Готові списки джерел за темами / Budget models

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Budget models"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Budget models"

Oshiro, Ken, Keii Gi, Shinichiro Fujimori, Heleen L. van Soest, Christoph Bertram, Jacques Després, Toshihiko Masui, Pedro Rochedo, Mark Roelfsema, and Zoi Vrontisi. "Mid-century emission pathways in Japan associated with the global 2 °C goal: national and global models’ assessments based on carbon budgets." Climatic Change 162, no. 4 (July 20, 2019): 1913–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02490-x.

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Abstract This study assesses Japan’s mid-century low-emission pathways using both national and global integrated assessment models in the common mitigation scenario framework, based on the carbon budgets corresponding to the global 2 °C goal. We examine high and low budgets, equal to global cumulative 1600 and 1000 Gt-CO2 (2011–2100) for global models, and 36 and 31 Gt-CO2 (2011–2050) in Japan for national models, based on the cost-effectiveness allocation performed by the global models. The impacts of near-term policy assumption, including the implementation and enhancement of the 2030 target of the nationally determined contribution (NDC), are also considered. Our estimates show that the low budget scenarios require a 75% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2050 below the 2010 level, which is nearly the same as Japan’s governmental 2050 goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80%. With regard to near-term actions, Japan’s 2030 target included in the NDC is on track to meet the high budget scenario, whereas it is falling short for the low budget scenario, which would require emission reductions immediately after 2020. Whereas models differ in the type of energy source on which they foresee Japan basing its decarbonization process (e.g., nuclear- or variable renewable energy-dependent), the large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy (nuclear, renewable, and carbon capture and storage) is shared across most models in both the high and low budget scenarios. By 2050, low-carbon energy represents 44–54% of primary energy and 86–97% of electricity supply in the high and low budget scenarios, respectively.

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Yanagi, Tetsuo. "Budget Models in the Coastal Sea." Oceanography in Japan 6, no. 3 (1997): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.6.163.

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Havis, Robert N., and David W. Ostendorf. "Approximate Dynamic Lake Phosphorus Budget Models." Journal of Environmental Engineering 115, no. 4 (August 1989): 809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1989)115:4(809).

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Bhattacharya, Debopam. "The Empirical Content of Binary Choice Models." Econometrica 89, no. 1 (2021): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16801.

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An important goal of empirical demand analysis is choice and welfare prediction on counterfactual budget sets arising from potential policy interventions. Such predictions are more credible when made without arbitrary functional‐form/distributional assumptions, and instead based solely on economic rationality, that is, that choice is consistent with utility maximization by a heterogeneous population. This paper investigates nonparametric economic rationality in the empirically important context of binary choice. We show that under general unobserved heterogeneity, economic rationality is equivalent to a pair of Slutsky‐like shape restrictions on choice‐probability functions. The forms of these restrictions differ from Slutsky inequalities for continuous goods. Unlike McFadden–Richter's stochastic revealed preference, our shape restrictions (a) are global, that is, their forms do not depend on which and how many budget sets are observed, (b) are closed form, hence easy to impose on parametric/semi/nonparametric models in practical applications, and (c) provide computationally simple, theory‐consistent bounds on demand and welfare predictions on counterfactual budge sets.

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Szeto, K. K., H. Tran, M. D. MacKay, R. Crawford, and R. E. Stewart. "The MAGS Water and Energy Budget Study." Journal of Hydrometeorology 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jhm810.1.

