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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Buildings indoor environments"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 грудня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Buildings indoor environments"

Rajapaksha, U. "The other side." Bolgoda Plains 3, no. 2 (2023): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.v3(2).2023.6.

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Building occupants are either used or compelled to live in overheated indoors in buildings, particularly in urban environments in the tropics. It doesn’t mean that they are acclimatized to overheated indoors. This scenario has become a normalcy in the current building design and operational practice. The fail- ure of building design to control heat transfer from outside to inside and remove indoor heat generat- ed by occupants and equipment in buildings to the outside is seen as a major reason for indoor over- heating. This normalcy is problematic for the occu- pants in particular and to the environment at large. It is problematic because of its negative effect on the indoor comfort level on one hand and associated emissions due to wasteful (or rather extensive) use of energy for cooling on the other hand. Overheating elevates the indoor thermal environment particu- larly the standard effective air temperature higher than the preferred thermal comfort range. Similarly, the dramatic effect of daylighting that could be gen- erated from architectural space is seen as least re- garded and not taken into the indoors meaningfully in today’s average building design and practice, thus largely depending on active systems. Lack of opti- mum balance in daylight, artificial or mixed mode visual environments demands more energy either to maintain indoor visibility or to combat glare and heat stress associated with tropical daylighting, or both. This overall practice uses extensive amounts of ac- tive energy to maintain indoor comfort (both thermal and visual) contributing to emissions and weakening the demand side efficiency of operational stage.

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Kim, Ki Rim, Kyung Sun Lee, and Jaewook Lee. "A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION METHODS OF INDOOR LIGHT ENVIRONMENT FOR OCCUPANT COMFORT AND WELL-BEING." Journal of Green Building 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.18.4.99.

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ABSTRACT Since the COVID-19 pandemic, awareness of the importance of the indoor environment has increased. The indoor light environment is crucial because it impacts the energy consumption of buildings and affects human health and biorhythms as people spend most of their time indoors. Previous studies have concluded that the indoor light environment is essential to human health. However, it is not sufficient to analyze and evaluate the indoor light environment related to occupants’ health in the context of building design. Therefore, this study aims to review and propose an indoor light environment evaluation methodology for human well-being using quantitative and qualitative evaluations of light, health, and environment. This study presents guidelines for evaluating buildings’ indoor light environment for sustainability and well-being. Additionally, it provides an overall checklist of the indoor light environment evaluation process in Conceptualization, Light Environment Identification, Questionnaire, Environment Analysis, Comparison, and Conclusion. The evaluation checklist established through the results of this study could help establish a research methodology for the indoor light environment for human well-being, and apply it to evaluate indoor light environments for residents’ comfort and well-being.

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Hong, Xiaowei, Guangjin Zhang, and Yufeng Zhang. "The effects of building layouts and envelope on indoor thermal environment of Hui style traditional buildings in Wuyuan." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019405013.

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Indoor thermal environment of Hui style traditional houses is depended on surrounding environments, building layouts and envelope. Quantitative analysis of the effects of building layouts and envelope on indoor thermal environment is of great significance for preventions of traditional houses and design of new archaized houses. A field investigation was conducted on thirty-six traditional houses from nine villages in Wuyuan, and the typical buildings’ layout and envelope were determined. Four traditional buildings in different location in Wuyuan were selected for continual recording. The four buildings with four types of building layouts and envelope were analyzed by using local adaptive thermal comfort model, and the effects of building layouts and envelope of traditional buildings were clearly revealed. The most crucial way to improve indoor thermal environment in Hui style traditional buildings was raising the indoor air temperature.

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Pang, Yueyong, Chi Zhang, Liangchen Zhou, Bingxian Lin, and Guonian Lv. "Extracting Indoor Space Information in Complex Building Environments." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080321.

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Indoor space information extraction is an important aspect of reconstruction for building information modeling and a necessary process for geographic information system from outdoor to indoor. Entity model extracting methods provide advantages in terms of accuracy for building indoor spaces, as compared with network and grid model methods, and the extraction results can be converted into a network or grid model. However, existing entity model extracting methods based on a search loop do not consider the complex indoor environment of a building, such as isolated columns and walls or cross-floor spaces. In this study, such complex indoor environments are analyzed in detail, and a new approach for extracting buildings’ indoor space information is proposed. This approach is based on indoor space boundary calculation, the Boolean difference for single-floor space extraction, relationship reconstruction, and cross-floor space extraction. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can accurately extract indoor space information from the complex indoor environment of a building with geometric, semantic, and relationship information. This study is theoretically important for better understanding the complexity of indoor space extraction and practically important for improving the modeling accuracy of buildings.

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Ahsan, Mozammil, Wajiha Shahzad, and Khalid Mahmood Arif. "AI-Based Controls for Thermal Comfort in Adaptable Buildings: A Review." Buildings 14, no. 11 (November 4, 2024): 3519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113519.

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Due to global weather changes and pandemics, people are more likely to spend most of their time in indoor environments. In this regard, indoor environment quality is a very important aspect of occupant well-being, which is often ignored in modern building designs. Based on our research, thermal comfort is one of the essential items in building environments that can improve the mental stability and productivity of the occupants if the building’s indoor environment is created in a way that meets the occupants’ comfort requirements. Buildings nowadays operate on adaptive or stationary models to attain thermal comfort, which is based on Fanger’s model of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). Based on the literature review, limited work has been carried out to enhance the quality of the inside environment, and most research work has been devoted to building energy management. Moreover, there have been no definite solutions so far that have the capability to detect the thermal comfort requirements of multiple occupants in real time. Modern buildings tend to operate on predefined set point parameters to control the indoor environment based on the measured room temperature, which can be different from the thermal comfort requirements of the occupants. This paper discusses the limitations and assumptions that are associated with the existing thermal comfort solutions and emphasises the importance of having a real-time solution to address the thermal requirements of occupants.

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Mahdavi, Ardeshir. "Can we Quantify the Ecological Valency of Built Environments?" Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.369.

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A quality aspect of buildings pertains to their disposition to provide their inhabitants with effective means of indoor environmental control. Most buildings incorporate a number of elements and devices meant to influence indoor environmental conditions (i.e., windows, blinds, luminaires, radiators, fans). Inhabitants may be provided with different interfaces to operate these devices. In contrast to some other aspects of building performance (e.g., energy efficiency), there is a lack of systematic procedures for objective evaluation of buildings' indoor environmental control devices and their human interfaces. The present contribution entails some general thoughts on the path toward definition and implementation of such procedures.

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Su, Bin, Peter McPherson, Renata Jadresin Milic, Xinxin Wang, Sameh Shamout, and Yifeng Liang. "Field Study to Compare and Evaluate Summer Thermal Comfort of School Buildings with Different Moderate Thermal Mass in Their Building Elements." Buildings 13, no. 12 (November 22, 2023): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122913.

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Previous studies show that moderate thermal mass in school building elements can positively impact the winter indoor thermal environment in a temperate climate with mild, humid winters. Based on a field study, this research contributes new physical data of the summer indoor thermal environment of Auckland school buildings with different designs of moderate thermal mass in their building elements to add to the previous winter field-study data and demonstrates that a school building with moderate thermal mass is adequate in a temperate climate with mild, humid winters and warm, dry summers. This field study compared and evaluated the summer indoor thermal environment of classrooms with different moderate thermal mass in their building elements during the summer school term and the summer school holidays. This study found that a classroom with thermal mass in its building elements has 19% to 21% more time in summer than a classroom without any thermal mass in its building elements when indoor air temperatures are within the thermal comfort zone, which was solely impacted by the building’s thermal performance. This study established a suitable research method to analyse the field-study data and identify the differences in the indoor thermal environments of the school buildings with different designs of moderate thermal mass in their building elements.

