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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Chemical cleanings"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 червня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Chemical cleanings"

Votta, Annamaria, Francesco Pipia, S. Borsari, Enrica Ravizza, Alice C. Elbaz, Mauro Alessandri, Enrico Bellandi, and C. Bresolin. "Influence of Wet Cleaning on Tungsten Deposited with Different Techniques." Solid State Phenomena 145-146 (January 2009): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.145-146.197.

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Tungsten is a metal widely used for interconnections. As a consequence of more stringent requirements in terms of aspect ratio deriving from device shrinking, the filling of W plugs is becoming more and more critical and new deposition techniques need to be employed to properly fill contacts and trenches. For example ALD nucleation layers need to be coupled to CVD deposition. Since physical-chemical properties of W are heavily influenced by deposition techniques, the effect of wet cleanings on different kind of W needs to be fully understood in order to avoid any kind of W corrosion or recession during wet cleaning with W exposed. In this paper the effect of several chemicals commonly used in BEOL wet cleanings for polymer removal, has been investigated on W films deriving from both CVD and ALD deposition techniques.

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Fedorova, А. Yu, and Е. N. Bushuev. "Determining of kinetic characteristics of chemical cleaning from scale deposits in steam boiler generating tubes." Vestnik IGEU, no. 4 (2019): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2019.4.005-011.

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Reliable operation of steam boilers is maintained by periodic in-service cleanings of the internal surfaces of the steam-water path. Such cleanings can be made with traditional and new acid cleaning agents. The nec-essary condition for developing an effective chemical cleaning program is predicting its required duration taking into account the properties of the detergent used and the contamination of the metal surface. Insufficient duration of this operation leads to increased residual contamination, while excessive duration – to metal dissolution. Traditionally, the required time for chemical cleaning is evaluated according to the results of laboratory experiments. The aim of this study is to obtain analytical dependencies and characteristics describing the kinetics of the acid stage of steam boiler chemical cleaning. The laboratory studies of the acid stage of chemical cleaning of samples of high-pressure steam boiler generating tubes were performed by the chemical etching method. The rates and completeness of the removal of lumpy and uniform deposits by acid reagents were also determined. The method of mathematical modeling was used to obtain the kinetic equation. The conditional purification rate constants for this equation were found by the methods of statistical processing of laboratory results. A description of the scale removal rate from the inner surface of the steam generating tubes is proposed as a first-order kinetic equation depending on their specific contamination and reagent washing solution acidity. The equation allows calculating the required duration of chemical cleaning for providing a given value of specific residual contamination of the metal surface. According to the results of the laboratory studies, the conditional rate constants of purification were determined using proven detergent reagents and types of scale. The adequacy of the obtained results is ensured by their consistency with real-life data. The results of the study can be used to select the technology of acid stages of chemical cleaning of lumpy and uniform deposits and justify their duration for providing standard values of specific residual contamination of the surface of steam generating tubes of drum boilers.

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Gabarrón, S., M. Gómez, H. Monclús, I. Rodríguez-Roda, and J. Comas. "Ragging phenomenon characterisation and impact in a full-scale MBR." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 4 (February 1, 2013): 810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.633.

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Although there are few studies about clogging phenomenon in the peer-reviewed literature, it is considered one of the main operational challenges by membrane bioreactor (MBR) practitioners. This study presents data from the performance of a full-scale MBR affected by clogging, and ragging in particular. An evaluation of the efficiencies of different applied cleaning methods revealed the acid recovery cleaning to be more efficient than the basic recovery cleanings, although all maintenance cleanings were largely ineffective in recovering membrane permeability. Only declogging cleaning through the manual removal of the accumulated solids was found to be efficient, indicating that such solids were substantially unremoved by chemical cleaning. Moreover, reclogging following manual cleaning demonstrated a propensity for rapid clogging – within a period of 10 days over which the permeability returned to 68 and 88% of the pre-cleaned state. The analysis of the feedwater indicated suspended textile fibres (>70% cotton) to be present at a concentration of more than 40 mg·L−1, ∼90% being smaller than 1 mm (0.06–0.4 mm). These small lengths of filaments evidently pass through pre-treatment and are retained on the membrane surface, forming ‘rags’ within the membrane module, notwithstanding the routine high quality of sludge reflected in the capillary suction time and filterability measurements. Pre-treatment improvement, manual cleaning and permeate flux reduction are the only options to minimise ragging impact over MBR performance.

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Bdiri, Bensghaier, Chaabane, Kozmai, Baklouti, and Larchet. "Preliminary Study on Enzymatic-Based Cleaning of Cation-Exchange Membranes Used in Electrodialysis System in Red Wine Production." Membranes 9, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090114.

