nematodes and minor animal phyla." In Key questions in biodiversity: a study and revision guide, 87–102. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248630.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter contains questions on the classification, characteristics and anatomy of the Porifera, Cnidaria, Nematoda and a number of minor zoological phyla represented by relatively small numbers of species. The questions are divided into three levels, i.e. foundation, intermediate, and advanced. Knowledge of basic facts are dealt with at the foundation level while the intermediate level and advanced levels contain questions involving more obscure facts and concepts.
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Yeh, Anthony G. O., Xia Li, and Chang Xia. "Cellular Automata Modeling for Urban and Regional Planning." In Urban Informatics, 865–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_45.
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AbstractIn recent decades, cellular automata (CA) have become popular for evaluating and forecasting urban transformation over time and space, especially in rapidly developing countries. These models enhance the understanding of urban dynamics and the complex interplay between land-use changes and urban sustainability. CA help governments, planners, and stakeholders to predict and evaluate the potential outcomes of future policy alternatives before making decisions. Thus, CA are frequently used to create what-if scenarios for policy implementation. This chapter includes an overview of the basic and state-of-the-art concepts and methods in urban CA modeling, as well as the latest studies, applications, and current problems. First, we conduct a systematic review of urban CA modeling to provide critical comments on previous and recent studies. The basic techniques, including the components of a basic CA model, modifications for urban modeling, and collection of data sources, are then provided, along with a classification of different types of urban CA. Finally, the applications of CA in urban studies and planning practices are presented, as well as discussions of further research. We also point out the major problems in recent studies and applications for further research.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Classification: Basic Concepts"
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Hernandez y Lopez, Miguel, and Carlos Francisco Lerma Reséndez. "Honeypots: Basic Concepts Classification and Educational Use as Resources in Information Security Education and Courses." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper deals with the basic aspects of Honeypots, their use in modem computer networks and their implementation in educational environments. Initially, the implementation of Honeypots solves a common problem of Information Security and Forensics: The dissection of the elements that make up an attack against a computer system. Next, the paper explains the different types and functions of Honeypots once they are implemented in a network in order to make a distinction in terms of what is needed for the Honeypot to do. Finally, the use of Honeypots in educational environments, its benefits and the use of virtualization technologies is discussed.
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Bashirov, Rasim, and Oyrad Abdullayev. "Classification of Susbsea Construction Vessels and Evaluation of Study Effectiveness." In 2nd International Scientific-Practical Conference "Machine Building and Energy: New Concepts and Technologies". Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-dawl6i.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main technological equipment of subsea construction vessel is diving complexes and hardware, in various combinations thereof. It is proposed to link the task of classifying vessels of this class with the classification of the subsea equipment they serve, in order to form the basic data of a perspective vessel. For this purpose, an analysis of function of subsea construction vessel was carried out and their design features were determined. Using the analysis performed, a first approximation evaluation of study effectiveness was carried out. The analysis of the results and the search for the optimal solution makes it possible at subsequent stages of research to develop a methodology for finding the optimal solution when choosing equipment.
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MOTINA, O. P., and A. S. Titlova. "COMMUNICATION AND INTERACTION IN THE INTERNET-MEDIATED ENVIRONMENT (PSYCHOLINGUISTIC APPROACH)." In The main issues of linguistics, lingvodidactics and intercultural communications. Astrakhan State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/978-5-9926-1237-0-079-084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article studies the basic differences between the concepts of interaction and communication. Unidirecrtional and bidirectional means of mass communication are considered. The classification of speech genres in respect of a mediatext is given.
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Boldea, Afrodita liliana, and Costin radu Boldea. "A COGNITIVE MODEL FOR CLASSIFY AND SELECT TOPICS OF INTERACTIVE ELECTRONIC EXERCICES AND TESTS." In eLSE 2014. Editura Universitatii Nationale de Aparare "Carol I", 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-14-060.
