Готові списки джерел за темами / Capitate

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Capitate"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Capitate"

Izadpanah, Ali, Riyam T. Zreik, Thomas Shives, and Sanjeev Kakar. "Capitate Chondroblastoma." HAND 12, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): NP14—NP18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944716642762.

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Background: Chondroblastomas are benign tumors that typically occur in the epiphysis of long bones. Carpal bone chondroblastomas are very rare and are known to have less aggressive behavior with no evidence of recurrence reported. Methods: We present a case of a recurrent chondroblastoma in the capitate that was treated with repeat curettage, application of phenol, and bone grafting. Results: At 3 years post surgery, the patient is disease free with excellent functional return. Conclusion: Chondroblastomas are rare within the carpus. We present a review of the literature detailing their occurrence and treatment.

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Wollstein, Ronit, Roee Rubinstein, Scott Friedlander, and Frederick Werner. "Capitate and Lunate Morphology in Normal Wrist Radiographs-A Pilot Study." Current Rheumatology Reviews 16, no. 3 (September 22, 2020): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573397115666181205165642.

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Background: Morphology may provide the basis for the understanding of wrist mechanics. Methods: We used classification systems based on cadaver dissection of lunate and capitate types to evaluate a normal database of 70 wrist radiographs in 35 subjects looking for associations between bone shapes. Kappa statistics and a log-linear mixed -effects model with a random intercept were used. Results: There were 39 type-1, 31 type- 2 lunates, 50 spherical, 10 flat and 10 V-shaped capitates. There was a significant difference in lunate and capitate shape between the hands of the same individual p <0.001. This may be due to different loads on the dominant vs. nondominant hands in the same individual. Conclusion: Further study to better understand the development of radiographic parameters of the midcarpal joint may aid in our understanding of the morphology and mechanics of the wrist.

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Nayar, Suresh K., Youssra Marjoua, Anthony F. Colon, Kenneth R. Means, and James P. Higgins. "The Effects of Capitate Height Alteration on Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability." Journal of Wrist Surgery 09, no. 01 (September 30, 2019): 029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697651.

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Abstract Question/Purpose Carpal kinematics may be influenced by the manipulation of carpal dimensions. This may provide a surgical alternative to unpredictable soft tissue reconstruction for scapholunate dissociation. The purpose of this study was to determine if altering capitate height can correct dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI). Materials and Methods Five cadaveric wrists had baseline radiolunate (RL) angles and scapholunate (SL) intervals measured fluoroscopically, confirming no baseline DISI. We simulated open- and clenched-fist testing via a constant load of the wrist extensors and sequential loading of the digital flexors. We confirmed no baseline static/dynamic DISI. The SL ligament and secondary stabilizers (scapho-trapezio-trapezoid [STT] and dorsal intercarpal ligaments) were transected. Repeat loading and fluoroscopic measurements confirmed creation of static DISI. Capitate height was altered in three interventions: 2 mm shortening osteotomy of capitate waist, 7 mm shortening osteotomy of capitate waist, and 2 mm lengthening of original capitate height by insertion of a spacer at capitate waist. The osteotomized capitate was stabilized with a Kirschner wire; RL angles and SL intervals were measured via fluoroscopy during open- and clenched-fist testing. Primary and secondary outcomes were change in RL angle and SL interval, from the DISI stage to each capitate shortening and lengthening stage. Results SL ligament and secondary stabilizers sectioning created a DISI pattern, with abnormal RL angles (>15°) and widened SL intervals. Neither capitate shortening nor overexpansion corrected RL angles or SL intervals in any DISI-induced wrists. Conclusions Under the conditions studied, isolated capitate shortening or lengthening did not correct radiographic DISI posturing of the lunate following sectioning of the SL and STT interosseous ligaments. Further study of carpal kinematics with more substantial bone changes and loading of adjacent joints may be beneficial. Clinical relevance Surgeons performing capitate shortening osteotomy in isolation should not expect to improve DISI.

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Peymani, A., M. Foumani, J. G. G. Dobbe, S. D. Strackee, and G. J. Streekstra. "Four-dimensional rotational radiographic scanning of the wrist in patients after proximal row carpectomy." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 42, no. 8 (July 6, 2017): 846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193417718427.

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We measured cartilage thickness, contact surface area, volume of the capitate and shape of the capitate during motion in the operated and unaffected wrists of 11 patients with a mean follow-up of 7.3 years after proximal row carpectomy. Radiocapitate cartilage thickness in the operated wrists did not differ significantly from radiolunate cartilage thickness in the unaffected wrists. The radiolunate surface area was significantly less than the radiocapitate surface area. The volume of the capitate was significantly increased in the operated wrists. The shape of the capitate changed significantly in two of three orthogonal directions. The combination of remodelling of the capitate, increase in its surface area and intact cartilage thickness could help to explain the clinical success of proximal row carpectomy.

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COŞKUN, Tamer, Hasan ARIK, and Sertaç MEYDANERİ. "Relationship Between Carpal Bone Morphology and Distal Radius Fracture Pattern." Journal of Contemporary Medicine 12, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1174520.

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Abstract Background: In this study, we examined whether carpal bones (lunate, hamate, capitate) morphologies and fourth metecarp-capitate articulation have an effect on the distal radius fracture pattern. Methods: 206 patients who applied to the emergency department with distal radius fracture between 2016-2020 were included in the study. Preoperative and pre-reduction x-ray films of the patients were examined. Lunate, hamate, capitate morphologies and 4.metacarp articulation analyzed and classified. Distal radius fracture types were classified according to AO and Fernandez. The relationship between carpal bone morphology and distal radius fracture type was analyzed. Results: This study consisted of 101 men and 103 women. AO fracture types and carpal bone morphologies (lunate joint type according to Viegas, lunate type according to Zapico, capitate morphology, hamate morphology and capitate-4 metacarpal joint morphology) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Fernandez fracture types and carpal bone morphologies (lunate joint type according to Viegas, lunate type according to Zapico, capitate morphology, hamatum morphology and capitate-4.metacarp joint morphology) were compared, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusion: As a result, no clear relationship could be demonstrated between carpal bone morphology and distal radius fracture pattern.

