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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Carbon pump"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 1 березня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Carbon pump"

Pautova, Larisa A., and Vladimir A. Silkin. "Biological carbon pump in the ocean and phytoplankton structure." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 1(3) (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2019-1(3)-1-12.

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The process of carbon transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean floor is determined by three different pumps in nature: a solubility pump, an organic pump and a carbonate pump. The latter two are of biological nature. Phytoplankton is a key mediator of organic and carbonate pumps. Depending on its structure, either an organic pump or a carbonate pump will dominate. The structure of the phytoplankton community is formed depending on the hydrophysical and hydrochemical conditions in the ocean. An important regulator of a biological carbon pump is the intensity of the processes in the carbon cycle, operating in the photic zone. The degree of closure of this cycle depends on the structure of the food chain. The increasing complexity of the food chain by adding organisms of high trophic levels reduces the efficiency of the carbon pump. Conversely, the simplification of such a structure increases the flow of organic carbon to the ocean floor.

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Silkin, Vladimir A., Oleg I. Podymov, and Anna V. Lifanchuk. "Biological carbon pump in the Black Sea." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 2(8) (December 2022): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2022-2(8)-69-92.

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In the northeastern part of the Black Sea, the biological carbon pump is represented by both organic and carbonate pumps. The organic carbon pump consists of small-cell diatoms (mainly Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima) and large-cell diatoms (Pseudosolenia calcar-avis and Proboscia alata). The carbonate pump is represented by only one species of cococcolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. These species form intense blooms that require characteristic hydrological and hydrochemical conditions. The seasonal dynamics of the biological carbon pump is as follows: organic pump (spring) → carbonate pump (late spring and early summer) → organic pump (summer and autumn). An exception is the long-term dynamics of carbon concentration, and no significant carbon growth trends have been identified. During the intensification of the work of the carbonate pump, partial concentrations of carbon in water, increased relative to the atmosphere, and an increased influence of the organic pump on high partial pressure are released. In late spring and early summer, CO2 is released in the Black Sea, as a result, absorption increases in summer. The carbonate pump arises with a greater arrival at sea.

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Hamme, Roberta C., David P. Nicholson, William J. Jenkins, and Steven R. Emerson. "Using Noble Gases to Assess the Ocean's Carbon Pumps." Annual Review of Marine Science 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063604.

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Natural mechanisms in the ocean, both physical and biological, concentrate carbon in the deep ocean, resulting in lower atmospheric carbon dioxide. The signals of these carbon pumps overlap to create the observed carbon distribution in the ocean, making the individual impact of each pump difficult to disentangle. Noble gases have the potential to directly quantify the physical carbon solubility pump and to indirectly improve estimates of the biological organic carbon pump. Noble gases are biologically inert, can be precisely measured, and span a range of physical properties. We present dissolved neon, argon, and krypton data spanning the Atlantic, Southern, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. Comparisons between deep-ocean observations and models of varying complexity enable the rates of processes that control the carbon solubility pump to be quantified and thus provide an important metric for ocean model skill. Noble gases also provide a powerful means of assessing air–sea gas exchange parameterizations.

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Basok, B. I., S. V. Dubovskyi, E. P. Pastushenko, Ye Ye Nikitin, and Ye T. Bazeev. "HEAT PUMPS AS A TREND OF LOW-CARBON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving 75, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2023.02.

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An overview of the energy and economic problems of using heat pumps is given. The stages of the development of the world and European energy industry with their inherent economic and financial crises and their influence on the application volume of heat pumps are shown. The main regulatory and technical legislation of European countries in the scope of heat pumps and related sectors of the economy is presented. The main factors of the use of heat pump equipment are considered, the challenges and possible development trends are analyzed. Energy management and economic measures that contributed to the growth of heat pump implementations during the global energy crisis of 2021–2022 are assessed. The current state of heat pump use in the world, in Europe, in particular in Germany and Poland, is given. The reasons and organizational measures that led to the active growth of heat pumps in some European countries are indicated. The recent Polish experience in the favorable policy of active support of heat pump technologies and electrification of heat supply is evaluated in detail. An example of economic indicators for a typical building of the European energy efficiency standard with various options for heat supply, including heat pump technologies, as well as individual photovoltaics, is given. The use of high-power heat pumps (more than 100 kW) in centralized heat supply systems and various industries in Europe is analyzed. The prospects for the development of heat pumps from the point of view of the electrification of heat supply, the achievement of low-carbon energy and the prevention of harmful climate changes are outlined. It is recommended to use the positive experience of Poland in the policy of supporting heat pumps in the reconstruction of residential buildings destroyed by the war in Ukraine. Bibl. 37, Fig. 9, Tab. 5.

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BAIK, YOUNG-JIN, MINSUNG KIM, and HO-SANG RA. "SIMULATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROCARBON HEAT PUMPS FOR MODERATE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE HEATING." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 22, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132514500011.

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In order to compare the performance of the carbon dioxide, propane and isobutane heat pumps for moderate to high temperature heating, the three heat pump cycles were optimized using a simulation method. To fairly compare the performance of the cycles by using different working fluids, each cycle was optimized from the viewpoint of heating COP by two design parameters. The first is the gas cooler (or condenser) exit temperature and the other is the ratio of the overall heat conductance of the gas cooler to the combined overall heat conductance of the gas cooler and the evaporator. The inlet and outlet temperatures of secondary fluid of the gas cooler (or condenser) were fixed at 40/90°C and 40/150°C. The heat source inlet temperature was fixed at 10°C. The flow rates of both the heat source and the heat sink were also fixed. The results shows that the hydrocarbon heat pumps have 11–17% higher heating COP than carbon dioxide heat pump under the simulation conditions considered in the present study. However, for a high temperature heating, even though the isobutane heat pump shows the best performance, the carbon dioxide heat pump looks promising due to hydrocarbon heat pumps' high compression ratio.