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E-learning is considered in present as an important research area in the domain of education's sciences, as it has opened new ways of learning for many people. E-assessment has been widely used since the development of e-learning exist. However, what most electronic exercises and test do, is to transform the paper exercises and exams into electronic format. This is clear from the types of questions used by most e-learning and e-assessment platforms. In order to overcome such limitations and gain more control over types of questions, we have developed a model of classifying, indexing and selecting the topics for multiple choice questions. Our model was inspired from the graph theoretical knowledge model of Kasyanov and uses a graduate hierarchical representation of knowledge, from basic definitions of simple notions, concepts or principia until the relationship understanding. We used the following four grades which divide all students on novices, beginners, advanced students and expert. The novice are possess only knowledge of basic notions; the beginners can define composite concepts and exemplify them, eventually to identify connection relationship between concepts related at distance <= 2 , the advanced are able to to identify connection relationship between concepts, methods or principia related at distance grater that 2, and the experts can compare different methods or principia, by putting in evidence similarities and differences, or can propose generalizations of some concepts or methods. This classification moves the accent of the knowledge evaluation of a student from the concept definition understanding to relationship understanding. We also proposed a random computer-based selection of questions' topics in order to propose a graduated questionnaire to the students, where the questions are classified in the four levels of difficulties according with the above classification of the student's knowledge: novice questions, beginner's questions, advanced questions and, expert's questions. The final tests will contain a pondered selection of questions, from the lowest level of difficulty to the highest one. This method moves the accent of the knowledge evaluation of a student from the concept definition understanding to relationship understanding.
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Dreković, Edisa, Isak Karabegović, and Nikola Stojić. "Digital Twin: Background, Challenges, Enabling Technologies, Benefits, and Use Case in the Elevator Industry." In BASIC TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF INDUSTRY 4.0. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi2023.209.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Digital twins represent a new paradigm that brings fundamental changes to business and asset management. The proliferation of connected devices and sensors has generated vast amounts of data from physical assets and processes. Digital twins leverage this data to create a virtual counterpart that reflects the behavior, performance, and characteristics of their physical counterparts in real-time. The definition of digital twins encompasses a wide range of applications and contexts. This paper provides an overview of existing literature on digital twins, including their definition, key characteristics, and classification. Additionally, it highlights potential challenges and limitations associated with digital twins and identifies the technologies that enable their implementation. By understanding the fundamental concepts and technological advancements in the field of digital twins, organizations can harness their potential to enhance their business, optimize resources, and foster innovation. Numerous examples of digital twin applications in various industries are highlighted in this paper, with a particular focus on the elevator industry. Therefore, this paper serves as a comprehensive source of information for researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers who wish to explore the application of digital twins in different industries and domains.
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Samarescu, Nicoleta. "DIGITAL LITERACY - ANALYZES AND SUGGESTS CROSS-CURRICULAR TEST MODELS." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-016.
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Abstract: Digital literacy - analyzes and suggests cross-curricular test models The present study, which is the basis of an extensive research, intends to obtain the key skills using the new technologies for the children enrolled in the development cycle - grade 3 - 4 in the Romanian system or key stage 2(QCDA - Qualification and Curriculum Development Agency), thereby strengthening the idea that "the world requires digital literacy of the children for a total participation in the society" (The Scottish Curriculum for Excellence). The article chronologically goes through the European Council decisions on digital literacy, analyzes and suggests cross-curricular test models aimed at acquiring basic skills: skill to communicate information, information handling skill, skill of ICT management, skill of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) evaluation (Basic Concepts of Information Technology Microsoft Windows XP, Office software, Communication)). Given the rapid evolution of technology in all areas, as future citizens, students must obtain the skills needed throughout the school in many situations, such as financial information consulting, calendar statistics in tables, charts, graphs, the reading of monetary transactions, interest calculation etc. To cover many such concepts, PISA (Key Competencies from Eurydice European Unit) tests use a digital literacy that relate to students' capacity to select appropriate sources, finding information, classification and verification in order to interpret information, how to develop and refine ideas by collecting, organizing and reorganizing text, charts, pictures,cognitiv map, organizer, sound, animation(Basic Concepts of Information Technology Microsoft Windows XP, Microsoft Office, Communication tools).ICT offers opportunities for: critical thinking, creativity, communication, problem solving, responsibility, synthesizing information, collaboration, self motivation.
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Koski, Juhani. "Multicriteria Optimization in Structural Design: State of the Art." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The purpose of this article is to give a general description of the research work made in the field of multicriteria structural optimization. More than eighty publications have been considered in this study where completed works rather than open questions in the field are particularly emphasized. The basic concepts, especially Pareto optimality, and the motivation of the multicriteria approach are briefly discussed. The classification of the multicriteria structural design process is proposed and it is used in describing the published applications.