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Kramer, Aviv, Raviv Allon, Frederick Werner, Idit Lavi, Alon Wolf, and Ronit Wollstein. "Distinct Wrist Patterns Founded on Measurements in Plain Radiographs." Journal of Wrist Surgery 07, no. 05 (June 17, 2018): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660811.

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Background In joints, structure dictates function and consequently pathology. Interpreting wrist structure is complicated by the existence of multiple joints and variability in bone shapes and anatomical patterns in the wrist. Previous studies evaluated lunate and capitate shape in the midcarpal joint, and two distinct patterns have been identified. Purpose Our purpose was to further characterize the two wrist patterns in normal wrist radiographs using measurements of joint contact and position. Our hypothesis was that we will find significant differences between the two distinct anatomical patterns. Patients and Methods A database of 172 normal adult wrist posteroanterior (PA) radiographs was evaluated for radial inclination, height, length, ulnar variance, volar tilt, radial-styloid-scaphoid distance, and lunate and capitate types. We measured and calculated percent of capitate facet that articulates with the lunate, scapholunate ligament, scaphoid, and trapezoid. These values were compared between the wrist types and whole population. Results Type-1 wrists (lunate type-1 and spherical proximal capitate) were positively associated with a longer facet between capitate and distal lunate (p = 0.01), capitate and base of middle metacarpal (p = 0.004), and shorter facet between the capitate and hamate (p = 0.004). The odds ratio of having a type-1 wrist when the interface between the capitate and lunate measures >8.5 mm is 2.71 (confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 6.87) and when the line between the capitate and the base of middle metacarpal >9.5 mm is 3.5 (CI 1.38, 9.03). Conclusion We characterized the two-wrist patterns using intracarpal measurements. Translating these differences into three-dimensional contact areas may help in the understanding of biomechanical transfer of forces through the wrist. Level of Evidence This is a Level II, diagnostic study.

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Akinleye, Sheriff D., and Eitan Melamed. "A Unique Presentation of Scaphocapitate Syndrome With Extrusion Into the Carpal Tunnel: A Case Report." HAND 13, no. 6 (September 12, 2018): NP39—NP45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944718799461.

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Background: Scaphocapitate syndrome is a rare variety of perilunate instability, described as a trans-scaphoid, trans-capitate fracture, with rotation of the capitate head either 90° or 180°. Methods: We present a unique case of scaphocapitate syndrome in which the rotated proximal capitate fragment expelled into the carpal canal. Results: The capitate head was extricated from the carpal tunnel via the volar approach, and was anatomically aligned and fixed through the dorsal approach using two 2.0 mm headless compression screws. The scaphoid fracture was then also reduced through the dorsal approach and stabilized with a 2.5 mm headless compression screw. All intercarpal ligaments appeared intact. Conclusions: Volar dislocation of the proximal capitate into the carpal tunnel in scaphocapitate syndrome presents a unique challenge that can be addressed with a combined volar and dorsal approach.

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Shepard, Nathan P., Richard B. Westrick, and Michael R. Johnson. "Fracture of the Capitate." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 44, no. 7 (July 2014): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2014.0408.

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RICO, Á. A., P. H. HOLGUIN, and J. G. MARTIN. "Pseudarthrosis of the Capitate." Journal of Hand Surgery 24, no. 3 (June 1999): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.1998.0056.

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Nonunion of an isolated fracture of the capitate is an infrequent condition. The authors present a patient who had few symptoms. Computed tomography showed more bone destruction than the standard X-ray. The nonunion healed with the use of a cancellous bone graft.

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Minami, Michio, Jun Yamazaki, Noriyasu Chisaka, Sadatoshi Kato, Toshihiko Ogino, and Akio Minami. "Nonunion of the capitate." Journal of Hand Surgery 12, no. 6 (November 1987): 1089–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(87)80120-x.

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Дисертації з теми "Capitate"

Quezada, Pérez Pablo Ignacio. "Capital de riesgo: la asignatura pendiente del mercado de capitales chileno." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/107621.

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En Chile, este sector no ha tenido el desarrollo esperado debido, principalmente, a que los fondos de capital de riesgo que se han formado no han cumplido con el objetivo para el cual fueron creados, esto es, no han invertido en proyectos nuevos. En las páginas que siguen, junto con desarrollar la hipótesis planteada anteriormente, analizaremos el concepto de capital de riesgo y sus principales características, la experiencia internacional en esta materia, la historia del capital de riesgo en nuestro país, la Ley 18.815 sobre Fondos de inversión, los Fondos de Inversión de Capital Extranjero de Riesgo (FICER) y los instrumentos estatales de fomento a esta industria. Asimismo, haremos una breve mención a las propuestas del Ejecutivo, contenidas en la denominada Reforma al Mercado de Capitales II, en orden a estimular el capital de riesgo en nuestro país
Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)

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GRANATO, MICHELANGELO. "NUOVE FORME DI PATRIMONIALIZZAZIONE DELLE S.R.L. E FUNZIONE DEL CAPITALE SOCIALE NELLE SOCIETA' DI CAPITALI." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/11451.