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Abstract This study represents the first attempt at developing a comprehensive climatology of atmospheric and surface water and energy budgets for the Mackenzie River basin (MRB). Different observed, remotely sensed, (re)analyzed, and modeled datasets were used to obtain independent estimates of the budgets. In particular, assimilated datasets, including the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Reanalysis 2 (NCEP-R2), the global 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40), the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) operational regional analysis as well as results from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) simulations, are used in the study. Apart from the development of state-of-the-art budget estimates for the MRB, the relative merits of current models, data assimilation systems, and global blended datasets in representing aspects of the water and energy cycle of this northern and data-sparse region were also assessed. In addition, the levels of uncertainty in assessing the budgets as well as their sources are discussed. The regional water budget for the MRB is closed within 10% of the observed runoff by using the moisture flux convergence from ERA-40, NARR, CMC, or CRCM. While these are noted improvements over previous water closure assessments for the region, magnitudes of the residuals in balancing the budgets are often comparable to the budget terms themselves in all the model and analysis datasets, and the spreads of budget estimates from the different datasets are also typically large, suggesting that substantial improvements to the models and observations are needed before the assessments of water and energy budgets for this northern region can be vastly improved.

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Volodina, A. O., and M. B. Trachenko. "THE ROLE OF THE BUDGETING SYSTEM IN MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 4 (May 27, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-4-83-88.

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The article considers the role of the budgeting system in mergers and absorption at all stages of their implementation – the search for the target company and preparation for the transaction, the process of conducting and concluding the transaction, the integration of the initiator company and the target company in the post-transaction period and describes the options for the build budget models during the integration period. The article suggests models of interaction of budgeting systems using project budgets in mergers and absorption in general, as well as in the implementation of vertical integration of companies that are parties to the transaction. It shows the role of project budgets in relationship between budget model of initiation company and target company. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered models have been highlighted.

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Траченко, Marina Trachenko, Мищенко, and L. Mishchenko. "Budget Model Formation Tools for Activity and Project-Based Budgeting." Administration 3, no. 4 (December 10, 2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16697.

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Activity-based budgeting (ABB) and project-based budgeting (project budgeting) are important trends of budgeting at an enterprise level. The paper authors have systematized factors of formation for directions of the activity-based and project-based budgeting, have characterized these directions’ budget models and revealed their specific features. The main specific features of activity-based budgeting model are the matrix (or more complex, multidimensional) structure of the budget model, interrelation of business processes’ budget items with key performance indicators and balanced scorecards (thus the model focused on strategy), simultaneous incorporation of financial indicators describing a business process into the budgets of business processes, budgets of CFR (Centers for Financial Responsibility) units, or project budgets, and a number of other specific features. The most important particulars of the project-based budgeting model is the integration of master budgets, operational and support budgets with project budgets within a budget model, the use of project budgets as a link between project management and budgeting as a management technology, and others particulars. The paper authors have developed a tool for the ABB budget model formation, which includes two algorithms. The first one is the algorithm for ABB model formation based on the budgets of CFR acting as expense providers, from the perspective of CFR units. The algorithm relies on the budgets of expense-providing Centers for Financial Responsibility. These Centers control the expenses of all CFR by certain business processes and items. The second one is the algorithm for the more detailed ABB model formation based on the budgets of business processes that are structured for analytical purposes (other than CFR units). This algorithm is intended for building a more detailed ABB model and implies the allocation of analytical sections like “CFR”, “Business Processes” and other analytics. It has been proposed to use a standard project budget a as a tool to solve the problem of matching the individual projects implementation time with the budget period. The standard budget is developed for the project’s entire life, in conjunction with the Project Budget, the indicators of which describe the project in a certain budget period.

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Chang, Shu-Ming, and Hsun-Hui Chen. "Applying snapback repellers in resource budget models." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 21, no. 4 (December 2011): 043126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3660662.

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Noonburg, E. G., R. M. Nisbet, E. Mccauley, W. S. C. Gurney, W. W. Murdoch, and A. M. DE Roos. "Experimental testing of dynamic energy budget models." Functional Ecology 12, no. 2 (April 1998): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00174.x.

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Melo, D. C. D., I. S. P. Marin, and E. Wendland. "Water budget comparison of global climate models and experimental data in Onça Creek basin, Brazil." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (September 16, 2014): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-70-2014.