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The use of enzymatic agents as biological solutions for cleaning ion-exchange membranes fouled by organic compounds during electrodialysis (ED) treatments in the food industry could be an interesting alternative to chemical cleanings implemented at an industrial scale. This paper is focused on testing the cleaning efficiency of three enzyme classes (β-glucanase, protease, and polyphenol oxidase) chosen for their specific actions on polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolic compounds, respectively, fouled on a homogeneous cation-exchange membrane (referred CMX-Sb) used for tartaric stabilization of red wine by ED in industry. First, enzymatic cleaning tests were performed using each enzyme solution separately with two different concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 g/L) at different incubation temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C). The evolution of membrane parameters (electrical conductivity, ion-exchange capacity, and contact angle) was determined to estimate the efficiency of the membrane′s principal action as well as its side activities. Based on these tests, we determined the optimal operating conditions for optimal recovery of the studied characteristics. Then, cleaning with three successive enzyme solutions or the use of two enzymes simultaneously in an enzyme mixture were tested taking into account the optimal conditions of their enzymatic activity (concentration, temperatures, and pH). This study led to significant results, indicating effective external and internal cleaning by the studied enzymes (a recovery of at least 25% of the electrical conductivity, 14% of the ion-exchange capacity, and 12% of the contact angle), and demonstrated the presence of possible enzyme combinations for the enhancement of the global cleaning efficiency or reducing cleaning durations. These results prove, for the first time, the applicability of enzymatic cleanings to membranes, the inertia of their action towards polymer matrix to the extent that the choice of enzymes is specific to the fouling substrates.

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Kucera, Jane. "Biofouling of Polyamide Membranes: Fouling Mechanisms, Current Mitigation and Cleaning Strategies, and Future Prospects." Membranes 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090111.

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Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems are continuously challenged with biofouling of polyamide membranes that are used almost exclusively for these desalination techniques. Traditionally, pretreatment and reactive membrane cleanings are employed as biofouling control methods. This in-depth review paper discusses the mechanisms of membrane biofouling and effects on performance. Current industrial disinfection techniques are reviewed, including chlorine and other chemical and non-chemical alternatives to chlorine. Operational techniques such as reactive membrane cleaning are also covered. Based on this review, there are three suggested areas of additional research offering promising, polyamide membrane-targeted biofouling minimization that are discussed. One area is membrane modification. Modification using surface coatings with inclusion of various nanoparticles, and graphene oxide within the polymer or membrane matrix, are covered. This work is in the infancy stage and shows promise for minimizing the contributions of current membranes themselves in promoting biofouling, as well as creating oxidant-resistant membranes. Another area of suggested research is chemical disinfectants for possible application directly on the membrane. Likely disinfectants discussed herein include nitric oxide donor compounds, dichloroisocyanurate, and chlorine dioxide. Finally, proactive cleaning, which aims to control the extent of biofouling by cleaning before it negatively affects membrane performance, shows potential for low- to middle-risk systems.

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Breitenstein, Lena, Florian Sevenig, Damian Pysch, Christiane Gottschalk, Martin Hermle, and Wilhelm Warta. "Simple Wet-Chemical Cleanings for High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cell Applications." Solid State Phenomena 187 (April 2012): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.187.325.

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Simple two-step wet-chemical cleans composed of an oxidizing step with in water dissolved ozone followed by an etching step have been studied for high-efficient hetero-junction silicon solar cell applications. For this purpose flat Si (111) samples passivated with amorphous silicon have been investigated. The effect of nanoroughness of the crystalline silicon surface on the minority carrier lifetime is shown. An influence of the storage time between cleaning and a-Si:H deposition was found and can partly be attributed to changes in surface roughness and native oxide growth.

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Portes Canongia, Ana Carolina, Daniela Sales Alviano Moreno, Leida Gomes Abraçado, Matheus Melo Pithon, and Mônica Tirre Araújo. "Effectiveness of methods for cleaning arch wire: an in vitro study." Bioscience Journal 37 (February 25, 2021): e37017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-55339.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate various methods of removing bacterial and fungus biofilm, to simulate orthodontic arch wires cleaning before reinsertion in the patients appliance. Rectangular Nickel Titanium (NiTi), Stainless Steel (SS) and Titanium Molybdenum (TMA) wires were divided into five groups, then contaminated with strains of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicas. Four segments of each group served as control and were not contaminated. Six cleanings methods were used to remove the biofilm: cotton roll and a chemical agent (chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol), cotton roll and water, steel woll and immersion on enzymatic detergent. There was a control group not decontaminated Then wires were placed in broth separately, and after an incubation period the optical density (OD) was measured, observing whether there was microbial growth. A wire segment of each subgroup of SS 3M® was taken to the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for visualization of the treatment response. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA test and Tukey post-test. With the exception of 70% alcohol, the disinfection means behaved similarly regardless the type of wire. Two percent Chlorhexidine and 1% Sodium Hypochlorite totally removed the microorganisms while other agents left a high microbial concentration. Chemical cleaning is necessary to remove biofilm in orthodontic wires; 1% Sodium Hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine are good disinfectants for this purpose.

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Liikanen, Riina, Jukka Yli-Kuivila, and Risto Laukkanen. "Efficiency of various chemical cleanings for nanofiltration membrane fouled by conventionally-treated surface water." Journal of Membrane Science 195, no. 2 (January 2002): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(01)00569-5.

