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Статті в журналах з теми "Business contract law":
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 52, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 635–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/25093.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 53, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 821–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/25145.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 48, no. 4 (July 31, 2015): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/4806.0039.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 49, no. 4 (July 25, 2016): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/4806.01117.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 50, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/4806.1166.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 51, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 945–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/4806.1209.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 54, no. 4 (February 8, 2022): 783–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/26096.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 55, no. 3 (February 6, 2023): 461–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/27113.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Business, Banking, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 56, no. 4 (June 14, 2023): 669–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/27445.
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Sullivan, Jr., Frank. "Banking, Business, and Contract Law." Indiana Law Review 57, no. 4 (June 10, 2024): 811–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/28366.
Дисертації з теми "Business contract law":
1
Kyselova, Tatiana. "Contract enforcement in Post-Soviet Ukrainian business." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4be4313d-20aa-426d-8ea2-59bab098d588.
Анотація:
Using the findings of a five-year ethnographic study, this thesis examines the contractual relationships that prevail in low-technology moderately competitive industries characteristic of the contemporary Ukrainian economy. The research reports on how contracts are enforced and how the stability of business relationships is ensured in Ukraine. The established view of many scholars that business efficiency is held back in most post-Soviet economies by frequent contractual violations and dysfunctional courts is not entirely supported by the research underpinning this thesis: in Ukraine, contract enforcement is generally effective enough to allow stability in day-to-day transactions, and the commercial courts do provide adequate backing. Although the mechanisms used to enforce contracts in Ukraine are generally similar to those found in developed countries, there are distinctive features within the overall pattern. In particular, firms rely extensively on repeated interactions and self-enforcing devices while signing short-term formal contracts and avoiding interdependency between trading partners. They do not rely on their reputation or business association memberships and they make no use of private arbitration. Instead, a few legal institutions dating back to the Soviet period proved adaptable and viable in a market economy. When transactions involve either state-owned companies or the exercise of administrative resources, contract enforcement becomes problematic. Illegal kickbacks from suppliers and the coercive use of state machinery come into play, and asking a court to enforce a contract is more costly and less effective than in other cases. However, the author shows that in the typical everyday transactions of Ukrainian private firms, the state and its administrative resources are involved in the minority of cases, and that they do not undermine the dominant pattern of orderly contractual dealings. The thesis concludes that the contractual pattern prevalent in Ukraine effectively serves straightforward traditional buyer-seller transactions but it is ill-suited to meet the requirements of globalized trade, production diversification and technological progress. Adaptations of the existing system to meet these requirements are likely to depend upon changes in the wider business environment, namely upon institutions constraining the coercive power of the state.
2
Raobelina, Fanjamalala. "L'harmonisation du droit de la vente aux consommateurs dans l'Union européenne : Réflexion à la lumière de la directive (UE) 2019/771 relative à certains aspects concernant les contrats de vente de biens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CYUN1267.
Анотація:
Le contrat de vente de biens constituant un levier du commerce transfrontière dans l'Union, le législateur européen en régit par conséquent certains aspects. La directive 1999/44/CE réformée par la directive (UE) 2019/771 et la directive 2011/83/UE comportent ainsi des règles communes aux Etats membres, propres à la vente. Le choix de l'étude spécifique de ces règles tient d'une part, à ce que, économiquement, il s'agisse du contrat le plus courant sur le marché intérieur et d'autre part, à ce que, juridiquement, la vente reste l'archétype du contrat en droit de l'UE, servant ainsi de prémices et de modèles à la législation européenne sur les contrats de consommationThe contract for the sale of goods constitutes a lever for cross-border trade in the Union, the European legislator therefore governs certain aspects. Directive 1999/44/EC reformed by Directive (EU) 2019/771 and Directive 2011/83/EU thus include rules common to Member States, specific to sales. The choice of the specific study of these rules is due on the one hand to the fact that, economically, it is the most common contract on the internal market and on the other hand, to the fact that, legally, the sale remains the archetype of the contract in EU law, thus serving as premises and models for European legislation on consumer contracts
3
Paquin, Julie. "Business law transplants and economic development: an empirical study of contract enforcement in Dakar, Senegal." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=94941.