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Shelton, Brian G., Kimberly H. Kirkland, W. Dana Flanders, and George K. Morris. "Profiles of Airborne Fungi in Buildings and Outdoor Environments in the United States." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 4 (April 2002): 1743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.4.1743-1753.2002.

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ABSTRACT We examined 12,026 fungal air samples (9,619 indoor samples and 2,407 outdoor samples) from 1,717 buildings located across the United States; these samples were collected during indoor air quality investigations performed from 1996 to 1998. For all buildings, both indoor and outdoor air samples were collected with an Andersen N6 sampler. The culturable airborne fungal concentrations in indoor air were lower than those in outdoor air. The fungal levels were highest in the fall and summer and lowest in the winter and spring. Geographically, the highest fungal levels were found in the Southwest, Far West, and Southeast. The most common culturable airborne fungi, both indoors and outdoors and in all seasons and regions, were Cladosporium, Penicillium, nonsporulating fungi, and Aspergillus. Stachybotrys chartarum was identified in the indoor air in 6% of the buildings studied and in the outdoor air of 1% of the buildings studied. This study provides industrial hygienists, allergists, and other public health practitioners with comparative information on common culturable airborne fungi in the United States. This is the largest study of airborne indoor and outdoor fungal species and concentrations conducted with a standardized protocol to date.

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Chen, Jing. "RISK ASSESSMENT FOR RADON EXPOSURE IN VARIOUS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 185, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy284.

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Abstract Using data from a number of radon surveys, it was assessed that on average, radon progeny concentrations in Canadian homes are about three times higher than in school buildings, 4.7 times higher than in public buildings and indoor workplaces, and 12 times higher than in outdoor air. Canadian statistics show that most Canadians spend ~70% of their time indoors at home, 20% indoors away from home and 10% in outdoors. Due to relatively higher radon concentration in residential homes and longer time spent indoors at home, the exposure at home contributes to 90% of the radon-induced lung-cancer risk.

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Harčárová, Katarína, Silvia Vilčeková, and Magdalena Balintova. "Building Materials as Potential Emission Sources of VOC in the Indoor Environment of Buildings." Key Engineering Materials 838 (April 2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.838.74.

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People spend most of their time in various indoor spaces and their health is exposed to different kinds of air pollutants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belong to a group of chemical substances polluting the indoor environment. They come into the interior of buildings mainly from internal sources in the form of building materials, flooring, composite wood products, adhesives and other consumer products. Their presence in indoor air is monitored, due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on human health. Many studies of indoor environment contaminated by VOC have been published during the last years. The present study provides general overview of the occurrence and emission sources of VOCs in the indoor environment of different types of buildings. The most frequently monitored indoor organic pollutants in terms of their occurrence and health risk are BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), terpenes (α-pinene and d-limonene) and aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde). Their concentrations in different indoor environments are variable and depend on factors such as emission characteristics of sources, microclimatic and ventilation conditions. Formaldehyde and toluene levels increased significantly with increasing room temperature. Benzene enters the indoor environment of buildings from external sources, especially from traffic or industrial areas. Formaldehyde, α-pinene and d-limonene originate from indoor sources as a part of building materials, furniture and household products.

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Дисертації з теми "Buildings indoor environments"

Bylund, Melin Charlotte, and Mattias Legnér. "Quantification, the link to relate climate-induced damage to indoor environments in historic buildings." Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1879.

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This paper describes and applies a method to quantify and related damage of painted wooden pulpits in 16 churches in Gotland, Sweden, to both the current and the historical indoor climate of the twentieth century. In addition, it demonstrates that the energy used to heat a church in the past can be measured and the study alsopoints towards a relationship between damage and heat output. The results suggest that more damage is present in churches with a higher heat output and there is increased damage in churches using background heating compared to churches that do not. However, the method needs to be improved and a larger population is required to validate these results.
Climate for Culture
Cultural heritage and human comfort: the issue of indoor climate in historic buildings in the twentieth cnentury

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Pommer, Linda. "Oxidation of terpenes in indoor environments : A study of influencing factors." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Ecology and Environmental Science, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-29.

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In this thesis the oxidation of monoterpenes by O3 and NO2 and factors that influenced the oxidation were studied. In the environment both ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are present as oxidising gases, which causes sampling artefacts when using Tenax TA as an adsorbent to sample organic compounds in the air. A scrubber was developed to remove O3 and NO2 prior to the sampling tube, and artefacts during sampling were minimised when using the scrubber. The main organic compounds sampled in this thesis were two monoterpenes, alfa-pinene and delta-3-carene, due to their presence in both indoor and outdoor air. The recovery of the monoterpenes through the scrubber varied between 75-97% at relative humidities of 15-75%.

The reactions of alfa-pinene and delta-3-carene with O 3, NO2 and nitric oxide (NO) at different relative humidities (RHs) and reaction times were studied in a dark reaction chamber. The experiments were planned and performed according to an experimental design were the factors influencing the reaction (O3, NO2, NO, RH and reaction times) were varied between high and low levels. In the experiments up to 13% of the monoterpenes reacted when O3, NO2, and reaction time were at high levels, and NO, and RH were at low levels. In the evaluation eight and seven factors (including both single and interaction factors) were found to influence the amount of alfa-pinene and delta-3-carene reacted, respectively. The three most influencing factors for both of the monoterpenes were the O 3 level, the reaction time, and the RH. Increased O3 level and reaction time increased the amount of monoterpene reacted, and increased RH decreased the amount reacted.

A theoretical model of the reactions occurring in the reaction chamber was created. The amount of monoterpene reacted at different initial settings of O3, NO2, and NO were calculated, as well as the influence of different reaction pathways, and the concentrations of O3 and NO2, and NO at specific reaction times. The results of the theoretical model were that the reactivity of the gas mixture towards alfa-pinene and delta-3-carene was underestimated. But, the calculated concentrations of O3, NO2, and NO in the theoretical model were found to correspond to a high degree with experimental results performed under similar conditions. The possible associations between organic compounds in indoor air, building variables and the presence of sick building syndrome were studied using principal component analysis. The most complex model was able to separate 71% of the “sick” buildings from the “healthy” buildings. The most important variables that separated the “sick” buildings from the “healthy” buildings were a more frequent occurrence or a higher concentration of compounds with shorter retention times in the “sick” buildings.

The outcome of this thesis could be summarised as follows;

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Ljungquist, Katarina. "Probabilistic design for evaluation of indoor environment." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18720.

