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Статті в журналах з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Shi, Meirong, Xin Zhao, Qi Wang, and Le Wu. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Co-Processing of Bio-Oil and Vacuum Gas Oil in an Existing Refinery." Processes 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The co-cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and bio-oil has been proposed to add renewable carbon into the co-processing products. However, the environmental performance of the co-processing scheme is still unclear. In this paper, the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme are calculated by the end-point method Eco-indicator 99 based on the data from actual industrial operations and reports. Three scenarios, namely fast pyrolysis scenario, catalytic pyrolysis scenario and pure VGO scenario, for two cases with different FCC capacities and bio-oil co-processing ratios are proposed to present a comprehensive comparison on the environmental impacts of the co-processing scheme. In Case 1, the total environmental impact for the fast pyrolysis scenario is 1.14% less than that for the catalytic pyrolysis scenario while it is only 26.1% of the total impacts of the pure VGO scenario. In Case 2, the environmental impact of the fast pyrolysis scenario is 0.07% more than that of the catalytic pyrolysis and only 64.4% of the pure VGO scenario impacts. Therefore, the environmental impacts can be dramatically reduced by adding bio-oil as the FCC co-feed oil, and the optimal bio-oil production technology is strongly affected by FCC capacity and bio-oil co-processing ratio.
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Shakiyeva, Tatyana V., Larissa R. Sassykova, Anastassiya A. Khamlenko, Ulzhan N. Dzhatkambayeva, Albina R. Sassykova, Aigul A. Batyrbayeva, Zhanar M. Zhaxibayeva, Akmaral G. Ismailova, and Subramanian Sendilvelan. "Catalytic cracking of M-100 fuel oil: relationships between origin process parameters and conversion products." Chimica Techno Acta 9, no. 3 (July 4, 2022): 20229301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/chimtech.2022.9.3.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of technologies for processing oil residues is relevant and promising for Kazakhstan, since the main oil reserves of hydrocarbons in the country are in heavy oils. This paper describes the study of the influence of technological modes on the yield and hydrocarbon composition of products formed because of cracking of commercial fuel oil and fuel oil M-100 in the presence of air in the reactor. For catalysts preparation, natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay were used. It was found that the introduction of air into the reaction zone, in which oxygen is the initiator of the cracking process, significantly increases the yield of the middle distillate fractions. In the presence of air, the yield of diene and cyclodiene hydrocarbons significantly increases compared to cracking in an inert atmosphere. According to the data of IR spectral analysis of M-100 grade oil fractions, in addition to normal alkanes, the final sample contains a significant amount of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. On the optimal catalyst, owing to oxidative cracking of fuel oil, the following product compositions (in %) were established: Fuel oil M-100: gas – 0.8, gasoline – 1.1, light gas oil – 85.7, heavy residue – 11.9, loss – 0.5 and total – 100.0%; commodity Fuel oil (M-100): gas – 3.3, gasoline – 8.4, light gas oil – 84.3, heavy residue – 4.0, loss – 0 and total – 100.0%.
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Orazbayev, Batyr, Dinara Kozhakhmetova, Ryszard Wójtowicz, and Janusz Krawczyk. "Modeling of a Catalytic Cracking in the Gasoline Production Installation with a Fuzzy Environment." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 4736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article offers a systematic approach to the method of developing mathematical models of a chemical-technological system (CTS) in conditions of deficit and fuzziness of initial information using available data of various types. Based on the results of research and processing of the collected quantitative and qualitative information, mathematical models of the reactor are constructed. Formalized and obtained mathematical statements of the control problem for choosing effective modes of operation of technological systems are based on mathematical modeling. Based on the obtained expert information, linguistic variables were described and a database of rules describing the operation of the input parameters of the reactor unit of the catalytic cracking unit was obtained.
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Dolomatova, M. M., A. I. Bystrov, R. I. Khairudinov, R. S. Manapov, N. A. Zhuravleva, R. Z. Bakhtizin, and I. G. Kuzmin. "The Possibility of Estimating the Characteristics for the Fractional Composition of Heavy Oils by Optical Absorption Spectra." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 631, no. 3 (2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-631-3-10-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The possibility of estimating the fractional composition by the parameters of optical absorption spectra is shown for heavy oils and gas oils of catalytic cracking. The characteristics of the normal distribution of the composition by boiling points were obtained by processing experimental data on the ITK curves using the Newton - Raphson optimization method. The dependences linkingthe average boiling point μ and the dispersion of the normal distribution law for the composition are established.The obtained dependences can be used for primary estimates of the fractional composition for raw materials and the efficiency of the fractionating columns on the refinery.
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Kerssens, M. M., A. Wilbers, J. Kramer, P. de Peinder, G. Mesu, B. J. Nelissen, E. T. C. Vogt, and B. M. Weckhuysen. "Photo-spectroscopy of mixtures of catalyst particles reveals their age and type." Faraday Discussions 188 (2016): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00210a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, a mixture of catalyst particles that consist of either zeolite Y (FCC-Y) or ZSM-5 (FCC-ZSM-5) is used in order to boost the propylene yield when processing crude oil fractions. Mixtures of differently aged FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 particles circulating in the FCC unit, the so-called equilibrium catalyst (Ecat), are routinely studied to monitor the overall efficiency of the FCC process. In this study, the age of individual catalyst particles is evaluated based upon photographs after selective staining with substituted styrene molecules. The observed color changes are linked to physical properties, such as the micropore volume and catalytic cracking activity data. Furthermore, it has been possible to determine the relative amount of FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 in an artificial series of physical mixtures as well as in an Ecat sample with unknown composition. As a result, a new practical tool is introduced in the field of zeolite catalysis to evaluate FCC catalyst performances on the basis of photo-spectroscopic measurements with an off-the-shelf digital single lens reflex (DSLR) photo-camera with a macro lens. The results also demonstrate that there is an interesting time and cost trade-off between single catalyst particle studies, as performed with e.g. UV-vis, synchrotron-based IR and fluorescence micro-spectroscopy, and many catalyst particle photo-spectroscopy studies, making use of a relatively simple DSLR photo-camera. The latter approach offers clear prospects for the quality control of e.g. FCC catalyst manufacturing plants.