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Bel-Berger, Patricia, and Terri Von Hoven. "Effects of Mechanical Cleaning on Cotton Fibers: Part III: Effects of Card Wire Condition on White Specks." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 12 (December 1997): 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706701201.

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Combinations of gin and mill cleaning sequences have been studied to determine the best way to clean both smooth-leaf and hairy-leaf cottons. The two varieties were subjected to four different levels of lint cleaning at the gin, followed by nine different mill cleaning sequences, for a total of thirty-six samples. All samples were tested for fiber properties (Part II), yarn strength, and fabric strength and appearance. The yarn and fabric properties are reported in this paper. In the middle of the study, the card wire was damaged and subsequently replaced, which presented the opportunity to determine the impact of the card wire's condition on white specks. In addition, image analysis of the fabric samples by Optimas detected the percent white, the percentage of the area of white specks in a specified area of fabric. Because of the variability of white specks, a larger sample size was needed than was available for the mill samples, so only trends can be reported for the mill samples. In general, the more aggressive the cleaning, the higher the percent white. When comparing the effect of ginning, each additional lint cleaner produced an increase in percent white for the worn card wire. The new card wire decreased the percent white overall as compared to the worn card wire. The new card wire samples with three lint cleanings had a significantly higher white speck level than zero, one, or two lint cleaners. Similarly, the harsher the mill cleaning, the higher the percent white. The hairy-leaf variety produced percent white values similar to those for the smooth-leaf cotton for both the old and new card wires. Thus, when confronted with the possibility of a white speck problem, minimal gin cleaning and less aggressive mill cleaning are recommended.

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EGGLESTON, GILLIAN, and ADRIAN MONGE. "HOW TIME BETWEEN CLEANINGS AFFECTS PERFORMANCE AND SUCROSE LOSSES IN ROBERT'S EVAPORATORS." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 31, no. 1 (February 2007): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00107.x.

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Дисертації з теми "Chemical cleanings"

Goujon, Christophe. "Conséquences des nettoyages chimiques sur la réactivité de la surface externe des tubes de générateurs de vapeur des centrales nucléaires à réacteur à eau sous pression." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066723.

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Les phénomènes d’encrassement et de colmatage des Générateurs de Vapeur (GV), essentiellement par la magnétite, constituent des enjeux majeurs pour la sureté et la performance des centrales nucléaires à réacteurs à eau sous pression. Ils ont pour origine principale la corrosion des tuyauteries en acier au carbone du poste d’eau du circuit secondaire. Depuis 2006, la stratégie de maintenance à long terme des GV du Parc nucléaire français repose sur l’application de nettoyages chimiques. Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier l’effet des nettoyages chimiques sur la réactivité de la surface externe des tubes de GV des centrales REP. L’étude expérimentale s’est d’abord concentrée sur la synthèse de dépôts de magnétite, par voie électrochimique et hydrothermale, aboutissant à la formation de dépôts encrassants aux propriétés contrôlées. Parallèlement, l’encrassement des tubes de GV a été étudié in-situ sur la boucle d’essais FORTRAND (FORmation et Transport des Dépôts) par la reproduction des conditions physico-chimiques de corrosion-érosion du poste d’eau et des conditions représentatives de formation de dépôts dans les GV. Au préalable, l’oxydation des tubes a assuré la formation d’une couche de passivation en surface. Suite à l’encrassement, les caractérisations de surface indiquent la formation d’un dépôt encrassant de magnétite parfaitement recouvrant et dense. L’étude de l’effet des nettoyages chimiques a ensuite été réalisée dans la boucle d’essais spécifique ECCLIPS, conçue et construite dans le cadre de l’étude. La reproduction des procédés de nettoyages chimiques selon les conditions d’applications en vigueur sur le Parc français conduit à la dissolution pratiquement totale des dépôts encrassants. La conservation de la structure et de la composition de la couche de passivation confirme l’innocuité globale des procédés pour les tubes de GV. Enfin, le réencrassement des tubes nettoyés confirme l’absence d’effet des nettoyages sur la cinétique de formation des dépôts à court terme, donnée importante en vue de définir une fréquence de nettoyage des GV. A court terme, la différence de morphologie des dépôts réencrassants semble induire une porosité plus importante susceptible d’influer sur les performances thermiques des GV. A long terme, l’application plus régulière des nettoyages chimiques devrait limiter la densification des dépôts, particulièrement néfaste pour le transfert thermique, et donc produire des effets bénéfiques sur l’évolution des performances des GV
In the secondary circuit of nuclear Pressurized Water Reactors, magnetite (Fe3O4) deposits lead to Steam Generator (SG) fouling, decreasing the thermal performance and possibly enhancing the risk of SG tube cracking. As a counteraction, chemical cleanings have become the primary strategy to remove oxide deposits in SGs of the EDF fleet. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chemical cleaning on SG tubes surface reactivity. First, an electrochemical study was performed to deposit magnetite on substrates made of Inconel 600 and 690 (SG tubes materials). Thermodynamic calculations, voltamperometric studies and deposit characterizations were performed to define the experimental protocol. Magnetite films with a thickness up to several dozen on micrometers were grown by cathodic electrodeposition. Then, SG tubes were fouled in a specific experimental loop, FORTRAND. In this device, magnetite and soluble iron were formed and released in solution by carbon steel pipes corrosion in feedwater circuit representative conditions. Then, corrosion products were flow-carried to the autoclave where their precipitation and deposition on heated SG tubes led to tubes fouling. To reproduce surface characteristics of SG tubes surface, a static oxidation step was first performed in FORTRAND autoclave and result in the formation of a fully covering passive layer on the SG tubes surface.Then in-situ fouling test was done by recirculation in FORTRAND test loop. The magnetite deposit formed on tubes was composed of a dense layer of small crystals. Second, chemical cleaning processes were applied on fouled substrates and tubes in a specific experimental device ECCLIPS designed for this purpose. SG industrial cleaning processes timing and thermochemical conditions were strictly respected during these operations and lead to the dissolution of most of the fouling deposit. The passive layer was still covering the whole surface of the tube and no variation in its thickness or composition was noticed which could indicate that chemical cleaning have no effect on the SG tubes integrity. Finally, cleaned tubes fouling was performed in FORTRAND in the same experimental conditions as before the cleaning test. It could be concluded that there is no effect of chemical cleaning on the fouling kinetics of SG tubes for a short period as the amount of deposit formed before and after cleaning was identical. Nevertheless, the small crystallite dense layer observed before cleaning was not present on cleaned tubes and the size of crystallites were bigger after cleaning. For a short period, this morphology could result in the formation of a fouling deposit with more porosity. As the increase of deposit porosity can impact the thermal transfer at the SG tube surface, morphology changes, hardly predictible, could be important for the SG thermal performance after chemical cleaning. For a longer period, frequent SG cleaning applications should prevent the densification of the deposit and thus delay performance loss over time

