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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Carbohydrates"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 7 вересня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Carbohydrates"

1

BeMiller, James N. "Carbohydrates and carbohydrate polymers." Trends in Food Science & Technology 4, no. 9 (September 1993): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(93)90085-o.

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2

Chavelas, Eneas A., and Enrique García-Hernández. "Heat capacity changes in carbohydrates and protein–carbohydrate complexes." Biochemical Journal 420, no. 2 (May 13, 2009): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20082171.

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Carbohydrates are crucial for living cells, playing myriads of functional roles that range from being structural or energy-storage devices to molecular labels that, through non-covalent interaction with proteins, impart exquisite selectivity in processes such as molecular trafficking and cellular recognition. The molecular bases that govern the recognition between carbohydrates and proteins have not been fully understood yet. In the present study, we have obtained a surface-area-based model for the formation heat capacity of protein–carbohydrate complexes, which includes separate terms for the contributions of the two molecular types. The carbohydrate model, which was calibrated using carbohydrate dissolution data, indicates that the heat capacity contribution of a given group surface depends on its position in the saccharide molecule, a picture that is consistent with previous experimental and theoretical studies showing that the high abundance of hydroxy groups in carbohydrates yields particular solvation properties. This model was used to estimate the carbohydrate's contribution in the formation of a protein–carbohydrate complex, which in turn was used to obtain the heat capacity change associated with the protein's binding site. The model is able to account for protein–carbohydrate complexes that cannot be explained using a previous model that only considered the overall contribution of polar and apolar groups, while allowing a more detailed dissection of the elementary contributions that give rise to the formation heat capacity effects of these adducts.

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3

Afandi, Frendy Ahmad. "Correlation between High Carbohydrate Foods with Glycemic Index." JURNAL PANGAN 28, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33964/jp.v28i2.422.

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High carbohydrate food has been perceived as a food with high glycemic index (GI). Meanwhile, the risks of diabetes are frequently associated with the GI carbohydrate based foods. Therefore, a comprehensive study based on the literature review regarding the relationship between high-carbohydrate food and the glycemic index needs to be conducted. High-carbohydrate foods can be grouped into the available carbohydrates type and non-available carbohydrates type. Food with available carbohydrates such as glucose, disaccharide, digestible oligosaccharides, and starch have positive correlation with the GI. The non-available forms of carbohydrates are hardly digested by the body, so they usually have low GI. The non-available carbohydrates foods are fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS), raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. High-carbohydrate foods can have low GI value due to complex carbohydrates or resistant starches. The type of carbohydrate can be turned into non-available due to chemical modification, processing, or interacting with other components. This information is necessary because recently, people have high awareness in choosing carbohydrate food. Not only the amount consumed, but also its carbohydrate content, types of carbohydrates, and how they are processed are important to be observed.

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4

Takayama, Shuichi, and Chi-Huey Wong. "Chemo-enzymatic Approach to Carbohydrate Recognition." Current Organic Chemistry 1, no. 2 (July 1997): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272801666220120211432.

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Abstract: Carbohydrates are widespread in biological systems and are often associated with many specific recognition and signaling processes that lead to important biological functions and diseases. Considerable efforts have been directed toward understanding and mimicking such recognition processes, and developing effective agents to control these events. The pace of discovery research in glycobiology and development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics, however, has been relatively slow compared to that of other classes of biomolecules due to the lack of appropriate strategies and methods available for carbohydrate related research. This review summarizes some of the most recent developments in the field of carbohydrate research, with particular emphasis on the work from our laboratories regarding the use of chemo-enzymatic strategies to study carbohydrate recognition. Highlights include the the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins, the rational and combinatorial synthesis of carbohydrate mimetics as inhibitors of selectins and viral RNA, and design and synthesis of mechanism-based inhibitors of glycoprocessing enzymes.

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5

Afik, D., E. C. Vidal, C. Martinez del Rio, and W. H. Karasov. "Dietary modulation of intestinal hydrolytic enzymes in yellow-rumped warblers." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): R413—R420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.2.r413.

