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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Economic aspects"

1

Festel, G. W. "Biofuels – Economic Aspects." Chemical Engineering & Technology 31, no. 5 (May 2008): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200700335.

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2

Fels, M., D. F. Cooper, and M. N. Patterson. "Economic aspects of wood-burning installations." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 66, no. 3 (June 1988): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450660327.

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3

Drummond, M. F., and H. S. Shannon. "Economic aspects of risk assessment in chemical safety." Science of The Total Environment 51 (May 1986): 81–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90295-0.

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4

Paunović, Perica. "Electrometallurgy: electrochemical, economic and environmental (3E) aspects." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 30, no. 1 (June 15, 2011): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2011.72.

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This paper is concerned with electrolysis processes aimed for production and refining of metals. This engineering field is named electrometallurgy. The main aspects of electrometallurgy such as electrochemical, energetic/economic and environmental ones are given. The peculiarity of electrorefining and electrowining in both aqueous electrolytes and molten salts are shown. The impact of energetic parameters, such as cell voltage and current efficiency on the economic justification of the electrolysis process is analyzed. It is emphasized that electrolysis is considerably cleaner technology than the pyrometallurgical production and refining of metals.
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5

Graczová, Elena, Branislav Šulgan, Samuel Barabas, and Pavol Steltenpohl. "Methyl acetate–methanol mixture separation by extractive distillation: Economic aspects." Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 2018): 670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-018-1769-9.

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6

BANKS, FERDINAND E. "Some Economic Aspects of the World Oil Market." Energy Sources 16, no. 2 (April 1994): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908319408909075.

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7

Banks, Ferdinand E. "Economic Theory and Some Aspects of Natural Gas." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 1, no. 2 (July 2006): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567240500397992.

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8

Ahmad, M., M. Zafar, A. Azam, H. Sadia, M. A. Khan, and S. Sultana. "Techno-economic Aspects of Biodiesel Production and Characterization." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 6, no. 2 (March 25, 2011): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2010.529557.

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9

Al-Malack, Muhammad H. "Technical and economic aspects of crossflow microfiltration." Desalination 155, no. 1 (May 2003): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(03)00242-x.

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10

Palomenaque-Santiago, J. F., J. Guzman, and A. J. Zuñiga-Mendiola. "SIMULATION OF THE NATURAL GAS PURIFICATION PROCESS WITHMEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS." Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 15, no. 2 (March 10, 2016): 611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/rmiq/ip1238.

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Дисертації з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Economic aspects"

1

Bourke, John Kevin. "Economic aspects of the design and improvement of chemical engineering systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7721.

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2

Burroughs, Gary Leslie. "The response to environmental economic drivers by civil engineering contractors in South Australia." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envb972.pdf.

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Анотація:
Bibliography: leaves 91-93. Examines the response of two civil engineering construction contractors in South Australia to environmental economic conditions and market requirements using primarily an action research methodology whilst the researcher was engaged as the environmental manager at both corporations.
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3

Bin, Shams Mohamed. "Observability and Economic aspects of Fault Detection and Diagnosis Using CUSUM based Multivariate Statistics." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5652.