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Bartlett, Meloney. "Chemical cleaning of fouled membrane systems." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285409.

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Abdullah, Syed Zaki. "Membrane ageing due to chemical cleaning agent." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46862.

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Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a cleaning agent to remove adsorbed foulants from PVDF-based micro/ultra filtration membranes in water and wastewater treatment applications. Although effective for fouling control, extended sodium hypochlorite exposure can affect the physical/chemical characteristics and hinder the treatment performance of these membranes. In the present study, experiments were conducted to comprehensively quantify the effects of sodium hypochlorite exposure on changes in the physical/chemical characteristics and the filtration performances of blended PVDF-based supported hollow-fiber membranes and identifying the mechanism(s) responsible for the changes. Both the effect of the sodium hypochlorite concentration (C) and the duration of exposure (t) on the membrane characteristics are investigated. The physical/chemical characteristics and the filtration performances of virgin and aged (i.e., weathered due to exposure to sodium hypochlorite) membranes were compared. The membranes were characterized based on chemical composition (FTIR and NMR), mechanical strength (yield strength), surface hydrophilicity (contact angle), pore size and porosity (scanning electron microscopy and challenge test), membrane resistance (clean water permeation test), and affinity of the membrane for foulants (cleaning efficiency). The results indicated that exposure dose and concentration of the sodium hypochlorite used have a significant influence on the membrane characteristics. For the exposure conditions considered, the impact of sodium hypochlorite exposure on the parameters investigated could be most accurately and consistently correlated to an exposure dose relationship of the form Cnt (where, C=concentration and t=exposure time) rather than the Ct relationship commonly used to define the extent of exposure to cleaning agents. For all the parameters investigated, the power coefficient n was less than 1 indicating that time had a greater impact on the changes than did the concentration of the sodium hypochlorite. The results suggest that the use of sodium hypochlorite for chemical cleaning, at concentrations that are higher than those typically used for chemical cleaning would have less of an effect on the characteristics of the membrane materials. Changes in the characteristics were attributed to the oxidation of the hydrophilic additives (HA) present in blended PVDF membranes. A new non-destructive membrane characterization technique to evaluate the amount of membrane ageing is proposed.

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Shorrock, Chris. "Membrane cleaning : cleaning-in-place of a microfiltration membrane fouled during yeast harvesting." Thesis, University of Bath, 1999. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285410.

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Bird, Michael Roger. "Cleaning of food process plant." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251541.

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Porcelli, Nicandro. "Chemical cleaning of potable microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2009. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4659.