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Abstract. Groundwater is an important part of the hydrological cycle, accounting for more than 25% of human needs on the global scale. As a result of aquifer overexploitation associated with climate change, even in the most conservative future climate scenarios, mean water-table levels can experience drastic drops. Although there are efforts to include groundwater dynamics in global climate models (GCMs), its influence is still not taken into full account in GCM water budgets, although it is as important as the other water sources considered. To assess the role of percolation in the water balance, we compared the water budget from climate forcing scenarios using 10 GCMs with the water budget from experimental data of a basin in São Paulo state, Brazil. We used the delta factor approach to correct the bias of the model's temperature and precipitation for a control period from 1970 to 1999, and calculated evapotranspiration using the Thornthwaite method. Experimental data for runoff and interception were derived for the basin’s representative crops (sugar cane and pasture) for both water budgets. As the GCMs ignore subsurface flow and the only input considered is precipitation and snow melt, the excess surface water is assumed to be redistributed among the other water budget components. The experimental data shows that there is enough available water for infiltration, indicating that recharge cannot be ignored in the water balance. This leads to the possibility of the models’ overestimating the other components to compensate for the ignored recharge.

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Дисертації з теми "Budget models"

Yang, Xuan, and 楊譞. "Budget-limited data disambiguation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196458.

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The problem of data ambiguity exists in a wide range of applications. In this thesis, we study “cost-aware" methods to alleviate the data ambiguity problems in uncertain databases and social-tagging data. In database applications, ambiguous (or uncertain) data may originate from data integration and measurement error of devices. These ambiguous data are maintained by uncertain databases. In many situations, it is possible to “clean", or remove, ambiguities from these databases. For example, the GPS location of a user is inexact due to measurement error, but context information (e.g., what a user is doing) can be used to reduce the imprecision of the location value. In practice, a cleaning activity often involves a cost, may fail and may not remove all ambiguities. Moreover, the statistical information about how likely database entities can be cleaned may not be precisely known. We model the above aspects with the uncertain database cleaning problem, which requires us to make sensible decisions in selecting entities to clean in order to maximize the amount of ambiguous information removed under a limited budget. To solve this problem, we propose the Explore-Exploit (or EE) algorithm, which gathers valuable information during the cleaning process to determine how the remaining cleaning budget should be invested. We also study how to fine-tune the parameters of EE in order to achieve optimal cleaning effectiveness. Social tagging data capture web users' textual annotations, called tags, for resources (e.g., webpages and photos). Since tags are given by casual users, they often contain noise (e.g., misspelled words) and may not be able to cover all the aspects of each resource. In this thesis, we design a metric to systematically measure the tagging quality of each resource based on the tags it has received. We propose an incentive-based tagging framework in order to improve the tagging quality. The main idea is to award users some incentive for giving (relevant) tags to resources. The challenge is, how should we allocate incentives to a large set of resources, so as to maximize the improvement of their tagging quality under a limited budget? To solve this problem, we propose a few efficient incentive allocation strategies. Experiments shows that our best strategy provides resources with a close-to-optimal gain in tagging quality. To summarize, we study the problem of budget-limited data disambiguation for uncertain databases and social tagging data | given a set of objects (entities from uncertain databases or web resources), how can we make sensible decisions about which object to \disambiguate" (to perform a cleaning activity on the entity or ask a user to tag the resource), in order to maximize the amount of ambiguous information reduced under a limited budget.
published_or_final_version
Computer Science
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Batchelder, James P. "University Budget Models, Institutional Size, and Student Outcomes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3832.

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The purpose of the non-experimental quantitative research study was to identify if there is a significant difference between the types of budget model an institution utilizes, institutional size, and student enrollment, retention, and graduation rates. This study was to identify if there is significant difference between institutional size and the type budget model utilized. Member institutions of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) were selected to participate in this study due to their similarities of mission and admissions policy. AASCU institutions share a common mission that focuses on access, innovation, regional support, and inclusion. AASCU institutions are all public regional institutions. Larger institutions within the study presented significantly higher retention and graduation rates compared to medium size institutions. I used the Carnegie classification of size as institutions that have enrollments less than 3,000 as small, institutions that have enrollments less than 10,000 as medium, and institutions with enrollments greater than 10,000 as large. I study found no significant difference in the types of budget model utilized and the student outcomes related to enrollment, retention, or graduation rates. I did indicate that institutions that utilized a more decentralized budgeting approach had higher enrollment percentages and higher retention and graduation rates than institutions that utilized a centralized budget model. I also did not identify any significant difference in the size of an institution and the type of budget model utilized.