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This project focuses on the fault observability problem and its impact on plant performance and profitability. The study has been conducted along two main directions. First, a technique has been developed to detect and diagnose faulty situations that could not be observed by previously reported methods. The technique is demonstrated through a subset of faults typically considered for the Tennessee Eastman Process (TEP); which have been found unobservable in all previous studies. The proposed strategy combines the cumulative sum (CUSUM) of the process measurements with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The CUSUM is used to enhance faults under conditions of small fault/signal to noise ratio while the use of PCA facilitates the filtering of noise in the presence of highly correlated data. Multivariate indices, namely, T2 and Q statistics based on the cumulative sums of all available measurements were used for observing these faults. The ARLo.c was proposed as a statistical metric to quantify fault observability. Following the faults detection, the problem of fault isolation is treated. It is shown that for the particular faults considered in the TEP problem, the contribution plots are not able to properly isolate the faults under consideration. This motivates the use of the CUSUM based PCA technique previously used for detection, for unambiguously diagnose the faults. The diagnosis scheme is performed by constructing a family of CUSUM based PCA models corresponding to each fault and then testing whether the statistical thresholds related to a particular faulty model is exceeded or not, hence, indicating occurrence or absence of the corresponding fault. Although the CUSUM based techniques were found successful in detecting abnormal situations as well as isolating the faults, long time intervals were required for both detection and diagnosis. The potential economic impact of these resulting delays motivates the second main objective of this project. More specifically, a methodology to quantify the potential economical loss due to unobserved faults when standard statistical monitoring charts are used is developed. Since most of the chemical and petrochemical plants are operated under closed loop scheme, the interaction of the control is also explicitly considered. An optimization problem is formulated to search for the optimal tradeoff between fault observability and closed loop performance. This optimization problem is solved in the frequency domain by using approximate closed loop transfer function models and in the time domain using a simulation based approach. The optimization in the time domain is applied to the TEP to solve for the optimal tuning parameters of the controllers that minimize an economic cost of the process.
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4

Crawley, P. D. (Philip David). "Risk and reliability assessment of multiple reservoir water supply headworks systems." 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc911.pdf.

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Crawley, P. D. (Philip David). "Risk and reliability assessment of multiple reservoir water supply headworks systems / by Philip David Crawley." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18555.

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Книги з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Economic aspects"

1

Chemical Process Engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2003.

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2

Chemical process engineering: Design and economics. New York: M. Dekker, 2003.

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3

Mining Industry Optimisation Conference (1991 Sydney, N.S.W.). Mining Industry Optimisation Conference, 5-6 June 1991, Sydney, Australia. Parkville, Vic., Australia: The Institute, 1991.

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4

A practical wedding: Creative solutions for a beautiful, affordable, and meaningful celebration. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Lifelong, 2012.

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5

Australasian Asian Pacific Conference on Aluminium Cast House Technology (8th 2003 Brisbane, Australia). Aluminium cast house technology: Eighth Australasian Conference [on] Aluminium Cast House Technology : this International Conference was supported by the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Melbourne, and was held during 14-17 September, 2003, at the Sheraton Hotel & Towers, Brisbane, Australia. Warrendale, Pa: Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 2003.

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6

A, Steinbrecher Ricarda, ed. Hungry corporations: How transnational biotech companies colonise the food chain. London: Zed Books, 2003.

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7

Silla, Harry. Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.

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8

Silla, Harry. Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.

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9

Silla, Harry. Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.

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10

Silla, Harry. Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics. Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.

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Частини книг з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Economic aspects"

1

Castellanos, Sergio, José E. Santibañez-Aguilar, and Antonio Flores-Tlacuahuac. "Optimal Planning of a Solar Cells Manufacturing System involving Economic Aspects." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 1279–84. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63965-3.50215-4.

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2

Pinto-Varela, Tânia, Florinda Martins, and Ana Barbosa-Povoa. "Integrating Economic and Environmental Aspects in the Design and Planning of Supply Chains." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 112–16. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-59519-5.50023-x.

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3

Santibañez-Aguilar, José Ezequiel, J. Betzabe González-Campos, José María Ponce-Ortega, Medardo Serna-González, and Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi. "Optimal Multi-Objective Planning of Distributed Biorefinery Systems Involving Economic, Environmental and Social Aspects." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 470–74. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-59507-2.50086-x.

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4

Lira-Barragán, L. F., J. Martinez-Gomez, J. M. Ponce-Ortega, M. Serna-González, and M. M. El-Halwagi. "Optimal Reuse of Flowback Wastewater in Shale Gas Fracking Operations Considering Economic and Safety Aspects." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 943–48. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63428-3.50162-4.

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5

Ponce-Rocha, Jaime D., Martín Picón-Núñez, Andreia Santos, Ana Carvalho, Fernando I. Gómez-Castro, and Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez. "A Sustainable Framework for Optimal and Flexible Design Under Uncertainty in Separation Processes: Exergy, Energy, Economic, and Environmental Aspects." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 1195–200. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85159-6.50199-8.