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Concerns over possible waterborne disease forced drinking water supply companies in England and Wales to adopt microfiltration and ultrafiltration technologies rapidly. MF and UF membrane plants are designed to produce water of a consistent quality regardless of throughput and fluctuations in the feedwater quality. To operate well they need to maintain flux and balance the rate of fouling, and chemical cleaning performance is critical to this. Giant steps have been taken into characterizing the foulants scientifically in the last few years while cleaning is reactive and ad hoc. This thesis explores the basis for a corresponding cleaning science for the technology to develop quantitively. Cleaning performance was defined in terms of a response to combinations of explanatory variables in a materials limited cleaning envelope. The study focused on applying variations of cleanant concentration, applied temperature and soak times to a variety of membranes fouled with different waters and regimes. An experimental design was developed and applied consistently to a number of different sampled sites; allowing an optimised recovery from the polynomial expressions for each treatment, through factorial analysis of the data. The size and variety of the data set analysed allowed comparison and quantification of the different deviations from optimal cleaning response. This effect was seen to vary temporally and with operating regime and the methods usefulness as a practical tool in the membrane plant lifecycle was considered. Cost evaluation of the variation in cleaning response showed that sub-optimal cleaning costs and energy use may be significant and the thesis also illustrated how module geometry affects initial cake deposition and thus cleanability. By demonstrating the potential for cleaning factor analysis, the potential for a combined heuristic and predictive cleaning control science is possible, but will need new strategies to manage technology change.

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Moitsheki, Lesego Johannes. "Nanofiltration : fouling and chemical cleaning / Lesego Johannes Moitsheki." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/391.

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The challenge of providing developing rural areas in South Africa with sufficient potable water is substantial. North West Province, among others, is water-stressed, semi-arid, and largely rural with a high dependence on groundwater as a strategic resource. Some parts of the province are having poor water quality which ends up affecting households, farming and livestock. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in detrimental ion (fluoride, nitrate and sulphate) rejection and to monitor fouling on membranes with their subsequent chemical cleaning. Five commercial membranes (D12, D11, CTC1, NF90 and NF70) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), single salt retentions and clean water permeation studies. The three-layered structure of the membranes was observed using SEM, viz.: smooth dense layer, loosely networked sublayer and the support. 012, D11 and CTC1 showed higher water flux than NF90 and NF70. Membranes showed more retention of divalent ions than of monovalent ions. All tested membranes showed a negative surface charge density. During treatment of sampled rural water, all the membranes tested (D12, D11, CTC1, NF90 and NF70) gave different ion retention results and were mostly influenced by water composition. All tested membranes satisfactorily rejected sulphate. NF70 effectively rejected all the ions of interest (fluoride, nitrate and sulphate) from rural water, indicating that NF70 behaves more like a reverse osmosis (RO) than an NF-membrane. During fouling experiments, it was found that salts crystallize on the membrane surface, thus decreasing the membrane performance. Cake formation was observed on the membranes fouled with rural water. During chemical cleaning, acid was not an effective cleaning agent. Alkali and surfactant solutions separately proved to be moderate cleaning agents (flux recovery ranged from 50% to 75%) while their combination (alkali and surfactant) gave the best results (100% flux recovery)
Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

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Pérez, Mohedano Raúl. "Cleaning principles in automatic dishwashers." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6590/.

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Cleaning inside automatic dishwashers (ADWs) represents an example of a ‘black box’ problem. The description of the phenomena occurring during a typical wash cycle is not currently well known. This thesis aims to illustrate and expand the in-depth knowledge required to better understand the wash process by analysing the different mechanical and chemical factors involved as well as the interactions between them. Online measurements techniques (Positron Emission Particle Tracking, scanning Fluid Dynamic Gauge or Image Analysis) were combined with statistical and numerical modelling to investigate the evolution over time of the cleaning system.

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Lawing, Andrew S. (Andrew Scott). "Gas-phase cleaning of silicon wafer surfaces." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38852.

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Goode, Kylee Rebecca. "Characterising the cleaning behaviour of brewery foulants, to minimise the cost of cleaning in place operations." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3908/.