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Sewastianik, Sara, and Andrzej Gajewski. "Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Ground Heat Pump for a Detached House." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016024.

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Inasmuch as the European Union promotes only energetically viable heat pumps in a given location, the aim of the work is an assessment of whether a ground-to-water heat pump (ground source heat pump: GSHP) can be considered as an ecological heat generator in Polish climatic conditions and those of the energy market. Here, as an estimator, the net seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOPnet) was selected. Estimation was done using 10-year temperature measurements. It was found that in heating mode SCOPnet value equaled 4.83, satisfying European Commission guidelines. According to the guidelines, the minimal SCOPnet value in Polish energy market conditions should exceed 3.5. CO2 emissions from the GSHP represented two-thirds of CO2 emissions of an air-to-water heat pump (air source heat pump: ASHP) in the same building. The ground heat pump thus meets the ecological heat generator conditions set by the European Commission.

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Lin, Jr-Lin, and Shyh-Fang Kang. "Analysis of carbon emission hot spot and pumping energy efficiency in water supply system." Water Supply 19, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.067.

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Abstract Evaluation of carbon emission hot spots for water treatment plants (WTPs) is crucial to reduce carbon emissions. This study aims to analyze carbon emission data generated at Bansin WTP following the PAS 2050 guidelines. The boundary of inventory and assessment includes water intake, purification, and distribution stages. In addition, pumping efficiency, power consumption per pump lift and specific energy consumption were used to estimate the potential of energy reduction in pumping for Bansin and Baoshan WTPs. The results have revealed that the carbon footprint of Bansin WTP is 0.39 kg CO2e/m3 in 2011. There is 95% of carbon emissions generated by pumping from the intake and distribution stages, and the use of pumping is responsible for 65% of total carbon emissions in the clarification stage. The power consumption per pump lift can be calculated to evaluate the difference between rated power and operational power. This relationship can provide information indicating to operators when to replace or maintain poorly-functioning pumps. The data on pump lift, flow rate and power can also be calculated to determine the relationship between pumping efficiency (%) and specific energy consumption (kW/Q), and then used to identify the optimum condition of pump combinations for a given production of water supply.

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Gajewski, Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk, and Krawczyk. "Carbon Dioxide Emissions during Air, Ground, or Groundwater Heat Pump Performance in Białystok." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 5087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185087.

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The increasing global temperature has induced many states to limit carbon dioxide emissions. The European Union (EU) promotes replacing boilers with heat pumps. However, in countries where electricity is mainly supplied through fossil fuel combustion, condensing gas boilers may prove to be more ecological heat generators. Although this problem was investigated in a particular situation, an algorithm can be applied elsewhere. The running expenditures for the following different heat generators that are available in a location were estimated: water heat pump, brine heat pump, air heat pump, condensing gas boiler, condensing oil boiler, district heat network, and electrical grid. Furthermore, carbon dioxide emissions from local and distant sources were evaluated. The computations were based on hourly averaged external temperature measurements, which were performed by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB) in a weather station in Białystok (Poland) for a ten-year period. Compared with a condensing gas boiler system, the air-to-water heat pump has higher operating costs and higher CO2 emissions. The brine heat pump (closed-loop ground-source heat pump) has lower operating costs, but higher CO2 emissions than the gas boiler system. The water heat pump (groundwater source heat pump) has the lowest operating costs and CO2 emissions of all the systems studied in this paper.

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Sit, Mihail, and Anatoliy Juravliov. "Hybrid Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump for the Multifamily Residential Buildings in the Heat Supply System Based on CHP." Problems of the Regional Energetics, no. 3(51) (August 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2021.3-51.08.

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The work is devoted to centralized heat supply systems based on CHP plants and the use with them heat pumps (HP) on carbon dioxide as refrigerant. Heat pumps are used in heat supply systems for buildings and use the heat of the outside air and, at the same time, the heat of the return network water (WWR) as a source of low-grade heat (LHP). The aim of the study is to develop a structural diagram of such a heat pump, where the outside air is heated by a heat exchanger installed in the return water line of the heating system, to develop a hydraulic circuit of a heat pump taking into account the law of regulation of the building heating system, to develop an algorithm for controlling the operating modes of the so-called balancing heat exchanger installed after gas cooler and internal heat exchanger of the heat pump. The most significant results were the hydraulic circuit of the heat pump, the aerodynamic circuit of the air supply path to the heat pump evaporator, the balancing heat exchanger control system, taking into account the requirement to ensure the operation of the control valve in a single-phase flow. The significance of the results obtained consisted in obtaining the dependences between the CO temperature graph and the parameters of the thermodynamic cycle of the heat pump, which ensured the operation of the control valve of the heat pump in a single-phase environment.

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Cheng, Ling, Zesheng Yu, Shiyao Xia, Shixuan Li, Ye Li, Huan Zhang, Bin Li, Sirui Zhang, Zijian Liu, and Wandong Zheng. "Evaluation and Optimization of heat Pump Combined District Heating System: A Case Study of China." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 7622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207622.