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6

Kikuchi, Yasunori, Yuko Oshita, Miwa Nakai, Aya Heiho, and Yasuhiro Fukushima. "A computer-aided analysis on regional power and heat energy systems considering socio-economic aspects: A case study on an isolated island in Japan." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 1347–52. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64235-6.50236-9.

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7

Ponce-Rocha, Jaime David, Martín Picón-Núñez, Ana Carvalho, Andreia Santos, Fernando I. Gómez-Castro, and Ricardo Morales-Rodríguez. "A design and optimization framework for (bio-) chemical process based on exergo-economic and environmental aspects." In 31st European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, 1897–902. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-88506-5.50294-1.

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Doraiswamy, L. K. "Sonoorganic Synthesis Engineering." In Organic Synthesis Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096897.003.0031.

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Анотація:
Ultrasonics or ultrasound refers to sound waves beyond the audible range of the human ear. The normal human hearing range is 16-16,000 cycles per second. The accepted terminology for one cycle per second is the Hertz (or Hz), and hence the hearing range is expressed as 16 Hz to 16kHz. Ultrasound is normally considered to lie approximately in the range of 15kHz to 10 MHz, that is, 15 x 103 to 10000 x 103 cycles per second, with acoustic wavelengths of 10 to 0.01 cm. Like any sound wave, ultrasound is propagated through a medium in alternating cycles of compression and stretching or rarefaction. These produce certain effects in the medium that can be usefully exploited. One such application is in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, first reported by Richards and Loomis (1927) and designated sonochemistry. The most appealing feature of sonochemistry is its ability to enhance reaction rates, often to remarkably high levels under environmentally benign conditions. Despite this potential, economic considerations have precluded the use of sonochemical processes. It is noteworthy, however, that a change in perspective appears to be emerging, as evidenced by the fact that a pilot plant is currently being funded by a French company to sonochemically oxidize cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone, and developmental work is underway in Germany to produce 4 tons of Grignard reagent per year (Ondrey et al., 1996). A number of books and reviews covering mostly the chemical aspects of sonochemistry have appeared over the years, for example, Suslick, 1988, 198, 1990a,b; Ley and Low, 1989; Mason, 1986, 1990a,b, 1991; Mason and Lorime 1989; Price, 1992; Bremner, 1994; Low, 1995; Luche, 1998. A recent review Thompson and Doraiswamy (1999) covers both the chemical and engineering aspects of sonochemistry and another by Keil and Swamy (1999) examines the present state of our understanding of sonoreactor design. Sonochemical enhancement of reaction rates is caused by a phenomenon called cavitation. Therefore, we largely confine the treatment in this chapter to the chemical and reaction engineering (scale-up) aspects of cavitation and its associated effects (see Shah et al., 1999, for a detailed treatment). An alternative means of achieving the same result is by mimicking the ultrasonic effect by inducing “hydrodynamic cavitation.”
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9

Mishra, Prakash Chandra, and Anil Kumar Giri. "Green Chemistry." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 152–61. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3126-5.ch009.

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Our environment needs to be protected from ever-increasing chemical pollution. Advances in science and technology can address the challenges of global environmental sustainability, which includes the release of persistent organic pollutants, climate change, and bioaccumulation of contaminants, endocrine disruption and ozone depletion. Achieving sustainability requires an intricate balance among resource use, economic growth and environmental impact. Green chemistry is a growing field of research where pollution is reduced by designing and developing chemical products/process addresses. Many of these are concerned by combining the critical elements of environmental improvement, economic competitiveness and social responsibility. In this chapter the scope for the development of green chemistry and the beneficial aspects have been discussed stressing future research.
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10

Singh, Shivom, Bhupendra Kumar, Neha Sharma, and Kajal S. Rathore. "Organic Farming." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 408–20. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6111-8.ch022.