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He, Wei, Jufeng Li, Zhihe Tang, Beng Wu, Hui Luan, Chong Chen, and Huaqing Liang. "A Novel Hybrid CNN-LSTM Scheme for Nitrogen Oxide Emission Prediction in FCC Unit." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8071810.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), a key unit for secondary processing of heavy oil, is one of the main pollutant emissions of NOx in refineries which can be harmful for the human health. Owing to its complex behaviour in reaction, product separation, and regeneration, it is difficult to accurately predict NOx emission during FCC process. In this paper, a novel deep learning architecture formed by integrating Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) for nitrogen oxide emission prediction is proposed and validated. CNN is used to extract features among multidimensional data. LSTM is employed to identify the relationships between different time steps. The data from the Distributed Control System (DCS) in one refinery was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture. The results indicate the effectiveness of CNN-LSTM in handling multidimensional time series datasets with the RMSE of 23.7098, and the R2 of 0.8237. Compared with previous methods (CNN and LSTM), CNN-LSTM overcomes the limitation of high-quality feature dependence and handles large amounts of high-dimensional data with better efficiency and accuracy. The proposed CNN-LSTM scheme would be a beneficial contribution to the accurate and stable prediction of irregular trends for NOx emission from refining industry, providing more reliable information for NOx risk assessment and management.
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Towner, Tyler W., and Donald G. Plumlee. "Design and Fabrication of LTCC Catalyst Chambers." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (September 1, 2011): 000037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-ta15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reduction in satellite size and mass presents the need to develop a proportionally smaller propulsion system for orbital station keeping. A liquid, monopropellant micropropulsion device made from Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramics (LTCC) has been developed at Boise State University. This robust, simple design uses an embedded silver catalyst chamber to decompose a rocket-grade hydrogen peroxide monopropellant into a hot gas, which is then expelled out through a nozzle to generate thrust. Using LTCC eliminates the planar geometry fabrication constraint commonly found in silicon MEMS processing. This report presents the design and fabrication, and optimization of the hydrogen peroxide catalyst chamber used in these monopropellant microthrusters. Using the standard fabrication process for LTCC an initial prototype was developed. The design of this initial device was developed to measure the efficiency of the catalyst chamber by evaluating the ability of the device to decompose hydrogen peroxide. Catastrophic cracking within the device substrate was observed during initial testing. In order to obtain sufficient data, it was assumed that the cracking was due to thermal expansion and so a new functional design was implemented that decreased the overall cross sectional area of the device and decreased failure rates. To ensure that this assumption is correct, an investigation of device failure will be presented using an embedded resistor to simulate the catalytic reaction occurring inside the substrate. The results from this investigation will be documented. Additionally, optical microscope images will be used to document the failure investigation process. Several conclusions will be presented to improve the ability to use LTCC for high temperature applications.
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Krymets, G. V., M. I. Litynska, and O. V. Melnychuk. "Catalytic processing of the acid tars." Catalysis and Petrochemistry, no. 33 (2022): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/kataliz2022.33.084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Acid tars are wastes from the processing of coal, petroleum, and petrochemicals (oil refining, benzene refining and petroleum fractions refining and alkylation of isobutane with butenes). Acid tar compositions include resinous substances, organic matter, and polymerization products of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The presence of free sulfuric acid in acid tars often reaches 70 % by weight. Almost all metals from oil are concentrated in tars, and the content of vanadium and nickel can reach 0.046 and 0.014 %, respectively. A lot of countries keep acid tar in the open air in spent quarries, storage ponds, barns, lagoons or near landfills. It poses a risk or even potential threat to people and to the environment nearby due to soil, water, and air pollution. Thus, disposal of the acid tars is a very important ecological and industrial task. In this study, we have researched catalytic cracking and distillation as the utilization methods for acid tar. Anhydrous AlCl3 was used as a catalyst during the cracking of petroleum residues to obtain volatile gasoline fractions due to its catalytic activity in many organic reactions. The catalyst ratios (0.15 g/g of tar or 0.1 g/g of tar) had a very significant influence on the number of volatile fractions and boiling temperature in the acid tar cracking process. According to the results of 1H NMR research, the main components of volatile fractions in the case of catalytic cracking were alkanes CH3-(CH2)n-CH3. The compositions of these fractions were similar to the compositions of gasoline and diesel fuel. A series of distillation experiments (distillation of previously deacidified and centrifuged tar, acid tar without deacidification and centrifugation, and previously deacidified tar without centrifu-gation) gave different results for each type of material. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main components of volatile fractions (~ 80, ~ 60 and ~ 90 %, respectively) and the contents of aliphatic S-organic compounds were also significant (~ 10, ~ 30 and ~ 8 %). Thus, both for catalytic cracking and for tar distillation, aliphatic hydrocarbons were the main component of volatile fractions. Deacidification of tar increased the yield of aliphatic hydrocarbons during tar distillation and decreased production of S-organic compounds due to its reactions with calcium carbonate. It is perspective in the context of fuel production.
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Shakiyeva, Tatyana, Larissa Sassykova, Anastassiya Khamlenko, Binara Dossumova, Albina Sassykova, Albina Muratova, Madina Zhumagali, Nurbubi Zhakirova, and Tleutai Abildin. "Composite catalysts for the catalytic processing of fuel oil." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper describes the catalytic cracking of heavy petroleum feedstock on catalysts based natural Taizhuzgen zeolite and Narynkol clay (Kazakhstan). Catalytic cracking was studied on fuel oil of the M-100 brand taken from the LLP Pavlodar Oil Chemistry Refinery (Kazakhstan). Air was added into the reaction medium. It was found that under optimal conditions, the conversion of the heavy residue of M-100 fuel oil reaches 46.2%, when cracking the initial fuel oil, the yield of the middle distillate fraction is 85.7 wt. % due to the content of 41.1 wt. % residual light gas oil in the resulting products. The optimal composite catalyst allows carry out the cracking of heavy oil residues without preliminary purification and with a high degree ofconversion to diesel fraction.