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La tesi affronta il tema del capitale sociale e della sua funzione all’interno del sistema delle società di capitali partendo dalle innovazioni legislative che hanno interessato la disciplina della s.r.l. in Europa. Nel primo capitolo vengono dipanate alcune questioni teoriche e applicative che hanno afflitto la prima esegesi delle nuove forme di patrimonializzazione delle s.r.l. Nel secondo capitolo sono discusse le tesi tradizionali sul capitale sociale e sono esposte le ragioni per cui esse non paiono idonee a risolvere le questioni organizzative e capitalistiche poste dall’istituto. Nel terzo capitolo è esposta la tesi centrale: il capitale sociale esprime un concetto normativo che svolge una funzione di governo societario, volto a risolvere la questione organizzativo-corporativa (rapporti interorganici in materia di scelte finanziarie) e riafferma l’impostazione proprietaria degli ordinamenti continentali. Si illustra una lettura unitaria interna alla classe delle società di capitali e il collegamento con la limitazione di responsabilità. Sono esaminati gli istituti del diritto societario finalizzati ad assicurare garanzia ed efficienza, profili non sempre convergenti. Si sostiene la necessità di una rule, ex ante, ad effetto reale, rispetto ai rimedi basati sugli standard e di carattere obbligatorio, individuando un possibile strumento di composizione degli interessi in gioco nelle nuove tutele.
The dissertation deals with legal capital and its function within the system of the Italian civil code rules for corporations. These rules have been recently amended both in Italy and in other European Countries, in particular with respect to the non-stock company forms (limited liability company, Italian s.r.l.). The first Chapter addresses some theoretical and practical issues raised by the early scholarly works that have analyzed the new financing schemes for the Italian s.r.l. The second Chapter discusses the traditional approaches to legal capital and provides evidence that such approaches prove inadequate to resolve the corporate and capitalistic questions that legal capital poses. The third Chapter draws the key argument of the dissertation: legal capital is a rule that fulfills corporate governance goals. It allocates powers and responsibilities regarding the financial structure of the firm and reaffirms the proprietary, shareholder oriented, European approach. This is a typical feature of all corporations, public stock corporations and private close corporations, and stems from limited liability. Further, the dissertation compares the creditor protection rules against the value maximization principle. A rule-based, ex ante approach appears more desirable and a potentially effective and flexible legal strategy can be found in the new legal reserve.

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Neto, José Machado Barbosa. "O mercado de ações no Brasil e o ciclo de aberturas de capital no período 2004/2007: um estudo exploratório-descritivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-06052009-122920/.

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O Sistema Financeiro de um país tem como uma de suas funções principais a de permitir a eficiência alocativa de recursos da sociedade, ou seja, viabilizar a transferência de recursos entre agentes superavitários e agentes deficitários, de maneira que os benefícios sejam adequadamente distribuídos, incentivando tanto a poupança quanto o investimento produtivo. O Mercado de Capitais, por sua vez, como um dos segmentos do sistema financeiro, atua na intermediação financeira de médio e longo prazo, disponibilizando recursos para investimentos com prazos de maturação mais longos, assumindo um relevante papel no desenvolvimento econômico. No Brasil, o mercado de capitais se especializou, historicamente, no repasse de recursos de dívida (debt). No entanto, nos últimos 4 anos, especificamente a partir de 2004, um segmento do mercado de capitais aflorou novamente: o de recursos de capital (equity). De fato, o volume de aberturas de capital via emissão pública de ações (initial public offer IPO) cresceu mais de 600% entre 2004 e 2007, saltando de um volume de R$ 9,2 bilhões naquele ano para cerca de R$ 67,3 bilhões em 2007. Para que se torne uma alternativa de financiamento permanente às empresas brasileiras, objetivo historicamente sempre perseguido pelas autoridades econômicas, é fundamental que os benefícios decorrentes do funcionamento desse mercado estejam sendo adequadamente distribuídos entre tomadores e doadores de recursos. Nessa lógica, o presente estudo possui dois objetivos específicos: (i) traçar um quadro geral do processo de abertura de capital via oferta pública de ações ocorrido no período 2004/2007 e (ii) verificar se os benefícios de tal processo estão sendo adequadamente distribuídos entre vendedores e compradores desses papéis. Para tanto, numa abordagem exploratório-descritiva, o trabalho foi estruturado em duas linhas: (i) análise comparada do atual ciclo de emissão de ações com os ciclos anteriores de abertura de capital, e (ii) análise dos retornos gerados por essas ações após sua emissão, a curto e longo prazo, analisando seus efeitos e conseqüências para vendedores e compradores, bem como para a sociedade em geral. Pela análise comparada com os ciclos anteriores, verificou-se a repetição do mesmo conjunto de características, com destaque para os indícios de especulação financeira. Na análise dos retornos dessas ações, verificou-se a ocorrência do underpricing no primeiro dia, enquanto que, no médio e longo prazo, observou-se a ocorrência de overpricing. Já quando comparadas com o retorno do Ibovespa, essas ações apresentaram retornos inferiores, enquanto o esperado seria um retorno superior, em função do risco mais elevado das novas ações. Em termos de retornos nominais, essas novas ações apresentaram retornos positivos enquanto o mercado estava em um ciclo de alta (20.05.08, pico de Ibovespa), e forte retorno negativo quando o mercado mudou para um período de queda (data-base 31.10.08). Por fim, foram apurados, mediante consulta aos prospectos de emissão, os valores patrimoniais das novas ações antes da emissão, identificando-se um conjunto de preços bem inferiores aos respectivos preços de lançamento. Tal realidade indica que as empresas e sócios que fizeram a venda desses papéis via oferta pública inicial obtiveram preços bastante elevados, que dificilmente obteriam em negociações privadas de ativos. Nessa lógica, a questão do underpricing perde consistência, cuja perda seria compensada pelo ganho com a abertura de capital. Esse conjunto de análises aponta que o atual ciclo vem trazendo ótimos retornos para os vendedores (empresas e sócios), mas retornos negativos aos compradores (investidores), com o que não estaria sendo benéfico para a sociedade como um todo.
The Financial System of a country has as one of its main features that of allowing the efficient allocation of resources of the society, that is, promote the transfer of resources between superavitary and deficitary agents, so that the benefits can be suitably distributed, fostering both savings and the productive investment. The Capital Market, on its side, as one of the segments of the financial system, acts in the financial intermediation of medium and long term, making resources available for investments with longer maturity terms, taking over a relevant role in the economic development. In Brazil, the capital markets historically specialized in the transfer of debt resources (debt). However, during the last 4 years, specifically as of 2004, a segment of the capital market has once again come up: that of capital resources (equity). Actually, the volume of the capital openings through public issue of shares (initial public offer - IPO) grew more than 600% between 2004 and 2007, jumping from a volume of R$ 9.2 billion during such year to around R$ 67.3 billion in 2007. In order to remain a permanent finance alternative for the Brazilian companies, the object which has been historically pursued by the economic authorities, it is essential that the benefits originated from the operation of such market are suitably distributed among receivers and donors of resources. Within this logic, the present study has two specific purposes: (i) trace a general picture of the capital opening process by public offer of shares occurred during the period 2004/2007 and (ii) check whether the benefits of such process are being suitably distributed among sellers and buyers of such papers. For such purpose, in a descriptiveexploratory view, the work was structured in two lines: (i) comparative analysis of the current cycle of issue of shares with the previous cycles of capital opening, and (ii) analysis of returns generated by such shares after their issue, at short and long term, analyzing their effects and consequences for sellers and buyers, as well as for the general society. From the compared analysis with the previous cycles, we found the repetition of the same set of characteristics, with emphasis for the indications of financial speculation. From the analysis of the returns of such shares, we found the occurrence of underpricing on the first day, whilst at the medium and long range, overpricing was determined. When compared with the Ibovespa return, such shares showed inferior returns, whilst the expected would be a higher return, as a consequence of the higher risk of the new shares. In terms of nominal returns, such new shares showed positive returns whilst the market was in a height cycle (05.20.08, Ibovespa peak), and strong negative return when the market changed to a drop period (base date 10.31.08). Finally, there were determined, by means of consultation of the issue prospectus, the book values of the new shares prior to issue, identifying a set of prices quite lower than the corresponding launching prices. Such reality indicates that the companies and partners performing the sale of such papers through initial public offer obtained quite high prices, which would seldom be obtained in private negotiations of assets. Under such logic, the issue of underpricing looses consistency, which loss would be offset by the gains due to the open capital. This set of analysis points out that the current cycle has been producing excellent returns to the sellers (companies and partners) but negative returns to the buyers (investors), reason why it would not be beneficial to the society as a whole.