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Many birds exhibit seasonal switches in diet and thus alter the nutrients predominating their food intake. We tested for dietary modulation of small intestine (SI) enzymes in yellow-rumped warblers, a species for which such diet changes are well documented. Birds were fed three diets formulated from either fruit, insect, or seed. We predicted that SI carbohydrases and peptidases would be modulated in direct correlation with relative levels of dietary carbohydrate and protein, respectively. Aminopeptidase N activity was about twice as high in birds eating the highest protein content diet. In contrast, there was no significant dietary effect on any of the carbohydrase activities. There was a proximal-to-distal decrease in activities of all the carbohydrases but not aminopeptidase N. The carbohydrase levels of yellow-rumps are relatively low when compared with other species in the same family and most similar to lower levels found in primarily insectivorous birds rather than in primarily granivorous or nectarivorous species. Considering this and the fact that they do not exhibit dietary modulation of carbohydrase levels, we conclude that yellow-rumps are not highly adapted for handling dietary carbohydrates, especially starch, although they might still efficiently break down and absorb sucrose and maltose if retention time were sufficiently long.

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6

Stephenson, RA, TS Rasmussen, and EC Gallagher. "Timing of nitrogen application to macadamias. 2. Storage carbohydrates." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1989): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890575.

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Samples of wood and bark were taken monthly from macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) tree trunks and analysed for total 'fermentable' carbohydrates. Carbohydrates (%, w/w) were high during autumn-winter and declined to low levels in summer when oil was accumulating in kernels. Reproductive growth appeared to draw heavily on carbohydrate reserves. Vegetative growth, on the other hand, was not generally reflected in lower carbohydrate levels in tree trunks. Application of nitrogen (N) during summer resulted in higher carbohydrate levels than when applied in autumn or winter. Despite these differences, there was no apparent accumulation of carbohydrates in the months directly following application of N. The low N status of control trees was not reflected in low concentrations of storage carbohydrates. Wood tissues had a higher concentration of carbohydrates than bark, perhaps reflecting the sampling procedures used. Further work to quantify the contribution of storage carbohydrates and current photosynthesis to yield is justified.

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7

Englyst, Klaus N., and Hans N. Englyst. "Carbohydrate bioavailability." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051457.

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There is consensus that carbohydrate foods, in the form of fruit, vegetables and whole-grain products, are beneficial to health. However, there are strong indications that highly processed, fibre-depleted, and consequently rapidly digestible, energy-dense carbohydrate food products can lead to over-consumption and obesity-related diseases. Greater attention needs to be given to carbohydrate bioavailability, which is determined by the chemical identity and physical form of food. The objective of the present concept article is to provide a rational basis for the nutritional characterisation of dietary carbohydrates. Based on the properties of carbohydrate foods identified to be of specific relevance to health, we propose a classification and measurement scheme that divides dietary carbohydrates into glycaemic carbohydrates (digested and absorbed in the small intestine) and non-glycaemic carbohydrates (enter the large intestine). The glycaemic carbohydrates are characterised by sugar type, and by the likely rate of digestion described by in vitro measurements for rapidly available glucose and slowly available glucose. The main type of non-glycaemic carbohydrates is the plant cell-wall NSP, which is a marker of the natural fibre-rich diet recognised as beneficial to health. Other non-glycaemic carbohydrates include resistant starch and the resistant short-chain carbohydrates (non-digestible oligosaccharides), which should be measured and researched in their own right. The proposed classification and measurement scheme is complementary to the dietary fibre and glycaemic index concepts in the promotion of healthy diets with low energy density required for combating obesity-related diseases.

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8

Tondt, Justin, William S. Yancy, and Eric C. Westman. "Application of nutrient essentiality criteria to dietary carbohydrates." Nutrition Research Reviews 33, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422420000050.