Анотація:
One of the latest priorities of the current law and development agenda consists in the creation of investment climates favoring the development of markets, through the adoption by developing countries of business regulation based on the best practices found in richer countries. Despite acknowledgements that the transfer of legal models from one country to another often leads to poor results, the question of the fit required between transplanted laws and local environments is either ignored or treated as a technical matter best dealt with by local legal professionals. In the whole process, the point of view of the reforms' end-users, i.e. the firms operating in developing countries, is conspicuously missing. This dissertation consists in an empirically-based investigation of the impact of business law reform with respect to one of the top priorities identified by the World Bank, i.e. the enforcement of business contracts. In the first part, the assumptions upon which the current reforms are based are examined in the light of contributions from the fields of comparative law, management, economics, sociology and anthropology. Diverse factors cultural, economic, and structural − hypothesized to account for the limited impact of legal transfers on behaviour are reviewed. The second part of the dissertation presents and analyses the results of 30 in-depth interviews conducted with small- and medium-sized enterprises operating in Dakar, Senegal. Dakar SMEs are shown to exhibit a very high degree of flexibility in the enforcement of their contracts, with the quality of the legal system playing a very minor role in their choice of an enforcement strategy. The general business environment − characterized by the presence of important financial constraints and a high level of uncertainty and interdependence between firms − stands out as the most important determinant of disputing preferences. In the third part, the implications of the findings forLa création d'environnements attrayants pour les investisseurs est récemment devenu une priorité pour les spécialistes du développement, qui conseillent aux pays en voie de développement d'adopter les « meilleures pratiques » d'affaires utilisés dans les pays développés. Bien qu'on reconnaisse que le transfert de modèles juridiques d'un pays à un autre entraîne souvent des résultats décevants, la question du niveau de compatibilité requis entre les modèles transférés et le pays importateur est le plus souvent ignorée ou considérée comme une question technique relevant de la compétence des professionnels du droit locaux. Dans ce processus, pratiquement aucune place n'est faite au point de vue des utilisateurs finaux des nouvelles normes et institutions. La présente thèse se fonde sur une étude empirique de l'impact de la réforme du droit des affaires relativement en matière d'exécution des contrats. Dans une première partie, les hypothèses sur lesquelles les réformes actuelles se fondent sont examinées à la lumière de contributions provenant de divers champs disciplinaires. Divers facteurs considérés comme expliquant les effets limités des réformes entreprises jusqu'à présent sont présentés. La deuxième partie analyse le contenu de 30 entretiens en profondeur réalisés auprès de petites et moyennes entreprises de Dakar, Sénégal. Les entretiens révèlent que les PMEs dakaroises font preuve d'une grande flexibilité dans l'exécution de leurs contrats d'affaires, et que la qualité des institutions juridiques et judiciaires joue un rôle peu important dans les décisions qu'ils prennent à cet égard. L'environnement général dans lequel elles opèrent, qui se caractérise par la présence de contraintes financières importantes, un haut niveau d'inceritude et une grande interdépendance entre les entreprises, constitue le facteur le plus important pour expliquer le comportement des entreprises. La troisième part
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Abader, Mogamad Shahied. "The labour law consequences of a transfer of a business." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/306.
Анотація:
The burden that South African labour law has to bear in relation to the economy is very heavy by international standards. In most industrially developed countries, the economy is strong enough either to provide jobs for most work-seekers or, failing that, an adequate social security system for households without breadwinners in place. In most developing countries with high unemployment rates, the labour law system makes only perfunctory effort to reach out to those facing economic marginalisation. South Africa, essentially a developing country, is not like that. The legal system is strong, works off a firm human rights base, and sets out to grapple with the issues. That is how it should be, but it comes at a price – an oftengraphic exposure of the limits of the law in a stressed society. Businesses operate for profit and survival according to the unsentimental ways of the market, and employees back in a bid to save jobs, lifestyles and livelihoods. The stakeholders use power when they have it, and make claims on the law when they don’t. The legislation and the case law reflect, add to and, to a degree, shape the complexities of these contests, and no more so than in the area of business restructuring.1 The new South Africa has quickly become the destination for foreign investment. The weakness of the rand against the dollar, pound, euro and with the “cost to sell and produce” being so low against these currencies, players on the corporate stage constantly change their make-up and composition. The larger engulfs the smaller, one company buys shares in another, or buys it out entirely, or all or part of its assets, and others are liquidated. In all these situations, employees in South Africa may find themselves with new bosses on the morning after. Under common law employees in this situation were deemed to have been discharged by the former employer, whether or not they have been offered positions in the transformed structure. If they did not want to work under it, they could not be forced to do so. That was because an employment contract was deemed in law to be one of a personal nature that could not be transferred from one employer to another without the employees consent. This research is conducted at an interesting time, when the amendments to the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 in respect of the transfer of a business, and in particular section 197, dealing with such matters comes into effect. It is also interesting in the sense that most judgements of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) and judgements of the Labour Court were moving more or less to a common approach or interpretation of section 197 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 (hereinafter “the LRA”). Section 197 of the LRA sought to regulate the transfer of a business as a going concern and altered the common law regarding the transfer of a business in two situations – firstly when there is no insolvency, factual or legal, concerned, and secondly in the instance where the transferor is insolvent. The first extreme was when an employer is declared insolvent and the contracts of employment terminated automatically. The second extreme was from the first whereby the employer has to terminate the services of his employees and be liable to pay severance pay in terms of section 1893 of the LRA, which has also been amended along with section 197 of the LRA. It is as if this section was introduced to remedy these extremes. These extremes will be dealt with in detail in this paper. The transfer of goodwill and assets from the seller to the buyer occurs when a business is sold as a going concern. At common law the employees of a business cannot be transferred in the same manner. The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 altered this position. By enacting this section the legislature wanted to protect the interest of the employees in such transactions. Whether the legislature has succeeded or not is a matter that will be dealt with in this paper. It is all dependent on the interpretation of this section by the commissioners and judges. By including section 197 in the LRA, the legislature’s intention was to resolve the common law problem where employment contract terminated upon the sale of a business, and this section was intended to be an effective tool for protecting the employment of employees. In order to understand the labour law consequences of the transfer of a business, it is important to understand the provisions of sections 197 and 197A of the Labour Relations Amendment Act 2002. This will be dealt with and each section will be discussed in detail using relevant case law and literature. In considering investing in a South African based company by way of purchasing a share of the company and giving it your own flavour, one has to carefully consider the effects of this transaction. Companies wishing to restructure, outsource, merge or transfer some of its operations will need to understand what the implications of the labour legislation will have on their commercial rationale. Section 197 regulates the employment consequences when a transfer of a business takes place. This is defined to mean the transfer of a business by one employer (the old employer) to another employer (the new employer) as a going concern. Business is defined to include the whole or part of the business, trade undertaking or service. Like the current provision, the new provision referrers to the transfer of a business. It is therefore a wider concept than the sale of a business.4 No attempt is made to define what constitutes a going concern and the controversial issue of whether an outsourcing exercise can constitute a going concern transfer is also not explicitly dealt with. The fact that a business is defined to include a service may be an indication that it was intended to typify outsourcing as a going concern transfer, but this is not necessarily the case.5 The amendments to the Act6 came into effect on 1 August 2002. Sections 197 and 197(A) of the Act consequently seeks to regulate the transfer of a business. These regulations will be dealt with individually and in a format that would make each of the sections in sections 197 and 197(A), easy to understand and interpret. It will also become clear as to what the implications of each of the subsections will have on that commercial rationale. The issues highlighted above will be dealt with detail in this paper giving an overview of the Common Law, the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 and the new Labour Relations Amendment Act 2002.