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Catani, Gustano. "Fatores de estímulo à captação de capital de risco para projetos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/3691.

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O investimento em capital de risco, enquanto participação acionária em projetos embrionários, ou ainda em fase inicial, é envolto em incerteza, baixa liquidez e grande risco, oferecendo como contrapartida uma possibilidade de rentabilidade acima de qualquer padrão de mercado). O presente trabalho buscou classificar os diversos fatores de atratividade dos empreendimentos de risco, de modo a poder classificá-los pela sua relativa prioridade média em relação ao poder de decisão dos investidores de capital de risco. Os itens que obtiveram maior média foram a indicação através de uma rede confiável, a taxa de retorno e potencial donegócio e a existência de produto ou idéia superior. Ainda, o perfil médio dos investidores foi identificado como sendo do sexo masculino, com idade entre os 25 e os 34 anos, possui pósgraduação, com um montante total investido de menos de 250 mil dólares, realiza os investimentos de forma particular, investiu de uma a duas vezes nos últimos cinco anos no mercado de capital de risco, deixa seu capital investido por um período de 1 a 3 anos, se classifica como um investidor anjo, e não utiliza recursos de terceiros em seus investimentos. Foram identificadas variações dentre grupos específicos de investidores, como uma maior procura por liquidez e segurança nos investidores que optam por estratégias de investimento de menor prazo médio, a menor busca por experiência prévia do empreendedor em investidores de menor faixa etária, bem como uma maior exigência média geral nas investidoras de sexo feminino, bem como uma exigência por maior capacidade e experiência gerencial da equipe de gestão do empreendimento por investidores que possuem uma maior frequência de investimento no mercado de capital de risco. Por fim, o trabalho buscou apresentar um modelo de atração para os investidores a ser utilizado por empreendimentos que planejem captar recursos no mercado de capital de risco Brasileiro
Investment in venture capital, as an equity investment in embryonic projects, or even in the initial phase, is surrounded by uncertainty, low liquidity and great risk, offering as a counterpart a possibility of profitability above any market standard. The present work sought o classify the various factors of attractiveness of risk ventures, in order to be able to classify them by their relative average priority in relation to the decision-making inpact of venture capital investors. The items that obtained the highest average were the indication through a reliable network, the rate of return and potential of the business and the existence of a superior product or idea. In addition, the average profile of investors was identified as male, aged 25 to 34 years, has a postgraduate degree, with a total amount invested of less than $ 250,000, makes investments in a particular way, invested one to two times in the last five years in the venture capital market, leaves its capital invested for a period of 1 to 3 years, qualifies as an angel investor, and does not use third-party resources in its investments. Variations have been identified among specific groups of investors, such as a greater demand for liquidity and security in investors who opt for smaller term investment strategies, the smaller search for previous experience of the entrepreneur in younger investors, as well as a higher requirement overall average in female investors, as well as a requirement for greater capacity and managerial experience of the venture management team by investors who have a higher frequency of investment in the venture capital market. Finally, the work sought to present a model of attraction for investors to be used by enterprises that plan to raise funds in the Brazilian venture capital market.

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Lépinay, Vincent Antonin. "Les formules du marché : ethno-économie d'une innovation financière : les produits à capital garanti." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1246.