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Agriculture is one of the significant factors contributing to the economic growth of India. In order to reap a better harvest, farmers inoculate the soil with fertilizers. These fertilizers include pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc., and are broadly used to control pests and pest-induced diseases. Increasingly high inputs of chemical fertilizers have not only left soils degraded, but it has also increased the adverse effect on aquatic life and other environmental hazards. Organic farming methods would crack these issues and make the ecosystem healthier. Bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides form a link between the biotic and abiotic factors and can be used to supplement the expensive chemical fertilizers. This chapter focuses on agricultural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) that impact the aquatic environment. The aim of the chapter is to improve ecological sustainability and to minimize the effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems. In addition, the authors attempt to reveal almost all positive aspects of organic farming in special reference to aquatic pollution.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Chemical engineering Australia Economic aspects"

1

MOYES, PARAN, HARRY G. POULOS, JOHN C. SMALL, and FRANCES BADELOW. "PILED RAFT DESIGN PROCESS FOR A HIGH-RISE BUILDING ON THE GOLD COAST, AUSTRALIA." In Tall Buildings from Engineering to Sustainability - Sixth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Mini Symposium on Sustainable Cities, Mini Symposium on Planning, Design and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tall Residential Living Environment. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701480_0039.

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2

Thompson, Matthew A., Amir Mohajeri, and Amin Mirkouei. "Environmental and Economic Impacts of Nitrogen Trifluoride at an Idaho Semiconductor Facility." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22603.

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Abstract Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) is an inorganic compound widely used in the electronics industry for manufacturing various products, such as semiconductors, solar panels, and touch screens. However, NF3 emissions that accumulate in the atmosphere have 17,200 times the global warming potentials of CO2 over a 100-year time horizon. The abatement efficiency for NF3 is high, although some amount of NOx is generated. This study aims to provide economic and environmental impact assessments on the use of NF3. Life cycle assessment method is applied for evaluating environmental aspects. Additionally, a real case study for the Idaho semiconductor facility is used to assess the method and demonstrate the application of this study. The results show that slight reductions in abatement efficiency have dramatic impacts on mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Even small unplanned releases of NF3, either through mechanical failure or human error, have significant environmental impacts, and every reasonable effort should be taken to avoid such incidents. The results also indicate that the cost of abatement is the primary driver of economic impact. It is found that the considerable distance from the chemical plant in Arizona to the point of use in Idaho contributed a minor portion of GHGs associated with the use of NF3. It is also found that contaminants (e.g., SF6 and CF4) within the cylinder potentially have more substantial GHG impacts than the actual NF3, owing in part to the relative ease with which NF3 is destroyed through abatement.
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3

Marfella, Giorgio. "Seeds of Concrete Progress: Grain Elevators and Technology Transfer between America and Australia." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4000pi5hk.

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Modern concrete silos and grain elevators are a persistent source of interest and fascination for architects, industrial archaeologists, painters, photographers, and artists. The legacy of the Australian examples of the early 1900s is appreciated primarily by a popular culture that allocates value to these structures on aesthetic grounds. Several aspects of construction history associated with this early modern form of civil engineering have been less explored. In the 1920s and 1930s, concrete grain elevator stations blossomed along the railway networks of the Australian Wheat Belts, marking with their vertical presence the landscapes of many rural towns in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Western Australia. The Australian reception of this industrial building type of American origin reflects the modern nation-building aspirations of State Governments of the early 1900s. The development of fast-tracked, self-climbing methods for constructing concrete silos, a technology also imported from America, illustrates the critical role of concrete in that effort of nation-building. The rural and urban proliferation of concrete silos in Australia also helped establish a confident local concrete industry that began thriving with automatic systems of movable formwork, mastering and ultimately transferring these construction methods to multi-storey buildings after WWII. Although there is an evident link between grain elevators and the historiographical propaganda of heroic modernism, that nexus should not induce to interpret old concrete silos as a vestige of modern aesthetics. As catalysts of technical and economic development in Australia, Australian wheat silos also bear important significance due to the international technology transfer and local repercussions of their fast-tracked concrete construction methods.
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4

Rodriguez M., Fernancelys. "Review of Chemical EOR Projects in Venezuela: From Light to Extra-Heavy Oil Reservoirs." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63529.