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The district heating area in China is continuously increasing, which brings an increase in district heating load. In order to solve the shortage of heating power and realize the carbon neutral target, this study proposes two retrofit schemes for district heating system by integrating air source heat pump and water source heat pump, respectively. Mathematical models are established to study the performance of the integrated systems and a bilevel optimization model is proposed to optimize them. The results show that the air source heat pump combined district heating system has better performance compared to the conventional system, which reduces 50% energy consumption, 10.8% carbon emissions and achieves better economy. The dynamic coupling property of the district heating network and power grid are also considered, and the results indicate that the introduction of air source heat pump can effectively improve the efficiency and stability of power grid and reduce the seasonal fluctuation. The potential of large-scale application of air source heat pump combined system in Beijing is evaluated. The results reveal that retrofit scheme of integrating air source heat pumps into district heating system can cover 2930 MW heating load and bring 362 million Chinese Yuan profit by reducing 219,000 tons of carbon emissions and 539,000 tons of standard coal consumption in 2025.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Carbon pump"

Metcalf, Steven John. "Compact, efficient carbon-ammonia adsorption heat pump." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2777/.

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The modelling, design, construction and experimental testing of a carbon-ammonia adsorption heat pump is presented. The main objective of the research was to design, manufacture and test an adsorption generator with low thermal mass and high power density. The adsorption generator developed was a stainless steel, nickel brazed plate heat exchanger. Computational modelling of the generator with thermal wave and multiplebed cycles revealed that multiple-bed cycles give a superior trade-off between efficiency and power density. Further modelling was carried out to evaluate the performance of the adsorption generator in a four-bed gas-fired domestic heat pump system. The proposed system is air-source and could deliver a nominal heating power of 7 kW and a seasonal heating COP of 1.35, equivalent to a one third reduction in gas consumption in comparison to a condensing boiler. The systems performance was compared to a vapour compression heat pump on running costs and CO2 emissions and was found to be similar or better in all cases. The adsorption generator was tested in a two-bed air-source heat pump system and achieved heating powers from 7 to 11 kW and a heating COP of between 1.4 and 1.6. Specific heating power ranged from 3.9 kW kg-1 to 6.1 kW kg-1, equivalent to specific cooling powers of between 1.1 kW kg-1 and 2 kW kg-1, which is a significant increase in power density compared to the state of the art.

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Böttcher, Christof. "An automotive carbon dioxide air-conditioning system with heat pump." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/206.

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The refrigerant circuits of car air-conditioning systems are fitted with so-called open type compressors, because there is only a lip seal preventing the refrigerant from leaking from the compressor housing to the atmosphere. In addition, the cycle uses damping elements between the compressor and the other components on the suction and pressure lines to reduce vibration and noise transfer from the engine to the car body. Both the lip seal and damping elements result in loss of refrigerant as they are made from elastomers and leak with age, and, under high temperature conditions inside the engine room, these elements also allow a relatively high permeation of the refrigerant gas to the atmosphere. With very high refrigerant losses in the older R12 -cooling cycles and the damage caused by this gas to the ozone layer in the stratosphere, the Montreal protocol phased out this refrigerant and the car industry was forced to revert completely to R134a until 1994/95. R134a has no ozone depletion potential, but it has a direct global warming potential, and, therefore, leakages also have to be minimised. R134a has, because of its molecular size, a high permeation potential and, hence, all the refrigerant hoses are lined internally. Unfortunately, these hoses also leak with age and significant refrigerant loss will occur [1] R134a can therefore only be viewed as a solution until an alternative refrigerant with no direct global warming potential has been developed. Candidates for new refrigerants are natural substances such as hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide [2]. Unfortunately, both substances have disadvantages and their use is restricted to special cases, for e.g. hydrocarbons are flammable and are not used in car air-conditioners, but in Germany it is used as a refrigerant in household refrigerators with hermetic cycles. What makes the implementation of carbon dioxide (CO2) difficult are the high system pressures and the low critical point [3].

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Mempouo, B. "Investigations of novel heat pump systems for low carbon homes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12043/.

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The European standard EN15450 states that the Coefficient of Performance (COP) target range for a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) installation should lie within the range of 3.5 to 4.5; when used for heating a building, and a typical Air-Source Heat Pump (ASHP) has a COP of 2.0 to 3.0 at the beginning of the heating season and then decrease gradually as the ambient air becomes cooler, whereas a typical GSHP is in the range of 3.5 –4.0, also at the beginning of the heating season and then decrease gradually as heat is drawn from the ground. For these reasons, in the middle of winter, when the COP drop, the heat pumps can generally only be considered as a ‘pre-heating’ method for producing higher temperature heat such as domestic hot water. In addition soil presents certain difficulties, due to the high cost of drilling to position coils in the ground compare to air source, although frost formation on the evaporator in winter limits also limit the use of air source. Though technology advances or are needed to overcome those issues. The aims of this project, therefore, were firstly to reduce the drilling length of the ground heat exchanger of the ground source heat pumps and to maintain high COPs of the air and ground source heat pumps from beginning to the end of the heating season; and secondly to develop a viable alternative evaporator for air source heat pumps to reduce frost formation during winter. These were achieved; the first aim through the combination of ground loops with solar-air panels or solar roof/collectors roof to ground heat exchangers loops to reduce the length of the boreholes, and to reduce the freezing effects around the boreholes, hence increase or maintain a constant temperature during heating season. The second aim was also achieved through development and validation of novel air source heat pump evaporator, using Direct Expansion (DX) black flat plate absorber or/and vacuum tubes for frost reduction. In this thesis, in order to achieve the above aims; four aspects of investigations have been independently investigated as following: 1- Preliminary investigation on Direct Expansion (DX) Solar Source Heat Pump system. 2- Investigation on the performance of the DX- PV/heat pipe heat pump system to reduce frost and enhance the COP of the air source heat pumps, 3- A small scale testing on the heat injection on energy piles for residential buildings for earth charging by means of solar roof/collectors 4- A field trial testing of the performance of the combination of solar-air thermal collectors with conventional GSHP with shorter ground heat exchangers (48m deep) to charge the ground and reduce freezing effects around the piles after heating cycle. From the simulation results, the novel PV/hp-HP system has a COP ranging from 4.65 to 6.16 with an average of 5.35. The condenser capacity ranging from 33 to 174 W would provide the heat source for space heating and domestic hot water. The energy performance of the novel PV/hp-heat pump was not as good as expected due to the low solar radiation. It should be much better in some low latitude locations with better solar radiation. The results of this thesis have shown that the length of ground source boreholes could be considerably reduce by about 60% compare to conventional boreholes using a combination of solar-air collectors with the GSHP and the average COP of 3.7 was achieved.