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Abdullah, Atikullah Bin Haji. "A critical study of the concept of Gharar and it's Elements in Islamic law of business contract." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497194.
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Cadoret, Vincent. "Réflexions sur les contrats d'affaires : plaidoyer pour une théorie réaliste du contrat." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10021/document.
Анотація:
Le concept de contrats d'affaires semble ignoré de la théorie générale du contrat. Une recherche juridique sur les contrats d'affaires traduit par conséquent une perception critique de cette théorie générale. A travers l'identification des contrats d'affaires par la construction d'une notion d'intérêt économique, puis leur réalisation grâce à une approche réaliste du droit des contrats, les recherches sur les contrats d'affaires visent à construire une méthode qui permet de saisir les réalités économiques dans le raisonnement juridique. Au moyen pris d'une analyse économique du contrat d'une part et d'une analyse économique du droit des contrats d'autre part, l'étude exprime ainsi une théorie réaliste du contrat qui vient discuter en opportunité des principes et de la méthode de la théorie générale du contrat, analysée comme une approche normativiste du droit des contrats. Cette théorie propose alors d'expliquer pourquoi et comment un juge choisirait de s'affranchir des prescriptions de la théorie générale du contrat pour trancher un litige qui le nécessiteraitBusiness is not inclued as well in french general theory of contract. Legal research on business contracts seems therefore to be a critical view on that general theory. Throuhg the identification of a notion of business contract, then through its materialization thanks to a realist approach to Contracts Law, legal research on business contracts aim at a method which could get economic reality in legal reasoning. An economic analysis of contract on the one hand and an economic analysis of Contract Law on the other hand express a realist theory of contract, which discuss equity about principles and method of the french general theory of contract and the normative approach of Law. This realist theory introduce a method to explain why and how a judge would choose to throw off general theory's rules to decide on a case, when it would have seemed necessary
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Gaede, Georges. "Le pacte d'actionnaires face à la mutation du droit des sociétés." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA111022.
Анотація:
Tenter de saisir le pacte d’actionnaires face à la mutation du droit des sociétés incite àpoursuivre une démarche par étapes successives : une première est destinée à éprouverla viabilité d’une mise en relation des deux phénomènes, une seconde à explorer lesimplications de ce rapprochement. La démarche conduit, en un premier temps, àprendre appui sur ce qui apparaît comme un élément commun – la logique contractuelle– pour éclairer la capacité du pacte d’actionnaires à constituer une figure d’unedialectique renouvelée de la loi et du contrat.Dans le cas du pacte, le rattachement à l’ordre contractuel a à voir avec la nature mêmede cet instrument et apparaît comme un facteur crucial de son universalité. Cettedernière se manifeste aussi bien dans la capacité à transcender la distinction entre ledroit romano-germanique et le droit anglo-saxon que dans le polymorphisme dontl’étendue et les limites sont perceptibles au gré d’une approche typologique. Dans le casdu droit des sociétés, la contractualisation, si elle n’entretient pas un rapport deconsubstantialité, n’en est pas moins significative de l’évolution contemporaine en lamatière. Constitutive d’une modalité de la mutation du droit des sociétés, cette tendanceest plus particulièrement illustrée par trois mécanismes introduits au cours des vingtdernières années – la SAS, les actions de préférence et la fiducie – qui représentent unecapacité multiforme d’évidement à l’égard du pacte.En un second temps, par-delà l’absence d’incompatibilité entre le pacte et la mutation dudroit des sociétés, une quête peut être poursuivie afin d’explorer les implications de larelation qui est susceptible d’unir ces deux phénomènes et qui dessinent une doubleplasticité du pacte.La plasticité intrinsèque, qui regarde de manière prioritaire les parties au pacte, paraîttrouver dans le droit boursier un révélateur pertinent. Ce cadre particulier permet nonseulement de mettre à profit l’impératif de transparence comme palliatif à l’obstacle queconstitue la confidentialité du pacte, mais également, dans un contexte de contraintesrenforcées, d’éprouver la faculté du pacte d’incarner des orientations caractéristiquesd’une gouvernance d’entreprise efficace. La plasticité extrinsèque procède d’uneconception plus extensive. Celle-ci repose à la fois sur un phénomène spécifique aupacte, qui tient à son effectivité renouvelée par des voies réglementaire etjurisprudentielle, et sur son inscription dans un processus plus global d’altruismecontractuel, qui offre au pacte une capacité inédite de constituer un instrument derégulation paradigmatique d’une conception renouvelée du droit des sociétésThe attempt at giving account of the shareholders’ agreement in view of the contrastingevolution of law ruling commercial and financial companies supposes several steps ofresearch. First of all, it calls for assessing the viability of correlating the two phenomena;secondly it means exploring the implications of this kind of parallel investigation; yetboth