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In recent years indoor environment and indoor air quality has been subjected to extensive worldwide research efforts. Still, at present there are a lack of methods for prediction of risks and consequences for any defined damage to occur, similar to the probabilistic methods used in modern design codes for structures and buildings. Such a method, if available and usable, could be very beneficial as a tool for decision making at different stages of the building process. In this licentiate thesis a method is developed to estimate the risk of occurrence of high radon concentrations indoors. The method is developed using risk analysis applied on a concrete slab on the ground, which is a foundation method commonly used in Sweden for residential buildings. The undesirable event is "Leakage of radon into the building" and fault tree analysis is used starting in the top with the undesirable event and then working downwards finding the events, which causes the top event. This procedure continues until basic events are established and for which failure probabilities are available. Fault tree analysis is a deductive method mainly used for systems built up with electronic equipment where failure probabilities in terms of relative frequency are easy to establish. Failure probabilities are more difficult to establish in the building process since failures are rare. However, this uncertainty can be handled by applying structural reliability analysis on the quantitative analysis whereas several random variables can be taken into account in a single analysis, which makes it possible to analyse a whole branch of a fault tree in a single analysis. The basis for structural reliability methods is probability theory to handle the uncertainties and Monte Carlo simulation and first-order second-moment theory to estimate the risk. To get an indoor environment that is unhealthy to human beings environmental impact is needed together with fault due to human error in some phase of the building process. Examples of faults made in the building process are changes and/or addition of work ordered by the proprietor, unsuitable design or delivery of wrong material to the construction site. Several surveys have come to the same conclusion that a large amount of faults made in the building process depends on e.g. insufficient commitment or lack of knowledge. However, the building could be designed and constructed according to the state-of-the art of knowledge and still has an improper function. Errors cannot be ruled out completely but the use of fault tree technique to develop the causes to an unhealthy indoor environment and the estimation of risk can be a valuable communication tool to the quality management system to get an overview of the entire building process and to identify the week links. The residential building used as an example in this work is situated outside the municipality of Linköping since long-term measurements of radon concentrations in soil air are available from this area. The building has a self-draught ventilation system and the design of the concrete slab, starting from the excavated rock floor, include a geotextile, 150 mm well washed macadam, 50 mm insulation, 100 mm reinforced concrete, a levelling compound and finally a flooring. The causes to radon concentrations indoor has been developed with fault tree analysis where "Leakage of radon contaminated soil air into the building", "Radon contaminated drinking water" and "Building material contains radium disintegrating to radon" constitute the main causes. The event "Leakage of radon contaminated soil air...." is developed further, since it is the major contributor to radon concentrations indoor, into the events "Lower air pressure indoor than outdoor", "Radon contaminated soil air under or around the building" and "Fault in component with regard to air-tightness". A function expressing the relationship between the basic events and their random variables is established and both Monte Carlo simulation and first-order second-moment theory is applied to estimate the probability and the safety index b for the undesirable event to occur. The leakage of radon-contaminated soil air has only been considered through fissures in the concrete slab and it has been difficult to find proper relationships between how fissures occur, fissure width, and concrete and reinforcement properties. Approximations have therefore become necessary. However, the simulation and the analytical calculation gives e.g. safety index beta = 0.30 on normal risk area, which is 70 % of the total area of Sweden, in residential buildings where people stay more than temporary. Comparison can be made with the safety index beta larger or equal to 4.3 for safety class 2 in the Swedish Design Regulations for the structure of residential buildings. In a residential building on normal risk area and designed in accordance with the concrete slab in this work, the probability for radon concentrations indoor to exceed the Swedish Building Regulations threshold value 200 Bq/m3 is over 40.000 times larger than the risk for structural failure.
Världen över bedrivs det omfattande forskning på inomhusmiljö och luftkvalitet. Trots det finns det fortfarande ingen metod för att bestämma sannolikheten för att någon form av definierad skada inträffar på inomhusmiljön med konsekvenser för människors hälsa på samma sätt som det finns metoder i moderna konstruktionsregler för att bestämma risken för mekanisk påverkan på byggnadskonstruktioner. Förekomsten av en sådan metod skulle vara ett viktigt instrument för miljöbeslut i alla led i byggprocessen.En metod har utvecklats i denna licentiatuppsats för att bestämma risken för att höga koncentrationer av radon skall förekomma i inomhusluften. Metoden har tagits fram genom att tillämpa riskanalys på en platta på mark som är en vanlig handläggningsmetod för bostadshus i Sverige. Orsakerna till den oönskade händelsen "Läckage av radon in i byggnaden" har kunnat härledas med hjälp av felträdsanalys genom att starta i toppen av trädet och arbeta sig nedåt. Proceduren upprepas tills primärhändelser erhålls för vilka sannolikheter kan bestämmas. Felträdsanalys är en deduktiv metod som är utvecklad för system som är uppbyggda av elektroniska komponenter och för vilka sannolikheter för fel i form av relativa frekvenser är enkla att bestämma. Det är svårare att bestämma sannolikheter för fel i byggprocessen eftersom varje objekt oftast är unikt. Denna osäkerhet kan dock hanteras genom att använda samma säkerhetsfilosofiska modell som används för mekanisk påverkan på bärande konstruktioner där hänsyn kan tas till flera stokastiska variabler i samma analys vilket gör det möjligt att ersätta en hel gren i ett felträd. För att hantera osäkerheter används den säkerhetsfilosofiska modellen för bärande konstruktioner sannolikhetsteori och för att bestämma risken kan Monte Carlosimuleringar och 'första ordningens nivå 2'-metod användas.För att få en ohälsosam inomhusmiljö behövs miljöpåverkan tillsammans med ett fel i byggnaden orsakat i något led av byggprocessen. Exempel på fel som kan medföra en ohälsosam inomhusmiljö är att byggherren ändrar eller gör kompletteringar i byggnaden, konstruktionen är olämpligt utförd eller att materialleveranser är felaktiga. Flera undersökningar har kommit fram till att t.ex. bristande engagemang eller bristande kunskap många gånger är orsakerna till de fel som uppkommer i byggprocessen. Bristande kunskap kan också bero på att kunskapen inte finns, dvs byggnaden utförs på ett riktigt sätt med avseende på den kunskap som finns. Fel kan aldrig elimineras helt men användandet av felträdsanalys för att ta fram orsakerna till en ohälsosam inomhusmiljö och bestämmandet av risken skulle kunna vara ett värdefullt verktyg i kvalitetssystem för att få en överblick över hela byggprocessen och för att kunna identifiera de svaga länkarna.Bostadshuset som exemplifieras i den här uppsatsen är beläget utanför Linköping eftersom det där har förekommit långtidsmätningar på radonhalten i marken. Byggnaden ventileras genom självdrag och grundplattans konstruktion består, med start från schaktbotten, av en geotextil, 150 mm vältvättad makadam, 50 mm isolering, 100 mm armerad betong, avjämningsmassa samt golvbeläggning. Orsakerna till radonkoncentrationer inomhus har bestämts genom felträdsanalys och består av "Läckage av radonhaltig jordluft", "Radonhaltigt dricksvatten" och "Byggnadsmaterialet innehåller radium som sönderfaller till radon". Den huvudsakliga orsaken till radon i inomhusluften är "Läckage av radonhaltig jordluft" och den utvecklas därför vidare och orsakas av "Lägre lufttryck inomhus än utomhus", "Jordluften under eller runt byggnaden innehåller radon" och "Fel i byggnadsdelen med hänsyn till lufttäthet". En funktion som beskriver förhållandet mellan de olika primärhändelserna och dess stokastiska variabler har tagits fram och genom att använda både Monte Carlo-simulering och första ordningens nivå 2-metod har sannolikheten samt säkerhetsindex β bestämts för att den oönskade händelsen skall inträffa.Hänsyn har bara tagits till läckage av radonhaltig jordluft genom sprickor i betongplattan och det har varit svårt att hitta lämpliga förhållanden mellan hur sprickor uppkommer, sprickvidd och betongens och armeringens egenskaper. Därför har antaganden gjorts i vissa fall. För normalriskmark, som 70 % av Sveriges yta består av, har simuleringarna och beräkningarna givit ett säkerhetsindex β = 0.30 för bostadshus där människor uppehåller sig mer än tillfälligt. En jämförelse kan göras med de svenska konstruktionsreglerna där bärande konstruktioner i ett bostadshus skall uppfylla säkerhetsklass 2 med ett säkerhetsindex β ≥ 4.3 för att ett bostadshus, byggt på normalriskmark med en platta på mark enligt denna uppsats, skall innehålla radonkoncentrationer över det svenska normgränsvärdet 200 Bq/m3, är alltså mer än 40.000 gånger större än risken för att den bärande konstruktionen inte skall hålla.

Godkänd; 2003; 20070217 (ysko)

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Coombs, Kanistha C. "The Indoor Environment of Green versus Non-Green Buildings." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1447070716.

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Adler, Stuart Alan. "Indoor air quality and architecture." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23178.

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PITTANA, ILARIA. "The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and comfort in educational buildings." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3460790.

