Готові списки джерел за темами / Characterization of sensors

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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Characterization of sensors":

1

Giurgiutiu, Victor, and Andrei N. Zagrai. "Characterization of Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 11, no. 12 (December 2000): 959–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/a1hu-23jd-m5au-engw.

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In the beginning, the classical one-dimensional analysis of piezoelectric active sensors is reviewed. The complete derivation for a free-free sensor is then extended to cover the cases of clamped and elastically constrained sensors. An analytical model based on structural vibration theory and theory of piezoelectricity was developed and used to predict the electromechanical (E/M) impedance response, as it would be measured at the piezoelectric active sensor’s terminals. The model considers one-dimensional structures and accounts for both axial and flexural vibrations. The numerical analysis was performed and supported by experimental results. Experiments were conducted on simple beam specimens to support the theoretical investigation, and on thin gauge aluminum plates to illustrate the method’s potential. It was shown that E/M impedance spectrum recorded by the piezoelectric active sensor accurately represents the mechanical response of a structure. It was further proved that the response of the structure is not modified by the presence of the sensor, thus validating the sensor’s non-invasive characteristics. The sensor calibration procedure is outlined and statistical analysis was presented. It was found that PZT active sensors have stable and repeatable characteristics not only in as-received condition, but also while mounted on 1-D or 2-D host structure. It is shown that such sensors, of negligible mass, can be permanently applied to the structure creating a non-intrusive sensor array adequate for on-line automatic structural identification and health monitoring.
2

Petrović, Davor, and Željko Barač. "Different Sensor Systems for the Application of Variable Rate Technology in Permanent Crops." Tehnički glasnik 12, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20180213125928.

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The paper presents a review of different sensory systems for trees’ characterization and detection in permanent crops and the detection of plant health status in crop conditions for the purpose of applying the variable application rate. The use of new technologies enables the use of variable inputs in production with the aim of increasing the economic profit and reducing the negative impact on the environment. World trends increasingly emphasize the use of various sensor systems to achieve precision agriculture and apply the following: ultrasonic sensors for the detection of permanent crops; LIDAR (optical) sensors for treetop detection and characterization; infrared sensors with similar characteristics of optical sensors, but with very low cost prices and N - sensors for variable nitric fertilization. The daily development of sensor systems applied in agricultural production improves the performance and quality of the machines they are installed on. With a more intensive use of sensors in agricultural mechanization, their price becomes more acceptable for widespread use by achieving high quality work with respect to the ecological principles of sustainable production.
3

Aijazi, A. K., L. Malaterre, L. Trassoudaine, and P. Checchin. "SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 3D SOLID STATE LIDAR SENSORS FOR AUTONOMOUS GROUND VEHICLES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (August 6, 2020): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-199-2020.

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Abstract. 3D LiDAR sensors play an important part in several autonomous navigation and perception systems with the technology evolving rapidly over time. This work presents the preliminary evaluation results of a 3D solid state LiDAR sensor. Different aspects of this new type of sensor are studied and their data are characterized for their effective utilization for object detection for the application of Autonomous Ground Vehicles (AGV). The paper provides a set of evaluations to analyze the characterizations and performances of such LiDAR sensors. After characterization of the sensor, the performance is also evaluated in real environment with the sensors mounted on top of a vehicle and used to detect and classify different objects using a state-of-the-art Super-Voxel based method. The 3D point cloud obtained from the sensor is classified into three main object classes “Building”, “Ground” and “Obstacles”. The results evaluated on real data, clearly demonstrate the applicability and suitability of the sensor for such type of applications.
4

Yulianti, Ian, Ngurah Made Darma Putra, Fianti Fianti, Abu Sahmah Mohd Supa’at, Helvi Rumiana, Siti Maimanah, and Kukuh Eka Kurniansyah. "Characterization of Temperature Response of Asymmetric Tapered-Plastic Optical Fiber-Mach Zehnder Interferometer." Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) 10, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v10n1.p34-43.

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Temperature measurement is important in various applications; therefore, various temperature sensors have been developed. Due to its advantages, many optical fiber-based temperature sensors have been proposed. The wavelength modulation-based optical sensor is interesting due to high accuracy. However, the complex fabrication process and high cost limit the advantages of the sensors. Therefore, we proposed a simple and low-cost Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor using step-index plastic optical fiber (SI-POF). Performance characterization of the sensor to temperature variation is presented. The sensor consists of two tapers at several distances, forming an interferometer. The first taper was designed to be steep to allow excitation of cladding modes, while the second taper was gradual to suppress power loss. Characterizations were done in terms of sensitivity, hysteresis, and repeatability by analyzing the output spectrums recorded by the spectrometer at various environment temperatures, 35oC to 85oC, with an increment of 10oC. The results showed that the sensor has a sensitivity of 0.0431 nm/oC and a correlation coefficient of 0.9965. Hysteresis of 6.9×10-3 was observed. In terms of repeatability, the sensor shows a maximum deviation, ±3oC, which was mainly resulted from the fluctuation of the oven temperature. Despite its high deviation, the sensor has advantages of simple fabrication, low cost, robust, and low power loss, which make it a good candidate for temperature sensors.
5

Grima, Adrian, Mario Di Castro, Alessandro Masi, and Nicholas Sammut. "Frequency response characterization of ironless inductive position sensors with long cables." MATEC Web of Conferences 208 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820803007.