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Ibrahim, Ayman G. M. "A study of a transcritical multi-stage carbon dioxide heat pump." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21524.

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The author believes CO₂ to be a promising future refrigerant due to the threat to the HFCs of restriction or elimination posed by legislation planned in many countries. This thesis addresses the feasibility of using reciprocating compressors in a transcritical CO₂ heat pump working in cooling and/or heating modes through the use of computer modeling. A detailed simulation model of a reciprocating compressor is combined with semi-detailed gas cooler, evaporator and internal heat exchanger models to produce complete cycle model of systems having one and two stages of compression. Measured data from the open literature for CO₂ compressors and single-stage heat pumps was used to validate the models. Piston ring-cylinder leakage and valve dynamics are included in the compressor model. The influence of ring-cylinder clearance on heat pump performance is investigated as is the influence of heat pump running conditions on valve dynamics. Prior to this study, there were no models known to the author for CO₂ heat pumps which incorporate a detailed simulation of the compression process. Furthermore, there were no models for CO₂ heat pumps incorporating multi-stage compression. This study provides insight into the manner in which a CO₂ heat pump might perform in both cooling and heating modes for running conditions representing summer and winter. The models are believed to be of value to other research workers, plant designers and plant operators. As a result of this study, useful techniques have been provided for the design and manufacture of environmentally safe and energy efficient heat pump systems; it is hoped that they will make a positive contribution to the reduction of effects harmful to the environment and its inhabitants in the future.

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Rivero, Pacho Ángeles María. "Thermodynamic and heat transfer analysis of a carbon-ammonia adsorption heat pump." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66341/.

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The modelling, design, construction and experimental testing of a carbon-ammonia adsorption heat pump is presented. The main objective of the research was to computer simulate and test a 4-beds thermal wave adsorption cycle and to improve the heat transfer rate in an existing shell and tube generator. The existing generators were shell and tube type and were made of nickel brazed stainless steel but their heat transfer performance was poor. New heat exchangers with same design but larger in size were manufactured. The sorbent material, active carbon, was tested in order to characterise its thermal properties and a new generator filling technique was developed and presented. Computational modelling was carried out to evaluate the performance of the 4-beds thermal wave adsorption cycle. The proposed system was an air source heat pump that could deliver an output heating power of 7 kW and a seasonal heating COP of 1.47. The adsorption generators were tested in a 4-bed thermal wave air-source heat pump system and achieved heating output powers between 4.5 to 5.20 kW if taking into account the system heat losses (4.30 to 4.90 kW without heat losses) and heating COP’s of between 1.26 and 1.31 if taking into account the system heat losses (1.13 to 1.18 kW without heat losses). These values were significantly lower than the predicted performance of the simulation. The main cause of this discrepancy was the water distributors located at the end of the generators that distorted during the testing stage and blocked the tubes of the generators.

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Cooper, Rachel. "OCEAN ACIDIFICATION: UNDERSTANDING THE COASTAL CARBON PUMP IN A HIGH CO2 WORLD." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/420.

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Since the 1800s, carbon dioxide emissions due to human activities have contributed significantly to the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Approximately a third of this carbon is absorbed by the ocean, through air-sea fluxes at the ocean surface (Sabine, 2004). Increased CO2 has changed the carbon chemistry of the ocean and hence the pH. pH is expected to drop by 0.4 by the year 2100. It is unclear how this lower pH will affect carbon cycling and sequestration with respect to the biological carbon pump. Most studies have focused on open ocean phytoplankton or bacterial communities in large, stationary mesocosms. Few studies have coupled both phytoplankton and bacterial processes and even fewer have investigated coastal communities, where pH and pCO2 can vary drastically. This study focused first on developing and evaluating a mesocosm and alternative method for elevating pCO2. The second goal was to determine how potential changes in phytoplankton DOC release and community structure and the resulting carbon pool may affect bacterial secondary production and ectoenzyme activity in a natural coastal community. Mesocosms aimed to mimic natural pCO2 fluctuations by maintaining CO2 concentration of 1250 ppm in the headspace, as aqueous pCO2 may change with biological processes. Six mesocosms were filled with 40L of water from the Chesapeake Bay (three ambient pCO2 and three 1250 ppm) and monitored over 15 days. Chlorophyll a, DOC, bacterial respiration, bacterial production, and enzyme activity were measured. Bacterial production and respiration were used to calculate bacterial growth efficiency (BGE). Results showed that there was no significant difference between the ambient and elevated groups with respect to chlorophyll a, DOC, BGE and enzymes activity. However, differences in bacterial respiration and bacterial production during the first four days of the experiment may suggest that bacteria require time to acclimate to elevated pCO2. Phytoplankton and bacteria in coastal areas are exposed to a wide range of abiotic factors such as seasonal temperature variations, salinity, mixing, and terrestrial inputs. The pH of the Chesapeake Bay ranges between 7.5 and 8.3, and it is possible that the phytoplankton and bacteria are adapted to cope with a wide range of pH (Wong, 2012). This study suggests that the biological carbon pump may not be significantly altered in our future ocean.