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Differently from what occurs during laboratories studies, in educational buildings schools’ occupants are exposed at once to acoustical, thermal, visual, and air quality stimuli, and the effect of the indoor environment on students’ perception and performance depends on their combined effects. The present research deals with the assessment of the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) in educational buildings by means of physical measurements (objective evaluation), questionnaire (subjective evaluation) and building model simulation and calibration. The work proposes different original methods for: the design of a standard subjective questionnaire consistent for the four comfort domains, i.e. IAQ, thermal, acoustic and visual environment (i); data collection, namely the monitoring of the main physical parameters related to the four comfort domains (ii) and the administration of the questionnaire (iii); data validation and analysis, namely the validation of the questionnaire (iv) and the correlation method between objective and subjective data (v); optimization-based calibration, using a multi-level multi-step approach. As highlighted in Chapter 1, students use to stay more than 30% of their daytime in classrooms, thus the importance of assessing and enhancing the indoor conditions of school buildings. The indoor conditions can be evaluated either through measurements of physical quantities related to the main IEQ domains or by means of questionnaires’ administration. Chapter 2 presents an overview of the state of the art of the assessment of the IEQ by means of questionnaires and measurements. Chapter 3 reports the innovative methodology developed during my doctoral program. In the first part, the method for evaluating the indoor conditions of school buildings through objective and subjective evaluation, namely respectively in-field measurements and questionnaires, is presented. The second part includes the optimization-based procedure to calibrate the energy model of educational buildings, which explores the optimization-based procedure to calibrate the energy model of an educational building from short-term monitoring of a portion of a building in selected periods. Chapter 4 presents the case studies considered for the application of the methodologies. The results reported in Chapter 5 are divided into three sections: the questionnaire validation (i), the correlation between objective and subjective data ´(ii) and the multi-level multi-step optimization-based calibration (iii). The results coming from the questionnaire validation are divided into three subsections according to the three selected KPIs, i.e. effectiveness, efficiency and resolution. The outcomes of the correlation between the subjective survey and the objective data are split based on the different type of analysis, namely the single-domain that consists in analyzing the correlation between measured environmental conditions and the subjective response within the same comfort domain, and the multi-domain that aims to explore the combine effects of different comfort domains. The last paragraph presents the results of the multi-level multi-step optimization-based calibration method applied to two monitoring periods, i.e. unoccupied building with system off and occupied building with system off. The outcomes include the results of the calibration and the validation of the building model in different periods with the same characteristics of the reference periods. The last chapter reports the main conclusions of the work and future developments of the research. The collected dataset and the developed strict methods should be considered as part of one complex and replicable approach which can serve as a basic conceptual framework for future studies focusing on the assessment the IEQ of educational buildings and other complex buildings can be used for further investigation on the assessment of IEQ and comfort in educational buildings.
Diversamente da quanto accade negli studi di laboratorio, negli edifici scolastici gli occupanti sono esposti contemporaneamente a stimoli acustici, termici, visivi e di qualità dell'aria e l'effetto dell'ambiente interno sulla percezione e sulle prestazioni degli studenti dipende dai loro effetti combinati. La presente ricerca si occupa della valutazione della qualità ambientale interna (IEQ) negli edifici scolastici mediante misurazioni fisiche (valutazione oggettiva), somministrazione di questionari (valutazione soggettiva) e simulazione e calibrazione di modelli energetici. Il lavoro propone diversi metodi originali per: la progettazione di un questionario soggettivo standard coerente per i quattro domini di comfort, ovvero IAQ, ambiente termico, acustico e visivo (i); raccolta dati (ii) e la somministrazione del questionario (iii); validazione e analisi dei dati, ovvero la validazione del questionario (iv) e il metodo di correlazione tra dati oggettivi e soggettivi (v); calibrazione basata sull'ottimizzazione, utilizzando un approccio multi-level multi-step. Come evidenziato nel Capitolo 1, gli studenti trascorrono più del 30% della loro giornata in classe, da qui l'importanza di valutare e migliorare le condizioni interne degli edifici scolastici. Le condizioni indoor possono essere valutate sia attraverso misure di grandezze fisiche relative ai principali domini sia tramite la somministrazione di questionari. Il capitolo 2 presenta una panoramica dello stato dell'arte della valutazione dell'IEQ mediante questionari e misurazioni. Il capitolo 3 riporta la metodologia innovativa sviluppata durante il mio programma di dottorato. Nella prima parte viene presentato il metodo per valutare le condizioni interne degli edifici scolastici attraverso valutazioni oggettive e soggettive, ovvero rispettivamente misurazioni in campo e questionari. La seconda parte include la procedura basata sull'ottimizzazione per calibrare il modello energetico degli edifici didattici, che esplora la procedura basata sull'ottimizzazione per calibrare il modello energetico di un edificio scolastico dal monitoraggio a breve termine di una porzione di un edificio in periodi selezionati. Il capitolo 4 presenta i casi di studio considerati per l'applicazione delle metodologie. I risultati riportati nel Capitolo 5 sono divisi in tre sezioni: la validazione del questionario (i), la correlazione tra dati oggettivi e soggettivi ´ (ii) e la calibrazione basata sull'ottimizzazione multi-level multi-step (iii). I risultati provenienti dalla validazione del questionario sono suddivisi in tre sottosezioni in base ai tre KPI selezionati, ovvero efficacia, efficienza e risoluzione. Gli esiti della correlazione tra l'indagine soggettiva e i dati oggettivi sono suddivisi in base al diverso tipo di analisi, ovvero single-domain che consiste nell'analizzare la correlazione tra le condizioni ambientali misurate e la risposta soggettiva all'interno dello stesso dominio di comfort, e multi-domain che mira a esplorare gli effetti combinati di diversi domini di comfort. L'ultimo paragrafo presenta i risultati del metodo di calibrazione basato sull'ottimizzazione multilivello multifase applicato a due periodi di monitoraggio, ovvero edificio non occupato con sistema spento e edificio occupato con sistema spento. L'ultimo capitolo riporta le principali conclusioni del lavoro e gli sviluppi futuri della ricerca. Il set di dati raccolto e i metodi rigorosi sviluppati dovrebbero essere considerati come parte di un approccio complesso e replicabile che può fungere da quadro concettuale di base per studi futuri incentrati sulla valutazione dell'IEQ degli edifici scolastici e di altri edifici complessi può essere utilizzato per ulteriori indagini su la valutazione dell'IEQ e del comfort negli edifici scolastici.

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Ma, Nuo. "Indoor Human Sensing for Human Building Interaction." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98916.

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We inhabit space. This means our deepest mental and emotional understanding of the world is tied intimately to our experiences as we perceive them in a physical context. Just like a book or film may induce a sense of presence, so too may our modern sensor drenched infrastructures and mobile information spaces. With the recent development of personal and ubiquitous computing devices that we always carry with us, and increased connectivity and robustness of wireless connections, there is an increasing tie between people and things around them. This also includes the space people inhabit. However, such enhanced experiences are usually limited to a personal environment with a personal smartphone being the central device. We would like to bring such technology enhanced experiences to large public spaces with many occupants where their movement patterns, and interactions can be shared, recorded, and studied in order to improve the occupants' efficiency and satisfaction. Specifically, we use sensor networks and ubiquitous computing to create smart built environments that are seamlessly aware of and responsive to the occupants. Human sensing system is one of the key enabling technologies for smart built environments. We present our research findings related to the design and deployment of an indoor human sensing system in large public built spaces. We use a case study to illustrate the challenges, opportunities, and lessons for the emerging field of human building interaction. We present several fundamental design trade-offs, applications, and performance measures for the case study.
Master of Science
The recent advances in mobile technologies, like smart phones and enhanced wireless communication, allow people to experience added comfort and convenience brought by these devices. For example, smart lighting and air conditioning control can be set remotely, before people arrive at their homes. However, these personal experiences are usually limited to personal spaces and tied to a specific personal smart phone. When it comes to public spaces, we seldom see such technological advancement being utilized. In reality, the concept of smart public spaces is still limited to technologies like opening / closing a door automatically. We discuss the reasons that cause such difference between personal and public spaces. We argue that Human Building Interactions should be shaped around non-intrusive indoor human sensing technologies. We present discussions, considerations and implementation of a system that uses a low cost camera network for indoor human sensing. We also describe several applications based on the developed system. We demonstrate how to bring technology enhanced experiences to public built spaces and provide smart built environments.