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Koledin, O. S., M. Yu Dolomatov, E. A. Kovaleva, R. V. Garipov, and M. R. Valeev. "THE QSPR MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF OCTANE NUMBERS OF HYDROCARBONS OF A SERIES OF ALKENES BY TOPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLECULES." Electrical and data processing facilities and systems 17, no. 3-4 (2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/1999-5458-2021-17-3-4-92-102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Relevance Modeling, optimization and design of processes in the technology of oil refining and organic synthesis, as well as the use of new chemical and technological processes involv ing hydrocarbon systems with the calculation of physical and chemical properties (РCS) of liquids and gases. The accuracy of calculations plays an observed role in the calculations of oil refining and organic synthesis processes, as well as approximate reactor processes, fractionation and heat exchange equipment. Despite the availability of РCS databases, the search for adequate initial data takes a long time at the stage of the entire development or design process, since the РCS of many hydrocarbons remains unknown. Aim of research To develop a quantitative Structure-Property Ratio (QSPR) model for octane hydrocarbons of a series of alkenes. Research methods To predict the octane numbers of normal and substituted alkenes — components of catalytic cracking, a nonlinear multivariate regression model Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) is proposed. The objects of the study were 30 hydrocarbons of a number of alkenes, selection in the basic and test samples, made randomly using computer data of physical and chemical properties. The model associates a set of descriptors with the octane numbers — the topological characteristics of their molecular graphs: the Wiener index, the Randich index and the magnitude of the quadratic dependence of bone structure, which affect the octane numbers and reflect the main structural and chemical factors, such as the length and branching of the carbon skeleton, and sensitive parameters. molecules. Results The adequacy of the models was confirmed by statistical data processing, so the coefficient of determining the models is 0.856. For the quality characteristics of the QSPR model, the multiple correlation coefficient r = 0.925 was calculated, which suggested a force relationship between the proposed topological characteristics of hydrocarbon molecules and their octane numbers. To assess the statistical stability of the model, a correlation correction was used. The maximum absolute and relative errors for octane number sampling tests are 4.0 units and 4.1 %, respectively. The statistical calculation, which makes it possible to judge the adequacy of the predicted indicators, their compliance with the reference data, is the standard regression error of 6.5 units. The small value of the standard error of the regression in comparison with the values of the dependence of the applicable adequacy of the proposed model. The model adequately uses the octane numbers of linear and branched alkenes and can be used to predict the octane numbers of gasoline components.
Дисертації з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Pashikanti, Kiran. "Predictive Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Refinery Reaction and Fractionation Systems from Plant Data: Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) and Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Catalytic Reforming Processes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation includes two accounts of rigorous modeling of petroleum refinery modeling using rigorous reaction and fractionation units. The models consider various process phenomena and have been extensively used during a course of a six-month study to understand and predict behavior. This work also includes extensive guides to allow users to develop similar models using commercial software tools.
(1) Predictive Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Refinery Reaction and Fractionation Systems from Plant Data: Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Process with Planning Applications: This work presents the methodology to develop, validate and apply a predictive model for an integrated fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. We demonstrate the methodology by using data from a commercial FCC plant in the Asia Pacific with a feed capacity of 800,000 tons per year. Our model accounts for the complex cracking kinetics in the riser-regenerator and associated gas plant phenomena. We implement the methodology with Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and a commercial software tool, Aspen HYSYS/Petroleum Refining from Aspen Technology, Inc. The methodology is equally applicable to other commercial software tools. This model gives accurate predictions of key product yields and properties given feed qualities and operating conditions. This work differentiates itself from previous work in this area through the following contributions: (1) detailed models of the entire FCC plant, including the overhead gas compressor, main fractionator, primary and sponge oil absorber, primary stripper and debutanizer columns; (2) process to infer molecular composition required for the kinetic model using routinely collected bulk properties of feedstock; (3) predictions of key liquid product properties not published alongside previous related work (density, D-86 distillation curve and flash point); (4) case studies showing industrially useful applications of the model; and (5) application of the model with an existing LP-based planning tool.
(2) Predictive Modeling of Large-Scale Integrated Refinery Reaction and Fractionation Systems from Plant Data: Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Reforming Process: This work presents a model for the rating and optimization of an integrated catalytic reforming process with UOP-style continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR). We validate this model using plant data from a commercial CCR reforming process handling a feed capacity of 1.4 million tons per year in the Asia Pacific. The model relies on routinely monitored data such ASTM distillation curves, paraffin-napthene- aromatic (PNA) analysis and operating conditions. We account for dehydrogenation, dehydrocyclization, isomerization and hydrocracking reactions that typically occur with petroleum feedstock. In addition, this work accounts for the coke deposited on the catalyst and product recontacting sections. This work differentiates itself from the reported studies in the literature through the following contributions: (1) detailed kinetic model that accounts for coke generation and catalyst deactivation; (2) complete implementation of a recontactor and primary product fractionation; (3) feed lumping from limited feed information; (4) detailed procedure for kinetic model calibration; (5) industrially relevant case studies that highlight the effects of changes in key process variables; and (6) application of the model to refinery-wide production planning.Ph. D.