should remain inconclusive without a careful scrutiny of their common ground –the logic of contractual arrangements – so as to elucidate the ability of shareholders’agreements to offer a valid scheme of a renewed dialectical process of law versuscontract.From the standpoint of shareholders’ agreements, their very nature makes for theproximity to the contractual sphere, as a crucial factor of their universality. Thisaccounts for their capacity to bridge the gap between Roman-Germanic and Anglo-Saxonlegal tradition, as well as for its polymorphism whose extent and limitations must beworked out by way of a typological approach. In the perspective of legislation pertainingto companies, the process of contractualization corresponds to an obviouscontemporary trend, even if this is not tantamount to consubstantiality.Constituting one of the modalities of mutation to which corporate law has been subject,the above tendency is illustrated by three mechanisms introduced over the last twentyyears – the “Société par actions simplifiée”, the preferred shares and the trust – all ofwhich represent multifarious ways of substituting to shareholders’ agreements differentinstruments of legal practice.In a second phase, beyond the statement of at least partial compatibility betweenshareholders’ agreements and the mutations of legislation, a quest may be pursued inorder to explore the relationship virtually linking together these two phenomena, whichcan be described as encompassing a double plasticity, appearing under two distinctaspects. The intrinsic plasticity, concerning foremost the parties to the agreement,seems to find an adequate expression in stock exchange regulations. This framework notonly allows to take advantage of the imperative requirement of transparency, in guise ofa counterpoise to the requirement of confidentiality, but also, in a context of reinforcedstatutory rules, to test the capacity of shareholders’ agreements to establish an efficientcorporate governance. The extrinsic plasticity proceeds from a more overall conception.Resting upon a specific trait of shareholders’ agreements, it results in a renewedeffectivity in terms of regulation and of jurisprudence, as well as in a more globalprocess of contractual altruism, which afford to shareholders’ agreements anunprecedented capacity of paradigmatic regulation and a renewed conception of law
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Ambogo, Mouaragadja Nelly Ludmilla. "La réglementation juridique applicable aux prestations en logistique : entre droit commun et droit sui generis." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH03.
Анотація:
Les mutations intervenues dans les métiers du transport suite à l’apparition de l’entreprise réseau, ont favorisé l’essor de nouveaux acteurs dans la chaîne logistique. En véritables coordinateurs de l’ensemble de la chaîne, les prestataires logistiques ont diversifié leur offre de services. De transporteurs, ils ont étendu leurs compétences au pilotage global de la chaîne logistique, s’affranchissant définitivement de la qualification de transport du contrat qui les liait à leurs clients. Sans statut juridique, les prestataires de services logistiques font face au silence de la doctrine sur la question de la nature du contrat et du régime juridique qui lui est applicable. Le désintérêt des juristes sur la question procède de leur méconnaissance de la logistique dont les contours peinent encore à être maîtrisés. Une des rares solutions proposée est l’élaboration d’un statut autonome des contrats de prestation de services logistiques ou encore, l’extension du régime du contrat de transport à ces contrats. Or, en ayant recours à l’identification de leur prestation caractéristique, il apparaît qu’ils ne relèvent pas du droit des transports mais du droit commun, invalidant la thèse d’une qualification sui generisThe changes that have taken place in the transport business following the appearance of the network company have favoured the growth of new players in the supply chain. As true coordinators of the entire chain, logistics providers have diversified their service offer. From carriers, they have extended their skills to the global control of the end-to-end supply chain, definitively freeing themselves from the transport qualification of the contract that binds them to their customers. Without a legal status, logistic service providers face the silence of the doctrine on the question of the nature of the contract and the legal regime applicable to it. The disinterest of jurists on the issue stems from their ignorance of the logistics whose contours still struggle to be controlled. One of the few solutions proposed is the development of an autonomous status of contracts for the provision of logistics services or the extension of the transport contract regime to these contracts. However, by resorting to the identification of their characteristic performance, it appears that they do not fall under the law of transport but common law, invalidating the thesis of a qualification sui generis
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Stricker, Bette Eckard. "The effects of Department of Defense acquisition reform on women-owned small businesses and small disadvantaged businesses." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FStricker.pdf.
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Iolovitch, Marcos Brossard. "Efficient breach theory – a análise do rompimento eficiente dos contratos empresariais à luz da legislação brasileira e da law and economics." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148302.