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The two linear position sensors used to determine the position of the European Organization for Nuclear Research; Large Hadron Collider collimator’s jaws with respect to the beam are the linear variable differential transformer and the ironless inductive position sensor. The latter was designed as an alternative to the former since the linear variable differential transformer exhibits a position error in magnetic environments. The ironless inductive position sensor is an air cored, high-precision linear position sensor, which is by design immune to external DC or slowly varying magnetic fields. Since the ironless inductive position sensor is required to have no on-board electronics, the raw signal has to be carried through long cable lengths and this may lead to performance degradation. This paper focuses on a set of experimental measurements conducted to assess the ironless inductive position sensor’s sensitivity at different frequencies with long cable lengths. This is critical for the sensor`s correct operation in the Large Hadron Collider`s collimators. Furthermore, to gain a better understanding, the ironless inductive position sensor’s frequency response is compared with a commercial off-the-shelf linear variable differential transformer.
6

Nouri, Hanen, Dhivakar Rajendran, Rajarajan Ramalingame, and Olfa Kanoun. "Homogeneity Characterization of Textile-Integrated Wearable Sensors based on Impedance Spectroscopy." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 6530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176530.

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One of the main challenges during the integration of a carbon/polymer-based nanocomposite sensor on textile substrates is the fabrication of a homogeneous surface of the nanocomposite-based thin films, which play a major role in the reproducibility of the sensor. Characterizations are therefore required in every fabrication step to control the quality of the material preparation, deposition, and curing. As a result, microcharacterization methods are more suitable for laboratory investigations, and electrical methods can be easily implemented for in situ characterization within the manufacturing process. In this paper, several textile-based pressure sensors are fabricated at an optimized concentration of 0.3 wt.% of multiwalledcarbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite material in PDMS. We propose to use impedance spectroscopy for the characterization of both of the resistive behavior and capacitive behavior of the sensor at several frequencies and under different loads from 50 g to 500 g. The impedance spectra are fitted to a model composed of a resistance in series with a parallel combination of resistance and a constant phase element (CPE). The results show that the printing parameters strongly influence the impedance behavior under different loads. The deviation of the model parameter α of the CPE from the value 1 is strongly dependent on the nonhomogeneity of the sensor. Based on an impedance spectrum measurement followed by parameter extraction, the parameter α can be determined to realize a novel method for homogeneity characterization and in-line quality control of textile-integrated wearable sensors during the manufacturing process.
7

Vivek, A., K. Shambavi, and Zachariah C. Alex. "A review: metamaterial sensors for material characterization." Sensor Review 39, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-06-2018-0152.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on research work related to metamaterial-based sensors for material characterization that have been developed for past ten years. A decade of research on metamaterial for sensing application has led to the advancement of compact and improved sensors. Design/methodology/approach In this study, relevant research papers on metamaterial sensors for material characterization published in reputed journals during the period 2007-2018 were reviewed, particularly focusing on shape, size and nature of materials characterized. Each sensor with its design and performance parameters have been summarized and discussed here. Findings As metamaterial structures are excited by electromagnetic wave interaction, sensing application throughout electromagnetic spectrum is possible. Recent advancement in fabrication techniques and improvement in metamaterial structures have led to the development of compact, label free and reversible sensors with high sensitivity. Originality/value The paper provides useful information on the development of metamaterial sensors for material characterization.
8

Moreno, Javier, Eduard Clotet, Dani Martínez, Marcel Tresanchez, Tomàs Pallejà, and Jordi Palacín. "Experimental Characterization of the Twin-Eye Laser Mouse Sensor." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4281397.

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This paper proposes the experimental characterization of a laser mouse sensor used in some optical mouse devices. The sensor characterized is called twin-eye laser mouse sensor and uses the Doppler effect to measure displacement as an alternative to optical flow-based mouse sensors. The experimental characterization showed similar measurement performances to optical flow sensors except in the sensitivity to height changes and when measuring nonlinear displacements, where the twin-eye sensor offered better performance. The measurement principle of this optical sensor can be applied to the development of alternative inexpensive applications that require planar displacement measurement and poor sensitivity toz-axis changes such as mobile robotics.
9

Banothu, Akhil Naik, Vinay Budhraja, Prabha Sundaravadivel, Reginald Fletcher, and Krishna Reddy. "Design and Characterization of Printed Flexible Humidity Sensor." ECS Transactions 113, no. 13 (May 17, 2024): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11313.0027ecst.

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The development of humidity sensors is essential for applications in the environmental, agriculture, medical and semiconductor industries. This research focused on using advanced printed board circuit (PCB) printing technology to fabricate a humidity moisture sensor. The fabrication of humidity sensor was done using two different polymers: p-HEMA and polyimide, and the performance was compared. Humidity sensors with p-HEMA showed higher capacitance value and more sensitivity than the humidity sensors with polyimide. The variation in sensitivity was higher between the relative humidity from 60% to 90% than between 45% to 60%.
10

Xu, Hong Yan, Xing Qiao Chen, Ling Zhan Fang, and Bing Qiang Cao. "Preparation and Characterization of Cerium-Doped Tin Oxide Gas Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1450.

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In this paper, the precursors were synthesized by microwave hydrothermal method using SnCl4•5H2O and Ce(NO3)3·6H2O as raw material, CO(NH2)2 as precipitants, respectively. Pure SnO2 nanoparticles and cerium-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were obtained. Furthermore, five kinds of SnO2 thick film gas sensors were fabricated from the above SnO2 nanoparticles (the sensors denoted as sensor SC0, SC2, SC3, SC4 and SC6, respectively). The experiment results showed that, compared with pure SnO2 thick film gas sensor, the intrinsic resistance of cerium-doped SnO2 thick film gas sensors decreased, and their sensor responses to acetone vapor increased, which are discussed in relation to the SEM micrographs of thick film sensors.
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Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "Characterization of sensors":

1

Petitdidier, Nils. "LSST: Characterization of the CCD sensors." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168008.