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Vu, Xuan Hoan, Sura Nguyen, Thanh Tung Dang, Udo Armbruster, and Andreas Martin. "Production of renewable biofuels and chemicals by processing bio-feedstock in conventional petroleum refineries." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of catalyst characteristics, i.e., acidity and porosity on the product distribution in the cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass under fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) conditions is reported. It has found that the degradation degree of triglyceride molecules is strongly dependent on the catalysts’ acidity. The higher density of acid sites enhances the conversion of triglycerides to lighter products such as gaseous products and gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The formation of gasolinerange aromatics and light olefins (propene and ethene) is favored in the medium pore channel of H-ZSM-5. On the other hand, heavier olefins such as gasoline-range and C4 olefins are formed preferentially in the large pore structure of zeolite Y based FCC catalyst (Midas-BSR). With both catalysts, triglyceride molecules are mainly converted to a mixture of hydrocarbons, which can be used as liquid fuels and platform chemicals. Hence, the utilization of the existing FCC units in conventional petroleum refineries for processing of triglyceride based feedstock, in particular waste cooking oil may open the way for production of renewable liquid fuels and chemicals in the near futureBài báo trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu khả năng tích hợp sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học và hóa phẩm từ nguồn nguyên liệu tái tạo sinh khối giầu triglyceride bằng công nghệ cracking xúc tác tấng sôi (FCC) trong nhà máy lọc dầu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy xúc tác có ảnh hưởng mạnh đến hiệu quả chuyển hóa triglyceride thành hydrocarbon. Tính acid của xúc tác càng mạnh thì độ chuyển hóa càng cao và thu được nhiều sản phẩm nhẹ hơn như xăng và các olefin nhẹ. Xúc tác vi mao quản trung bình như H-ZSM-5 có độ chọn lọc cao với hợp chất vòng thơm thuộc phân đoạn xăng và olefin nhẹ như propylen và ethylen. Với kích thước vi mao quản lớn, xúc tác công nghiệp FCC dựa trên zeolite Y ưu tiên hình thành C4 olefins và các olefin trong phân đoạn xăng. Ở điều kiện phản ứng của quá trình FCC, triglyceride chuyển hóa hiệu quả thành hydrocarbon mà có thể sử dụng làm xăng sinh học cho động cơ và olefin nhẹ làm nguyên liệu cho tổng hợp hóa dầu
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Vu, Xuan Hoan, Sura Nguyen, Thanh Tung Dang, Udo Armbruster, and Andreas Martin. "Production of renewable biofuels and chemicals by processing bio-feedstock in conventional petroleum refineries." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of catalyst characteristics, i.e., acidity and porosity on the product distribution in the cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass under fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) conditions is reported. It has found that the degradation degree of triglyceride molecules is strongly dependent on the catalysts’ acidity. The higher density of acid sites enhances the conversion of triglycerides to lighter products such as gaseous products and gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The formation of gasolinerange aromatics and light olefins (propene and ethene) is favored in the medium pore channel of H-ZSM-5. On the other hand, heavier olefins such as gasoline-range and C4 olefins are formed preferentially in the large pore structure of zeolite Y based FCC catalyst (Midas-BSR). With both catalysts, triglyceride molecules are mainly converted to a mixture of hydrocarbons, which can be used as liquid fuels and platform chemicals. Hence, the utilization of the existing FCC units in conventional petroleum refineries for processing of triglyceride based feedstock, in particular waste cooking oil may open the way for production of renewable liquid fuels and chemicals in the near future.Bài báo trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu khả năng tích hợp sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học và hóa phẩm từ nguồn nguyên liệu tái tạo sinh khối giầu triglyceride bằng công nghệ cracking xúc tác tấng sôi (FCC) trong nhà máy lọc dầu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy xúc tác có ảnh hưởng mạnh đến hiệu quả chuyển hóa triglyceride thành hydrocarbon. Tính acid của xúc tác càng mạnh thì độ chuyển hóa càng cao và thu được nhiều sản phẩm nhẹ hơn như xăng và các olefin nhẹ. Xúc tác vi mao quản trung bình như H-ZSM-5 có độ chọn lọc cao với hợp chất vòng thơm thuộc phân đoạn xăng và olefin nhẹ như propylen và ethylen. Với kích thước vi mao quản lớn, xúc tác công nghiệp FCC dựa trên zeolite Y ưu tiên hình thành C4 olefins và các olefin trong phân đoạn xăng. Ở điều kiện phản ứng của quá trình FCC, triglyceride chuyển hóa hiệu quả thành hydrocarbon mà có thể sử dụng làm xăng sinh học cho động cơ và olefin nhẹ làm nguyên liệu cho tổng hợp hóa dầu.
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Chapelliere, Yann. "Investigation of the structure-property relationships of hierarchical Y zeolites for the co-processing of bio-oil with vacuum gas oil." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le monde fait face à des enjeux climatiques et énergétiques qui impliquent l’utilisation de biomasse, au même titre que d’autres énergies renouvelables, comme des moyens de production d’énergie. Parmi les voies envisagées, l’addition d’huile de pyrolyse au sein de procédés de raffinage déjà existants présenterait l’avantage d’une mise en place rapide et d’une modification structurelle limitée. L’unité de craquage catalytique en lit fluidisé (FCC), valorisant les fractions pétrolières les plus lourdes, est l’unité la plus à même de valoriser des charges biosourcées. Cependant, les premiers tests ont pu révéler la présence de certains freins, tels que l’immiscibilité des charges fossiles et biosourcées, impliquant la mise en place de deux systèmes d’injection indépendants, ou encore une plus forte désactivation des catalyseurs de craquage. Sur ce dernier point, la présence de larges fragments lignocellulosiques, volumineux et riches en oxygène, perturbe le fonctionnement des catalyseurs de FCC. Leur encombrement étant suspecté de limiter leur accès aux sites acides, responsables du craquage catalytique, l’addition de mésopores aux cristaux de zéolites microporeux est une voie de recherche intéressante. Parallèlement à cela, la préparation de matériaux à porosité hiérarchisée, c’est-à-dire alliant l’agencement de plusieurs niveaux de porosité, se développe depuis quelques années. Ces matériaux rentrent parfaitement dans le cadre de l’amélioration de l’accessibilité aux sites acides. Ces travaux de thèse visent ainsi à définir l’impact que peut avoir un processus de hiérarchisation de la porosité sur le craquage catalytique d’un mélange de charges pétrolières fossiles avec une huile de pyrolyse de biomasse. Dans cette optique, une zéolite Y - couramment utilisée pour le craquage catalytique - a été hiérarchisée conformément aux protocoles déjà disponibles dans la littérature. Les caractéristiques structurelles de quatre matériaux ont ensuite été définies, aidant ainsi à la compréhension d’études du transfert diffusionnel, du craquage de molécules modèles et du craquage de charges réelles réalisées par la suite et présentées dans ce manuscrit de thèseFluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) gasoline represents one third of the global gasoline pool. In order to meet objectives regarding increased renewable share in transportation fuels, the production of a hybrid bio/fossil fuel by co-refining biomass pyrolysis liquids with crude oil fractions in an oil refinery is an achievable approach. Oxygenated molecules, typical of the bio-feedstock, are present in liquids produced from biomass pyrolysis. Because large lignocellulosic fragments could strongly adsorb on the FCC zeolite surface, they may not access catalytic sites or could diffuse very slowly in the microporous network. Hence, for high oxygenated molecule content, co-refining may lead to severe changes in product quality, such as a higher aromaticity, coke and residual oxygenates in the hybrid fuels that are produced. To adjust the reactivity of FCC catalysts towards bio-oil, four Y zeolites with well controlled hierarchical mesoporous – microporous network have been investigated. They mainly vary by the characteristics of the secondary mesoporous network (pore size, mesoporous volume) while their globally similar acidity displays some changes in nature (Lewis/Brønsted). The impact of hierarchical porous structures combined with changes in acidity is studied on catalytic activity and selectivity (e.g., coke formation). The issue of diffusion limitation in line with acidity changes are discussed based on Zero Length Column (ZLC) measurements, pyridine adsorption measurements, catalytic cracking of n-hexane and co-processing of vacuum gas oil and bio-oil in micro-activity test unit