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Tran, Ngoc Quang. "Optimisation of indoor environmental quality and energy consumption within office buildings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64114/1/Ngoc%20Quang_Tran_Thesis.pdf.

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This research investigated airborne particle characteristics and their dynamics inside and around the envelope of mechanically ventilated office buildings, together with building thermal conditions and energy consumption. Based on these, a comprehensive model was developed to facilitate the optimisation of building heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, in order to protect the health of their occupants and minimise the energy requirements of these buildings.

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Peng, Chiung-Yu. "Identification and quantification of volatile organic compound emissions from buildings and heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems." Ann Arbor, Mich. : University of Michigan, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=yxIvAAAAMAAJ.

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RAIMONDO, DANIELA. "Indoor and Energy quality assessment in buildings." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2501601.

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Interest on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) increased more and more in the last years. This attention is evidenced by the fact that nowadays maintaining a certain level of comfort in the building, as it is prescribed by the standards, means to deal with a rising energy demand. For this reason increasing attention needs to be spent in the envelope and systems building design, as well in the building robustness at the occupants actions. Further than the design phase it becomes necessary to shift the focus on to the building management and maintenance too. To this aim energy and environmental long term monitoring are introduced in the building life cycle, with the objective to optimize the building-plant system and to look for a good balance between different levels of comfort and energy consumption. Main objective of the research is the critical analysis of the indoor environment quality assessment existing methods, within the evaluation of the energy consumptions required to maintain specific comfort levels, and suggesting new methods of analysis and representation of data from monitorings or simulations. In order to reach high level of IEQ, the study also focuses on the performance evaluation of energy saving by radiant systems, through tests in thermostatic room or in situ. Research is therefore conceived in three deepening phases. The first phase is based on the indoor environment quality assessment through the use of categories. Comfort, and particularly thermal comfort, is regulated by the standards ISO 7730/2005, EN 15251/2007, and ASHRAE 55/2004. Methods for data elaboration and representation suggested by the standards (specifically by EN 15251) are in this work compared and discussed, investigating, also through the use of a case study, the effective utility of these instruments, of their applications and limitations. Maintaining specific comfort categories in a building often comport to spend energy. Energy demand can be varied depending on the envelope characteristics and quality, and from the systems controls and the outdoor climate conditions. With the aim to demonstrate what enounced, the second phase of the study is explained through an office room energy simulation, conducted with the aim to assess the heating and cooling energy demand variation with the thermal and air quality variation, as well as for different climate zones. Buildings energy simulation is however only one of the tools that can be used for this kind of analysis. Direct monitoring of the energy consumptions is in fact another method that is becoming more and more important. Energy monitoring plans, with IEQ monitoring plans, give a detailed overview about levels of comfort and related costs in a building, moreover investigating on the correct or wrong systems operation and controls. The correlation between the two measurements conducted simultaneously allows to give, as output of the analysis, a complete building energy and environment evaluation. In addition to the data processing, the study also addresses the results representation, through the analysis of energy and environmental data from one year of monitoring in an office building. As mentioned above, the connecting element between ICQ in a room and the related energy consumptions, beyond the building thermo physical properties, is the installed plants system. In recent years many studies in literature about comfort in buildings treated the topic of low energy radiant systems to reach the indoor environmental quality objective. Among the many typologies of radiant systems, this work faces with two kinds of them, very different one from each other, and both object of analysis and experimentation: the first is represented by vertical electric radiant plates for heating, and the second is about TABS (Thermal Active Building System) for cooling. In both cases energy and environmental measurements were carried out. In the first case the experiments took place in test rooms, in the second case they were performed in situ (office room). Differences between the two analysis and strategies adopted for the measurements during the operational time of the building using TABS are shown. Results of the work are shown and widely explained in internationals journals and international conference papers.

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Книги з теми "Buildings indoor environments"

IAQ 94 (1994 St. Louis, Mo.). IAQ 94: Engineering indoor environments. Edited by Besch Emerson L and American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condtioning Engineers. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1995.

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Orosa, José A. Passive Methods as a Solution for Improving Indoor Environments. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited, 2012.

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IAQ, 96 (1996 Baltimore Md ). IAQ 96: Paths to better building environments. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1996.

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Nikolaou, Triantafyllia, Dionysia Kolokotsa, George Stavrakakis, Apostolos Apostolou, and Corneliu Munteanu. Managing Indoor Environments and Energy in Buildings with Integrated Intelligent Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21798-7.

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Garcia-Jares, Carmen. The role of sorbents in sampling and analysis of emerging pollutants in indoor environments. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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García, José A. Orosa. Indoor air ambiences. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Sheena, Wilson, ed. Sick building syndrome & environmental conditions: Case studies of nine buildings. London: Building Use Studies Ltd., 1987.

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Bas, Ed. Indoor air quality in the building environment. Troy, Mich: Business News Pub., 1993.

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Jonas, Nemecek, and Schulz Patrik, eds. Buildings and the environment. Hauppauge, NY, USA: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Bienvenido-Huertas, David, and Carlos Rubio-Bellido. Adaptive Thermal Comfort of Indoor Environment for Residential Buildings. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0906-0.

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Di Giuseppe, Elisa. "Development of Mould in Indoor Environments." In Nearly Zero Energy Buildings and Proliferation of Microorganisms, 25–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02356-4_4.

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Nikolaou, Triantafyllia, Dionysia Kolokotsa, George Stavrakakis, Apostolos Apostolou, and Corneliu Munteanu. "Environmental Rating of Buildings." In Managing Indoor Environments and Energy in Buildings with Integrated Intelligent Systems, 143–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21798-7_5.

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Nikolaou, Triantafyllia, Dionysia Kolokotsa, George Stavrakakis, Apostolos Apostolou, and Corneliu Munteanu. "Detailed Audit and Detailed Case-Study Building Model: Virtual Building Dataset (VBD) for Benchmarking and Classification of Office Buildings." In Managing Indoor Environments and Energy in Buildings with Integrated Intelligent Systems, 51–141. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21798-7_4.

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Morey, Philip R. "Mold remediation in North American buildings." In Fundamentals of mold growth in indoor environments and strategies for healthy living, 383–411. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-722-6_14.

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Warscheid, Thomas. "Mold remediation in West-European buildings." In Fundamentals of mold growth in indoor environments and strategies for healthy living, 413–33. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-722-6_15.

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Nikolaou, Triantafyllia, Dionysia Kolokotsa, George Stavrakakis, Apostolos Apostolou, and Corneliu Munteanu. "Protocol of Alternative Measures for Buildings’ Energy Efficiency Improvement." In Managing Indoor Environments and Energy in Buildings with Integrated Intelligent Systems, 209–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21798-7_7.

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Sommese, Francesco, and Gigliola Ausiello. "From Nature to Architecture for Low Tech Solutions: Biomimetic Principles for Climate-Adaptive Building Envelope." In The Urban Book Series, 429–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_39.