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Abstract Venezuela is widely recognized as an oil producer country of great potential thanks to its huge hydrocarbon resources located in Eastern Venezuela and Maracaibo basins, comprising the largest oil reserves in the world, with around 302 billion barrels according to recent OPEC and EIA estimates [1]. Despite those immense hydrocarbon resources, oil production in Venezuela is a challenge in mature and waterflooded reservoirs, as well as in thin highly viscous oil reservoirs where thermal IOR/EOR methods are not technically and/or economically feasible. This is the case of many oil fields in Lake Maracaibo and in La Faja Petrolifera Del Orinoco (La FPO), where the application of Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) methods is being envisaged with a view to increasing oil recovery factors. The objective of this article is to review most of the Venezuelan CEOR projects reported in the literature to identify the main insights/status of each reported project and its potentiality of application to increase oil recovery. A detailed description of each project and its main conclusions is given. According to this literature review, CEOR project evaluations for Venezuelan reservoirs have been performed mostly at laboratory and numerical simulation scales, including several pilot test designs. Only 2 executed pilot tests have been reported (ASP flooding at VLA-6/9/21 Field in Lake Maracaibo and polymer flooding at Petrocedeño Field in La FPO). Despite the encouraging results in terms of oil recovery at laboratory scale, the greatest challenges related to the application of CEOR methods in Venezuelan reservoirs are linked to technical and economic aspects (e.g. high adsorption/retention of chemicals, mobility control, complex emulsions, separation of phases, water treatments, costs of investment, oil prices, etc.).
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5

Cook, Korey, Ethan Lau, Jordan Thayer, Shane Mann, Tom Guarr, and Andre Benard. "Development of a Membraneless Organic Redox Flow Battery." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88024.

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The development of a novel electrochemical energy storage system, specifically a redox flow batteries (RFB), is discussed in this work. It has the distinction of not requiring an ion-selective membrane due to novel chemical compounds. The techno-economic aspects of a low-cost 3D printed flow cell and system design tailored for a novel chemistry is discussed. The organic compounds employed are inexpensive, have a long lifespan, and as mentioned enable the system to be membraneless. All these substantially decrease the capital and maintenance costs. Suitable systems were developed and tested using chemically compatible 3D printed materials for the flow cells. The estimated cost per kWh is lower than the Department of Energy’s target cost of $150/kWh for grid storage capacity. A commercial scale system, rated for a 1 MW, 5-hour discharge time, has an estimated cost of $65/kWh. The proposed technology could revolutionize the energy storage industry and help with the construction of a more stable and efficient energy grid.
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Wang, Rui, Kechen Xu, Kehao Zeng, Hongmei Yan, Wei Bai, and Jing Li. "Design Overview for Process System of Large-Scale Seawater Desalination and Demineralized Water Production in the Nuclear Heating Plant." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92381.

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Abstract A nuclear heating plant is a cogeneration nuclear heating plant, which provides industrial steam for the chemical industrial park to satisfy the steam demand of enterprises. Meanwhile, the remaining capacity can be used for power generation, so as to alleviate the local power shortage. As the condensed water of the externally supplied steam is not recovered, and the freshwater source is insufficient, it is necessary to build a seawater desalination plant and a demineralized water production plant to provide a large amount of demineralized water for the heating system. According to the raw seawater quality, requirements of produced water quality and technical & economic analysis, the main treatment process flow of seawater desalination system is: air flotation tank → horizontal mechanical filter → ultrafiltration membrane → seawater reverse osmosis membrane → freshwater reverse osmosis membrane. The main treatment process flow of demineralized water production system is: cation exchanger → anion exchanger → mixed ion exchanger. Combined with the engineering practice, this paper expounds the process system design of large-scale seawater desalination and demineralized water production from the aspects of seawater desalination process comparison and selection, reverse osmosis membrane seawater desalination process system design and process equipment configuration, etc. The system improves the guarantee rate of desalinated seawater and demineralized water supply, and realizes the emission reduction of industrial wastewater, which can provide reference for the process design of large-scale seawater desalination and demineralized water production in subsequent nuclear heating projects or nuclear power projects.
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Elieff, Brandee A., and Jerome J. Schubert. "Dual Gradient Drilling Will Control Shallow Hazards in Deepwater Environments." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79790.