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2

Hughes, Höglund Joshua. "Bed-time sensors - characterization and comparison." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datorteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-371795.

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The population of the world is aging. In Sweden alone, almost 20% of the population is 65 years or older. As people get older, problems with sleep disturbances and sleep quality tends to increase, as do the risks of falling injuries. In this thesis, methods for calculating sleep quality and if a person is about to leave a bed were devised. A bed sensor, measuring ballistocardiographical signals, was used to measure activity in bed and vital signs of the occupant. The Cole-Kripke algorithm, used to calculate sleep quality based on activity from a wrist worn sensor, was adapted to the bed sensor system and compared to results from the ActiGraph wGT3X-BT activity monitor, which is frequently used in research. The bed sensor systems sleep quality estimations showed strong correlation with the ActiGraph, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.946. Two approaches were made to estimate if a subject was about to leave the bed, one by training a neural network on labeled night data, and one using a linear equation with each term consisting of activity data, optimized by linear regression. The neural network approach suffered from limited data, but the linear method showed more promise, with accuracy, specificity and sensitivity all over 70%.
3

Blank, Kerstin. "Molecular force sensors design, characterization and applications /." Diss., [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00006085.

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4

LOMBARDO, LUCA. "Development and characterization of sensors for human health." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2774813.

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5

Annanouch, Fatima Ezahra. "Design, Optimization and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanowire Sensors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/352214.

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En aquesta tesi, he estudiat i desenvolupat un mètode de deposició química en fase vapor assistit per aerosol (AACVD), per al creixement directe de nanoagulles d'òxid de tungstè funcionalitzades o intrínseques. Els dipòsits s'han realitzat sobre diferents substrats trasndcutors per a la seva aplicació a la detecció de gasos. Aquesta tècnica ofereix la possibilitat de co-dipositar els metalls amb els òxids metàl•lics emprant una sola etapa de deposició. La síntesi del material nanoestructurat, la fabricació del dispositiu, la caracterització dels materials i la detecció de gasos han estat investigades. El mètode AACVD es va emprar per al creixement i la integració directa de la pel•lícula sensible sobre substrats ceràmics (alúmina), MEMS (micro hotplates) i polimèrics flexibles, el que demostra la seva compatibilitat i idoneïtat per al creixement de nanoestructures d'òxid metàl•lics sobre una àmplia gamma de substrats transductors. A més, el mètode AACVD s'ha implementat també en un reactor de paret freda per créixer les nanoestructures de WO3, emprant l'escalfament localitzat que permeten aconseguir les microresistencias calefactores integrades en alguns dels transdcutors emprats. Totes les pel•lícules sintetitzades en aquesta tesi doctoral es componien de nanoagulles de WO3 pur o de WO3 funcionalitzat amb nanopartícules d'or (Au), platí (Pt), òxid de coure (Cu2O) o pal•ladi (Pd). Es van utilitzar diverses tecnologies d'anàlisi per caracteritzar la morfologia, l'estructura i la composició de les pel•lícules produïdes. Els resultats van mostrar que el nostre mètode és eficaç per al creixement de nanoagulles cristal•lines de WO3 decorades amb nanopartícules de metalls / òxids metàl•lics, a temperatures moderades (és a dir, 380 ° C), amb eficàcia en els seus costos i amb temps de fabricació curts, directament sobre l'element transdcutor amb vista a obtenir sensors de gasos. Els estudis de detecció de gasos han mostrat que aquest nanomaterial híbrid té una excel•lent sensibilitat i selectivitat en comparació amb mostres de WO3 pur. A més, els nanocompostos Cu2O / WO3 i Pd / WO3 han demostrat posseir una excel•lent sensibilitat i selectivitat cap als gasos H2S i H2, respectivament.
En esta tesis, he estudiado y desarrollado un método de deposición química en fase vapor asistido por aerosol (AACVD), para el crecimiento directo de nanoagujas de óxido de tungsteno funcionalizadas o intrínsecas. Los depósitos se han realizado sobre distintos sustratos transdcutores para su aplicación a la detección de gases. Esta técnica ofrece la posibilidad de co-depositar los metales con los óxidos metálicos empleando una sola etapa de deposición. La síntesis del material nanoestructurado, la fabricación del dispositivo, la caracterización de los materiales y la detección de gases han sido investigadas. El método AACVD se empleó para el crecimiento y la integración directa de la película de sensible sobre sustratos cerámicos (alúmina), MEMS (micro hotplates) y poliméricos flexibles, lo que demuestra su compatibilidad e idoneidad para el crecimiento de nanoestructuras de óxido metálicos sobre una amplia gama de sustratos transductores. Además, el método AACVD se ha implementado también en un reactor de pared fría para crecer las nanoestructuras de WO3, empleando el calentamiento localizado que permiten conseguir las microresistencias calefactoras integradas en algunos de los transductores empleados. Todas las películas sintetizadas en esta tesis doctoral se componían de nanoagujas de WO3 puro o de WO3 funcionalizado con nanopartículas de oro (Au), platino (Pt), óxido de cobre (Cu2O) o paladio (Pd). Se utilizaron diversas tecnologías de análisis para caracterizar la morfología, la estructura y la composición de las películas producidas. Los resultados mostraron que nuestro método es eficaz para el crecimiento de nanoagujas cristalinas de WO3 decoradas con nanopartículas de metales / óxidos metálicos, a temperaturas moderadas (es decir, 380 ° C), con eficacia en sus costes y con tiempos de fabricación cortos, directamente sobre el elemento trasndcutor con vistas a obtener sensores de gases. Los estudios de detección de gases han mostrado que este nanomaterial híbrido tiene una excelente sensibilidad y selectividad en comparación con muestras de WO3 puro. Además, los nanocompuestos Cu2O / WO3 y Pd / WO3 han demostrado poseer una excelente sensibilidad y selectividad hacia los gases H2S y H2, respectivamente.
In this thesis, I have studied and developed aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) methods for the direct growth of non-functionalized and functionalized tungsten oxide nanoneedles, onto different transducer substrates, for gas sensing applications. This technique gives the possibility to co-deposit metals with metal oxides nanostructures within a single step deposition. The nanostructured material synthesis, device fabrication, material characterization and gas sensing performance have been investigated. AACVD method was employed for the direct growth and integration of the sensing film onto ceramic (alumina), MEMS (silicon micro hotplates) and flexible polymeric substrates, demonstrating its compatibility and suitability for growing metal oxide nanostructures onto a wide spectrum of sensor substrates. Furthermore, AACVD based on the localized heating of substrates employing their embedded resistive microheaters has been also performed and developed for the growth of WO3 nanostructures, using a cold wall reactor. All the synthesized films used in this doctoral thesis were composed of pure WO3 nanoneedles or WO3 nanoneedles functionalized with either gold (Au), platinum (Pt), cuprous oxide (Cu2O) or palladium (Pd) nanoparticles. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the morphology, the structure and the composition of the produced films. The results showed that our method is effective for growing single crystalline WO3 nanoneedles decorated with metals/metal oxides nanoparticles at moderate temperatures (i.e., 380 °C), with cost effectiveness and short fabrication times, directly onto transducers in view of obtaining gas sensors. The gas sensing studies performed showed that these hybrid nanomaterials have excellent sensitivity and selectivity compared to pristine WO3 samples. Cu2O/WO3 and Pd/WO3 nanocomposites have shown excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward H2S and H2 gases respectively.
6