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A partir d'un terrain mené dans une grande banque d'investissement française, cette thèse étudie la mise en marché d'une nouvelle classe de produits financiers - les produits à capital garanti - en suivant, des salles de classes aux salles de marché, les formules qui font ces produits. Ce sont ces formules qui sont les fils conducteurs de cette ethno-économie : elles donnent accès aux techniques pédagogiques déployées pour saisir leurs spécificités, elles font entrer dans les techniques de vente propres à ces produits et elles éclairent les difficultés rencontrées par une organisation marchande tiraillée entre différents impératifs. Le succès de ces produits financiers exposent le capital de la banque à la prédation des autres grandes banques. Par son approche ethnographique, cette étude contribue à la nouvelle anthropologie de l'économie mais elle éclaire aussi la question des rapports entre le capital financier et le capital industriel
Using a fieldwork in a french investment bank, this research studies the way to the market of a new class of financial products - the capital garantee product - by following the formulas that make the products, from the classroom to the trading room. The formulas pave the way to this ethno economy : they give access to the pedagogical techniques used to grasp their specificity, they open up the realm of the sale techniques necessary to circulate these products and they highlight the difficulties met by an organisation under the pressure of different imperatives. The success of the capital garantee products threaten the capital of the bank. Through its ethnographic approach, this study belongs to the new anthropology of the economy but it also highlights the question of the relationship between finance capital and industrial capital

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Decroix, Yann. "Du capital social à la situation nette." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUED001.

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Le capital social, garantie des créanciers et mesure des droits et du pouvoir des associés, n'est plus. Cet échec justifie de proposer un nouvel instrument juridique : la situation nette comptable. Reflet de la solvabilité et de la valeur patrimoniale de la société, la notion répond favorablement à l' "intérêt commun des créanciers sociaux et des tiers ", qui réside dans la confiance ou l'assurance de l'exécution par la société de la prestation promise ou attendue. Elle autorise une mesure satisfaisante de la solvabilité et de la valeur de la société, dont l'appréciation permet de juger la capacité de l'entreprise à réaliser cette prestation et qui est le siège véritable de la protection des tiers et des créanciers sociaux. A l'égard des associés, la situation nette révèle la réelle consistance de leurs droits financiers et politiques. La notion permet encore d'approcher davantage la réalité du pouvoir social et de jauger et protéger la pérennité économique de la société
Share capital, as a guarantee to creditors and gauge of the rights and powers of shareholders, is dead. Its failure justifies putting forward a new legal tool : the "net book position". This notion, which reflects the solvency of a company and the value of its patrimony, satisfies the "mutual interest of creditors and third patries", which resides in the belief or assurance that such company will fulfill its obligations and their expectations. It allows a satisfactory evaluation of the solvency and the value of a company, which enables a judgement to be made on its ability to fulfill such obligations and expectations, and which is the issue of creditors and third patries'protection. With respect to shareholders, "net book position"reveals the true extent of their financial and voting rights within a company. This notion also allows us to take a closer look at the reality of power within companies and to ascertain and protect their economic perennation

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Noda, Rafael Falcão. "Custo de capital ex-ante: variáveis explicativas e prêmio pelo risco de mercado no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-01042014-150329/.

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Este trabalho propõe um modelo para estimativa do custo de capital próprio ex-ante baseado no índice lucro/preço, E/P, na taxa de crescimento esperada para o lucro na perpetuidade, g, e no coeficiente ?, o qual mede a taxa de conversão de crescimento em rentabilidade e, portanto, em valor. Tal modelo é testado com base em uma amostra brasileira, utilizando metodologia econométrica de regressões multivariadas em primeira diferença de séries temporais. São utilizadas como variáveis explicativas medidas alternativas para a taxa livre de risco e para a taxa esperada de crescimento do lucro na perpetuidade. Diversas das medidas utilizadas foram relevantes para explicar os índices E/P no Brasil, corroborando as hipóteses formuladas. Os resultados mostram, também, que as medidas mais individualmente adequadas para a taxa livre de risco a serem utilizadas para precificação de ações no Brasil são aquelas baseadas em yields de títulos soberanos emitidos pelo governo dos EUA adicionados do prêmio pelo risco Brasil, medido com base no índice EMBI+ Brazil. Identifica-se que as taxas de juros locais, apesar de apresentarem poder explicativo individualmente inferior, são fatores com poder explicativo conjunto significativo, resultando em um modelo com uma taxa livre de risco média ponderada. Quanto à taxa esperada para o crescimento na perpetuidade, a variável mais significativa foi a projeção de consenso de mercado de curto prazo para o crescimento do PIB. Por fim, estima-se o prêmio pelo risco de mercado ex-ante no Brasil, com base no modelo proposto, utilizando coeficientes e variáveis identificadas nos testes econométricos. Tal estimativa mostrou-se substancialmente mais precisa quando comparada àquelas baseadas em retornos ex-post, inclusive em mercados internacionais, bem como quando comparada a outras metodologias ex-ante no Brasil.
This work proposes a model for the estimation of the implied cost of equity. Such model is based on earnings/price ratios, E/P, on the expected perpetual earnings growth rate, g, and on the ? coefficient, which measures the rate of conversion of growth to return, and, therefore, to value. The proposed model is tested on a Brazilian sample, using multivariate first-difference time series regressions. The explanatory variables include several alternative measures for the risk-free rate and the expected perpetual earnings growth rate. The results show that most of the selected measures were relevant in explaining E/P ratios in Brazil, confirming the proposed hypothesis. The results also show that US sovereign bonds, combined with a measure for the Brazilian risk premium, the EMBI+ Brazil index, are the most relevant measures for the risk-free rate to be used in equity valuation in Brazil. Additionally, we conclude that local interest rates, albeit having individually lower explanatory power, remain relevant in conjunction with international bond yields, resulting in a weighted average risk-free rate. The most significant measure for the expected perpetuity growth rate was the short term consensus forecast for the GDP. Finally, we estimate the ex-ante market risk premium in Brazil, using the proposed model with coefficients and variables selected based on the econometric results. Such estimate is substantially more accurate when compared to ex-post estimates, including those for international markets, as well as other ex-ante estimates for the Brazilian market.