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AbstractThe purpose of the present review is to describe how human physiology at very low carbohydrate intakes relates to the criteria for nutritional essentiality. Although we did not limit ourselves to one particular type or function of carbohydrates, we did primarily focus on glucose utilisation as that function was used to determine the recommended daily allowance. In the general population, the human body is able to endogenously synthesise carbohydrates, and does not show signs of deficiency in the absence of dietary carbohydrates. However, in certain genetic defects, such as glycogen storage disease type I, absence of dietary carbohydrates causes abnormalities that are resolved with dietary supplementation of carbohydrates. Therefore, dietary carbohydrates may be defined as conditionally essential nutrients because they are nutrients that are not required in the diet for the general population but are required for specific subpopulations. Ketosis may be considered a physiological normal state due to its occurrence in infants in addition to at very low carbohydrate intakes. Although sources of dietary carbohydrates can provide beneficial micronutrients, no signs of micronutrient deficiencies have been reported in clinical trials of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets. Nonetheless, more research is needed on how micronutrient requirements can change depending on the dietary and metabolic context. More research is also needed on the role of dietary fibre during a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet as the beneficial effects of dietary fibre were determined on a standard diet and several studies have shown beneficial effects of decreasing non-digestible carbohydrates.

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9

Mclaughlin, Steven P., and Ryan R. Williams. "Carbohidratos y Floración en Hesperaloë funifera (Koch) Trel. (Samandoque)." Botanical Sciences, no. 66 (May 27, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1612.

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Several researchers have noted that flowering in Agavaceae requires substantial resources, but few studies have attempted to directly measure such resources. T his study addresses the hypothesis that fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is limited by available carbohydrates. The accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) prior to flowering was measured, and total requirements for carbohydrate were estimated. Hesperaloë funifera was found to accumulate fructans, and roots were an important organ for storage of accumulated carbohydrates. Carbohydrates stored in the plant prior to flowering are sufficient to meet only about onethird of the carbohydrate needed to produce an average inflorescence with 1 % to 2% fruit set. All of the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis from May through August is needed to support flowering and fruit production. Low percentage fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is probably due to a deficiency of carbohydrate resources.

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10

Gergely, Szilveszter, and András Salgó. "Changes in Carbohydrate Content during Wheat Maturation—What is Measured by near Infrared Spectroscopy?" Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.452.

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The role of bread, pasta and related products produced from milled wheat seeds is important to the human diet, so monitoring changes of starch content in developing grain is essential. Immature wheat grains are also used as a functional food, particularly as a source of water-soluble carbohydrates. The amount and variation in content of different carbohydrates changes considerably during maturation and these changes were non-destructively monitored in developing grain using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Characteristic changes in three carbohydrate absorption bands [1585–1595 nm (Carbohydrate I), 2270–2280 nm (Carbohydrate II) and 2325–2335 nm (Carbohydrate III)] were identified and it was concluded that the different dynamics of carbohydrates (starch accumulation as well as synthesis/decomposition of water-soluble carbohydrates) could be followed sensitively by monitoring these three different regions of NIR spectra. Carbohydrate I represents the effect of starch accumulation during maturation based on the vibrations of intermolecular hydrogen bonded O–H groups in polysaccharides. Carbohydrate II is the manifestation of O–H stretching and C–C stretching vibrations existing unengaged in water-soluble carbohydrates while Carbohydrate III describes the changes in C–H stretching and deformation band of poly- and mono-oligosaccharides. NIR spectroscopic techniques are shown to be effective in monitoring plant physiological processes and the spectra have hidden information for predicting the stage of growth in wheat seed.

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Дисертації з теми "Carbohydrates"

1

Drinnan, Nicholas Barry. "Towards the synthesis of biologically active carbohydrates and carbohydrate mimetics /." [St. Lucia, Qld], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18237.pdf.

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2

Hill, Anthony David. "Computational methods in the study of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-active enzymes." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.

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3

Scaffidi, Adrian. "Synthetic endeavours in carbohydrates." University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0114.