Griffiths, David John. "Development of Ionic Polymer Metallic Composites as sensors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35676.

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Ionomeric polymer transducers (IPTs) are an exciting new class of smart materials that can serve a dual purpose in engineering or biomedical applications as sensors or actuators. Most commonly they are used for mechanical actuation, as they have the ability to generate large bending strains and moderate stress under low applied voltages. Although the actuation capabilities of IPTs have been extensively studied, the sensing capabilities of these transducers have yet to be fully explored. The work presented herein aims to investigate the fundamental sensing characteristics of these transducers and apply the acquired knowledge toward the development of an electronic stethoscope for digital auscultation. The sensors were characterized both geometrically and electrically to determine their effectiveness in resolving a signal from sub 1 Hz to 2 kHz. Impedance spectroscopy was used to interrogate the sensing mechanism. Following the characterization of the transducer, a bioâ acoustic sensor was designed and fabricated. The bioâ acoustic sensor was placed over the carotid artery to resolve the arterial pressure waveform in situ and on the thorax to measure the S1 and S2 sounds generated by the heart. The temporal response and spectral content was compared with previously known data and a commercially available electronic stethoscope to prove the acquisition of cardiovascular sounds.
Master of Science
7

Tsolov, Peter. "Design, fabrication and characterization of thick-film gas sensors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8450.

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Анотація:
DE LA TESIS DOCTORAL
Título: Diseño, fabricación y caracterización de sensores de capa gruesa
Doctorando: Peter Tsolov Ivanov
Director: Xavier Correig Blanchar
Los sensores de gases de estado sólido han demostrado ser muy prometedores para
supervisar la emisión de los agentes contaminadores en el aire, porque son una opción
de bajo coste para la construcción de analizadores de gases. Algunos problemas se
relacionados con este tipo de dispositivos, especialmente su baja selectividad y el alto
consumo de energía, siguen sin resolver. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es el
desarrollo de nuevos sensores y matrices de sensores con mejorada selectividad y
reducido consumo de energía.
La metodología usada en esta tesis consiste en fabricar matrices de sensores hechas de
sensores con distintas selectividades. Como la respuesta del sensor es diferente en
distintas temperaturas de trabajo y como los distintos dopantes o los filtros catalíticos
aceleran o reducen la respuesta del sensor, los diferentes sensores dan diferentes
reacciones. Combinando estas reacciones y con la ayuda de técnicas del reconocimiento
de patrones, se pueden crear grupos de sensores capaces de distinguir entre distintos
agentes contaminantes.
La tesis comienza repasando los métodos usados para la fabricación de los sensores de
gases y discutiendo los problemas relacionados con la baja selectividad de los óxidos
metálicos. Se especifican también los diferentes métodos para aumentar la selectividad.
Se introduce y se describe detalladamente la técnica de screen-printing. Los
experimentos se realizaron con cuatro tipos de substratos de sensores (cerámica, silicio,
microhotplate y silicon-on-insulator) y con más de 15 capas activas basadas en dióxido
de estaño y trióxido de tungsteno (puras y dopadas con oro, platino, plata, titanio y
paladio). Una amplia variedad de compuestos volátiles (amoníaco, etanol, acetona y
benceno), de gases (monóxido de carbono, dióxido de nitrógeno, metano y sulfuro de
PhD thesis of Peter Tsolov Ivanov Resumen de la tesis doctoral
hidrógeno) y de algunas mezclas binarias ha sido medida. Los resultados obtenidos por
los análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos de los gases estudiados con una matriz de
sensores basada en cuatro sensores simples nos han llevado a descubrir el óptimo
sensor/matriz para los distintos gases/mezclas binarias.
Los resultados demostraron que, con la ayuda de redes neuronales Fuzzy ARTMAP, es
posible identificar y cuantificar simultáneamente los gases analizados usando solamente
una matriz de microhotplates (cuatro sensores) con la misma capa activa. Los sensores
de SnO2 y de WO3 dopados demostraron diversa respuesta a los agentes contaminantes
probados. Componiendo cuidadosamente la matriz de sensores y definiendo bien la
temperatura de trabajo podemos discriminar, con un alto grado de éxito, los diversos
gases probados sin la necesidad de técnicas de reconocimiento de patrones.
La conclusión principal que se puede sacar de esta tesis es que las matrices de sensores,
junto con las técnicas de reconocimiento de patrones, se pueden utilizar para aumentar
perceptiblemente la selectividad de los sensores de óxidos metálicos. La simplicidad de
los métodos propuestos permite su uso en el desarrollo de analizadores de gases más
baratos y narices electrónicas portátiles.
A partir de la investigación realizada durante esta tesis doctoral se han elaborado 15
artículos publicados en revistas internacionales, 10 comunicaciones en las conferencias
internacionales y 3 comunicaciones en conferencias españolas.