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Barbosa, Agremis Guinho. "Desenvolvimento de um software para reconciliação de dados de processos quimicos e petroquimicos." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientador: Rubens Maciel FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de rotinas computacionais para o condicionamento de dados provenientes de um processo químico, de modo que estes sejam consistentes para a representação do comportamento do processo. A descrição adequada do comportamento de um processo é a base fundamental de qualquer sistema de controle e/ou otimização, uma vez que será em resposta às medições deste processo (sua descrição) que os referidos sistemas atuarão. Desta forma o tratamento e correção dos erros de medição, especificamente, e a estimativa de parâmetros, de um modo mais geral, constituem uma etapa que não deve ser negligenciada no controle e otimização de processos. O condicionamento de dados estudado neste trabalho é a reconciliação de dados, que tem como característica principal o uso de um modelo de restrições para condicionar a informação. Geralmente os modelos de restrição são balanços de massa e energia e os somatórios das frações mássicas e molares, mas outros modelos também podem ser usados. Matematicamente, a reconciliação de dados é um problema de otimização sujeito a restrições. Neste trabalho, a formulação do problema de reconciliação é a dos mínimos quadrados ponderados sujeito a restrições e a abordagem para a sua solução é a fatoração QR. Objetiva-se também reunir as rotinas desenvolvidas em uma única ferramenta computacional para a descrição, resolução e análise dos resultados do problema de reconciliação de dados, constituindo-se em um software de fácil utilização e que tenha ainda um mecanismo de comunicação com banco de dados, conferindo-lhe interatividade em tempo real com sistemas de aquisição de dados de processo
Abstract: The purpose of this work is the development of computational routines for conditioning chemical process data in order to represent the process behavior as reliable as possible. Reliable process description is fundamental for any control or optimization system development, since they respond to the process measurements (its description). Thus, data conditioning and correction of process measurement errors, and parameter estimation are a step that should not be neglected in process control and optimization. The data conditioning considered in this work is data reconciliation which has as the main characteristic the use of a constraint model. In general constraint models are mass and energy balances and mass and molar fraction summation, but other models may be used. Under a mathematical point of view, data reconciliation is an optimization subject to constraints. In this work, it is used the formulation of weighed least squares subject to constraints and QR factorization approach to solve the problem. The additional objective of this work is to accommodate the developed routines in such a way to build up an integrated computational tool characterized by its easy to use structure, capability to solve and perform data reconciliation. Its structure takes into account the interaction with data bank, giving it real time interactiveness with process data acquisition systems
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Pimentel, Wagner Roberto de Oliveira. "Aplicação de redes neurais artificiais e de quimiometria na modelagem do processo de craqueamento catalitico fluido." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientador: Antonio Carlos Luz LisboaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O craqueamento catalítico fluido (FCC) é um dos mais importantes processos de refino da atualidade que produz, dentre outros produtos, gasolina e GLP. Trata-se de um processo que apresenta grande dificuldade de ser modelado fenomenologicamente. Dentro desse contexto surgem as redes neurais artificiais (RNA) como ferramenta de modelagem, visto que as RNA são capazes de ¿aprender¿ o que ocorre no processo por meio de um conjunto limitado de dados e apresentam um menor tempo de processamento se comparado aos modelos fenomenológicos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é desenvolver modelos empíricos, baseados em RNA e na quimiometria, capazes de relacionar as variáveis de entrada com as variáveis de saída do processo de craqueamento catalítico fluido (planta piloto e unidade industrial). Os dados experimentais foram obtidos na unidade piloto de FCC da Petrobrás localizada na usina de xisto em São Mateus do Sul ¿ PR e os dados industriais foram obtidos da unidade de RLAM localizada em São Francisco do Conde ¿ BA. Para uma boa performance das redes foi utilizada a técnica de análise dos componentes principais (PCA) para um pré-processamento dos dados e em seguida foram usadas redes MLP com os seguintes algoritmos de treinamento supervisionado: Método de Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS), Método do Gradiente Conjugado Escalonado (SCG) e Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The fluidized bed catalytic cracking process is one of the most important refining processes. It produces, among other distillates, gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It is very difficult to model it by fundamental balances. On the other hand, artificial neural networks (ANN) offer convenient tools to describe complex processes. They are able to learn what is going on with in the process through a limited amount of information, requiring less computing time than phenomenological modeling. The main objective of this work was to develop empirical models ¿ based on ANNs and chemometrics ¿ able to relate input and output variables of the FCC process, using data from a pilot and from an industrial plant. Experimental data were obtained from the Petrobras FCC pilot plant located in São Mateus do Sul, Parané, nd from the Petrobras Landulpho Alves Refinery PCC industrial plant located in São Francisco do Conde, Bahia. The principal component analysis (PCA) technique was initially used to preprocess the data. Artificial neural networks were then employed with the following supervising training algorithms: Broyden-Fletcher-Godfarb-Shanno (BFGS), Scale Conjugated Gradient (SCG) and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM). Methods devised to increase the artificial network prediction power were also used... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Engenharia de Processos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Heideklang, René. "Data Fusion for Multi-Sensor Nondestructive Detection of Surface Cracks in Ferromagnetic Materials." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19586.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ermüdungsrissbildung ist ein gefährliches und kostenintensives Phänomen, welches frühzeitig erkannt werden muss. Weil kleine Fehlstellen jedoch hohe Testempfindlichkeit erfordern, wird die Prüfzuverlässigkeit durch Falschanzeigen vermindert. Diese Arbeit macht sich deshalb die Diversität unterschiedlicher zerstörungsfreier Oberflächenprüfmethoden zu Nutze, um mittels Datenfusion die Zuverlässigkeit der Fehlererkennung zu erhöhen.
Der erste Beitrag dieser Arbeit in neuartigen Ansätzen zur Fusion von Prüfbildern. Diese werden durch Oberflächenabtastung mittels Wirbelstromprüfung, thermischer Prüfung und magnetischer Streuflussprüfung gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass schon einfache algebraische Fusionsregeln gute Ergebnisse liefern, sofern die Daten adäquat vorverarbeitet wurden. So übertrifft Datenfusion den besten Einzelsensor in der pixelbasierten Falscherkennungsrate um den Faktor sechs bei einer Nutentiefe von 10 μm.
Weiterhin wird die Fusion im Bildtransformationsbereich untersucht. Jedoch werden die theoretischen Vorteile solcher richtungsempfindlichen Transformationen in der Praxis mit den vorliegenden Daten nicht erreicht. Nichtsdestotrotz wird der Vorteil der Fusion gegenüber Einzelsensorprüfung auch hier bestätigt.
Darüber hinaus liefert diese Arbeit neuartige Techniken zur Fusion auch auf höheren Ebenen der Signalabstraktion. Ein Ansatz, der auf Kerndichtefunktionen beruht, wird eingeführt, um örtlich verteilte Detektionshypothesen zu integrieren. Er ermöglicht, die praktisch unvermeidbaren Registrierungsfehler explizit zu modellieren. Oberflächenunstetigkeiten von 30 μm Tiefe können zuverlässig durch Fusion gefunden werden, wogegen das beste Einzelverfahren erst Tiefen ab 40–50 μm erfolgreich auffindet. Das Experiment wird auf einem zweiten Prüfkörper bestätigt.