Анотація:
O presente trabalho examina a teoria da quebra eficiente do contrato, oriunda do direito anglo-saxão, segundo a qual, sinteticamente, um contrato só será cumprido se os custos para adimplir a obrigação forem inferiores àqueles incorridos pelo descumprimento, admitindo-se, portanto, o inadimplemento voluntário dos contratos. O objetivo é, além de apresentar a teoria, verificar a possibilidade de aplicação da mesma no Brasil, com enfoque especial nos contratos empresariais. Para tanto, o trabalho é estruturado em introdução, quatro capítulos de desenvolvimento e encerra com a conclusão. Superada a introdução, que apresenta mais profundamente as razões que levaram à pesquisa sobre o tema, o capítulo 2 versa acerca dos paradigmas clássicos de responsabilidade contratual, com destaque às modalidades de extinção do contrato sem a consecução do seu objeto bem como às regras indenizatórias aplicáveis nestes casos, em que se busca cotejá-las com o entendimento jurisprudencial. A seguir, o capítulo 3 traz as premissas teóricas da Law and Economics focadas no Direito dos Contratos necessárias à compreensão, no capítulo seguinte, da teoria da quebra eficiente do contrato, que representa o tema central do presente estudo. Neste capítulo 4 será feita uma abordagem teórica e prática da teoria sob exame, apontando sua origem histórica, desenvolvimento e aceitação do paradigma, identificando os requisitos para sua aplicação, potenciais barreiras e também as críticas doutrinárias para, em seguida, delinear o que seria o cenário ideal para sua aplicação, bem como um tópico dedicado exclusivamente à sua abordagem prática e metodologia, indicando os elementos que devem ser sopesados antes de se tomar a decisão de romper um contrato. No capítulo 5, verifica-se quais requisitos são aceitos, as efetivas barreiras e como elas podem ser superadas para autorizar a sua incidência no Brasil, tanto os de caráter jurídico como os extralegais. Para o fechamento, o último capítulo apresenta as conclusões alcançadas através da pesquisa, indicando pontos relevantes sobre a teoria da quebra eficiente e respondendo ao principal questionamento cuja resposta era almejada, se é possível aplicar a teoria no Brasil, sob quais circunstâncias e em qual extensão.The current paper examines the efficient breach theory of contracts, from the Anglo-Saxon law origin, according to which, briefly, a contract will only be performed if the costs for performance of the obligation are lower than those incurred for non-performance, admitting, therefore, intentional breach of contract. The goal is, in addition to presenting the theory, check the possibility of applying it in Brazil, focusing mostly on business contracts. Therefore, the work is structured into introduction, four chapters of development and ends with the conclusion. Surpassed the introduction, which explains more deeply the reasons that led to research on the topic, chapter 2 examines the classical paradigms of contractual liability, especially to terminate the contract without achieving its object as well as the applicable indemnity rules in these cases, seeking to compare them with the jurisprudential understanding. Following, chapter 3 provides the theoretical premises of Law and Economics focused on the Law of Contracts necessary to understand, in the next chapter, the efficient breach theory, which is the central theme of this study. In chapter 4 a theoretical and practical approach of the theory under examination will be addressed with its historical origin, development and acceptance of the paradigm, identifying the requirements for its application, potential barriers and also the criticism it has faced to, then, outline what would be the ideal scenario for its application as well as a topic dedicated exclusively to its practical approach and methodology, pointing the elements that should be weighed before deciding to breach a contract. In chapter 5, it is shown the which requirements are accepted, the actual barriers and how they can be surpassed to permit its incidence in Brazil, both legal and non-legal. For closure, the last chapter presents the conclusions reached through the research, indicating the relevant points on the theory of efficient breach and responding to the main question of which answer was longed for, whether it is possible to apply the theory in Brazil, under what circumstances and to what extent.
Книги з теми "Business contract law":
1
Willmott, Lindy. Contract law. 2nd ed. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press, 2005.
2
Boundy, Charles. A concise business guide to contract law. Aldershot, Hampshire: Gower, 1998.
3
International Congress of Comparative Law (18th 2010 Washington, D.C.). Insurance contract law between business law and consumer protection. Zurich: Dike, 2012.
4
Yates, David. Standard business contracts: Exclusions and related devices. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1986.
5
Plimpton, Laura. Business contracts: Turn any contract to your advantage (with cd-rom). Irvine, Calif: Entrepreneur Press, 2007.
6
Qureshi, Sajid A. Business laws: Contract, sale, carriage, partnership, negotiable instruments. Rawalpindi: Federal Law House, 2001.
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Bennett-Alexander, Dawn. Employment law for business. 3rd ed. Boston, Mass: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 2001.
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Bennett-Alexander, Dawn. Employment law for business. Chicago: Irwin, 1995.
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Bennett-Alexander, Dawn. Employment law for business. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004.
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Bennett-Alexander, Dawn. Employment law for business. 6th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009.
Частини книг з теми "Business contract law":
1
Judge, Stephen. "Contract law." In Business Law, 47–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12044-1_3.
2
Kelly, David, Ruby Hammer, Janice Denoncourt, and John Hendy. "Contract (1): formation of a contract." In Business Law, 97–126. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297694-6.
3
Kelly, David, Ruby Hammer, Janice Denoncourt, and John Hendy. "Contract (2): contents of a contract." In Business Law, 127–44. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297694-7.
4
Kelly, David, Ruby Hammer, Janice Denoncourt, and John Hendy. "Contract (4): discharge of a contract." In Business Law, 169–87. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297694-9.
5
Judge, Stephen. "The Law of Contract." In Business Law, 57–104. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14962-9_3.
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Kelly, David, Ruby Hammer, Janice Denoncourt, and John Hendy. "Contract (3): vitiating factors." In Business Law, 145–67. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297694-8.
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Judge, Stephen. "Remedies for contract and tort." In Business Law, 115–34. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12044-1_5.
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Judge, Stephen. "Judicial Remedies for Contract and Tort." In Business Law, 135–53. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14962-9_5.
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Kelly, David, Ruby Hammer, Janice Denoncourt, and John Hendy. "Individual employment rights (1): the contract of employment." In Business Law, 459–91. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297694-21.
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Dalhuisen, JH. "Business Law in Europe after Brexit." In Commercial Contract Law and Arbitration, 141–94. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003463986-9.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Business contract law":
1
Varbanova, Gergana. "SMART CONTRACT AND CHALLENGES TO LAW." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.359.
Анотація:
Are the technologies advanced enough to replace lawyers and the judiciary in the negotiation and enforcement process? Is it possible for a program code to be a contract that binds the parties named in it? What is a smart contract and what challenges does it pose to the law? The present study aims to clarify and show the advantages and disadvantages of using smart contracts in civil law.
2
"The Legality and Effectiveness of Smart Contracts in Contract Law." In International Conference on Accounting, Business, Economics and Politics. Tishk International University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23918/icabep2022p28.
3
"ELEMENTS OF SELF-REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACT." In Global Business and Law Development Imperatives. Київський національний торговельно-економічний університет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/k.knute.2019-10-10.60.
4
"DETERMINANTS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT RELATIONS IN UKRAINE." In Global Business and Law Development Imperatives. Київський національний торговельно-економічний університет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/k.knute.2019-10-10.29.