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Industry operations require a clean plant to make safe, quality products consistently. As well as product quality, the environmental impact of processes has become increasingly important to industry and consumers. Cleaning In Place (CIP) is the ubiquitous method used to ensure plant cleanliness and hygiene. It is therefore vital the system is optimal and efficient. I.e. the correct cleaning agent is delivered to the fouled surface at the right time, temperature, flow rate and concentration. This cannot be assured without effective online measurement technologies. Fryer and Asteriadou (2009) describe how the nature of a fouling deposit can be related to the cost of cleaning. The evolution of three key deposit types has also enabled current fouling and cleaning literature to be easily classified. In the brewery there are many types of soil that need to be cleaned of which the cost of cleaning was unknown. The cost of fermenter CIP in one brewery was found to be £106 k per year. Effective fouling methods for yeast and caramel; and the relationship between flow, temperature, and caustic concentration in the removal of yeast and caramel soils seen in industry has been done. This work has helped determine effective cleaning methods for these soils from stainless steel coupons and pipes. Fermentation vessels have been found by Goode et al., (2010) to have two types of soil: A – fouling above the beer resulting from the act of fermentation, and B – fouling below the beer resulting from emptying the fermenter. The type B fouling below the beer was found to be a type 1 soil that could be removed with water. An increase in flow velocity and Reynolds number decreased cleaning time. An increase in temperature did not decrease cleaning time significantly at higher flow velocities, 0.5 m s-1. Fouling above the beer occurs when material is transported to and stick on to the wall during fermentation foaming. This happens initially and as a result the fouling has a long aging time. This yeast film represents a type 2 deposit, removed in part by water and in part by chemical. Most of the deposit could be removed by rinsing with warm water. At 50°C the greatest amount of deposit was removed in the shortest time. A visually clean surface could be achieved at all temperatures, 20, 30, 50 and 70°C, using both 2 and 0.2 wt % Advantis 210 (1 and 0.1 wt % NaOH respectively). A visually clean surface was achieved quicker at higher detergent temperatures rather than rinsing at higher flow velocity or concentration. This finding suggests most deposit can be removed with warm water and cleaned with lower detergent concentrations. Currently in the brewery 2 % NaOH is used at 70°C. Caramel represents a type 3 soil. When heated it sticks to stainless steel and requires chemical action for removal. Confectionary caramel was cooked onto pipes and coupons and the effect of flow velocity, temperature and concentration on removal determined. At high flow velocity most of the deposit could be removed from the pipe using water. There was no significant difference in the mass of caramel removed by the water however. A visually clean surface was achieved by rinsing at 80°C with 2.5% Advantis. A visually clean surface could not be achieved at lower temperatures at higher concentration, 5% Advantis, or at higher flow velocity. The measurement of online conductivity and flow rate values was invaluable during each experiment. Turbidity values did indicate the removal of yeast and caramel from pipes however offline measurements were required to confirm removal. Caramel removal could be wholly quantified by mass when cleaning pipes. The integration of the turbidity values measured during each rinse correlated well with the mass of deposit removed in most cases. Coupon cleaning was wholly quantified by area . A cost saving of £69 k can be made by optimising fermenter CIP to warm pre-rinsing followed by ambient caustic circulation. An £8 k saving can be made by optimising yeast tank CIP to pre-rinsing only and acid sanitisation. Industry must ensure effective online CIP measurements are made throughout cleaning to describe the process effectively and enable optimisation. It is crucial to have cleaning measurement information to hand because that is how we ensure our customers they are buying a quality product. Also you cannot optimise what you do not measure effectively.

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Книги з теми "Chemical cleanings"

Harrington, Joe. Industrial Cleaning Technology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001.

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Flick, Ernest W. Advanced cleaning product formulations. Norwich, N.Y: Noyes Publications/William Andrew Pub., LLC, 1999.

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Shitov, Viktor. Technology cleaning houses and apartments. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1023167.

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The textbook describes the types and content of the work of cleaning and maintaining order of premises, care of furniture, care of household items and everyday life, technology and modern means of cleaning, household chemicals, equipment for cleaning of premises. In detail we considered six practical work and independent work in studying the discipline of MDK.01.02 "Technology of homemaking". Can be used in the development of the discipline "Technology of homemaking" module PM.01 "Management of housekeeping" for specialty 43.02.08 "home Services and utilities". For students of institutions of secondary professional education.

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Lukanin, Alleksandr. Cleaning of gas and air emissions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1070340.

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The monograph examines the currently existing industrial gas emissions in the chemical, petrochemical, microbiological, pharmaceutical and related industries, methods for calculating their quantity and methods for protecting the air basin from them. The materials are based on an in-depth analysis of methods for cleaning frequently occurring, most dangerous substances that enter the Earth's atmosphere with waste gases of large-scale production. Recommendations are given on methods for calculating gross emissions of harmful substances for a large number of specific industries. The subject of the monograph is related to the scientific areas "Technosphere safety" and "Engineering environmental protection", training profiles: engineering environmental protection of localities, engineering environmental protection of industrial enterprises and environmental protection and resource conservation. It will be of interest to engineering and technical staff, graduate students and teachers.

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Webb, D. Guidelines for qualifying cleaning and verification materials. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1995.

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Diercks, D. R. Chemical decontamination and chemical cleaning of LWR components and possible interactions with metallurgical aging effects. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1988.

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executive, Health and safety. Safe use of cleaning chemicals in the hospitality industry. UK: Health and Safety Executive, 2003.

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IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Dry cleaning, some chlorinated solvents and other industrial chemicals. Lyon, France: IARC, 1995.

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Massachusetts. Dept. of Environmental Protection. Office of Technical Assistance. Mastex Industries reduces chemical use in cloth cleaning and dyeing operations. [Boston, Mass.]: Office of Technical Assistance, Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1995.

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Taback, H. J. Alkaline and Stretford scrubbing tests for H. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Laboratory, 1986.

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Fukuzaki, Satoshi. "Chemical Cleaning." In Biofilm and Materials Science, 155–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14565-5_19.

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Vedavyasan, C. V. "Chemical Cleaning of Membranes." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_633-4.

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Norton, G. A., Richard Markuszewski, and H. G. Araghi. "Chemical Cleaning of Coal." In ACS Symposium Series, 63–74. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0319.ch006.

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Vedavyasan, C. V. "Chemical Cleaning of Membranes." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 379–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_633.

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de Larios, John. "CMP Cleaning." In Chemical-Mechanical Planarization of Semiconductor Materials, 251–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06234-0_8.

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Rovito, Robert J., Michael B. Korzenski, Ping Jiang, and Karen A. Reinhardt. "Fundamental Design of Chemical Formulations." In Handbook of Cleaning in Semiconductor Manufacturing, 169–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118071748.ch5.