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AbstractBuilding envelopes represent the interface between indoor and outdoor environmental factors. In recent years, attention to climate adaptive building envelopes has increased. However, some types of adaptive envelopes don’t always offer low-tech solutions, but require energy for their activation and high operating and maintenance costs. Nature has always proposed a large database of adaptation strategies that are often complex, multi-functional, and responsive. Transferring the functional principles of natural organisms and their associated adaptive modalities to technologies is the challenge of the biomimetic discipline (from Greek bios, life, and mimesis, imitation) applied to the field of architecture. In this article, various examples of biomimetic architecture that illustrate the relationships between biology, architecture, and technology, were considered. Various analyses of the operating principles of natural organisms are carried out, particularly with regard to self-adapting materials, in order to transfer them to the building envelope, and to propose technological solutions capable of passively adapting to external climatic conditions. Among all natural organisms, plants are prefereble to animals because, like buildings, they remain stationary in a specific location. Despite this, plants have developed different adaptation mechanisms to survive in certain environments. Buildings with biomimetic adaptive envelopes, characterized by passive and low-tech solutions inspired by plants, help limit energy consumption, and improve not only the indoor microclimate but also the outdoor environment. In line with the ecological transition, this work highlights the importance of biomimetic as a strategy to orient the new paradigms of built space design towards innovative and sustainable models of low-tech solutions.

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Nikolaou, Triantafyllia, Dionysia Kolokotsa, George Stavrakakis, Apostolos Apostolou, and Corneliu Munteanu. "Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment." In Managing Indoor Environments and Energy in Buildings with Integrated Intelligent Systems, 177–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21798-7_6.

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Mainini, Andrea Giovanni, Martina Signorini, Jaroslaw Drozdziel, Aleksander Bartoszewski, Sonia Lupica Spagnolo, Teemu Vesanen, Davide Madeddu, et al. "Demonstration in Relevant Environments." In Innovative Tools and Methods Using BIM for an Efficient Renovation in Buildings, 95–119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04670-4_7.

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AbstractThree building case studies were chosen with the purpose of demonstrating the BIM4EEB BIM-based toolkit. The selected buildings are both social houses and residential apartments respecting the needs of vulnerable inhabitants. To increase the representativeness of the test case the buildings are located in three different locations with different climatic conditions, specifically Italy, Poland, Finland. For all the case studies analysed, BIM models were created with different levels of detail (LOD), which, thanks to the interaction with the BIMMS, make it possible to create a common environment for the representation and use of the data collected and subsequently shared between the different tools. Among the three demonstration sites, the Italian site is undergoing building envelope renovation interventions such as the realization of the thermal insulation with ETICS technologies and the replacement of external windows. In order to test the different tools, a demonstration procedure has been defined for them, constituted mainly by workshop activities and quantitative and qualitative evaluations. To assess the level of accomplishment with respect to stated objectives and project success a validation methodology based on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) was delineated. Precisely, two categories of KPIs have been identified: “mandatory” and “secondary” addressing project objectives and in connection with the literature review and project use cases and tools. To calculate the KPIs standard baselines were estimated, such as are currently in an ongoing process to assess the traditional process that can be compared with the actual value associated with the BIM-based process. The chapter will present the methods and the first intermediate results of a demonstration process that is currently not yet completed and will later see a further application of the tools in dedicated demo sites. Environmental monitoring sensors were installed in selected apartments in Polish and Italian demo site, while were installed in common spaces for the Finnish building. Specific sensors set up have been analysed and chosen to fulfil the different needs related to the specific project outcomes. Inhabitants’ availability, technical condition and flat exposition were criteria followed for the choice of apartments. Sensors allowed to improve the occupancy monitoring and to have a historical record of environmental values such as temperature, humidity and light strictly connected to users’ preferences. The mobile application about renovation activities performed and residents’ indoor home conditions—BIM4Occupants—has been installed by the users and specific workshops with inhabitants were carried out for registration purposes. The BIM Management System is currently collecting sensors’ data stream and data stream between tools such as BIM4Occupants and BIMPlanner. Project monitoring and better communication among users were tested in a different workshop by applying the BIMPlanner tool in the plans and progress site operations. The functionalities of the refurbishment scenario simulation tool—BIMeaser—were tested in qualitative and quantitative design workshops respectively with the construction professionals using the two pilot sites in Italy and in Finland and with the aim of assessing the achieved time savings of using this tool compared to the manual data input process of the scenario simulation.

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Piecková, Elena. "Indoor Microbial Aerosol and Its Health Effects: Microbial Exposure in Public Buildings – Viruses, Bacteria, and Fungi." In Exposure to Microbiological Agents in Indoor and Occupational Environments, 237–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61688-9_11.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Buildings indoor environments"

Al-Rawahi, Ahmed Khalfan, and Ali Al-Alili. "Indoor Air Quality of an Educational Building and its Effects on Occupants’ Comfort and Performance." In ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2017-3601.

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Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) studies the air quality inside different types of environments and relates it to the health and comfort of occupants. Understanding and controlling common pollutants indoors can help in decreasing effects and the risks associated with these pollutants. Unhealthy indoor environment could lead to serious problems in people health and productivity. According to ASHRAE, 80–90% of personal time is spent indoors. As a result, indoor air pollution has gained a lot of interest and the number of studies on occupant health inside buildings grew very significantly in the last decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of indoor air quality inside an educational buildings on occupants’ comfort and performance. Various indoor pollutant such as, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Volatile organic compounds, Particulates, and formaldehyde, are measured. The indoor air contaminants will be detected using IAQ measurement devices. The value of the pollutants is compared to maximum allowed values in ASHRAE standard 62.1. In addition, the occupant thermal comfort is reported using two indices which are Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD). The relationship between the performance and the indoor air quality is also discussed. The results will discover the sources of the indoor air pollutants and accordingly suggestions will be given toward improving the indoor air quality. The final results showed that the IAQ is generally in a good condition for the majority of classrooms except for the TVOC which was always at high concentrations. Also, for some classrooms, the CO2 level and the relative humidity were exceeding the maximum limit. Regarding the thermal comfort, all the classrooms do not comply with ASHRAE Standard 55-2013. Therefore, they are not thermally comfortable.

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Gansemer, Sebastian, Uwe Grossmann, and Syuzanna Hakobyan. "RSSI-based Euclidean Distance algorithm for indoor positioning adapted for the use in dynamically changing WLAN environments and multi-level buildings." In 2010 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2010.5648247.

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Gomes, Maria Idália, and Teresa Miranda. "Indoor air quality for sustainability, occupational health and classroom environments through the application of earth plaster." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15142.

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Clearly, the construction sector makes a large scale contribution to environmental degradation and urgently needs to change its principles to focus on environmentally sustainable construction. Earth, as a building material, has a potential cradle to cradle life cycle, thus, achieving a circular economy. This material also displays numerous advantages, namely: economic and ecological and as well as the ease of reuse and recyclability. The earth material also registers a high capacity to absorb and release water vapor, which helps to balance the relative humidity and the internal temperature, promoting not only the comfort of occupants but also the quality of the air in buildings. The materials applied in construction hold great influence over the indoor air quality (IAQ). IAQ ranks as such a crucial issue that it appears in the seventeen 2030 Agenda SDGs. As about 90% of our time is spent inside buildings, whether for leisure or work, it is essential to live in spaces with adequate and healthy interior environments. According to the World Health Organization, good air quality represents a basic requirement for life and is a determining factor for the health and well-being of occupants of indoor spaces. In schools, and due to the complex and diversified activities developed there, in addition to adverse health effects, indoor air quality may also have a direct impact on student concentration and performance. Understanding and studying materials, specifically earth mortars, with the ability to capture pollutants and reduce their concentration while helping to regulate the temperature and relative humidity conditions, and student comfort, is thus extremely important. Hence, with the objective of improving the development of construction strategies, this article details and highlights the beginning of the RESpira project.

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Srivastava, Viraj, Yun Gu, and David Archer. "Adaptive Control of Indoor Thermal Environments Using Fan Coil Units." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54292.