5
Budiartha, I. Nyoman Putu. "Principles of Contract Law Underlying Business Activities in the Globalization Era." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism (ICBLT 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icblt-18.2018.17.
6
Wang, Hui, Hsiang-tai Chen, and Jibao Gu. "Job Stability versus Employment Flexibility: An Ordered Probit Analysis of Contract Choices under the New Labor Contract Law." In 2009 International Conference on Electronic Commerce and Business Intelligence, ECBI. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecbi.2009.47.
7
Grozdanov, Anton. "THE MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACT AND ITS MEANING FOR COMMERCIAL SHIPPING." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.52.
Анотація:
The report examines the legal nature of the Marine Insurance Contract as one of the legal institutions forming the shape of the Maritime Commercial Law. The essential importance of a merchant shipping contract is illustrated by an example from the English Case Law, which is leading worldwide.
8
Rumengan, Hervian Yulia. "Law Principles of Contract Interpretation Based on Indonesian Civil Code." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Law and Local Wisdom in Tourism (ICBLT 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icblt-18.2018.27.
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Banov, Hristo. "THE CONCEPT OF A LABOUR CONTRACT FOR LEARNING DURING THE PROCESS OF WORK." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.75.
Анотація:
The article presents the main aspects of the concept of the labour contract regulated in Art. 230, para. 1 of the Labour Code, as the legal nature of this contract is analysed. In this regard, the legal character of the learning during the process of work clause is clarified. The thesis has been substantiated that this clause is not a modality of the contract, but only an element of its minimal necessary contractual content.
10
Mitkus, Sigitas. "The concept of proper quality of construction works in lithuanian construction law." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.27.
Анотація:
The article analyses the concept of proper quality of construction works in law of the Republic of Lithuania. The analysis covers the quality requirements laid down in the Law on Construction, the Civil Code and case law. The article also defines and analyses the main categories used in Lithuanian law to characterise the quality of construction works, in particular, compliance with the standard quality of a construction works, compliance with the quality requirements set in contract documents, compliance with the requirements ordinarily presented for work of the respective nature, and fitness for use in accordance with its designation within the limits of a reasonable period.
Звіти організацій з теми "Business contract law":
1
Claro de la Maza, Jorge, and Roberto Camblor. Government Procurement and Free Trade in the Americas. Inter-American Development Bank, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008614.
Анотація:
Governments in many countries -at all levels of development- struggle with increasing budget deficits and soaring national debts. Over the last century, government spending, as a percentage of gross domestic product has tended to increase and with it has increased the range of services offered by governments and the volume of public procurement resulting from it. The growth in public procurement has been accompanied by a growth in public procurement legislation. As the public sector grew, a need made itself to seek assistance form the private sector to provide public services on a contractual and sub-contractual basis. In various countries, especially those characterized by a civil law system, government contracts took on a peculiar nature, distinct from private contracts constituting a distinct legal category, separated form private contracts rules concerning contract formation, termination, settlement of disputes and other situations. As public procurement grew in volume and value, so did its importance to employment and the national economy. In most countries, the early procurement laws were protective of domestic industry. At the same time, competition for public business grew among nationals in step with the growth of public expenditure devoted to procurement of goods and services. These laws recognized the right of nationals to be treated equally, to have equal access to public contracts. As a result, the standard method of procurement would consist in an advertised opportunity for all interested firms to bid for public contracts on auction basis.
2
Fernández Martín, Andrés, and Adam Gulan. Interest Rates and Business Cycles in Emerging Economies: The Role of Financial Frictions. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011424.
Анотація:
Countercyclical country interest rates have been shown to be both a distinctive characteristic and an important driving force of business cycles in emerging market economies. In order to account for this, most business cycle models of emerging market economies have relied on ad hoc and exogenous countercyclical interest rate processes. This paper embeds a financial contract à la Bernanke et al. (1999) in a standard small open economy business cycle model that endogenously delivers countercyclical interest rates. The model is then applied to the data, drawn from a novel panel dataset for emerging economies that includes financial data, namely sovereign and corporate interest rates as well as leverage. It is shown that the model accounts well not only for countercyclical interest rates, but also for other stylized facts of emerging economies` business cycles, including the dynamics of leverage.
3
Eslava, Marcela, Marcela Meléndez, Gabriel Ulyssea, Nicolás Urdaneta, and Ignacio Flores. Firms and Inequality in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012893.
Анотація:
The relationship between firms and inequality has been a focus of recent attention globally. This chapter summarizes basic facts about this relationship for Latin America. Unlike advanced economies where superstar firm growth has prompted concerns over disproportionate income growth at the top, the facts we summarize illustrate that the main concern for Latin America is the extreme prevalence of tiny businesses whose workers and owners tend to populate the bottom income segments. The empirical likelihood that these businesses improve their productivity and grow to hire more workers and pay better wages is also very low. The region displays a deficit of employment generation in SMEs, by contrast to both microbusinesses (including self-employment) and large corporations. While the former tend to remunerate both workers and owners with very low incomes, the latter pay high wages but also exhibit low labor shares.
4
Hauzenberger, Niko, Florian Huber, Gary Koop, and James Mitchell. Bayesian modeling of time-varying parameters using regression trees. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202305.
Анотація:
In light of widespread evidence of parameter instability in macroeconomic models, many time-varying parameter (TVP) models have been proposed. This paper proposes a nonparametric TVP-VAR model using Bayesian additive regression trees (BART). The novelty of this model stems from the fact that the law of motion driving the parameters is treated nonparametrically. This leads to great flexibility in the nature and extent of parameter change, both in the conditional mean and in the conditional variance. In contrast to other nonparametric and machine learning methods that are black box, inference using our model is straightforward because, in treating the parameters rather than the variables nonparametrically, the model remains conditionally linear in the mean. Parsimony is achieved through adopting nonparametric factor structures and use of shrinkage priors. In an application to US macroeconomic data, we illustrate the use of our model in tracking both the evolving nature of the Phillips curve and how the effects of business cycle shocks on inflationary measures vary nonlinearly with movements in uncertainty.