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Jaswal, Ashish, and Manoj Kumar Sinha. "A Review on Solar Panel Cleaning Through Chemical Self-cleaning Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 835–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8542-5_73.

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Raghavan, Srini, Manish Keswani, and Nandini Venkataraman. "Surface and Colloidal Chemical Aspects of Wet Cleaning." In Handbook of Cleaning in Semiconductor Manufacturing, 1–36. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118071748.ch1.

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Aust, Hans Jürgen. "Physico-chemical Soll Cleaning The Hafemeister System." In Contaminated Soil ’90, 939–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3270-1_206.

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Yates, John T. "Cleaning of Ion Pumps by Chemical Etching." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 126–27. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2304-7_41.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Chemical cleanings"

Do´czi, Miklo´s. "Steam Generator In-Service Inspections at Paks NPP." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48063.

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Steam Generator is one of the most critical components in nuclear power plants. It has of overriding importance from point of view of safe and reliable operation of the whole plant. Variety of degradation mechanisms affecting SG tube bundle may cause different types of material damage. In Paks NPP eddy current in-service inspection have been performed since 1988. In the year 1997 higher number of defected tubes were found in case of Unit#2, compared to results of the previous years. A medium term SG inspection program had been performed in the time period between 1998–2004. Based on the results of eddy current inspections high number of heat exchanger tubes had been plugged. Chemical cleanings of all steam generators were performed aiming to reduce the magnetite, copper deposits and corrosion agents acting on the surface of the tubes. Replacement of the main condensers had been performed to stop the uncontrolled water income caused by the relatively frequent leakages of the condenser tubes. Several tube samples had been cut from the first row of the tube bundles of different steam generators to study the effectiveness of the cleaning process and to determine the composition of deposits on the tube outside surface. Also several tubes with eddy current indications had been pulled out from the steam generators to determine the acting degradation mechanism. Examination of removed tubes can provide opportunity to check the reliability of eddy current inspection using bobbin coil. Also there were tubes pulled out form SG with existing cracks. From the year 2005 new inspection program had been started. As the first results of the new inspection program shows, there is only a few new indications had been found and there is no measurable crack propagation in case of existing indications. During the recent years feed-water collectors were replaced in case of all units of the power plant, because of material damage (erosion corrosion). The paper summarizes the results of eddy current in-service inspection of heat exchanger tubes, results of examinations of removed tubes and also deals with results of visual examination of the feed-water distributor system.

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Bauer, Thomas, and Matthias Svoboda. "Stator Leakage Monitoring System in Water-Cooled Generators: Problems and Solutions." In ASME 2021 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2021-65471.

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Abstract An electrical generator is one of the most efficient large-scale machines. It converts mechanical to electrical energy with an efficiency coefficient of approximately 99%. The remaining 1% can mainly be contributed to heat losses. Direct cooling is only necessary for larger turbogenerators with more than 250 MVA where the cooling media is introduced via hollow conductors within the stator bars. Turbogenerators of approximately up to 700 MVA nowadays use exclusively hydrogen (H2) gas as a cooling media. Even larger turbogenerators have to introduce direct water cooling. The water chemistry of the stator cooling water is typically of neutral pH and has a conductivity of less than 0.1 μS/cm. Two zones of the oxygen (O2) concentration have been established through the last 50 years, one at low dissolved O2 concentration with less than 20 ppb, the other with high concentrations of more than 2 ppm. The latter has to continuously inject CO2 free air to ensure to always keep the oxygen concentration above 2 ppm. The first part of this publication shows several incidents with the air injection system in different Nuclear Power Plants in the US, resulting in unfavorable stator cooling water chemistry. This led to a reduced cooling efficiency, resulting in several chemical online cleanings being necessary. The second part of this work presents a technical solution to overcome the issues associated with the reduced stator cooling. It continuously injects and monitors the air injected into the system. Additionally, it also measures the hydrogen leakage rate.

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Volchyn, Igor, Vladyslav Rashchepkin, Andrii Yasynetskyi, and Wlodziemierz Przybylski. "Wet integrated flue gas cleaning." In Chemical technology and engineering. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/cte2019.01.352.

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Jordan, Myles Martin, Louise Sutherland, and Clare Jennifer Johnston. "Online Cleaning of Carbonate Deposits. The Potential and Limitations of a Novel Cleaning Method." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204365-ms.