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The work described in this paper relates to advanced control systems, specifically designed for heating, ventilation and air conditioning in office buildings. This work specifically focuses on the use of state of the art fan coil units with advanced instrumentation and control. The premise of the work is that control systems can be significantly enhanced by using real-time data from a distributed sensor network deployed in the building. Specifically, the performance of control systems can be improved by augmenting predictive (feed-forward) control operations with techniques to improve the accuracy of models. A control algorithm for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems is described in this paper that integrates an advanced feedforward control algorithm with conventional feedback control. This paper further contains a description of a functional prototype used to demonstrate the proposed control algorithm for indoor thermal environmental control. The test-bed used in this work — the Robert L Preger Intelligent Workplace (IW), at Carnegie Mellon University, involves a large number of variables and hence a complex control task, i.e., the test bed contains multiple sources of thermal energy, and multiple constraints and disturbances — both measurable and immeasurable. The algorithms demonstrated in this test-bed are expected to perform satisfactorily on other environments with smaller number of variables. This paper contains a description of experiments that were performed to validate the comfort and energy benefits of increased sensing using fan coil units that are in installed in two spaces in the IW.

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Chan, Korey, and Saeid Bashash. "Modeling and Energy Cost Optimization of Air Conditioning Loads in Smart Grid Environments." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5284.

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Electricity for heating, ventilation, and air condition (HVAC) machines takes up a large percentage of energy consumption in the buildings and thus in turn, a large portion of the energy monetary cost. Optimization of air conditioners use throughout the day will reduce energy consumption and expenditure. This study introduces a second-order differential equation model to capture the indoor temperature dynamics of a building. An experimental test bed is developed to collect a set of indoor/outdoor temperature and sunlight data. Using a least-squares-based system identification process, the model parameters are identified and checked through simulation. Optimization of the room temperature is then determined by solving a mixed-integer quadratic programming problem in relation to the hourly-updated energy prices. Mixed-integer quadratic programming solution is compared to a two-point thermostatic control system. A hybrid solution compromising the quadratic programming algorithm and the conventional thermostatic control scheme is proposed as a tractable approach for the near-optimal energy management of the system.

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Routh, Tushar, Nurani Saoda, Fateme Nikseresht, Md Fazlay Rabbi Masum Billah, Jiechao Gao, Viswajith Govinda Rajan, and Bradford Campbell. "ScreenSense: Screen Activity Detection in Real-World Environments with Indoor Light Sensors." In BuildSys '24: The 11th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation, 22–32. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3671127.3698167.

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Meciarova, Ludmila, Silvia Vilcekova, Eva Kridlova Burdova, Ilija Zoran Apostoloski, and Danica Kosicanova. "Short-term Measurements of Indoor Environmental Quality in Selected Offices – Case Study." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.266.

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Decent quality of indoor air is important for health and wellbeing of building users. We live, work and study in indoors of various types of buildings. Often people are exposed to pollutants at higher concentrations than these that occur out-doors. Continual investigation of indoor air quality is needed for ensuring comfort and healthy environment. Measuring and analysis of occurrence of physical, chemical and biological factors is the first step for suggestion of optimization measures. Inside school buildings there are often inadequate indoor climate conditions such as thermal comfort parame-ters or ventilation. The aim of this study was determination of indoor environmental quality in selected offices in the building of elementary school in Slovakia. The values of operative temperature were not within the optimum range of values for the warm period of the year in one of the monitored offices. The intensity of illumination was lower in the two offices. Low levels of particulate matters were measured except the one office where permissible value was exceeded by 7.6%.

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Green, William E., Paul Y. Oh, Keith Sevcik, and Geoffrey Barrows. "Autonomous Landing for Indoor Flying Robots Using Optic Flow." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55424.

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Urban environments are time consuming, labor intensive and possibly dangerous to safe guard. Accomplishing tasks like bomb detection, search-and-rescue and reconnaissance with aerial robots could save resources. This paper describes a prototype called CQAR: Closed Quarter Aerial Robot, which is capable of flying in and around buildings The prototype was analytically designed to fly safely and slowly. An optic flow microsensor for depth perception, which will allow autonomous takeoff and landing and collision avoidance, is also described.

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Rickenbacker, Harold J., William O. Collinge, Vaclav Hasik, and Melissa M. Bilec. "Indoor Air Quality Assessments of Diverse Buildings in an Energy Conservation District from a Life Cycle Assessment Lens." In BuildSys '16: The 3rd ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2993422.2993424.

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Schwartz, Michael, Cortnee Stainrod, and Irin Nizam. "Pedestrian Modeling for Mitigation of Disease Transmission in a Simulated University Environment." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001358.

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Understanding the spread of COVID-19 through mathematical modeling is an effective method of evaluating control interventions and the impact of infectious diseases. It is important to understand how individuals move and gather within indoor spaces as early awareness of specified strategies act as decision-making tools to riskier alternatives. On university campuses, indoor spaces pose unique threats due to high traffic spaces in the building hallways, restrooms and bottleneck points that lead to mass congregation and therefore increased risk of transmission. Evaluation of infectious diseases transmission as a result of pedestrian dynamics (e.g., pedestrian density, crowding, queue and wait times) was used to determine time-varying social distancing during pedestrian interactions/movements. Multiple campus buildings were modeled to demonstrate environments with varying size and complexity. Building models were constructed using the pedestrian features of AnyLogic. The proposed solution makes the following contributions by tracking the control measures of pedestrian dynamics at the microscopic level through temporal and spatial separation. This is done by enforcing social distancing through reducing the number of individual occupants at one time (i.e., segmented student population) and staggering start and end arrival times.The two greatest risk factors in the models were time and space. Entrances and exits to buildings, classrooms, and restrooms, and other queues forced simulated agents to cross the danger threshold as these building features were physical bottlenecks. Model results demonstrated sharp, but brief increases in transmission due to not staggering class arrival and departure times. Results indicated that controlling scheduling or forcing space assignments/social distancing were effective in reducing contacts and risk of spreading disease; however, the greatest reduction in risk of disease transmission occurred when both methods were used in conjunction. When class arrival and departure times are staggered, transmission between people not in the same class is only possible during chance encounters due to restroom visits, late arrivals, or early departures.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Buildings indoor environments"

Bogatu, Dragos-Ioan, Emmanuel Bozonnet, Hilde Breesch, Vincenzo Corrado, Patryk Czarnecki, Gamze Gediz Ilis, Peter Holzer, et al. International Energy Agency - Resilient Cooling of Buildings - Technology Profiles Report (Annex 80). Edited by Peter Holzer, Philipp Stern, and Patryk Czarnecki. Institute of Building Research & Innovation, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52776/hftr4661.

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The world is facing a rapid increase of air conditioning of buildings. It is the motivation of Annex 80 to develop, assess and communicate solutions of resilient cooling and overheating protection. Resilient Cooling is used to denote low energy and low carbon cooling solutions that strengthen the ability of individuals and our community to withstand, and prevent, thermal and other impacts of changes in global and local climates. This report offers a collection of 16 technologies, well suited to form a part of Resilient Cooling solutions of Buildings. It is meant as a package of information for those who are in the position to draw decisions upon building-design, both retrofit and new constructions. The 16 technologies are structured in four main sections, which represent the four general approaches to making a building resilient against heat: - Reducing heat loads to people and indoor environments - Removing heat from indoor environments (production, emission and combined) - Increasing personal comfort apart from space cooling - Removing latent heat from indoor environments Each technology is described in a concise manner, sub structured in the chapters: Description, Key Technical Properties, Performance and Application and Further Reading

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Holzer, Peter. International Energy Agency - Resilient Cooling of Buildings - Project Summary Report (Annex 80). Edited by Philipp Stern and Patryk Czarnecki. Institute of Building Research & Innovation, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52776/kkgb4933.

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The world is facing a rapid increase of air conditioning of buildings. It is the motivation of Annex 80 to develop, assess and communicate solutions of resilient cooling and overheating protection. Resilient Cooling is used to denote low energy and low carbon cooling solutions that strengthen the ability of individuals and our community to withstand, and prevent, thermal and other impacts of changes in global and local climates. This report summarizes the structure and the outcomes of Annex 80 – Resilient Cooling of Buildings, which was conducted as a five-year international research project within the IEA Technical Collaboration Programme EBC – Energy in Buildings and Communities. Annex 80 covered the spectrum of the following four technology groups: - Reducing heat gains to the indoor environment and people environments - Removing sensible heat from the indoor environment - Increasing personal comfort apart from space cooling - Removing latent heat from indoor environment Its outcomes are published in seven official Annex Deliverables. In addition, partial results of Annex 80 have been published in numerous scientific journals. This document provides a comprehensive overview of all deliverables and directs readers to the locations where all related publications can be accessed.