5
Gómez-Pineda,, Javier G., and Julián Roa-Rozo. A trend-cycle decomposition with hysteresis. Banco de la República, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1230.
Анотація:
The business cycle is the cycle in the output gap and also in a stationary measure of trend output. Both the output gap and trend output are driven by joint trend-cycle shocks. The model is a univariate trend-cycle decomposition with hysteresis in trend output that enables the estimation of the output gap and trend output in 81 economies in quarterly frequency, since 1995Q1; and 184 economies in yearly frequency, in several cases since 1950, and in a few cases since 1820. Volatility and dispersion, as well as the frequency of large joint trend-cycle shocks, were low during the Gilded Age period; high during the interwar period, even more so in advanced (AD) economies compared to emerging market and developing economies (EMDE); and low in AD economies and high in EMDE economies in the post WWII period. In contrast with other existing estimates of trend output, those from the trend-cycle decomposition with hysteresis do not evolve smoothly, do not result in an artificial boom before recessions and are less sensitive to new data.
6
Rickels, Wilfried. Database and report on currently already existing or announced ocean NETs projects, including a world map of projects. OceanNets, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d1.8_v3.
Анотація:
The Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) market is experiencing rapid development, with different regions adopting distinct approaches. In Europe, the progress is primarily driven top-down through the implementation of regulations aimed at integrating CDR into various climate instrument pillars within the EU. In contrast, the United States is witnessing a bottom-up growth trajectory, characterized by the emergence of start-ups, carbon registries, marketplaces, and insurance companies, all playing a role in the expansion of the CDR sector. This surge in CDR-related businesses has been further catalyzed by substantial subsidies, particularly through the recent adjustments made to the 45Q tax credit system. The amendments were introduced as part of the "Inflation Reduction Act" (IRA) and the "Bipartisan Infrastructure Law" (BIL). Under these modifications, significant tax credits are offered for carbon capture and utilization at point sources, with subsequent storage (CCS). Notably, the tax credits have increased to 60 USD/tCO2 for carbon capture and utilization and storage at point sources, and to 85 USD/tCO2 for direct air capture and storage. The tax credits go even higher, amounting to 130 and 180 USD/tCO2, respectively, for utilization and storage if the carbon is directly removed from the air. In addition to these measures, the IRA and BIL also allocate substantial funding for forestry and sequestration projects, carbon transport infrastructure, and carbon removal hubs to test and develop technologies. Simultaneously, some top-down initiatives have been set in motion in the US, exemplified by the introduction of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Market Development Act as part of California's Cap-and-Trade Program. This act mandates emitting entities to offset a certain percentage of their emissions through CDR in subsequent years, culminating in full compensation of emissions with CDR by 2045. Moreover, the act emphasizes the promotion of domestic development by requiring that at least 50% of the negative emissions credits used by an emitting entity originate from CDR processes that directly mitigate climate impacts within the state. Against this backdrop, it comes as no surprise that the CDR start-up scene is predominantly dominated by US companies, with ocean-based removal companies accounting for approximately 10 percent of the market. However, despite their presence, ocean-based CDR projects are currently limited, with the majority focused on blue carbon projects, particularly mangrove restoration, and only a few exploring other ocean-based CDR methods. The land-based portion of the CDR market appears to be effectively addressing accounting, verification, and registry aspects, primarily due to market demand or existing regulations. Nevertheless, the development of such bottom-up approaches remains less likely for open access schemes like ocean-based CDR initiatives.
7
The Impact of Internet Banking on the Performance of Micro and Small Enterprises in Costa Rica: A Randomized Controlled Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011299.
Анотація:
This paper uses a randomized controlled experiment in Costa Rica to determine whether IB use by Banco Nacional de Desarrollo's micro and small enterprise (MSE) clients has an impact on their performance, measured in terms of productivity, increase in sales, and cost reduction. Results from the intervention group surveys indicate that Internet use is limited in MSEs' daily operations because of limited access to computers and the relatively low penetration of Internet services in employees' activities. In addition, firms have limited knowledge about the uses of the Internet as a business development tool. These results contrast with the reported benefits obtained by a small group of firms. Those benefits include reduced costs, higher sales, and better contact with customers.
8
Technology and Tax: Adoption and Impacts of E-services in Rwanda. Institute of Development Studies, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.001.
Анотація:
Many low-income countries are increasingly digitising various tax services, usually motivated by efforts to increase efficiency and transparency and reduce the burden of compliance for taxpayers. However, where awareness and adoption are suboptimal, tax e services may produce only partial benefits. In this paper, we examine the adoption of tax e-services in Rwanda, a low-income country which has invested significant resources in digitalising government service delivery and made tax e-services mandatory from 2015. Using a combination of panel survey and tax administrative data, we study the drivers and impacts of e-services awareness and adoption. We find evidence that, before the pandemic, female and less educated taxpayers, with less sophisticated businesses, were left behind in technology adoption, even where e-services were the only option for taxpayers. Exploiting the outbreak of COVID-19 during our data collection, we also study shifts precipitated by a shock that normalised digital transactions. Take-up of e-services is remarkable two years after the pandemic, but still not universal. For those not using the e services the same challenges in access persist – indicating the potential for more targeted policy interventions. Interestingly, technology adoption is not strongly related with filing behaviour, and we study the reasons why non-filers report using the tools and, on the contrary, why active filers report they do not. Also, we do not find any significant impact of e-services adoption on perceived fairness of the tax system and overall willingness to pay, which we hypothesised benefit from e-services. Finally, using evidence from qualitative interviews, we highlight practical challenges in using e-services, such as connectivity problems and slow systems, which undermine the potential benefits.