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Smith, Helen E. K. "The contribution of mineralising phytoplankton to the biological carbon pump in high latitudes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/376448/.

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The biological carbon pump (BCP) exports 5 - 12 Gt C yr−1 to the deep sea and is important for the distribution of carbon within the ocean. Previous studies proposed that the phytoplankton community structure and availability of dense biominerals are key in defining regional export. This thesis examines these factors and their influence on export in the Southern Ocean and the Arctic through the examination of upper ocean species composition, distribution and marine snow particles. In the Southern Ocean, the samples were collected from the high reflectance feature known as the Great Calcite Belt (GCB). The marine snow catcher was used to capture sinking particles and allowed the examination of both the large, fast sinking particles and the slow sinking fraction of particulate organic carbon (POC). The GCB was dominated by nanophytoplankton (<20μm), where the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and diatoms Fragilariopsis nana, Fragilariopsis pseudonana and Pseudonitzschia sp. were the dominant species driving the variation in biogeography. The variation in biogeography was best described by a combination of temperature, nutrients and pCO2. E. huxleyi forms distinct features in the GCB on the Patagonian Shelf, near South Georgia and the Crozet Islands. A southwards progression of E. huxleyi occurs within High Nutrient Low Silica Low Chlorophyll waters in post-bloom conditions after silicic acid and iron drawdown by diatoms. When examined in terms of biomass, the diatoms dominate the GCB, although E. huxleyi was the single biggest contributor as a species. A statistical comparison of surface species and slow sinking material indicated that there was a degree of similarity between the surface and exported community but was regionally variable. Coccolithophores and diatoms contributed minimally (<10%) to upper ocean biomass and total carbon export. The results of this thesis indicate that even though the coccolithophores and diatoms are important phytoplankton for primary production, their direct contribution as cells to carbon export is low. POC flux correlated with opal flux but not calcite flux indicating that the opal was more important in driving POC flux in the GCB. Two types of sinking particles were examined, marine snow aggregates and faecal pellets and there was no significant difference between the sinking velocities. Marine snow sinking velocity was not dependent on size of the aggregate. The concentrations of biominerals and POC in the surface waters and the biominerals in the sinking particles did not influence the sinking velocity. This indicates that porosity and POC content could be more important in determining the sinking velocity and the carbon flux. The synthesis includes the species composition and biomass of the Arctic, which displayed similar trends to the GCB. The results from this thesis suggest that the slow sinking carbon export may not be significantly affected by potential changes in upper ocean biomineralising phytoplankton community structure and upper ocean chemistry. The effects of porosity and POC contents of the particles are here considered to be just as important for determining the export flux than upper ocean community structure and biomineral ballast availability. This implies that the impacts of ocean acidification will become more important deeper in the water column as biominerals become more important within sinking particles as POC is removed.

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Giering, Sarah L. C. "The role of mesozooplankton in the biological carbon pump of the North Atlantic." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359058/.

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Walker, Stevie. "Climate change impacts on the ocean’s biological carbon pump in a CMIP6 Earth System Model:." Thesis, Boston College, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:109224.

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Thesis advisor: Hilary Palevsky
The ocean plays a key role in global carbon cycling, taking up CO2 from the atmosphere. A fraction of this CO2 is converted into organic carbon through primary production in the surface ocean and sequestered in the deep ocean through a process known as the biological pump. The ability of the biological pump to sequester carbon away from the atmosphere is influenced by the interaction between the annual cycle of ocean mixed layer depth (MLD), primary production, and ecosystem processes that influence export efficiency. Gravitational sinking of particulate organic carbon (POC) is the largest component of the biological pump and the aspect that is best represented in Earth System Models (ESMs). I use ESM data from CESM2, an ESM participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), to investigate how a high-emissions climate change scenario will impact POC flux globally and regionally over the 21st century. The model simulates a 4.4% decrease in global POC flux at the 100 m depth horizon, from 7.12 Pg C/yr in the short-term (2014-2034) to 6.81 Pg C/yr in the long-term (2079-2099), indicating that the biological pump will become less efficient overall at sequestering carbon. However, the extent of change varies across the globe, including the largest POC flux declines in the North Atlantic, where the maximum annual MLD is projected to shoal immensely. In the future, a multi-model comparison across ESMs will allow for further analysis on the variability of these changes to the biological pump
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2021
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Earth and Environmental Science

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Duret, Manon. "Microbial communities in sinking and suspended particles and their influence on the oceanic biological carbon pump." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/427041/.