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Arnett, Clint, and Rebekah Wilson. Evaluation of a visible light responsive photocatalytic coating to resist microbial contamination and increase indoor air quality. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47644.

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To meet new Department of Defense (DoD) energy standards, buildings are being constructed, and existing buildings are being retrofitted with tighter envelops. These new standards can reduce operational costs significantly but also limit fresh outdoor air coming into the built environments. This can result in the accumulation of harmful substances within buildings, which can have adverse effects on its occupants. New photocatalytic coatings may be a solution to this ever-increasing problem as they have the ability to destroy both chemical and biological toxins when activated with light. This work evaluated a novel indoor-light-reactive photocatalytic coating for its ability to eliminate or reduce microbial contamination un-der in situ test conditions. However, air and surface sampling revealed no reduction in either viable fungi and bacteria or total airborne mold spores. Additionally, no significant differentiation could be made in the composition of volatile organics between the treated and untreated areas. How-ever, testing the photocatalytic activity of the coating with standardized test methods and increased illumination, revealed the coating did exhibit antimicrobial activity against mold, bacteria, and viruses. This suggested that there may be limited benefit to using the indoor-light-reactive photocatalytic coating to inhibit microbial contamination unless specific lighting conditions can be met.

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Zygmunt, Marcin, and Dariusz Gawin. Residents' thermal comfort and energy performance of a single-family house in Poland: a parametric study. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541595604.

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Building energy and environmental efficiency is presently one of the most important research subjects due to global climate change and the actual geopolitical situation. Residential buildings should provide a comfortable environment for the occupants while they spend up to 90% of their life indoors. Moreover, a comfortable indoor environment should be provided efficiently and affordably. Thus, the examination of the correlated factors of buildings' energy efficiency and occupants' comfort is highly anticipated. This field can be analyzed using various methods, where computational simulations are the most comprehensive technique. Unfortunately, buildings' simulated energy demands usually differ from the actual use. There are numerous uncertainties impacting buildings' energy demand, likewise, those parameters are usually strongly correlated. Therefore, parametric analyses are a valuable approach allowing us better understanding of various phenomena occurring in buildings. This article shows some preliminary results of the case study analysis for a residential building in Poland examining the impact of residents' thermal comfort on the buildings' energy performance. This study will be continued and expanded to fully understand the occupants' behavior impact on building energy performance. Studies like this are helpful for future building design, following the paradigm of sustainable development.

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Johra, Hicham, Markus Schaffer, Gaurav Chaudhary, Hussain Syed Kazmi, Jérôme Le Dréau, and Steffen Petersen. Coherent description of 48 metrics to compare, validate and assess accuracy of building energy models and indoor environment simulations. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau533917780.

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The correct evaluation of the performance of models used in the field of energy, building and indoor environment modelling is crucial to correctly assess the reliability of the results and the suitability of the model for the purpose. This technical report is supplementary material to the work of Johra et al., 2023, who conducted an extensive literature review of 259 papers to provide an overview of the evaluation metrics used by the energy, building and indoor environment research community. The information gathered from the 259 reviewed papers is compiled in the spreadsheet attached to that technical report. This technical report provides an overview of all the time series comparison metrics found for building energy and indoor environment modelling validation, using a consistent notation and naming convention and any alternative names for the respective metric. Such an overview should provide valuable guidance to both practitioners and researchers within the energy, buildings and indoor environment community. Furthermore, the use of a consistent naming and equation notation should reduce the possibility of misunderstanding, which has been highlighted in Johra et al., 2023. In addition to this overview, Section 3 discusses possible limitations and pitfalls when evaluating models within the field of energy, building and indoor environment modelling, which provide additional support.

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Johra, Hicham. Thermal properties of common building materials. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau294603722.

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The aim of this technical report is to provide a large collection of the main thermos-physical properties of various common construction materials and materials composing the elements inside the indoor environment of residential and office buildings. The Excel file enclosed with this document can be easily used to find thermal properties of materials for building energy and indoor environment simulation or to analyze experimental data. Note: A more recent version of that report and database are available at: https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/thermal-properties-of-building-materials-review-and-database

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Patil, Sandhya, Prasad Vaidya, Amir Bazaz, and Manish Dubey. High Performance Buildings: A Primer. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/hpbap11.2024.

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High-Performance Buildings (HPBs) are designed to maximise resource efficiency and cost-effectiveness, optimising energy, water, and indoor environmental quality throughout their life-cycle. These buildings outperform benchmarks established by Indian standards, such as the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) and the National Building Code (NBC), consuming 50% (Factor 4) to 25% (Factor 2) of typical energy and water usage. HPBs adhere to stringent requirements for indoor air quality (IAQ), waste management, and resilience. Furthermore, they undergo continuous monitoring and performance verification to ensure sustained efficiency and long-term sustainability.

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Bjelland, David, and Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn. Energy retrofitting of non-residential buildings with effects on the indoor environment: a study of university buildings at NTNU in Trondheim, Norway. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541564763.

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The year 2050 is considered the deadline for achieving the European climate goal of net zero emissions, an essential sustainability milestone. Current strategies ask for higher retrofitting rates in the building sector, as most of today’s buildings will still be standing and be used in 2050, and longer. However, retrofitting strategies must consider energy and emissions reductions alongside social sustainability, targeting not only the building but also its users. Historically, the focus has been on indoor environmental quality, while other aspects of human well-being such as the quality of views were not addressed as frequently. Educational buildings can function as lighthouse projects, profiting from its many users as communicators. This article presents the retrofitting potential of the central building complex of the Gløshaugen campus of the NTNU in Trondheim in terms of energy, as basis to study the impact of retrofitting strategies on the indoor environment. The study consists of a selection of details, their building physical assessment, and a proposal of retrofitting measures. The results highlight the importance of human-centric definitions in the early (re-)design stages. Humancentric planning aspects can have diverse positive influences on the building’s users, especially in educational and other highly cognitive settings. Their impact however is strongly dependent on the selection of measures and their implementation. Interactions of the many aspects of well-being that can be addressed during retrofitting must be studied further as their interdependencies are often unclear and case specific. Human-centric retrofitting can function as a guide for upcoming mass retrofits throughout Europe for the sustainable achievement of climate goals.

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Johra, Hicham. Thermal properties of building materials - Review and database. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau456230861.

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The aim of this technical report is to present and give an overview of a dataset collecting the main thermo-physical properties of various common construction and building materials used in the built environment and composing elements of buildings and infrastructures. In addition, suggestions and recommendations are made for the thermo-physical properties of the materials composing the indoor content and furniture elements present in the built environment.

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Johra, Hicham. Assembling temperature sensors: thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors RTD (Pt100). Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau449755797.

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Temperature is one of the most common physical quantities (measurand) to be measured in experimental investigations, monitoring and control of building indoor environment, thermal comfort and building energy performance. The most common temperature sensors are the thermocouples and the resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). These analog sensors are cheap, accurate, durable and easy to replace or to repair. The cable of these sensors can easily be shortened or extended. These sensors have a simple, monotonic and stable correlation between the sensor’s temperature and their resistance/voltage output, which makes them ideal for temperature measurement with electronic logging equipment. This technical report aims at providing clear guidelines about how to assemble and mount type-K thermocouples and Pt100 RTDs. These are the most common temperature sensors used in the Laboratory of Building Energy and Indoor Environment at the Department of the Built Environment of Aalborg University.

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