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Noda, Rafael Falcão. "Laudos de avaliação: metodologias utilizadas, erros e vieses." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-20072018-100047/.

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Este trabalho se baseia na análise de 125 Laudos de Avaliação emitidos no contexto de Ofertas Públicas de Aquisição (OPAs) no Brasil realizadas no período entre 2006 e 2017. As OPAs movimentaram dezenas de bilhões de Reais, envolvendo companhias avaliadas, no total, em mais de R$ 300 bilhões. Os objetivos principais são três: (i) mapear as metodologias de avaliação utilizadas, (ii) identificar erros cometidos, comparando as metodologias utilizadas com o referencial teórico e (iii) medir vieses de posição na preparação das avaliações. Os resultados indicam (i) diversidade de metodologias aplicadas, o que pode gerar inconsistência e viés nos resultados, (ii) existência de erros, inclusive relacionados a conceitos básicos de avaliação de empresas e (iii) viés de posição por parte dos avaliadores, especialmente empresas independentes de consultoria, que tendem a emitir resultados consistentes com os interesses dos contratantes, potencialmente causando expropriação dos minoritários. Tais resultados mostram a necessidade de aumentar tanto a qualidade técnica dos avaliadores como o nível de controle sobre possíveis conflitos de agência. Possíveis mitigadores incluem a aplicação de legislação e regulação mais rigorosas, com maior controle do processo de avaliação pelos minoritários, e exigências relacionadas à qualificação técnica dos avaliadores, às metodologias aplicadas e à responsabilização do avaliador.
This work is based on the analysis of 125 valuation reports (Laudos de Avaliação) issued in the context of tender offers (OPAs) in Brazil during the 2006-2017 period. Such offers had a total value of tens billions of Reais, with firms valued at over R$ 300 billion. The main objectives are (i) describe the valuation methodologies, (ii) identify errors, comparing the adopted methodologies with the theoretical framework and (iii) measure valuation biases. The results indicate (i) diversity of methodologies used by practitioners, possibly causing inconsistencies and biases in the results, (ii) existence of errors, some of them related to basic valuation concepts and (iii) valuation biases, especially in reports prepared by independent consulting firms, which tend to issue results consistent with the controlling shareholders\' interests, potentially causing expropriation of the minority shareholders. Such results indicate the need to improve the practitioners\' technical quality as well as the controls against agency conflicts. Possible mitigators include stricter legislation and regulation, with greater control by minority shareholders of the valuation process, and minimum requirements regarding the practioners\' technical qualification, acceptable methodologies and accountability of the report\'s issuer.

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Giglio, Alex del. "A evolução do mercado de capitais e a estrutura de capital das companhias brasileiras." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/3372.

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Анотація:

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alex.pdf: 531542 bytes, checksum: de5285d37369e2f49c7a0bf3651e3e4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
O presente trabalho demonstra os principais pressupostos teóricos acerca da Estrutura de Capital, bem como, sua evolução e relevância. Estrutura de capital é um tema ainda controverso na teoria de finanças corporativas. Dentro deste contexto, é revisada a literatura e o desenvolvimento do mercado acionário brasileiro a fim de examinar dentre as duas principais teorias pós Modigliani e Miller (Static Trade-Off Theory e Pecking Order Theory) qual é a preferida e efetivamente utilizada pelas companhias abertas brasileiras.

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Silva, Luciana Acioly da. "Brasil, China e India : o investimento direto externo nos anos noventa." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285421.

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Orientador: Luiz Gonzaga de Mello Belluzzo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: A tendência do investimento direto externo entre o pós-guerra e início dos anos oitenta foi de expandir o investimento de natureza produtiva, sobretudo na indústria manufatureira, e permitir a generalização da Segunda Revolução Industrial em muitos países da periferia, devido a sua distribuição espacial mais abrangente. No entanto-, os investimentos diretos nos últimos 20 anos têm se caracterizado pela predominância das operações de fusões e aquisições de empresas - acompanhadas de uma grande expansão do investimento de portfólio e da formação de megacorporações -, por sua menor abrangência espacial e por seu direcionamento majoritariamente ao setor de serviços. Apesar do atual ciclo de investimentos mundiais apresentar estas características, isso não foi algo absoluto, inexorável, como demonstram os casos da China e a índia que além de receberem montantes crescentes de IDE conseguiram se beneficiar dessa nova onda de capital externo. A presente tese procura traçar uma comparação entre as inserções do Brasil, China e índia nos fluxos globais de investimentos diretos externos nos anos noventa, discutindo em que medida os fatores internos ligados ao quadro institucional de cada um desses países os inseriu de modo diferenciado na globalização. Observa-se que a natureza e direção que assumem os investimentos diretos num determinado país dependem do tipo de reforma que implementou e de como esse país promoveu a abertura de sua economia. Em outras palavras, a configuração que assumiu o tDE no Brasil, China e índia foi resultado da interação existente entre as estratégias globais de concorrência das TNCs de acessar mercados e os quadros institucionais montados por cada um desses países para receber o capital estrangeiro, os quais procuraram mais ou menos inibir o componente patrimonial e especulativo desses investimentos. O texto que se segue encontra-se dividido em uma introdução, 3 capítulos e uma conclusão. O primeiro capítulo terá o caráter de uma resenha onde é apresentada uma síntese da literatura sobre a lógica de expansão da grande empresa capitalista. O segundo apresenta um estudo empírico das principais tendências dos fluxos globais de investimento direto externo, em termos de sua evolução, composição e distribuição espacial e setorial, desde os anos 80. O terceiro capítulo procura identificar as configurações assumidas pelo investimento direto externo no Brasil, na China e na índia, e descreve em linhas gerais as orientações das políticas de abertura e reformas adotadas por cada um desses países e as mudanças que introduziram em seus quadros regulatórios para receber os investimentos externos. Na conclusão busca-se uma síntese das principais idéias abordadas ao longo do texto
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Historia Economica
Doutor em Economia Aplicada

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Книги з теми "Capitate"

Capitate your kids: Teaching your teens financial independence, they do the work, you save money! Milwaukee, Wis: Popcorn Press, 2000.