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The overwhelming occurrence and structural diversity of carbohydrates in Nature indicate their importance in a range of fundamental life processes. Indeed, it is this diversity that has lead to the two equally diverse groups of carbohydrate-processing enzymes, namely the glycoside hydrolases and glycosyl transferases. Thus, understanding the role of both carbohydrates and their processing enzymes in biological systems has attracted significant attention. This thesis, firstly, describes endeavours towards the synthesis of an inositol ?- amino acid, along with a series of sugar α-substituted carboxylic acid esters, utilising an extension of the modified Corey-Link reaction. The emphasis of the thesis is then shifted towards the synthesis of a putative inhibitor of a family GH26 lichenase from Clostridium thermocellum (CtLic26A). The preparation of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-laminarbiosyl fluoride 1 is described, along with elaboration into oligosaccharides utilising AbgE358G glycosynthase technology. Crystallographic investigations indicated that the transition state adopted by CtLic26A is in stark contrast to that utilised by the related family GH26 mannanase from Pseudomonas cellulose (Man26A). ... Following on from this work, expanding the role of the AbgE358G glycosynthase acceptor repertoire to accommodate inositol substrates was explored, furthering the synthetic utility of this enzyme. Thus, a number of inositol acceptors bearing an aryl anchor, for example 2, were prepared and shown to be surrogates for carbohydrate acceptors. ... The thesis then describes the synthesis of an acetamide derivative of 1-epivalienamine, namely 3, a putative inhibitor of β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. Both the synthesis of 3, along with kinetic data for four β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, is reported; as well, Western blot analysis indicated no inhibition of a recombinant OGTase. ... Related to the preparation of a putative inhibitor of β-N-acetylglucosaminidases was the synthesis of a conformationally rigid carbocycle derivative of PUGNAc 4, along with two other derivatives 5 and 6. These compounds were also tested against four β-N-acetylglucosaminidases and a recombinant OGTase. ... Finally, the synthesis of a mechanism-based inhibitor of family GH3 β-Nacetylglucosaminidases, namely 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-5-fluoro-β-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride 7, is described. The incorporation of an azido moiety allows for the utilisation of 8 as an effective probe of β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. ...

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4

Smith, Paul W. "Carbohydrates in synthesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:97dd273b-2577-4556-8889-361f801a826a.

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The use of carbohydrates as starting materials for organic synthesis is illustrated by the synthesis of several polyhydroxylated piperidine, pyrrolidine, indolizine and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Nucleophilic displacement by azide ion at C-2 in a D-glucose derivative, with subsequent intramolecular cyclisation through nitrogen onto the C-6 or C-5 position and functional group manipulation, led to the synthesis of: 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-mannitol; 1,2,5-trideoxy-1,5-imino-D-arabinohexitol; 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino-D-glucitol; 2-Acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5- trideoxy-D-glucitol; 2-Acetamido-1,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-mannitol; (2S, 3R, 4R, 5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxypipecolic acid; (2S, 3R, 4R, 5R)-3,4,5- trihydroxypipecolic acid and 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-mannitol. Nucleophilic displacement by azide ion at C-3 in a D-glucose derivative, with subsequent intramolecular cyclisation through nitrogen onto the C-6 position, produced the tosylate salt of 3,6-dideoxy-3,6-imino-1,2-0-isopropylidene- â«-D-glucofuranose, a highly divergent intermediate, from which the pyrrolidines: 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-gulitol, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-lyxitol and (2S, 3S, 4R) - 3,4-dihydroxyproline were prepared directly. Periodate cleavage of the C1-2 bond and a 2-C chain extension from C-2 with subsequent intramolecular cyclisation, produced the pyrrolizidine (IS, 2R, 8R) - 1,2-dihydroxypyrrolizidine. An intramolecular Wadsworth Emmans cyclisation between a lactol at C-1 and a phosphonate, produced by a DCC coupling of the amine with dimethoxyphosphinylacetic acid, led to the formation of the indolizine (1S, 2R, 8S, 8aR) - 1,2,8-trihydroxyoctahydroindolizine. The synthesis of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-lyxitol, was achieved by connection of C1 and C4 of a D-mannose derivative through nitrogen. Methyl 3,5-0-isopropylidene- â«-D-xylofuranoside was elaborated to both enantiomers of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-arabinitol. The _D-enantiomer was produced by introduction of a nitrogen between C-2 and C-5, the L- enantiomer by introduction of a nitrogen between C-1 and C-4. (2R, 3S, 4R) - 3,4-dihydroxyproline was prepared from _D-ribonolactone. The key step of the synthesis was a nucleophilic displacement by azide ion at C-2 in which the stereochemistry was unexpectedly retained.