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Export of photosynthetically produced organic matter, from the sunlit to the dark ocean, in the form of sinking particles represents the major mechanism of the biological carbon pump that removes CO2 from the atmosphere. Most of the organic matter bound in sinking particles undergoes microbial remineralisation while traversing the water column, thereby causing CO2 and inorganic nutrients to be released. Increasing evidence indicates that most remineralisation does not occur directly on sinking particles, but rather on suspended particles and dissolved organic matter resulting from their disaggregation and solubilisation. Most particulate organic carbon in the mesopelagic ocean is bound to suspended particles, which represent a major substrate for heterotrophic organisms. Despite their crucial importance, suspended particles and their associated microbial communities have been largely overlooked in favour to sinking particles. This thesis presents the first comparison of diversity and functionalities between microbial communities associated with suspended and sinking particles. Using amplicon sequencing of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes on particles collected with a marine snow catcher deployed in the Southern Ocean, this thesis demonstrates that prokaryotic communities associated with suspended and sinking particles differ significantly. Particle-associated remineralising bacteria showed a clear preference for either particle-type likely relating to differential organic matter composition. Suspended particles from the upper-mesopelagic were predominately composed of prymnesiophytes and soft-tissue animals, while more efficient carbon export from diatoms was indicated by their prevalence in sinking particles. Eukaryotic sequences associated with suspended and sinking particles were largely dominated by heterotrophic protists, highlighting their major contribution to particulate organic matter remineralisation in the upper-mesopelagic. Finally, remineralisation activities, as well as nitrogen and sulphur cycling, were investigated by comparing metatranscriptomes of various particle-types collected in the North Atlantic. Free-living, small sinking and small suspended particle-associated microbes appeared most active in the remineralisation of simple organic compounds, while large suspended particles acted as the main venue of complex organic matter remineralisation. Additionally, actively expressed genes related to anaerobic processes in small particles corroborate recent postulations that marine particles may serve as oxygen-deficient microniches, and hence, may be key to redox cycling of elements in the ocean. Overall, this dissertation highlights differences between suspended and sinking particles as well as their potential biogeochemical implications in the ocean and provides further insights into constraints shaping the oceanic biological carbon pump.

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Книги з теми "Carbon pump"

Park, Simon S. On-line measurement of the PVT properties of polymer/carbon dioxide solutions using a gear pump. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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Wetz, Jennifer Jarrell. Pump station data report for the May 2001, August 2001 and January 2003 COAST cruises: Nutrients, extracted chlorophyll, and dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen. Corvallis, Or: College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 2005.

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Byerlee, Hugh Waldron. Modification of the design of screen boxes for carbon-in-pulp and resin-in-pulp plants. Randburg, South Africa: Mintek (Hydrometallurgy Division), printed and published by the Council for Mineral technology, 1985.

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Laxen, Peter Andrew. The carbon-in-pulp plant at Rand Mines Milling & Mining Company: Problems encountered and developments introduced. Randburg, South Africa: Council for Mineral Technology, 1986.

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Holton, A. E. The development and evaluation of a prototype instrument for the measurement of carbon concentration in pulp. Randburg, South Africa: Council for Mineral Technology, 1987.

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Upton, Bradley H. Technologies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions: A resource manual for pulp, paper, and wood products manufacturers. Research Triangle Park, N.C: NCASI, 2001.

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Herbert, Holik, ed. Handbook of paper and board. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2006.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Oxygenated fuels help reduce carbon monoxide : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Efforts to control ozone in areas of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin : briefing report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Improvements needed in detecting and preventing violations : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Carbon pump"

v. Bertele, O. "Retrofitting Silicon Carbon Bearings to a Process Pump." In Pump Technology, 99–104. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38296-7_7.

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Rixen, Tim, Niko Lahajnar, Tarron Lamont, Rolf Koppelmann, Bettina Martin, Luisa Meiritz, Claire Siddiqui, and Anja K. Van der Plas. "The Marine Carbon Footprint: Challenges in the Quantification of the CO2 Uptake by the Biological Carbon Pump in the Benguela Upwelling System." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 729–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_25.

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AbstractQuantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for mitigating global warming, and has become the task of individual countries assigned to the Paris agreement in the form of National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports (NIR). The NIR informs on GHG emissions and removals over national territory encompassing the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). However, apart from only a few countries, who have begun to report on coastal ecosystems, mostly mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows, the NIR does not cover or report on GHG sources and sinks of the 200-mile exclusive economic zone which, for Namibia and South Africa includes the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS). Based on our results, we estimated a CO2 uptake by the biological carbon pump of 18.5 ± 3.3 Tg C year−1 and 6.0 ± 5.0 Tg C year−1 for the Namibian and South African parts of the BUS, respectively. Even though it is assumed that the biological carbon pump already responds to global change and fisheries, uncertainties associated with estimates of the CO2 uptake by the biological carbon pump are still large and hamper a thorough quantification of human impacts on the biological carbon pump. Despite these uncertainties, it is suggested to include parameters such as preformed nutrient supply, carbon export rates, Redfield ratios, and CO2 concentrations measured at specific key sites into the NIR to stay focussed on the biological carbon pump and to support research addressing open questions, as well as to improve methods and observing concepts.

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Vasiliev, L. L., D. A. Mishkinis, A. A. Antukh, A. G. Kulakov, and L. L. Vasiliev. "Multisalt-Carbon Portable Resorption Heat Pump." In Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration, 387–400. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0099-4_22.

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Ciais, Philippe, Alberto V. Borges, Gwenael Abril, Michel Meybeck, Gerd Folberth, Didier Hauglustaine, and Ivan A. Janssens. "The Lateral Carbon Pump, and the European Carbon Balance." In Ecological Studies, 341–60. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76570-9_16.

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Thingstad, T. Frede. "Microbial Processes and the Biological Carbon Pump." In Towards a Model of Ocean Biogeochemical Processes, 193–208. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84602-1_9.

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Ahmad, Syed Nasir, Tanveer Ahmad Mir, Talib Shareef, Sasmita Pattnaik, and Showkat Ahmad Lone. "Carbon Sequestration in Aquatic System Using Microbial Pump." In Microbiomes and the Global Climate Change, 17–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4508-9_2.

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Anderson, T. R., and I. J. Totterdell. "Modelling the Response of the Biological Pump to Climate Change." In The Ocean Carbon Cycle and Climate, 65–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2087-2_3.

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Yu. Shanin, I. "Simulation of Operation Heat or Cold-Making Unit with Hydride Heat Pump." In Hydrogen Materials Science and Chemistry of Carbon Nanomaterials, 233–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2669-2_25.