Am Ende der Arbeit werden Richtlinien für den Einsatz von Datenfusion gegeben, und die Notwendigkeit einer Initiative zum Teilen von Messdaten wird betont, um zukünftige Forschung zu fördern.Fatigue cracking is a dangerous and cost-intensive phenomenon that requires early detection. But at high test sensitivity, the abundance of false indications limits the reliability of conventional materials testing. This thesis exploits the diversity of physical principles that different nondestructive surface inspection methods offer, by applying data fusion techniques to increase the reliability of defect detection. The first main contribution are novel approaches for the fusion of NDT images. These surface scans are obtained from state-of-the-art inspection procedures in Eddy Current Testing, Thermal Testing and Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing. The implemented image fusion strategy demonstrates that simple algebraic fusion rules are sufficient for high performance, given adequate signal normalization. Data fusion reduces the rate of false positives is reduced by a factor of six over the best individual sensor at a 10 μm deep groove. Moreover, the utility of state-of-the-art image representations, like the Shearlet domain, are explored. However, the theoretical advantages of such directional transforms are not attained in practice with the given data. Nevertheless, the benefit of fusion over single-sensor inspection is confirmed a second time. Furthermore, this work proposes novel techniques for fusion at a high level of signal abstraction. A kernel-based approach is introduced to integrate spatially scattered detection hypotheses. This method explicitly deals with registration errors that are unavoidable in practice. Surface discontinuities as shallow as 30 μm are reliably found by fusion, whereas the best individual sensor requires depths of 40–50 μm for successful detection. The experiment is replicated on a similar second test specimen. Practical guidelines are given at the end of the thesis, and the need for a data sharing initiative is stressed to promote future research on this topic.
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Santos, Bjorn Sanchez. "Liquid-phase Processing of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil using Pt/HZSM-5 Catalyst." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149605.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent developments in converting biomass to bio-chemicals and liquid fuels provide a promising sight to an emerging biofuels industry. Biomass can be converted to energy via thermochemical and biochemical pathways. Thermal degradation processes include liquefaction, gasification, and pyrolysis. Among these biomass technologies, pyrolysis (i.e. a thermochemical conversion process of any organic material in the absence of oxygen) has gained more attention because of its simplicity in design, construction and operation. This research study focuses on comparative assessment of two types of pyrolysis processes and catalytic upgrading of bio-oil for production of transportation fuel intermediates. Slow and fast pyrolysis processes were compared for their respective product yields and properties. Slow pyrolysis bio-oil displayed fossil fuel-like properties, although low yields limit the process making it uneconomically feasible. Fast pyrolysis, on the other hand, show high yields but produces relatively less quality bio-oil.
Catalytic transformation of the high-boiling fraction (HBF) of the crude bio-oil from fast pyrolysis was therefore evaluated by performing liquid-phase reactions at moderate temperatures using Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst. High yields of upgraded bio-oils along with improved heating values and reduced oxygen contents were obtained at a reaction temperature of 200°C and ethanol/HBF ratio of 3:1. Better quality, however, was observed at 240 °C even though reaction temperature has no significant effect on coke deposition. The addition of ethanol in the feed has greatly attenuated coke deposition in the catalyst. Major reactions observed are esterification, catalytic cracking, and reforming. Overall mass and energy balances in the conversion of energy sorghum biomass to produce a liquid fuel intermediate obtained sixteen percent (16 wt.%) of the biomass ending up as liquid fuel intermediate, while containing 26% of its initial energy.
Книги з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Satinover, Jeffrey. Cracking the Bible code. New York: Quill, 1998.
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Catalytic formations: Architecture and digital design. London: Taylor & Francis, 2006.
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Satinover, Jeffrey. Cracking the Bible code. New York: W. Morrow, 1997.
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Pierce, Douglas. Cracking the TOEFL iBT. 2nd ed. New York: Random House/Princeton Review, 2008.
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Kassandra, Bentley, ed. Cyber-investing: Cracking Wall Street with your personal computer. New York: John Wiley, 1995.
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L, Brown David. Cyber-investing: Cracking Wall Street with your personal computer. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1997.
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Potsdam, Germany) International Beilstein Symposium on Glyco-Bioinformatics (2nd 2011. Proceedings of the 2nd Beilstein Symposium on Glyco-Bioinformatics: Cracking the sugar code by navigating the glycospace : June 27th-July 1st, 2011, Potsdam, Germany. Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2012.
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L, Brown David. Cyber-investing: Cracking Wall Street with your personal computer. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1997.
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Landreth, Bill. Out of the inner circle: The true story of a computer intruder capable of cracking the nation's most secure computersystems. Redmond, Washington: Tempus Books, 1989.
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Handbook of crack opening data: A compendium of equations, graphs, computer software, and references for opening profiles of cracks in loaded components and structures. Cambridge, England: Abington Pub., 1992.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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Nag, Ashis. "Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU)." In Hydrocarbon Processing and Refining, 75–132. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003268246-2.
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Letzsch, Warren. "Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) in Petroleum Refining." In Handbook of Petroleum Processing, 261–316. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14529-7_2.
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Letzsch, Warren. "Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) in Petroleum Refining." In Handbook of Petroleum Processing, 1–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05545-9_2-1.
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Lin, X., J. Y. Ma, F. X. Lin, D. Q. Wang, and X. S. Xiao. "Key Feature Selecting in the Clean Oil Refinery Process Based on a Two-Stage Data Mining Framework." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210339.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maintaining the ratio of octane number and reducing the proportion of harmful substances in the heavy oil fluid catalytic cracking process meets both environmental and economic benefits. Through collecting tremendous processing data by digital hardware, gasoline refiners are still hard to do well data analytical work in production process control due to the large scale of ambiguous intermediate operating variables. This paper proposes a two-stage data mining framework integrates the strengths of Ridge regression and Person correlation analysis to extract a scale limited group of key features. Different with traditional recursive feature elimination methods, we pay more attention to the correlation analysis between every couple of features in the result. Two stop criterions guarantee to fulfil refining standards and limit the computational work in finite steps. A real word case study contains 325 samples, 13 quality indicators and 354 operating variables which testifies the validity and practicality of our algorithm. The result shows only 13 features (operating variables) are significant to the rationality of process design and the improvement of process control.
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"Residue and deep hydrotreated feedstock processing." In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, 297–308. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812663-9.00016-3.
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Sadeghbeigi, Reza. "Residue and Deep Hydrotreated Feedstock Processing." In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, 311–23. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386965-4.00034-3.
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"Determination of TBP Cut Points from ASTM D-86 Source: Daubert, T. E., “Petroleum Fraction Distillation Interconversions,” Hydrocarbon Processing, September 1994, pp. 75–7875767778." In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, 351–52. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-088415289-7/50021-4.