PhD thesis of Peter Tsolov Ivanov Resume of the doctoral thesis
OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
Title: Design, Fabrication and Characterization of Thick-Film Gas Sensors
Doctorate: Peter Tsolov Ivanov
Director: Xavier Correig Blanchar
Solid-state gas sensors have proved to be very promising for monitoring the emission of
air pollutants because they are a low cost option for constructing gas analysers. Some
problems associated to this approach, especially their deficient selectivity and high
power consumption, remain unsolved. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to develop new
sensors and sensor matrices that can improve the selectivity of metal oxide gas sensors
and decrease their power consumption.
The methodology used here consists of creating sensor matrices made from sensors with
different selectivities. As the sensor response is different at different working
temperatures and as the different dopants or catalytic filters accelerate or reduce the
sensor response, the different sensors give different reactions. If these reactions are
combined, sensor groups capable of discriminating between different pollutants can be
obtained with the help of pattern recognition techniques.
The thesis begins by reviewing the methods used for fabricating gas sensors and
discussing the problems caused by the poor selectivity of metal oxide gas sensors and
the methods for increasing their selectivity. Then, the screen-printing technique is
introduced and described. The experiments were performed with four different types of
gas sensor substrates (ceramic, silicon, microhotplate and silicon-on-insulator) and more
than 15 active layers (undoped and doped with gold, platinum, silver, titanium and
paladium tin dioxide and tungsten trioxide sensitive layers). A wide variety of volatile
compounds (ammonia, ethanol, acetone and benzene), gases (carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide) and some binary mixtures were
measured. The results obtained from quantitative and qualitative gas analysis using the
PhD thesis of Peter Tsolov Ivanov Resume of the doctoral thesis
sensor response from a simple 4 sensor based matrix led to the optimal sensor/sensor
matrix for gas/binary mixtures.
The results showed that, with the help of fuzzy ARTMAP neural networks, it is possible
to identify and simultaneously quantify the gases analysed by using only one MHP-chip
(four sensors) with the same active layer. The doped SnO2 and WO3 sensors showed
different response to the tested pollutants. Composing carefully the sensor matrix and
defining well the working temperature we were able to discriminate, with a high success
rate, between the different test gases with no need for pattern recognition techniques.
The main conclusion that can be drawn from this thesis is that sensor matrices can be
used, coupled to dynamic pattern recognition techniques, to significantly increase the
selectivity of metal oxide sensors. The simplicity of the methods implemented makes
them suitable for developing low-cost gas analysers and hand-held e-noses.
The research carried out during this doctoral thesis resulted in 15 articles being
published in international journals, 10 communications at international conferences and
3 communications at a Spanish national conference.
PhD thesis of Peter Tsolov Ivanov Resumen de la tesis doctoral
8

Unander, Tomas. "Characterization of Low Cost Printed Sensors for Smart Packaging." Licentiate thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Information Technology and Media, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-7049.

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Currently there are very significant interests in printed electronics in the world. The possibility to produce electronics in a roll to roll printing process will considerably reduce the cost of the electronic devices. However, these new devices will most probably not replace the traditional silicon based electronics, but will be a complement in low cost applications such as in intelligent packages and other printable media. One interesting area is printable low cost sensors that add value to packages. In this thesis a study of the performance of low cost sensors is presented. The sensors were fabricated using commercial printing processes used in the graphical printing business. The sensors were characterized and evaluated for the intended application. The evaluated sensors were moisture sensing sensor solutions and touch sensitive sensor solutions.

A printable touch sensitive sensor solution is presented where the sensor is incorporated into a high quality image such as in point of sales displays. The sensor solution showed good touch sensitivity at a variety of humidity levels. Four printed moisture sensor concepts are presented and characterized. Firstly, a moisture sensor that shows good correlation to the moisture content of cellulose based substrates. Secondly, a sensor that measures the relative humidity in the air, the sensor has a measuring accuracy of 0.22% at high relative humidity levels. Thirdly, a moisture sensor that utilizes unsintered silver nano-particles to measure the relative humidity in the air, the sensor has a linear response at very low relative humidity levels. And fourth, an action activated energy cell that provides power when activated by moisture. A concept of remote moisture sensing that utilizes ordinary low cost RFID tags has also been presented and characterized. The remote sensor solution works both with passive and semi-passive RFID systems. The study shows that it is possible to manufacture low cost sensors in commercial printing processes.