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AGUSTI, S., J. I. GONZÁLEZ-GORDILLO, D. VAQUÉ, M. ESTRADA, M. I. CEREZO, G. SALAZAR, J. M. GASOL, and C. M. DUARTE. "chapter 6 Ubiquitous Healthy Diatoms in the Deep Sea Confirm Deep Carbon Injection by the Biological Pump." In Climate Change and the Oceanic Carbon Cycle, 123–48. 3333 Mistwell Crescent, Oakville, ON L6L 0A2, Canada: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315207490-7.

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Solheim, Asbjørn, and Kati Tschöpe. "Model for Excessive Cathode Wear by a “Carbon Pump” at the Cell Bottom." In Light Metals 2013, 1257–62. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663189.ch212.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Carbon pump"

Tripathi, S. Vijai, S. Kasthurirengan, S. S. Udgata, R. Gangradey, V. Krishnamoorthy, and Bhati Surendra. "Carbonaceous adsorbents in cryosorption pump applications; Future trends." In CARBON MATERIALS 2012 (CCM12): Carbon Materials for Energy Harvesting, Environment, Nanoscience and Technology. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4810023.

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Badache, Messaoud, Parham Eslami, Nejad Arash Bastani, Zine Aidoun, and Mohamed Ouzzane. "Carbon dioxide evaporation process in direct expansion geothermal boreholes." In International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. International Ground Source Heat Pump Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22488/okstate.18.000006.

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Bauer, Kohen, Sean Crowe, Cinzia Bottini, Elisabetta Erba, and Ryan McKenzie. "Carbon pump dynamics and limited organic carbon burial during OAE1a." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.18184.

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Chen, Xiaogang. "Porewater exchange and the saltmarsh carbon pump: Implications for blue carbon budgets." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.4039.

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Baughman, Ray H., Hetao Chu, Zhong Wang, Jiuke Mu, Na Li, Xiaoshuang Zhou, Shaoli Fang, et al. "Unipolar-stroke, electroosmotic-pump carbon nanotube yarn muscles." In Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIV, edited by John D. Madden, Iain A. Anderson, and Herbert R. Shea. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2612716.

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LaPrade, Bennie, Balaji Panchapakesan, and Stuart J. Williams. "Opto-Mechanical Actuation of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite Membranes for Microfluidic Pumping Applications." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86138.

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In this work, we characterize the laser induced, opto-mechanical actuation of carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer composite membranes for use in microfluidic pumping applications. Until recently, the use of opto-mechanical actuation in the field of microfluidics had not been realized [1]. This novel form of actuation offers distinct advantages over conventional external and integrated microfluidic pump actuators. Of particular interest are the abilities to decouple the pump and actuation mechanisms and wirelessly actuate microfluidic pumps. This research utilizes previously demonstrated fabrication methods to produce and test CNT/Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer pump membranes [1]. By varying the thickness of the CNT film layer within composite pump membranes, and by adjusting the laser intensity used to actuate the membranes, the deflection of microfluidic pump membranes can be tuned to achieve precise volume displacement and pumping volumes.

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Liu, Dong, Yudi Zhou, Yongying Yang, Peituo Xu, Zhongtao Cheng, Jing Luo, Yupeng Zhang, et al. "High-spectral-resolution lidar for ocean biological carbon pump studies." In OCEANS 2016 - Shanghai. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceansap.2016.7485738.

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Adloff, Markus, Ashley Dinauer, Charlotte Laufkötter, Frerk Pöppelmeier, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, and Fortunat Joos. "Carbon cycle implications of a dynamic, climate-sensitive biological pump." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.19528.

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Gabrielli, Paolo, Siddhant Singh, Giovanni Sansavini, Luis Sanz Garcia, Emmanuel Jacquemoud, and Philipp Jenny. "Off-Design Modelling and Operational Optimization of Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Heat Pumps." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-83205.

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Abstract Industrial heat pumps, and specifically those using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant, can play a key role in the de-carbonization of the heating and cooling sector, due to their low global warming potential, toxicity and flammability. However, challenges arise when dealing with the modeling and optimization of CO2 heat pumps under different operating conditions. We address this challenge by presenting a modeling and optimization tool to predict and optimize the operation of heat pumps in off-design conditions. The tool improves on the current state-of-the-art in several ways. First, it describes a novel thermodynamic cycle, which features higher performance than conventional heat pumps. Also, it is based on a mathematical model that describes accurately the behavior of CO2 across a wide range of thermodynamic conditions, especially near its critical region, and takes into account effects of motor-cooling, leakages and performance limits. Furthermore, it maximizes the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump via an accurate and computationally-efficient optimization problem. The capabilities of the model are illustrated by looking at different typical heat pump applications based on real-world projects within the heating and cooling sector. Different case studies are considered, showing how the heat pump is optimally operated during the year to maximize its COP while meeting the varying boundary conditions.

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Diezinger, Stefan, Christian Huettl, Jochen Schaefer, Christian Paul, and Arne Lienau. "Low-Carbon and High-Efficient Heat Provision by High-Temperature Heat Pumps with Subsequent Steam Compression." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210799-ms.