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Abstract The formation of calcium carbonate scale within produced brine as it passes through topside heaters is a very common flow assurance challenge. Normally this scale risk is predicted and chemically controlled via scale inhibitors deployed upstream of the point of brine supersaturation. In some operations chemical application is not fully effective due to under treating of the chemical or carbonate from the reservoir (fines) builds up within the heaters. In cases of reduced fluid throughput cleaning of the inorganic scale is required. The most common method of cleaning is to take the heater offline and batch clean with acids (mineral or organic) to remove the deposits. This paper outlines an investigation into the performance of conventional batch cleaning vs a more novel application method of online cleaning the heater while operating with application of organic acid into the produced fluid upstream of the heaters. The online cleaning process was evaluated via laboratory tests where packed column of field scale were flushed with organic acid within the produced water, and for comparison mineral acid, to understand the potential for online cleaning vs batch cleaning and what factors influenced the effectiveness of these application methods. Factors evaluated included flow rate/contact time, acid strength and acid type. During these online cleaning tests, the effluent of each column was evaluated for pH and finally weight loss at the end of the tests. The online cleaning results were compared to conventional batch cleaning assessment of the same scale samples via static bottle tests The observations from the tests show that online cleaning using both organic and mineral acids result in the development of preferential flow paths within the scale packed columns that reduces the effectiveness of the cleaning chemicals. Improvements to the cleaning program were investigated such as the scale thickness when cleaning is first started to improve cleaning performance and fluid flow rate, increased acid concentration and liquid to solid ratio changes. Field application data from the initial cleaning programs and improvements to the cleaning programs will be shared as part of this publication The factors that need to be assessed to determine if this method is suitable for a specific process system and likelihood of effective scale removal are presented. This method does present the possibility for some production systems that cleaning of carbonate scale can be carried out without the need to take the heater offline for chemical batch or mechanical cleaning.

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Choi, Jaehyuck, Jinsu Kim, Jeff Lowe, Davide Dattilo, Soowan Koh, Jun Yeol Choi, Uwe Dietze, Tsutomu Shoki, Byung Gook Kim, and Chan-Uk Jeon. "Film loss-free cleaning chemicals for EUV mask lifetime elongation developed through combinatorial chemical screening." In SPIE Photomask Technology, edited by Naoya Hayashi and Bryan S. Kasprowicz. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2197226.

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Lizotte, Todd E., and Terence R. O'Keeffe. "Chemical-free cleaning using excimer lasers." In Photonics West '96, edited by Jan J. Dubowski, Jyotirmoy Mazumder, Leonard R. Migliore, Chandrasekhar Roychoudhuri, and Ronald D. Schaeffer. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.237737.

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Beznosyk, Yurii, and Liudmyla Bugaeva. "New Processes for Cleaning Gas Emissions from Nitrogen Oxides." In Chemical technology and engineering. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/cte2019.01.043.

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"Technological detergents for cleaning compressors of gas turbine installations." In Chemical technology and engineering. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/cte2021.01.232.

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Busnaina, Ahmed A., and Naim Moumen. "Slurry Residue Removal in Post Chemical Mechanical Polishing." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/cie-9049.

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Abstract The megasonic cleaning process proved to be an essential process in cleaning silicon wafers after processes such as pre-oxidation, pre-CVD, pre-EPI, post-ASH and lately post-CMP. Current post-CMP cleans are contact cleaning techniques. These contact techniques have a low throughput and may cause wafer scratching. In addition, in contact cleaning, brush shedding which occurs under many operating conditions causes additional particulate contamination. There is a need for an effective post-CMP cleaning process. Megasonic cleaning provides the best alternative or compliment to brush clean.

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Ng, Dedy, Milind Kulkarni, Hong Liang, Yeau-Ren Jeng, and Pai-Yau Huang. "Nano-Particle Interaction During Chemical-Mechanical Polishing." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63591.

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We investigate the particle adhering and removal processes during CMP and post-CMP cleaning. The mechanical interaction between abrasive particles and wafer surface was studied using a microcontact wear model. This model considers the particle effects between the polishing interfaces during load balancing. Experimental results on polishing and cleaning are compared with numerical analysis. This study suggests that during post-CMP cleaning, a combined effort in chemical and mechanical interaction (tribochemical interactions) would be effective in removal small particles during cleaning. For large particles, more mechanical forces would be more effective.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Chemical cleanings"

Palmer, S. R., and E. J. Hippo. Chemical coal cleaning using selective oxidation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6148319.

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Barnes, M. J. Waste Tank Heel Chemical Cleaning Summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/820002.

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Petit, Sylvain, Joannie Chin, Amanda Forster, Michael Riley, and Kirk Rice. Effect of artificial perspiration and cleaning chemicals on mechanical and chemical properties of ballistic fibers. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7494.

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Poirier, M., and S. Fink. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES FROM TANK 5F CHEMICAL CLEANING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1009561.

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Poirier, M., and S. Fink. ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES FROM TANK 6F CHEMICAL CLEANING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1009567.

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Hay, M., and W. King. Alternative Enhanced Chemical Cleaning Basic Studies Results FY09. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/978455.

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Hay, M., and W. King. Alternative Enhanced Chemical Cleaning Basic Studies Results FY09. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/978456.

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Wiersma, B. ALTERNATIVE AND ENHANCED CHEMICAL CLEANING: CORROSION STUDIES RESULTS: FY2010. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/990341.

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Basilio, C. I., and Roe-Hoan Yoon. Development of the chemical and electrochemical coal cleaning process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5544790.

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Yoon, R. H. Development of the chemical and electrochemical coal cleaning process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5474579.

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