Det är för närvarande ett stort intresse för tryckt elektronik. Att kunna tillverka elektroniska komponenter i en rulle till rulle process möjliggör en reducering av tillverkningskostnaden. Dessa nya komponenter kommer sannolikt inte konkurrera ut den traditionella kiselbaserade elektroniken utan kommer att kunna komplimentera kiselelektronik i segment där kostnaden är väldigt viktig som i intelligenta förpackningar och andra tryckta medier. Ett intressant område är tryckta sensorer som kan addera värde till förpackningar. I denna avhandling presenteras en studie kring tryckta sensorer som kan tillverkas till låg kostnad. Sensorerna är tillverkade i kommersiella grafiska tryckpressar. Sensorerna karakteriseras och utvärderas för de applikationer som de är tänkta för. I denna avhandling har fuktsensorer och beröringskänsliga sensorer undersökts.

Det presenteras en tryckt beröringskänslig sensor som integreras i ett högkvalitativt grafiskt tryck. Denna sensor är tänkt att användas i reklamskyltar för att skapa interaktivitet. Sensorn har en bra känslighet vid varierande fukthalter. Även fyra fuktsensorer presenteras och utvärderas. Den första sensorn mäter fukthalten i cellulosabaserade substrat och visar en bra korrelation till fukthalten i substratet. Den andra sensorn mäter den relativa fukten i luften, denna sensor har en mätnoggrannhet på 0.22% för höga fukthalter. Den tredje sensorn använder partiklar i nanostorlek för att mäta fukthalten i luften. Denna sensor fungerar väldigt bra vid låga fukthalter. Den fjärde sensorn är en energicell som producerar el när den blir fuktig. Även en fuktsensor som kan läsas av på håll utvärderas. Detta sensorkoncept är baserad på vanliga RFID taggar och kan användas med både passiva och semi-passiva taggar. Denna avhandling visar att det är möjligt att tillverka sensorer till en låg kostnad in en traditionell grafisk tryckpress.

9

Wang, Xiaozhen. "Characterization of Fiber Tapers for Fiber Devices and Sensors." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23330.

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Fiber tapers have attracted much attention and have been successfully employed in various applications, ranging from resonators, filters, interferometers to sensors. This thesis studies the properties of fiber tapers for the purpose of making tapered-based devices and sensors in aerospace related application where small size and light weight are critical. This thesis includes theoretical derivation and experimental verifications of distributed mode coupling in tapered single-mode fibers (SMFs) with high-resolution optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique. The studies are realized with OFDR through phase detection of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which measures local refractive index change relative to the reference arm. The wavelength shifts converted by the phase change give the group index differences between the fundamental mode and higher-order modes of fiber tapers. The energy re-distribution is observed in Rayleigh backscatter amplitude as a function of fiber length with a ~13µm resolution over the entire fiber taper, and group index difference between core and cladding modes is measured with a spatial resolution of ~2cm by using autocorrelation data processing. The thermal and mechanical properties of fiber tapers have also been characterized with OFDR. The cross-correlation wavelength shift is related to the refractive index change of the modes. It is shown that residual stress induced by the tapering process results in the inhomogeneous thermal property, which can be significantly reduced by an annealing treatment. A fiber taper with a waist diameter of ~6µm has a force sensitivity of ~620.83nm/N, ~500 times higher than that of SMF. Furthermore, polarization-preserving character of tapered polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) is evaluated by OFDR-based distributed birefringence along tapered PMFs. Three tapered-based micro-fiber devices have been used as effective mode selecting components to build narrow-linewidth tunable Erbium-doped fiber ring lasers. The fabrication is easy and at a low cost. 1) a tapered fiber tip forms multimode interference mechanism; 2) a two-taper MZI has been demonstrated by splitting/combining the fundamental mode and higher-order modes through fiber tapers and is tuned by bending one taper waist; 3) a novel tunable fiber Fabry-Perot filter, consisting of a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber and a micro-fiber, is employed in the reflection mode.
10

Lee, Hsiao-Yen. "Synthesis and characterization of nano-sructured materials for sensors." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505052.

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Книги з теми "Characterization of sensors":

1

O, Claus Richard, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Optical fiber sensors for materials and structures characterization. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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2

Popović, R. S. Hall effect devices: Magnetic sensors and characterization of semiconductors. Bristol, England: A. Hilger, 1991.

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3

Shams, Qamar A. Characterization of polymer-coated MEMS humidity sensors for flight applications. Hampton, VA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 2003.

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4

Michael, Thompson. Surface-launched acoustic wave sensors: Chemical sensing and thin-film characterization. New York: Wiley, 1997.

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5

1926-, Tsuchiya Kiyoshi, and World Space Congress (2nd : 2002 : Houston, Texas), eds. Calibration, characterization of satellite sensors, physical parameters derived from satellite data. Kidlington, Oxford: Published for the Committee on Space Research [by] Pergamon, 2003.

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6

Fraga, Mariana Amorim. Amorphous silicon carbide thin films: Deposition, characterization, etching, and piezoresistive sensors applications. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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7

L, Barker John, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch, eds. Landsat-4 science characterization early results. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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8

N, Kumta Prashant, and American Ceramic Society Meeting, eds. Processing and characterization of electrochemical materials and devices. Westerville, Ohio: American Ceramic Society, 2000.

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9

Shimoda, Haruhisa, Xiaoxiong Xiong, and Choen Kim. Earth observing missions and sensors: Development, implementation, and characterization : 13-14 October 2010, Incheon, Korea, Republic of. Edited by SPIE (Society) and Han'guk Haeyang Yŏn'guwŏn. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 2010.

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10

Shimoda, Haruhisa. Earth observing missions and sensors: Development, implementation, and characterization II : 30 October-1 November 2012, Kyoto, Japan. Edited by SPIE (Society). Bellingham, Washington: SPIE, 2012.