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5

Wilson, Francis X. "Carbohydrates in synthesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280014.

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6

Hotchkiss, David J. "Studies on branched carbohydrates." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442450.

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7

Homan, Christopher David. "Phosphorus derivatives of carbohydrates." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239564.

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8

Laventine, Dominic. "Hetero-annulation of carbohydrates." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29981.

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The aim of the research to be undertaken is the synthesis of hetero-annulated glucose derivatives. In particular the synthesis of five-, six-, and seven- and eight-membered N-containing fused heterocycles is desired, with the nitrogen attached at the C-2 and C-3 position of the sugar ring. Emphasis is placed upon using the sugar ring as a scaffold to enable diastereoelective synthesis. A variety of synthetic techniques are to be employed to achieve ring-closure, especially reductive lamination, ring-closing metathesis and photochemical methods of annulation. (Fig. 9206A).;Such compounds could be useful as precursors to alkaloid synthesis due to the huge range of methods for the conversion of pyranosides to other ring systems. In addition, previous work has shown that such compounds have an inhibitory effect on glycoside processing enzymes. The pyrollidines synthesised have been tested as Glycosidase inhibitors, and some have been shown to be weak specific beta-Galactosidase inhibitors.;Using similar techniques as those employed to produce the lactam above, 2,O- and 3,O-fused lactones were also produced, with dimerised by-products also isolated. Intramolecular photocyclisation was also employed to produce complex multicyclic fused carbocyles. (Fig. 9206B).;Synthesis of N-linked amino sugar dimers was also achieved, and initial attempts at deprotection made. (Fig. 9206C).

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9

Dhamjewar, R. "Synthesis of complex carbohydrates." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1991. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3004.

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10

Reddy, G. V. "Synthesis of complex carbohydrates." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1990. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2975.

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Книги з теми "Carbohydrates"

1

Silverstein, Alvin. Carbohydrates. Brookfield, Conn: Millbrook Press, 1992.

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2

Finch, Paul, ed. Carbohydrates. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9281-9.

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3

Miljkovic, Momcilo. Carbohydrates. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92265-2.

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4

Collins, P. M., ed. Carbohydrates. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3382-9.

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5

M, Collins P., and Munasinghe V. R. N, eds. Carbohydrates. London: Chapman and Hall, 1987.

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6

Bochkov, A. F. Carbohydrates. Utrecht, The Netherlands: VSP, 1991.

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7

Alphabet, British Trades, and Sugar Bureau, eds. Carbohydrates. Abingdon: British Trades Alphabet, 1988.

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8

Hudnall, Marsha. Carbohydrates: What you need to know. Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed Publishing, 1998.

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9

Chen, Jian, Yang Zhu, and Song Liu, eds. Functional Carbohydrates. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315371061.

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10

TAYLOR, N. F., ed. Fluorinated Carbohydrates. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1988-0374.

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Частини книг з теми "Carbohydrates"

1

Thurman, E. M. "Carbohydrates." In Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters, 181–213. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5095-5_8.

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2

Gupta, Anil. "Carbohydrates." In Comprehensive Biochemistry for Dentistry, 101–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1035-5_6.

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3

Winter, Jerrold. "Carbohydrates." In True Nutrition, True Fitness, 37–51. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0479-4_3.

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4

BeMiller, J. N. "Carbohydrates." In Natural Products of Woody Plants, 155–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74075-6_5.