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"Conversion of ASTM 50% Point to TBP 50% Point Temperature Source: Daubert, T. E., “Petroleum Fraction Distillation Interconversions,” Hydrocarbon Processing, September 1994, pp. 75–7875767778." In Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook, 350. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-088415289-7/50020-2.
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Reyes, Juan D., Adriana L. Rodríguez, and Carlos A. M. Riascos. "Data Analysis and Modelling of a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) for an Implementation of Real Time Optimization." In 12th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering and 25th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, 611–16. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63578-5.50097-9.
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Al Jamri, Mohamed, Robin Smith, and Jie Li. "Molecular Modelling of Co-processing Biomass Pyrolysis Oil with Vacuum Gasoil in an Oil Refinery Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 991–96. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818634-3.50166-1.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Catalytic cracking Data processing"
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O’Hern, T. J., S. M. Trujillo, J. B. Oelfke, P. R. Tortora, and S. L. Ceccio. "Solids-Loading Measurements in a Gas-Solid Riser." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gas-solid multiphase flows are commonly used in chemical processing, petroleum fluid catalytic cracking, and other industrial applications. The distribution of the solid phase in gas-solid flows (generally in the form of small particles) is seldom uniform, but more commonly involves clusters, streamers, and core-annular distributions, depending on the flow orientation and the overall gas and solid flowrates and their ratio. For this reason, tomographic techniques are of great interest for measurement of cross-sectional solids distributions in such flows. The cross-sectional profiles of solids loading can be integrated to yield a cross-sectionally averaged solids loading. Determination of this averaged solids loading is needed to understand the axial variations of solids loading and its sensitivity to flow parameters and to optimize performance. A common technique for determining volume-averaged solids loading in vertical flows like the riser section of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is by measurement of the time-averaged axial pressure gradients along the riser axis (differential pressure or ΔP method). Neglecting acceleration and wall friction, the axial momentum balance simplifies to equate the multiphase hydrostatic pressure term with the pressure gradient along the axis. Many authors (e.g., Louge and Chang, 1990) have pointed out the neglected terms in this approach and generally show that ΔP is applicable in the special cases of no solids-loading gradient (fully developed flow) or small solids flux. A more generally applicable technique for measuring solids loading in gas-solid flows is gamma tomography. A gamma tomography system using a 100-mCi Cs-137 source collimated into a fan beam and an array of scintillation detectors, has been developed and implemented for application to a cold-flow (non-reacting) CFB. The CFB has a 14-cm-ID 6-m tall riser, and is currently operated with a multiphase mixture of air and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst particles. Typical operating conditions include mean superficial gas velocities up to 7.4 m/s and solids fluxes up to approximately 100 kg/m2·s. Quantitative comparison of gamma- and ΔP-determined solids loadings was made over a range of operating conditions (combination of superficial gas velocity and solids flux). Results indicate that the differences between gamma and ΔP-determined cross-sectionally averaged solids loading are most pronounced near the base of the riser, where solids concentration is highest and the mixture is accelerating. Higher in the riser, the agreement is better. Additionally, the difference is larger in cases of higher superficial gas velocity. In addition, several studies were performed to design an electrical-impedance tomography (EIT) system for a gas-solid flow to collect data suitable for validating computational models. A two-electrode bulk impedance system was studied experimentally. The required accuracy, spatial resolution and temporal resolution of an EIT system are addressed, and modeling and reconstruction are discussed. Bulk solid volume fractions measured by the two-electrode system and by gamma-densitometry tomography are in general agreement. Experiments with the two-electrode system also show that the Maxwell-Hewitt relation, used to convert the mixture impedance to solid volume fraction, must be applied carefully, paying attention to the identity of the dispersed and continuous phases. The design of a 16-electrode system is also described.
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Wang, Yungan, Jizheng Chu, and Kebing Lu. "Neural Network Prediction of Gasoline and Diesel Production at Catalytic Cracking Main Fractionator." In 2019 International Conference on Machine Learning, Big Data and Business Intelligence (MLBDBI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlbdbi48998.2019.00052.
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Tang, Guangwu, Armin Silaen, Bin Wu, Chenn Q. Zhou, Dwight Agnello-Dean, Joseph Wilson, Qingjun Meng, and Samir Khanna. "Numerical Simulation of an Industrial Fluid Catalytic Cracking Regenerator." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most important conversion processes in petroleum refineries, and FCC regenerator is a key part of an FCC unit to recover the solid catalyst activity by burning off the deposited coke on the catalyst surface. In modern FCC units, regenerator is a cylindrical vessel. Carrier gas transports the solid catalyst from the stripper and feeds the catalyst into the regenerator through catalyst distributors. The catalyst is fluidized by the air that is injected into the regenerator through air rings in the bottom part of the cylindrical vessel. A three-dimensional multi-phase, multi-species reacting flow computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established to simulate the flow inside an FCC regenerator. The two phases involved in the flow are gas phase and solid phase. The Euler-Euler approach, where the two phases are considered to be continuous and fully inter-penetrating, is employed. The model includes gas-solid momentum exchange, gas-solid heat exchange, gas-solid mass exchange, and chemical reactions. Chemical reactions incorporated into the model simulate the combustion of coke which is present on the catalyst surface. The simulation results show a good agreement with plant data.
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Cody, G. D., R. J. Bellows, D. J. Goldfarb, H. A. Wolf, and G. V. Storch. "A Novel Non-Intrusive Probe of Particle Motion and Gas Generation in the Feed Injection Zone of the Feed Riser of a Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking Unit." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2047.
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Abstract We define a non-intrusive Acoustic Shot, Noise, ASN, probe of particle velocity at the wall of fluidized beds and transfer lines, and demonstrate how it can be used to obtain quantitative data on changes in particle velocity at the wall through changes in the mean squared wall acceleration of the wall vibrational energy produced by random particle impact or ASN. We note that the probe can be simply calibrated if any two of the following quantities are known for the transfer line: (1) average Axial Velocity of particles; (2) average Axial Mass Density of particles; (3) average Mass Flux of particles. We present the first field data on simultaneous measurements of ASN excited wall vibrational energy along the feed riser of Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Units where catalyst particle flow is produced by the gas generated in the catalytic and thermal cracking of injected oil. We define the Feed Riser Profile as the curve of RMS acceleration along the feed riser and show that changes in its magnitude and shape can be correlated with changes in the product yield of the catalytic and thermal cracking process.
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di Bella, A., L. Fortuna, S. Graziani, G. Napoli, and M. G. Xibilia. "Development of a Soft Sensor for a Thermal Cracking Unit using a small experimental data set." In 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wisp.2007.4447584.