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Danvers, Alain. Bordeaux capitale. Moulin: Vivisques Editions, 1986.

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Calapà, Giampiero. Mafia Capitale. Roma: La nuova frontiera, 2014.

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Amicis, Edmondo De. Roma capitale. Napoli: A. Guida editore, 1995.

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Benini, Romano. Capitale senza capitale: Roma e il declino d'Italia. Roma: Donzelli, 2013.

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Vial, Luis Domínguez. Oh capitán, mi Capitán. Stgo. [i.e. Santiago, Chile]: Ediciones Melquíades, 1988.

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Jusuf, Vrioni, ed. Novembre d'une capitale. Paris: Fayard, 1998.

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Beau, Nicolas. Paris, capitale arabe. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1995.

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Conrad, Jean-Yves. Roumanie, capitale-- Paris. Paris: Oxus, 2003.

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Tettamanzi, Dionigi. Etica e capitale. [Milan, Italy]: Rizzoli, 2009.

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Частини книг з теми "Capitate"

Gabrys, Beata, John L. Capinera, Jesusa C. Legaspi, Benjamin C. Legaspi, Lewis S. Long, John L. Capinera, Jamie Ellis, et al. "Capitate." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 719. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_486.

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Intravia, Jessica M., and Randall W. Culp. "Capitate Resurfacing." In Wrist and Elbow Arthroscopy with Selected Open Procedures, 423–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78881-0_33.

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Afshar, Ahmadreza. "Capitate Shortening for Kienböck’s Disease." In Kienböck’s Disease, 175–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34226-9_15.

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Schuind, Frédéric A., and Fabian Moungondo. "Lunarectomy and Progressive Capitate Lengthening (Modified Graner–Wilhelm Procedure)." In Kienböck’s Disease, 249–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34226-9_23.

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Arthur, Christopher J. "Capital, Competition and Many Capitals." In The Culmination of Capital, 128–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230597099_6.

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Caroli, Alessandro, and Stefano Zanasi. "Treatment of the Advanced Stages of Kienböck’s Disease by Joint Fusion Between Pro-Lunate Iliac Cortico-Cancellous Graft and Scaphoid, Capitate, and Piramidalis Bones." In Wrist Disorders, 125–34. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65874-0_15.

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Winfield, Richard Dien. "From Capital Circulation to the Competition of Individual Capitals." In Rethinking Capital, 275–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39841-9_11.

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Lim, T. K. "Phaleria capitata." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, 442–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5628-1_49.

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Yang, Ruomei, Charles Harvey, Frank Mueller, and Mairi Maclean. "‘Capital Breeds Capital’." In Pierre Bourdieu in Studies of Organization and Management, 116–33. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003022510-9.

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"51 Capitate Shortening Osteotomy." In Hand Surgery, edited by Pedro K. Beredjiklian, Ludovico Lucenti, Kevin F. Lutsky, Jonas L. Matzon, Michael Rivlin, Virak Tan, and Michael M. Vosbikian. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/b-0040-177466.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Capitate"

Patterson, Rita M., Manuel F. DaSilva, Steven F. Viegas, and J. C. Goslings. "Carpal Kinematics During Radial Ulnar Deviation." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0467.

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Abstract This study investigates carpal kinematics during a wrist Radial/Ulnar deviation motion using high speed video data acquisition. A cadaver forearm was stabilized allowing unconstrained excursion of the wrist for passive range of motion. Capitate/radius and 3rd metacarpal/radius angles were calculated to determine which measurement would be best for determining global wrist angle. The average difference in angle between the capitate and third metacarpal was 1.3 ± 1.3 degrees with a maximum difference of 5.0 degrees. Hence, the capitate-third metacarpal joint can be considered ridged. The proximal wrist joint (R/L angle) contributed 15.1 degrees to global wrist radial ulnar deviation and the midcarpal joint (C/L angle) contributed 20.6 degrees to global wrist radial ulnar deviation (43.0% and 55.8%, respectively, of the 36.4° total wrist ROM). Radio-scaphoid angles averaged 16.8 degrees (46.5% of the 36.4° total wrist ROM). The radio-lunate joint and the capito-lunate joint contribute equally to global wrist radial ulnar deviation. This new combination of motion analysis and 3D reconstructions of CT images affords a high speed, dynamic analysis of kinematics. It shows that normal carpal kinematics, during wrist radial/ulnar deviation, does not have an instantaneous screw axis (ISA) fixed in or limited to the capitate. In addition, the ISA data provides evidence that translational motion is a real and measurable component of normal carpal motion. This would change the understanding of carpal kinematics from previous studies, which suggested that the center of rotation was fixed in the capitate.

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Breighner, Ryan, David R. Holmes, Shuai Leng, Kai-Nan An, Cynthia McCollough, and Kristin Zhao. "3D-3D registration of partial capitate bones using spin-images." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by David R. Holmes and Ziv R. Yaniv. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2008685.

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Kallem, Madhan Sai, Sang-Pil Lee, Terence E. McIff, E. Bruce Toby, and Kenneth J. Fischer. "Comparison of Normal Capitate Mid-Carpal Joint Mechanics With the Effects of Scapholunate Dissociation Injury." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53895.