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5

DeMan, John M. "Carbohydrates." In Instructor’s Manual For Principles of Food Chemistry, 8–9. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0815-1_5.

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6

Piper, Brenda. "Carbohydrates." In Diet and Nutrition, 38–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7244-6_3.

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7

Stevens, Eugene S. "Carbohydrates." In Circular Dichroism and the Conformational Analysis of Biomolecules, 501–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2508-7_14.

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8

Hale, K. J., and A. C. Richardson. "Carbohydrates." In The Chemistry of Natural Products, 1–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2144-6_1.

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9

Hellwinkel, D. "Carbohydrates." In Systematic Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 155–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56765-0_7.

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10

Gooch, Jan W. "Carbohydrates." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 116. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1920.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Carbohydrates"

1

Wojnar, Olek, Eric D. Swenson, and Gregory W. Reich. "Analyzing Carbohydrate-Based Regenerative Fuel Cells as a Power Source for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-395.

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Based on current capabilities, we examine the feasibility of creating a carbohydrate-based regenerative fuel cell (CRFC) as the primary power source for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for long endurance missions where station keeping is required. The CRFC power system evaluated in this research is based on a closed-loop construct where carbohydrates are generated from zooxanthellae, algae which create excess carbohydrates during photosynthesis. The carbohydrates are then fed to a carbohydrate fuel cell where electric power is generated for the UAV’s propulsion, flight control, payload, and accessory systems. The waste products from the fuel cell, carbon dioxide and water, are used by the zooxanthellae to create more carbohydrates, therefore mass is conserved in the process of power generation. The overall goal of this research is to examine the potential of CRFCs as a viable power source for UAV systems, to look at scaling issues related to different vehicle sizes and missions, and to identify sensitivities in the CRFC system to different system parameters, indicating the areas where technology improvements may make CRFCs a viable technology. Through simulations, a UAV is sized to determine if greater than 24 hour endurance flight is possible and these results are compared to UAVs using more traditional photo-cell based power systems. The initial results suggest that CRFCs have potential as a power system for long endurance UAVs, and could offer significant improvements to the overall system performance. The final outcome of this research is to identify the most important areas for more detailed follow-on work in designing a production-ready CRFC power system for long endurance UAVs.

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2

Bushmanova, Е. А. "Analysis of energy expenditure of skiers across the preparatory phase." In VIII Vserossijskaja konferencija s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Mediko-fiziologicheskie problemy jekologii cheloveka». Publishing center of Ulyanovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34014/mpphe.2021-45-48.

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Energy expenditure was calculated at rest and during physical activity by indirect calorimetry using the Oxyson Pro system in 55 highly elite skiers. The results showed that in 75% of athletes, the measured rest energy expenditure were higher than the calculated rest energy expenditure by 20% and was 2139±363 kcal/day. Daily energy expenditure was 5347±907 kcal. In the structure of rest energy expenditure the part of carbohydrates was 67 % and fats was 33%. Generally, energy expenditure was more 5000 kcal. In addition, in our study, it was observed a progressive increase of contribution of carbohydrate oxidation in energy expenditure during high-intensity exercise. Key words: energy expenditure, high-intensity exercise, carbohydrates, fats, skiers, indirect calorimetry.

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3

Dias, Fernanda Furlan Goncalves, Juliana M. Leite Nobrega De Moura Bell, and Kazunori Machida. "Bioprocessing strategies to improve the extractability and functional properties of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates from full-fat chickpea flour." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/tajg6981.