9
Financial Infrastructure Report 2022. Banco de la República, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2022.
Анотація:
Banco de la República's monitoring of the local financial market infrastructure is an additional contribution to the country's financial stability. One of the products of that monitoring has been the Payment Systems Report, which is now known as the Financial Infrastructure Report. The change in name, as of this edition, is intended to reflect in a broader way the issues that are addressed in the report. The 2022 edition includes several changes that are the result of a comparative study of financial infrastructure reports prepared by other central banks. These changes seek to make the report more fluid and easier to read, including main points and selected key figures for the different interest groups to which it is addressed. The report shows the financial infrastructure continued to render its services without interruption, with general evidence of good performance in 2021. Additionally, the resilience of the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) and the Large-value Payments System (CUD) to extreme events was validated, based on stress tests conducted according to international standards (focused on liquidity and credit risk). As for retail payments, transactional information indicates the use of electronic instruments increased in terms of value during 2021 compared to 2020 (credit and debit cards, checks and electronic funds transfers). The use of debit and credit cards in payments rose to levels similar to those reached in the pre-pandemic year. Meanwhile, electronic funds transfers continued to grow. Although the results of the BR 2022 survey show cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments (like the situation in other countries), the perception of its use decreased significantly to 75 % (87 % in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument for customers. However, in this measurement, several retail channels such as hairdressers, drugstores and restaurants joined the group that has traditionally received electronic payments for a value greater than 10% of their sales (hypermarkets and gas stations). Likewise, for nearly 50% of the population, cash payments are lower than before the pandemic. This is consistent with the transactional increase in electronic payment instruments that was observed in 2021. Banco de la República continues to monitor the technological developments that have expanded and modernized the supply in the international and local payments market, as these are issues of interest to the industry that provides clearing and settlement services. This report outlines the Pix case for instant payments in Brazil, the projects that are underway regarding the possible issue of digital currency by central banks (CBDC) for cross-border payments, as well as an approach to the Fintech ecosystem in Colombia, with an emphasis on companies that provide payment services. Leonardo Villar Governor Main points: 2022 The local financial infrastructure was safe and efficient throughout the year. The services of the financial infrastructure were proved on a continuous basis, showing good performance overall. Less momentum in the large-value payment system CUD activity declined versus the previous year because of fewer government deposits with BanRep. This was offset partially by growth in repos to increase money supply and in retail-value payments (electronic funds transfers, checks and cards). Increased momentum in financial market infrastructures. Larger amounts were cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository (DCV) due to an increase in the market for sovereign debt. Operations managed by the Central Counterparty Risk of Colombia (CRCC) increased due to inclusion of the foreign exchange segment and the positive evolution in non-delivery forward peso/dollar contracts. Added confidence in the peso/dollar spot foreign exchange market due to CRCC interposition. Number and value of trades grew, mainly due to the adjustment of therisk management model for the FX segment and the increase in the limiton net selling positions in dollars. Stress testing with international standards to validate CRCC and CUD resilience Stress tests conducted independently by the SFC, BanRep and the CRCC, like those done in England and the United States, concluded that the CRCC's risk management model allows it to withstand extreme market events and simultaneous defaults by its main members. Based on the experience of other central banks, BanRep strengthened its intraday liquidity risk stress exercises in the CUD by incorporating temporary payment delays. It calculated that a two-hour delay by a key participant increases the system's liquidity needs by 0.5%. Electronic payments increased during 2021 According to transactional information, all electronic payment instruments increased in value versus 2020 (electronic funds transfers, checks and debit and credit cards). Electronic funds transfers continued to grow (80% from legal entities), with the participation of closed schemes driven particularly by the use of mobile wallets (35% of the number of intra-transfer transactions). The use of debit and credit cards for payments climbed to levels similar to those witnessed in the pre-pandemic year. Cash continues to be the instrument most used by the public for regular payments. The results of the BanRep survey in 2022 show that the perception of the use of cash declined significantly to 75% (87% in 2019), and about 50% of the population perceive their cash payments as being lower than those they made before the pandemic. Electronic funds transfers were second most used instrument, having increased to 15% (3% in 2019). Also, in commerce, cash was the preferred instrument of payment for its customers; however, several commerce channels received more than 10% of the value of their sales in electronic payments (hypermarkets 35%, gas stations 25%, hairdressers 15%, drugstores 14% and restaurants 12%). Continuous technological developments have broadened, and modernized services offered in the payments market. Pix (instant payments in Brazil). The high level of adoption of instant transfers in Brazil motivated a review of its strengths; namely, the possibility of different use cases between individuals, businesses, and government; high participation by financial and payment institutions; free of charge for individuals and the possibility of charging legal entities, and simple user experience. Digital currencies in central banking. Several groups of countries have joined forces to conduct pilot projects with wholesale CBDCs for cross-border payments. Flows generated by international trade, foreign investment and remittances between individuals can be processed more efficiently, transparently, and securely by reducing their cost and increasing their speed. Due to the constant progress being made on this issue, BanRep will continue to monitor all CBDC-related matters. The fintech ecosystem for payments in Colombia. A high percentage of existing FinTech companies in the country are dedicated to offering digital payment services: wallets, payment gateways, mobile devices (point-of-sale terminals) and acquisition. These have driven innovation in payment services.