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The wrist is one of the most complicated multibody joints in the human body. It can be subject to many injuries. Scapholunate (SL) dissociation is a relatively common injury that is particularly difficult to diagnose and treat. Without treatment, SL dissociation is known to progress to scapholunate advance collapse (SLAC wrist) and associated osteoarthritis (OA) [1]. Traumatic arthropathy of the wrist due to scapholunate dissociation has a definitive pattern from onset to severe bone and joint degeneration. The altered radiocarpal and SL mechanics with SL dissociation may be accompanied by a secondary carpal collapse between the capitate and lunate [2]. The initial SL disruption causes apparent changes in joint kinematics and contact patterns. Thus, understanding normal and abnormal in vivo contact mechanics as a result of SL ligament injury may lead to more effective treatments that may even prevent the onset of OA. In addition, in vivo contact mechanics data after surgical treatment may help determine the effectiveness of various surgical techniques which are used to correct SL injury.

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Nichols, Jennifer A., Michael S. Bednar, Robert M. Havey, and Wendy M. Murray. "Kinematic Implications of Altering the Design of the Wrist: A Cadaveric Study Examining Midcarpal Fusion and Scaphoid Excision." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80125.

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During surgical salvage procedures, surgeons permanently alter the kinematic design of the wrist by removing and fusing carpal bones. Although salvage procedures successfully relieve arthritic pain, they have the unintended consequence of long-term functional impairments [1]. One common surgical salvage procedure is scaphoid-excision, four-corner fusion (SE4CF). During SE4CF, the scaphoid is removed, and the lunate, triquetrum, capitate, and hamate are fused together. Surgical preference dictates the amount of scaphoid removed and the position in which the bones are fused. Importantly, fusion eliminates motion between the carpal rows, creating a wrist joint in which motion occurs between the radius and a single, rigid block of carpal bones.

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Ay, Ahmet, Fahri Kurşunel, and Mahamane Moutari Abdou Baoua. "Relationship Between Trade Openness, Capital Formation and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for African Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02013.

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The more a country is open to trade, the more it attracts investors and the faster its economy develops. However, some study showed that sometime it can be the opposite of all this. In this context, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trade openness, capital formation and economic growth in African countries. To do so, we collected data of GDP per capita, trade (% of GDP), Gross national expenditure and capital formation variables. The method applied is panel cointegration and causality by using time series of 38 African countries for the period of 1990-2014. According to the results there is long run relationship between all the variables and the cross sectional co-integration test result indicates that there is more cointegration in Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Niger and Guinea-Bissau. With highest GDP per capita, Equatorial Guinea has more long-run relationship between trade openness, capital formation and economic growth. However, one of the poorest countries in the world (Niger), has also efficient long run relationship between the variables. The panel causality test results suggest that there is unidirectional causal relationship from trade openness to economic growth. There is also bidirectional causality link between capital formation and economic growth. In the same context, causal link exists from capital formation to trade openness. The study suggests that African countries must increase the investment promotions in order to increase the capital formation and trade openness then to boost economic growth.

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Gris, Lucas Rafael Stefanel, Arnaldo Candido Junior, Vinícius G. dos Santos, Bruno A. Papa Dias, Marli Quadros Leite, Flaviane Romani Fernandes Svartman, and Sandra Aluísio. "Bringing NURC/SP to Digital Life: the Role of Open-source Automatic Speech Recognition Models." In Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2022.227305.

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The NURC Project that started in 1969 to study the cultured linguistic urban norm spoken in five Brazilian capitals, was responsible for compiling a large corpus for each capital. The digitized NURC/SP comprises 375 inquiries in 334 hours of recordings taken in São Paulo capital. Although 47 inquiries have transcripts, there was no alignment between the audio-transcription, and 328 inquiries were not transcribed. This article presents an evaluation and error analysis of three automatic speech recognition models trained with spontaneous speech in Portuguese and one model trained with prepared speech. The evaluation allowed us to choose the best model, using WER and CER metrics, in a manually aligned sample of NURC/SP, to automatically transcribe 284 hours.

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Muchtar, Yasmin Chairunisa, Inneke Qamariah, and Fadli. "Entrepreneurial Intellectual Capital [Human Capital, Social Capital, Customer Capital, Technology Capital] on SME's performance in Medan, Indonesia." In 1st Economics and Business International Conference 2017 (EBIC 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ebic-17.2018.87.

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Isola, W. A., and R. A. Alani. "Correlation between expenditures on education and health services and economic growth in Nigeria: an empirical investigation." In International Conference on Human Capital Development 2009. Universiti Malaysia Pahang Publisher, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/hpd.ss.1.2010.01.001.

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Munir, Qaiser, and Kasim Mansur. "The relationship between human capital inequality and GDP growth: a dynamic panel data approach." In International Conference on Human Capital Development 2009. Universiti Malaysia Pahang Publisher, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/hpd.ss.1.2010.02.002.

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Borham, Abdul jalil, and Hussin Salamon. "A sustainable of stock market in Islam." In International Conference on Human Capital Development 2009. Universiti Malaysia Pahang Publisher, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/hpd.ss.1.2010.03.003.

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Gerko, Elena, and Hélène Rey. Monetary Policy in the Capitals of Capital. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23651.

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Poterba, James. Venture Capital and Capital Gains Taxation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2832.

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Berk, Jonathan, Richard Stanton, and Josef Zechner. Human Capital, Bankruptcy and Capital Structure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13014.

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Patrick, Carlianne. Jobless Capital? The Role of Capital Subsidies. W.E. Upjohn Institute, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp15-237.

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Durlauf, Steven, and Marcel Fafchamps. Social Capital. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10485.

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Fondo, Clint B., and Darren B. Wright. Intellectual Capital. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada429311.

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Ramey, Valerie, and Matthew Shapiro. Displaced Capital. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6775.

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Gourio, Francois, and Leena Rudanko. Customer Capital. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17191.

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Diewert, W. Erwin. Measuring Capital. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9526.

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Eisfeldt, Andrea, and Yu Shi. Capital Reallocation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25085.

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