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Chang, S. L., C. Q. Zhou, S. A. Lottes, B. Golchert, and M. Petrick. "A Numerical Investigation of the Scaled-up Effects on Flow, Heat Transfer, and Kinetics Processes of FCC Units." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0621.
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Abstract Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) technology is the most important process used by the refinery industry to convert crude oil to valuable lighter products such as gasoline. Process development is generally very time consuming especially when a small pilot unit is being scaled-up to a large commercial unit because of the lack of information to aide in the design of scaled-up units. Such information can now be obtained by analysis based on the pilot scale measurements and computer simulation that includes controlling physics of the FCC system. A Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code, ICRKFLO, has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and has been successfully applied to the simulation of catalytic petroleum cracking risers. It employs hybrid hydrodynamic-chemical kinetic coupling techniques, enabling the analysis of an FCC unit with complex chemical reaction sets containing tens or hundreds of subspecies. The code has been continuously validated based on pilot-scale experimental data. It is now being used to investigate the effects of scaled-up FCC units. Among FCC operating conditions, the feed injection conditions are found to have a strong impact on the product yields of scaled-up FCC units. The feed injection conditions appear to affect flow and heat transfer patterns and the interaction of hydrodynamics and cracking kinetics causes the product yields to change accordingly.
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Zhang, Bo, Pengfei He, and Chao Zhu. "Modeling on Hydrodynamic Coupled FCC Reaction in Gas-Solid Riser Reactor." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21368.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactor consists of a bottom section of liquid feed injection and vaporization and an upward straight riser of vapor-catalysts transport and reaction. The product yield, obtained at the top of riser, is an accumulative result of liquid feed injection, vaporization by liquid contacting with hot catalysts, and subsequent catalytic cracking of feed vapor while being transported concurrently with catalysts through the riser. The FCC process involves not only these sequential sub-processes but also complicated coupling among multiphase fluid hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer between phases, and catalytic kinetic reactions of vapor components in each sub-process. It is essential to build up a model covering all sub-processes/mechanisms mentioned above through riser reactor and giving prompt results, especially for real-time online optimization of industrial operation. This paper aims to develop a parametric model, integrated from bottom feed nozzle to top exit of riser, that can quickly predict both hydrodynamic and kinetic characteristics throughout the riser as well as various parametric effects on production yield and selectivity. Highlights of modeling contributions in this integrated model include a mechanistic and spatial-structural model of multiple-nozzle feeding with strong interactions not only among sprays themselves but also with cross-flowing steam and catalysts, a heat transfer model between gaseous and catalyst phases, and a more-rigorously derived model of reactant conservation in the multiphase flow transport. The convective nature dominating the nozzle feeding, riser transport and kinetic reactions allows us to simplify the governing equations in this integrated model to a set of coupled first-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions can be obtained quickly via Runge-Kutta algorithm. Compared to the published plant data, the predicted VGO conversion and gasoline yield from the proposed model shows a much better agreement to those from previous parametric models, which suggests the newly-added sub-models of previously overlooked mechanisms can be quite important. Some parametric effects, such as the effect of catalyst-to-oil ratio and catalyst inlet temperature, on production yield and selectivity are further predicted. The results show that a higher CTO or catalyst temperature normally leads to higher cracking conversion, higher gasoline production and lower coke content. However, a very high inlet temperature of catalysts does cause over-cracking and lower the gasoline selectivity.
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Huang, He, Xia Tang, and Martin Haas. "In-Situ Continuous Coke Deposit Removal by Catalytic Steam Gasification for Fuel-Cooled Thermal Management." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fuel-cooled thermal management, including endothermic cracking and reforming of hydrocarbon fuels, is an enabling technology for advanced aero engines and offers potential for cycle improvements and pollutant emissions control. The principal engine operability issue that will affect this enabling hydrocarbon fuel cooling technology is coke formation. Furthermore, the extent to which the benefits of high heat sink cooling technology can be realized is directly related to our ability to suppress coke formation. The successful implementation of this enabling technology is, therefore, predicated on coke suppression. In-situ continuous coke deposit removal by catalytic steam gasification is being developed and successfully demonstrated as a means for suppressing pyrolytic coke deposit in fuel-cooled thermal management systems for advanced aero engines. The objective of this research is to investigate the in-situ continuous coke deposit removal by catalytic steam gasification for suppressing pyrolytic coke deposition using a single-tube reactor simulator under representative hypersonic operating conditions. A coke removal system removes coke deposit from the walls of a high temperature passage in which hydrocarbon fuel is present. The system includes a carbon-steam gasification catalyst and a water source. The carbon-steam gasification catalyst is applied to the walls of the high temperature passage. The water reacts with the coke deposit on the walls of the fuel passage side to remove the coke deposit from the walls by carbon-steam gasification in the presence of the carbon-steam gasification catalyst. Experimental data shows the in-situ continuous coke deposit removal by catalytic steam gasification is able to reduce coke deposit rate by more than 10 times.
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Fikry, M. J. Mohammad, Shinji Ogihara, and Vladimir Vinogradov. "Measurement of Residual Strains As a Parameter of Matrix Cracking in CFRP Laminates." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8512.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Matrix cracking in CFRP laminates results in degradation of mechanical properties of the material and appearance of residual strains. In this study, the residual strains investigated are experimentally and analytically for CFRP [0/756]s laminates. The strain gauges were used in this study to measure the strains. Due to very small residual strains at the unloading condition, the residual strains were also measured at different stress levels for laminates with different crack densities and are compared with theoretical predictions. Time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of the material is also considered to accurately measure the residual strains due to the occurrence of matrix cracks. This was done by using the strain recovery test when the loads were stopped for 1–1.5 hours during unloading and the strain changes during these times were recorded. The experimental results of the residual strains are in reasonably good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The fiber non-linearity properties of the laminates may cause some experimental data to shift above the analytical line.
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Ye, Yufeng, and Li Xia. "Experimental Research on High-Temperature Pipe Corrosion On-Line Monitoring." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78325.
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Nowadays, Ultrasound guided wave has adapted to the monitoring corrosion of pipeline at room temperature, but not worked well at high temperature. This paper introduced the basic theory of guided wave on high temperature on-line monitoring; based on some research on the test pipeline, we researched the technology of high temperature on-line monitoring, and made use of the technology on 7 high temperature pipes in Catalytic Cracking Unit to obtain the monitoring the corrosion of high temperature pipeline based on the magnetostrictive effect of guided wave technology by taking one of them as an example to monitor its corrosion and analysis the data.