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Interest in sustainable cost-effective and efficient extraction processes of plant-based matrices has risen due to health, environmental, and social concerns. The concurrent extraction of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates can be achieved by aqueous and enzymatic extraction processes, addressing low extractability by mechanical pressing and the use of flammable solvents. Being a source of proteins, starch, and fiber, chickpeas can be used as a matrix to generate added value compounds for food, feed, and fuel applications. The application of alkaline protease, preceded or not by carbohydrase pretreatments, was evaluated on the extractability of oil, protein, and carbohydrates from full-fat chickpea flour and protein functionality. Enzymatic extraction increased oil and protein extractability from 49.8 to 72.0–77.1% and 62.8 to 83.5–86.1%, respectively. Although the use of carbohydrase pretreatments, before the addition of protease, did not increase oil and protein extractability, it did increase the carbohydrate content of the extracts from 7.7 to 9.2–9.3 mg/mL, with the release of new oligosaccharides revealed by LC-MS/MS. Enzymatic extraction produced proteins with higher solubility (25.6 vs. 68.2–73.6%) and in vitro protein digestibility (83.8 vs. 90.79–94.7%). Post-extraction -galactosidase treatment of the extracts completely hydrolyzed flatulence-causing oligosaccharides into simple sugars. However, because high water usage is a requirement to maximize extractability in single-stage extractions, a two-stage countercurrent extraction process was developed to reduce water usage without loss in extractability. Countercurrent extraction reduced ~50% of the water used in the extraction while increasing oil and protein extractability to 95.8 and 95.7%, respectively. Techno-economic analysis demonstrated improved annual profitability of the countercurrent process despite its higher operating costs. This study highlights the effectiveness of solvent-free enzymatic strategies to maximize process extractability and feasibility, shedding light on the development of a more competitive process to produce chickpea proteins, lipids, and potential prebiotic oligosaccharides for subsequent industrial applications.

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4

Moreira, Ramón, Santiago Vilas Arufe, Jorge Sineiro, and Francisco Chenlo. "Effect of air drying temperature on phytochemical properties of brown seaweed Bifurcaria bifurcata." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7496.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of convective air-drying at different temperatures (35, 50, 60 and 75°C) on the color of Bifurcaria bifurcata (BB) seaweed powders obtained after milling, the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic and carbohydrate content of the aqueous extracts obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction. BB seaweed powders exhibited significant color differences between powders obtained from BB dried at 35ºC (yellowish-green) and 50–75 °C (brown). High air drying temperature (above 60ºC) significantly reduced the total polyphenolic, carbohydrate content and scavenging activity of aqueous extracts of BB. Keywords: Phaeophyceae Antioxidant activity Carbohydrates Color Polyphenols

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Карманов, Денис Александрович, Валерий Владимирович Лёзный, and Игорь Викторович Моисеев. "KINETICS OF QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN THE CARBOHYDRATE COMPLEX OF TOBACCO DURING IT`S FERMENTATION." In Перспективные прикладные исследования и инновации: сборник статей международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Сентябрь 2023). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58351/230928.2023.46.53.002.

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В работе представлены результаты исследований по изучению кинетики химических процессов углеводного комплекса трубочного табака. Для получения кинетических зависимостей был проведён количественный анализ образцов табака на содержание углеводов методом ВЭЖХ с рефрактометрическим детектором. Аппроксимация кинетических зависимостей показала, что процессы с участием углеводов характерны для химических реакций нулевого порядка. The paper presents the results of studies on the kinetics of enzymatic quantitative changes in the carbohydrate complex of pipe tobacco. To obtain kinetic dependences, a quantitative analysis of tobacco samples for carbohydrate content was carried out by HPLC with a refractometric detector. Approximation of kinetic dependences has shown that enzymatic processes involving carbohydrates are characteristic of zero-order chemical reactions.

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6

Scheefers, H., A. Kobus, and R. Geyer. "CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION AND LECTIN BINDING AFFINITIES OF HUMAN PLACENTAL TISSUE FACTOR." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643737.