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Kuteneva, I. E. "USING A CONTEXTUAL-COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH IN PREPARING FUTURE MANAGERS FOR INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION." In THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF LINGUISTIC EDUCATION. KuzSTU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26730/lingvo.2020.145-150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article gives definitions of concepts: context, professional context, contextual learning, communicative approach, manager, management and intercultural communication. The classification of contexts is given. Types of professional context are indicated. The idea and principles of contextual learning are described. The basic unit of the content of education and the basic unit of student activity in contextual learning are considered. The implementation order and the idea of contextual learning are indicated. Learning models are listed. The requirements of contextual learning are described. The purpose of the communicative approach is indicated. A brief historiography of the communicative approach is considered. The main task, principles and advantage of the communicative approach are described. The points of genuine communicativeness in language teaching and the principles of a communicative approach are considered. The functions and roles of the manager in the organization are described, the qualities of the manager are listed. The object and task of management are indicated.
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Pivovarov, G. O. "Monumental art as a way of displaying everyday culture." In III ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION “ACHIEVEMENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, CULTURAL INITIATIVES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT-DNIT-III-2024”. Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/dnit-iii.2024.11.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines the basic principles of the development of monumental art and examines the dynamics of its development in a time perspective. Definitions are given to the concepts of “culture” and “everyday culture” according to the classification of A. Schutz. The main execution techniques characteristic of decorative monumental art are identified, and the dynamics of the transformation of images and main motifs are traced. In conclusion, based on the time scale of changing eras proposed by K.G. Jung identified the main aspects of changes in the culture of everyday life from antiquity to the present. The article may be useful for people studying history, art, design, cultural studies, urban studies, museum studies and other related disciplines.
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Safdar, Asmara, Sara Ali, Muhammad Sajid, Umer Asgher, and Yasar Ayaz. "Image Classification for Project-based Learning to Differentiate Diagram and Figures." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001597.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper describes creation of a dataset and addresses an image processing problem in the field of education. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based model is trained to classify the images extracted from academic documents. With the advent of distant learning mode and assessment criteria based on online submissions, there is a need to improve assessment approaches other than finding plagiarism. To enhance the understanding of the concepts, project-based learning (PjBL) in distant learning mode (DL) can be adopted. PjBL has proven successful even for complex engineering problems. It has been found out that PjBL of basic teaching assessment decreases the pressure on institutional resources while also making it easier and more practical for students. So, we are considering project reports or assignment as core source of evaluation. Extracting diagrams and software generated images (graphs and software generated object models) is focus for the current work as they reflect knowledge and main effort of a student especially in engineering academics. Here figures are referred as images of schematic representation to show the working or architecture of a work or a phenomenon. Software based images (sbi) include graphs, simulation images and software generated pictures or models. We aim to distinguish the diagrams and sbi from rest of the figures so it can be filtered out for further assessment. The data extracted is in the form of images. A CNN based classification model MobileNet is used to classify the images. The results show viability of the dataset and promising trend keeping in view the difficulty level of problem and size of dataset. Accuracy can be improved by adopting other approaches to train and clean data and by increasing the data set by extracting more images from same domain of problem.
Звіти організацій з теми "Classification: Basic Concepts"
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Masci, Pietro, Bernardo Barros Weaver, and André Medici. The Relationship Between Insurance and Entrepreneurship in Brazil: Concepts and Basic Data. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006581.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This document presents data related to insurance and entrepreneurship in the states of Brazil over a period of 10 years. The data is accompanied by brief discussions of terms' definitions. They range from the definition of Startup and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), to the classification of insurance contracts by types of risks.
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Бережна, Маргарита Василівна. The Traitor Psycholinguistic Archetype. Premier Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/6051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Film studies have recently begun to employ Jung’s concept of archetypes prototypical characters which play the role of blueprint in constructing clear-cut characters. New typologies of archetype characters appear to reflect the changes in the constantly developing world of literature, theater, film, comics and other forms of entertainment. Among those, there is the classification of forty-five master characters by V. Schmidt , which is the basis for defining the character’s archetype in the present article. The aim of the research is to identify the elements of the psycholinguistic image of Justin Hammer in the superhero film Iron Man 2 based on the Marvel Comics and directed by Jon Favreau (2010). The task consists of three stages, namely identification of the psychological characteristics of the character, subsequent determination of Hammer’s archetype and definition of speech elements that reveal the character’s psychological image. This paper explores 92 Hammer’s turns of dialogues in the film. According to V. Schmidt’s classification, Hammer belongs to the Traitor archetype, which is a villainous representation of the Businessman archetype.
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Burns, Malcom, and Gavin Nixon. Literature review on analytical methods for the detection of precision bred products. Food Standards Agency, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ney927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.