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Частини книг з теми "Characterization of sensors":

1

Gupta, Ankur, and Gulshan Verma. "Characterization of Nanomaterials." In Nanostructured Gas Sensors, 25–63. New York: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003331230-2.

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2

Ferrari, Paolo, Luca Lamagna, and Francesco Daniele Revello. "Thin Films Characterization and Metrology." In Silicon Sensors and Actuators, 105–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80135-9_4.

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3

Fatimah, Is, Gani Purwiandono, Ganjar Fadillah, and Wiyogo Prio Wicaksono. "Functional Nanomaterials for Characterization Techniques." In Functional Nanomaterials for Sensors, 39–59. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003263852-3.

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4

Rupitsch, Stefan Johann. "Characterization of Sensor and Actuator Materials." In Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators, 127–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57534-5_5.

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5

Kim, Jung-Keun, Chang-Soo Lee, and Eunji Lee. "Smart Vesicles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications." In Smart Membranes and Sensors, 53–103. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119028642.ch3.

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6

Yahyazadeh, Arash, and Alivia Mukherjee. "Functionalization and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes." In Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors, 44–67. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003376071-3.

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7

Ceccone, Giacomo, D. Gilliland, and Wilhelm Kulisch. "Surface Analytical Characterization of Biosensor Materials." In Nanotechnological Basis for Advanced Sensors, 81–102. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0903-4_10.

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8

Rupitsch, Stefan Johann. "Characterization of Sound Fields Generated by Ultrasonic Transducers." In Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators, 341–406. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57534-5_8.

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9

Ayyanar, C. Balaji, K. Marimuthu, and B. Gayathri. "Characterization of Syzygium cumini Particulates-Filled Epoxy Composites." In Intelligent Technologies for Sensors, 39–44. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003314851-5.

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10

Pang, Lingyan, Xiao Jia, Jiaojiao Gao, and Hui Liu. "Self-Assembly and Fabrication of Biomaterials onto Transducers and Their Characterization." In Biomaterials-Based Sensors, 127–75. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8501-0_5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Characterization of sensors":

1

Phillips, David M., Keith A. Slinker, Cody W. Ray, Benjamin J. Hagen, Jeffery W. Baur, Benjamin T. Dickinson, and Gregory W. Reich. "Artificial Hair Sensors: Electro-Mechanical Characterization." In ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7707.

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Performance demands of future unmanned air vehicles will require rapid autonomous responses to changes in environment. Towards this goal, we expect that the next generation flight control systems will include advanced sensors beyond the contemporary array. One promising scenario correlates measurements of flow footprints over aircraft surfaces with aerodynamic data to aid navigation and feedback control algorithms. As a sensor for this concept, we construct artificial hair sensors (AHSs) based on glass microfibers enveloped in an annular, radially-aligned piezoresistive carbon nanotube (CNT) forest to measure air flow in boundary layers. This study includes an analysis of the sensitivity based on laboratory scale electromechanical testing. The sensors in this work utilize nine micron diameter S2 glass fibers as the sensing mechanism for coupling to boundary layer air flows. The annular CNT forest resides in a fused silica microcapillary with electrodes at the entrance. The sensor electrical transduction mechanism relies on the resistance change of the CNT forest due to changes in both the bulk and contact resistance as a function of mechanical loading on the fiber. For the electromechanical analysis, the sensors are controllably loaded to measure both the force and moment acting at the base of the hair and the resulting deflection of the CNT forest inside of the microcapillary is measured to estimate the stress on the forest and the pressure between the forest and the electrode. The electrical responses of the sensors are compared to the mechanical state of the CNT forest. This work represents the development of a characterization tool to better understand and control the response of CNT based AHSs.
2

Sheiretov, Yanko, Leslie Evans, Darrell Schlicker, Vladimir Zilberstein, Neil Goldfine, and Ruth Sikorski. "TBC Characterization Using Magnetic and Electric Field Sensors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27526.

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Recent advances in magnetic and electric field sensors have enabled accurate measurements of bond coat and top coat material properties and thicknesses. This paper reviews current methods of using electric and magnetic field sensors for coating assessment in separate measurements and in a hybrid magnetic-electric sensor construct. Magnetic field (inductive) sensors can be used to characterize gas turbine components by providing critical information about the thickness and condition of the metallic bond coat and thickness of the top coat. Electric field (capacitive) sensors can be used to characterize ceramic top coats by providing information about the thickness, condition, and surface roughness of the top coat. Using multivariate inverse methods and precomputed model-derived databases, multiple unknown coating properties are estimated simultaneously and independently. The capability to independently estimate four unknowns with one sensor and as many as six unknowns with both sensors together enables practical application of this technology for manufacturing quality and in-service condition assessment. Together, these two sensors can provide an effective method of nondestructively characterizing both metallic and ceramic coatings on turbine components.
3

Carvalho, V., F. Soares, M. Belsley, and R. M. Vasconcelos. "Automatic yarn characterization system." In 2008 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2008.4716557.

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4

Sheridan, Eoin, Mohammad Amanzadeh, Saiied M. Aminossadati, Mehmet S. Kizil, and Warwick P. Bowen. "Fibre Microfabrication and Characterization for Gas Sensing." In Optical Sensors. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/sensors.2012.stu2f.3.

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5

Peiner, Erwin, and Lutz Doering. "Characterization of diesel injectors using piezoresistive sensors." In 2010 Ninth IEEE Sensors Conference (SENSORS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2010.5690341.