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Currently the “Pump and Dump” method employed by Exploration and Production (E&P) companies in deepwater is simply not enough to control increasingly dangerous and unpredictable shallow hazards. “Pump and Dump” requires a heavy dependence on accurate seismic data to avoid shallow gas zones; the kick detection methods are slow and unreliable, which results in a need for visual kick detection; and it does not offer dynamic well control methods of managing shallow hazards such as methane hydrates, shallow gas and shallow water flows. These negative aspects of “Pump and Dump” are in addition to the environmental impact, high drilling fluid (mud) costs and limited mud options. Dual gradient technology offers a closed system, which improves drilling most simply because the mud within the system is recycled. The amount of required mud is reduced, the variety of acceptable mud types is increased and chemical additives to the mud become an option. This closed system also offers more accurate and faster kick detection methods in addition to those that are already used in the “Pump and Dump” method. It has the potential to prevent the formation of hydrates by adding hydrate inhibitors to the drilling mud. And more significantly, this system successfully controls dissociating methane hydrates, over pressured shallow gas zones and shallow water flows. Dual gradient technology improves deepwater drilling operations by removing fluid constraints and offering proactive well control over dissociating hydrates, shallow water flows and over pressured shallow gas zones. There are several clear advantages for dual gradient technology: economic, technical and significantly improved safety, which is achieved through superior well control.
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AlJabri, Nouf, and Nan Shi. "Nanoemulsions: A Versatile Technology for Oil and Gas Applications." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204722-ms.

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Abstract Nanoemulsions (NEs) are kinetically stable emulsions with droplet size on the order of 100 nm. Many unique properties of NEs, such as stability and rheology, have attracted considerable attention in the oil industry. Here, we review applications and studies of NEs for major upstream operations, highlighting useful properties of NEs, synthesis to render these properties, and techniques to characterize them. We identify specific challenges associated with large-scale applications of NEs and directions for future studies. We first summarize useful and unique properties of NEs, mostly arising from the small droplet size. Then, we compare different methods to prepare NEs based on the magnitude of input energy, i.e., low-energy and high-energy methods. In addition, we review techniques to characterize properties of NEs, such as droplet size, volume fraction of the dispersed phase, and viscosity. Furthermore, we discuss specific applications of NEs in four areas of upstream operations, i.e., enhanced oil recovery, drilling/completion, flow assurance, and stimulation. Finally, we identify challenges to economically tailor NEs with desired properties for large-scale upstream applications and propose possible solutions to some of these challenges. NEs are kinetically stable due to their small droplet size (submicron to 100 nm). Within this size range, the rate of major destabilizing mechanisms, such as coalescence, flocculation, and Ostwald ripening, is considerably slowed down. In addition, small droplet size yields large surface-to-volume ratio, optical transparency, high diffusivity, and controllable rheology. Similar to applications in other fields (food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc.), the oil and gas industry can also benefit from these useful properties of NEs. Proposed functions of NEs include delivering chemicals, conditioning wellbore/reservoir conditions, and improve chemical compatibility. Therefore, we envision NEs as a versatile technology that can be applied in a variety of upstream operations. Upstream operations often target a wide range of physical and chemical conditions and are operated at different time scales. More importantly, these operations typically consume a large amount of materials. These facts not only suggest efforts to rationally engineer properties of NEs in upstream applications, but also manifest the importance to economically optimize such efforts for large-scale operations. We summarize studies and applications of NEs in upstream operations in the oil and gas industry. We review useful properties of NEs that benefit upstream applications as well as techniques to synthesize and characterize NEs. More importantly, we identify challenges and opportunities in engineering NEs for large-scale operations in different upstream applications. This work not only focuses on scientific aspects of synthesizing NEs with desired properties but also emphasizes engineering and economic consideration that is important in the oil industry.
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Cipollone, Roberto, Davide Di Battista, and Angelo Gualtieri. "Energy Recovery From the Turbocharging System of Internal Combustion Engines." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82302.