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Abstract Heat is the world's largest energy end use, accounting for almost half of global final energy consumption in 2021 (IEA, 2021). Heat is utilized in various applications across a broad range of industries, including refining, chemicals, pulp and paper, textile manufacturing, district heating systems, buildings, etc. Large scale, low-temperature heat pumps are a well-established technology and are currently able to achieve temperature levels of up to 100°C. In recent years, demonstration projects involving Siemens Energy and other original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have shown that temperatures up to 150°C and 4 bar are within reach using modern high-temperature heat pumps. Further progress has been made to extend this range up to 270°C and pressure levels up to 60 barA using subsequent steam compression. Such configurations recently became bid ready in the marketplace. This paper provides an underlying description of modern electric heat pump technology and will show how it can be used as a low-carbon alternative to traditional heating methods, such as oil- or gas-fired boilers. Several real-world applications will be presented, including one concept at a large integrated chemical complex in Europe, where a high-temperature heat pump and steam compressor are combined to achieve a temperature of 240°C at 19 barA with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Carbon pump"

Cunningham and Wilcox. PR-015-12205-R01 Technology Challenges for Liquid CO2 Pump Stations. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010023.

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As a result of proposed new climate change legislation requiring carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, there has been increased interest in the development of carbon capture technology worldwide. CCS aims to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by capturing it from the emissions of large producers and storing it underground. One often overlooked component of the CCS process is the transmission of captured CO2 to sequestration sites. This anthropogenic, or man-made, CO2 presents unique challenges to transportation because of the inclusion of impurities such as water (H2O), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2), and Methane (CH4). These impurities cause changes in the properties of the CO2 stream and complicate the design of pipelines. Pure CO2 pipelines for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) have a long history of operation in North America, but this technology must be adapted to anthropogenic CO2 uses. Other technologies can potentially be adapted from the oil and gas industry. There are still challenges to be addressed, however, before anthropogenic CO2 pipeline technology can be considered mature. The objective of this project is to pinpoint areas of CO2 pipeline technology that still require development related to anthropogenic CO2 pump stations and their operation when transporting CO2 as a dense phase or supercritical fluid. This report focuses on identifying these challenges and providing a research roadmap to guide the development of anthropogenic CO2 technology to maturity. This project identified key technology challenges related to the gas properties, equipment, and operation of anthropogenic CO2 pipeline pump stations. Through an extensive literature review, interviews with industry professionals, and input from the PRCI committee, a list of relevant technology challenges was developed. The technologies were then ranked the level of development of these challenges using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale to identify technologies in need of significant development. This report addresses the progress of technologies determined to have a low TRL level of development.

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Tsikos, Hariloas, Sipesihle Rafuza, Zolane R. Mhlanga, Paul B. H. Oonk, Vlassis Papadopoulos, Adrian C. Boyce, Paul R. D. Mason, Christopher Harris, Darren R. Gröcke, and Timothy W. Lyons. Carbon isotope evidence for water-column carbon and iron cycling in the Paleoproterozoic ocean and implications for the early biological pump: supplementary data file. Rhodes University, Department of Geology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21504/10962/138395.

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Buesseler, Ken O., Di Jin, Melina Kourantidou, David S. Levin, Kilaparti Ramakrishna, and Philip Renaud. The ocean twilight zone’s role in climate change. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/28074.

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The ocean twilight zone (more formally known as the mesopelagic zone) plays a fundamental role in global climate. It is the mid-ocean region roughly 100 to 1000 meters below the surface, encompassing a half-mile deep belt of water that spans more than two-thirds of our planet. The top of the ocean twilight zone only receives 1% of incident sunlight and the bottom level is void of sunlight. Life in the ocean twilight zone helps to transport billions of metric tons (gigatonnes) of carbon annually from the upper ocean into the deep sea, due in part to processes known as the biological carbon pump. Once carbon moves below roughly 1000 meters depth in the ocean, it can remain out of the atmosphere for centuries to millennia. Without the benefits of the biological carbon pump, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration would increase by approximately 200 ppm 1 which would significantly amplify the negative effects of climate change that the world is currently trying to curtail and reverse. Unfortunately, existing scientific knowledge about this vast zone of the ocean, such as how chemical elements flow through its living systems and the physical environment, is extremely limited, jeopardizing the efforts to improve climate predictions and to inform fisheries management and ocean policy development.

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Paulauskas, F. L., A. K. Naskar, S. Ozcan, J. R. Keiser, and J. P. Gorog. MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR PULP AND PAPER MILLS, TASK 9 PROOF OF COMMERCIAL CONCEPT: COMMODITY CARBON FIBERS FROM WEYERHAEUSER LIGNIN BASED FIBERS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/988340.

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Paulauskas, Felix L., Amit K. Naskar, Soydan Ozcan, James R. Keiser, and John Peter Gorog. CRADA Final Report: Materials Development For Pulp and Paper Mills, Task 9 Proof of Commercial Concept: Commodity Carbon Fibers From Weyerhaeuser Lignin Based Fibers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/988228.

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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.

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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.

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Artificial upwelling: More power for the ocean’s biological carbon pump. CDRmare, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cdrmare.31.

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Knowledge summary, Artificial upwelling: More power for the ocean’s biological carbon pump. CDRmare, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cdrmare.30.

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Algae, zooplankton and fish are among the key players in the biological carbon pump that allows the ocean to naturally remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it at great depths. However, for this mechanism to function optimally, it needs nutrients, which are lacking in many places, at least in the light-flooded surface water. By pumping up nutrient-rich deep water, humans could remedy this nutrient deficiency. But whether artificial upwelling would actually have an effect on the climate, what risks it would entail and whether it could be technically and legally implemented on a large scale, is still uncertain. The research mission CDRmare provides

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Southwestern Regional Partnership For Carbon Sequestration (Phase 2) Pump Canyon CO2- ECBM/Sequestration Demonstration, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1002142.

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Total organic carbon and rock-eval pyrolysis evaluation of 21 hand-picked coal samples from the following wells: Exxon #1 Yellow Pup, ARCO #1 Birch, and ARCO #1 Cost wells. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/19086.

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