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6

Gao, Zhaolin, Matthew J. Danley, Jack T. Kloster, Victor K. Lai, and Ping Zhao. "Characterization of Nanoporous Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Sensors Under Tensile Loading." In ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2021-67462.

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Abstract A Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) sensor with integrating nanoporous structures was developed and fabricated to improve its piezoelectric effect. The sensor samples with different porosities ranging from 3.3% to 42.0% were made. The porosity effect on the piezoelectric coefficient d31 of the sensors was studied under tensile loading. The results showed that the d31 value increased from ∼21.3 pC/N to ∼51.3 pC/N as the porosity increased from 3.3% to 23.7%. With a further increase in porosity, the d31 value had a considerable declining trend. The optimal porosity value was determined to be 23.7% as the sensor exhibited the strongest piezoelectric effect at this point. Meanwhile, a cyclic load was applied to the sensors to investigate their sensing effect and the results indicated that the sensors can properly detect a dynamic load ranging from 0 to 10 N. It was also found that the voltage output produced from the sensors significantly changed with the porosity and the sensor with 23.7% porosity showed the best sensing performance, which was in an agreement with the piezoelectric coefficient d31.
7

Ferrara, Giovanni, Lorenzo Ferrari, and Gabriele Sonni. "Experimental Characterization of a Remoting System for Dynamic Pressure Sensors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68733.

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Concerning measurements with dynamic pressure sensors, one of the most interesting aspects is the influence of a remoting system interposed between the sensor and the measurement point. This mounting system, once correctly characterized, allows one to use the same sensor for different measurement points, reducing the total number of sensors used. In addition, in all the applications involving high temperatures (e.g. combustion chamber), a remoting system allows the use of cheaper dynamic pressure sensors with lower operating temperature capability. A remoting system for dynamic pressure sensors made up by a remoting duct, between the sensor and the measurement point, followed by a damping duct has been characterized for different tube lengths. Tests were carried out with two kinds of sources: a diaphragm-less shock tube for the first set of tests and an acoustic speaker for the second. Results are here reported and commented.
8

Nüssler, Dirk, Christian Krebs, and Ralf Brauns. "Detection of non-metallic impurities and defects through radar measurements." In OCM 2013 - Optical Characterization of Materials. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.58895/ksp/1000032143-14.

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The detection of non-metallic impurities and defects during the production of food is a critical task for every inspection system. Through recall campaigns caused by the contamination of food during the production process can corrupt the good reputation of companies for a long time. To minimize the risk a huge number of sensor technologies is implemented. The spectrum of sensors starts from the optical region over sensors in the infrared region to x-ray systems. The main disadvantage of most of the systems is the inability to detect non-metallic contaminations inside a product. The paper describes the possibilities of modern radar systems to fulfill these tasks.
9

Lefebvre, Paul, Andre Vincelette, Peter Ficocelli, Sebastien Allard, and Sylvie Carbonneau. "Reliability Characterization of Fiber Bragg Grating." In Optical Fiber Sensors. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofs.2006.md6.

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10

Rupitsch, Stefan J. "Simulation-based characterization of piezoceramic materials." In 2016 IEEE SENSORS. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2016.7808757.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Characterization of sensors":

1

Thundat, Thomas G., Zhiyu Hu, Gilbert M. Brown, and Baohua Gu. Microcantilever Sensors for In-Situ Subsurface Characterization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895615.

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2

Fonseca, Michael A., Jennifer M. English, Martin Von Arx, and Mark G. Allen. High Temperature Characterization of Ceramic Pressure Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463252.

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3

Holman, Rob. Robust Littoral Characterization using Electro-Optical Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557166.

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Israel, Scott, and Zoltan Gecse. Characterization of Silicon Sensors for HGCal in CMS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1614730.

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5

Campanella, Michael, Maral Alyari, and Ron Lipton. Characterization of CMS High Granularity Calorimeter Silicon Sensors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1623362.

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6

Fink, Bruce K., Mahendra B. Dorairaj, John W. Gillespie, and Jr. Vinyl-Ester (VE) Cure Characterization Via Direct Current Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392622.

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7

Clausen, Jay, Richard Hark, Russ Harmon, John Plumer, Samuel Beal, and Meghan Bishop. A comparison of handheld field chemical sensors for soil characterization with a focus on LIBS. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43282.

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Commercially available handheld chemical analyzers for forensic applications have been available for over a decade. Portable systems from multiple vendors can perform X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, and recently laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Together, we have been exploring the development and potential applications of a multisensor system consisting of XRF, Raman, and LIBS for environmental characterization with a focus on soils from military ranges. Handheld sensors offer the potential to substantially increase sample throughput through the elimination of transport of samples back to the laboratory and labor-intensive sample preparation procedures. Further, these technologies have the capability for extremely rapid analysis, on the order of tens of seconds or less. We have compared and evaluated results from the analysis of several hundred soil samples using conventional laboratory bench top inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for metals evaluation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Raman spectroscopy for detection and characterization of energetic materials against handheld XRF, LIBS, and Raman analyzers. The soil samples contained antimony, copper, lead, tungsten, and zinc as well as energetic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), nitroglycerine (NG), and dinitrotoluene isomers (DNT). Precision, accuracy, and sensitivity of the handheld field sensor technologies were compared against conventional laboratory instrumentation to determine their suitability for field characterization leading to decisional outcomes.
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Ganguly, Suman. Experimental Demonstration of Underground Structure Characterization Using Sensitive Magnetic Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399347.

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Ganguly, Suman. Experimental Demonstration of Underground Structure Characterization Using Sensitive Magnetic Sensors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406535.

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Nguyen, Q. H. Vendors search for viscosity sensors for in situ tank waste characterization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10192394.

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