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On the road transportation sector, considering its deep involvement with many social expectations, assumed such proportions to become one of the major source of air pollution, mainly in urban highly congested areas. The use of reciprocating internal combustion engines (ICE) dominates the sector and the environmental dimension of the problem is under a strong attention of Governments. European Community, for instance, through sequences of regulations (EURO) reduced the emission allowed of primary pollutants; more recently, the Community added limits to climate-altering gases which directly refer to fuel consumption reduction. These limits today appear the new driver of the future engine and vehicle technological evolution. Similar efforts are under commitment by other developed countries (USA, Japan, etc,…) as well as also by the other Countries whose economic importance will dominate the markets in a very near future (BRICS Countries). The need to fulfill these issues and to keep the traditional engine expectations (torque, speed, fun to drive, etc..) triggered, especially in recent decades, a virtuous cycle whose result will be a new engine and vehicle era. The evolution till had today has been driven by the EURO limits and it demonstrated surprisingly that emission reduction and engine performances can be matched without compromises in both sides. Today, adding severe limits on equivalent CO2, emissions, it appears very difficult to predict how future engines (and vehicles) will be improved; new technologies are entering to further improve the traditional thermal powertrain but the way to a massive and more convinced electrification seems to be definitely opened. The two aspects will match in the sector of energy recovery which appears one of the most powerful tools for fuel consumption saving and CO2 reduction. When the recovery is done on exhaust gases it has an additional interest, having a moderate cost per unit of CO2 saved. The potentiality of this recovery is huge: 30%–35% of the chemical energy provided by the fuel is lost with the flue gases. For different reasons engines for passengers cars or goods transportation (light and heavy unit engines) as well those used for electricity generation (gen-set) are interested to this recovery: the first sector for the CO2 reduction, the second for the increasing value of electrical energy on the market. This wide interest is increasing the probability to have in a near future a reliable technology, being different actors pushing in this direction. In recent years the literature focused the attention to this recovery through a working fluid (organic type) on which the thermal energy is recovered by increasing its enthalpy. Thanks to a sequence of thermodynamic transformations (Rankine or Hirn cycle), mechanical work is produced. Both concept (Organic working fluid used and Rankine Cycle) are addressed as ORC technology. This overall technology has an evident complexity and doesn’t match with the need to keep reduced costs: it needs an energy recovery system at the gas side, an expander, a condenser and a pump. The space required by these components represents a limiting aspect. The variation of the flow rate and temperature of the gas (typical in ICE), as well as that at the condenser, represents additional critical aspect and call for suitable control strategies not yet exploited. In this paper the Authors studied an energy recovery method integrated with the turbocharging system, which does not require a working fluid making the recovery directly on the gas leaving the cylinders. Considering that the enthalpy drop across the turbine is usually higher than that requested by the compressor to boost the intake air, the concept was to consider an additional turbine which operates in parallel to the existing one. Room for recovery is guaranteed if one considers that a correct matching between turbine and compressor is actually done bypassing part of the exhaust gas from the turbine (waste gate) or using a variable geometry turbine (VGT) which, in any case, represents an energy loss. An additional positive feature is that this recovery does not impact on engine performances and the main components which realizes the recovery (valves & turbine) are technologically proven. In order to evaluate the potentiality of such recovery, the Authors developed a theoretical activity which represents the matching between turbocharger and engine. Thanks to an experimental characterization done on an IVECO F1C 16v JTD engine, an overall virtual platform was set up. The result produced a very satisfactory representation of the cited engine in terms of mechanical engine performances, relevant engine flow rates, pressures and temperatures. The ECU functions were represented too, such as boost pressure, EGR rates, rack control of VGT, etc… Two new direct recovery configurations have been conceived and implemented in the engine virtual platform.
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