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Tissue factor (TF) is a widely distibuted membrane glycoprotein and the most potent trigger of bloodcoagulation. It serves as an essential cofactor for the activation of Factor IX and X by Factor Vll/VIIa.TF is a lipoprotein composed of a phospholipid portion and a glycosylated apoprotein (apo-TF). The procoagulant activity of bovine brain TF is inhibited bythe lectin Con A indicating that the carbohydrates of TF might play a functional role in its interactionwith Factor Vll/VIIa.In the present study apo-TF was purified from human placenta by repeated SDS-PAGE to a purity of 95%. The carbohydrates of apo-TF wereanalyzed by capillary gas- liquid-chromatography andmass-fragmentography. This analysis revealed that apo-TF contains about 16% (w/w) carbohydrate consistingof 50.4 mole% N-acetylglucosamine, 22.2 mole% mannose, 21.0 mole% galactose, 3.2 mole% fucose and 3.2 mole% N-acetylgalactosamine. Further information on the structure of the carbohydrate moieties of the apoTF was achieved by determining the binding affinities of the apo-TF to ten different lectins. For this purpose a semiquantitative spot lectino sorbent assaywas developed. This assay is based on the detection of peroxidase-labeled lectins after being bound to the carbohydrate moieties of apo-TF adsorbed onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Human placental apo-TF showed the strongest affinity to wheat germ agglutinin which specifically binds to N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid residues.In contrast to bovine brain apo-TF, human placental apo-TF only weakly interacted with Con A, which is known to recognize mannosyl residues in mannose-rich, hybrid- and biantennary glycans,but not in tri- or tetraantennary oligosaccharides of the complex type. From the carbohydrate constituent analysis and from the lectin binding studies it can be concluded that human placental apo-TF carriesabout four N-linked higher branched oligosaccharide chains.

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7

Palec, Emil, Veronika Ostatna, Mojmi Trefulka, Martin Bartos, Hana C, Katarzyna Kurzatkowska, and Marko Z. "Electrochemical sensing of proteins and carbohydrates." In 2010 Ninth IEEE Sensors Conference (SENSORS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2010.5691011.

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8

Vargas, Jaqueline P., and Diogo S. Lüdtke. "Synthesis of Simple Alkyl-Seleno-Carbohydrates." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_2013915105622.

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9

Banwell, Martin G. "CHEMOENZYMATIC AND OTHER APPROACHES FOR THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF RARE AND UNUSUAL CARBOHYDRATES FROM NON-CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.376.

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10

Varasteanu, Dana Simona, Irina Elena Chican, Loti Cornelia Oproiu, and Sanda Maria Doncea. "ECO-TECHNOLOGIES FOR OBTAINING CARBOHYDRATES BASED SURFACTANTS." In International Symposium "The Environment and the Industry". National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2016.0038.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Carbohydrates"

1

Kiely, Donald E. Final Technical Report - Commercially Important Carbohydrate Diacids - Building Blocks from Renewable Carbohydrates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945056.

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2

Slaghek, Ted, Johan Timmermans, Roel Bisselink, Dhruva Marathe, Erwin Giling, Saskia Bubberman, Harry Raaymakers, Erik Hagberg, and Roel Bosschaerts. Electrochemical COnversion of CARBohydrates (ECOCARB). Wageningen: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/639790.

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3

Albersheim, P., and A. Darvill. The center for plant and microbial complex carbohydrates at the University of Georgia Complex Carbohydrate Research Center. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5229377.

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4

Becker, Jennifer J., and Michel R. Gagne. Selective Methods for C-X Activation in Carbohydrates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada579558.

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5

Albersheim, P. CarbBank: A structural and bibliographic database for complex carbohydrates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6434347.

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6

Darvill, Alan, Michael G. Hahn, Malcolm A. O'Neill, and William S. York. Structural Studies of Complex Carbohydrates of Plant Cell Walls. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1170244.

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7

Darvill, A. Structural studies of complex carbohydrates of plant cell walls. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6158915.

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Alan G. Darvill. Structural studies of complex carbohydrates of plant cell walls. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764078.

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Park, Sunkyu. Catalytic Upgrading of Carbohydrates in Waste Streams to Hydrocarbons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2376227.

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Nicholas, Kenneth M. Catalytic Deoxydehydration of Carbohydrates and Polyols to Chemicals and Fuels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1234909.

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