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Keogh, Andrew James, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Engineering and Industrial Design. "Geo-chemical budget models of the Penrith Lakes Scheme." THESIS_CSTE_EID_Keogh_A.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/472.

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The Penrith Lakes Scheme is a series of inter-connected lakes, produced by the rehabilitation of a sand and gravel quarry, for water quality treatment and recreational uses. Presently, 5 lakes are operational comprising 4 upstream lakes for treatment of storm-water and quarry discharge and a single downstream recreational lake as the Sydney International Regatta Centre used during the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. This report is the result of a study, during 1998-2003, with an aim to develop dynamic budget models of water, sediments and nutrients for these lakes, providing suitable data for long-term management planning and evaluation of short-term operational management.Findings showed that while progressive reassessment and refinement will be required as management control increases, the approach provides the foundation modelling procedures and frame-work for suitable hydrological and water quality management of the Penrith Lakes Scheme, and may be extended to include further lakes, water sources and management strategies.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Keogh, Andrew James. "Geo-chemical budget models of the Penrith Lakes Scheme /." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20040528.121937/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2003.
"A thesis submitted to the School of Engineering and Industrial Design, University of Western Sydney, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references and appendices.

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Karlsson, Johannes. "The influence of clouds on Earth's radiation budget in global climate models /." Stockholm : Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29276.

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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2009.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript. Härtill 4 uppsatser.

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Tsenova, Tsvetomira Stoyanova. "Macro-theoretic models of an economy in transition." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341846.

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Martin, Benjamin. "Linking individual-based models and dynamic energy budget theory : lessons for ecology and ecotoxicology." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6700/.

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In the context of ecological risk assessment of chemicals, individual-based population models hold great potential to increase the ecological realism of current regulatory risk assessment procedures. However, developing and parameterizing such models is time-consuming and often ad hoc. Using standardized, tested submodels of individual organisms would make individual-based modelling more efficient and coherent. In this thesis, I explored whether Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is suitable for being used as a standard submodel in individual-based models, both for ecological risk assessment and theoretical population ecology. First, I developed a generic implementation of DEB theory in an individual-based modeling (IBM) context: DEB-IBM. Using the DEB-IBM framework I tested the ability of the DEB theory to predict population-level dynamics from the properties of individuals. We used Daphnia magna as a model species, where data at the individual level was available to parameterize the model, and population-level predictions were compared against independent data from controlled population experiments. We found that DEB theory successfully predicted population growth rates and peak densities of experimental Daphnia populations in multiple experimental settings, but failed to capture the decline phase, when the available food per Daphnia was low. Further assumptions on food-dependent mortality of juveniles were needed to capture the population dynamics after the initial population peak. The resulting model then predicted, without further calibration, characteristic switches between small- and large-amplitude cycles, which have been observed for Daphnia. We conclude that cross-level tests help detecting gaps in current individual-level theories and ultimately will lead to theory development and the establishment of a generic basis for individual-based models and ecology. In addition to theoretical explorations, we tested the potential of DEB theory combined with IBMs to extrapolate effects of chemical stress from the individual to population level. For this we used information at the individual level on the effect of 3,4-dichloroanailine on Daphnia. The individual data suggested direct effects on reproduction but no significant effects on growth. Assuming such direct effects on reproduction, the model was able to accurately predict the population response to increasing concentrations of 3,4-dichloroaniline. We conclude that DEB theory combined with IBMs holds great potential for standardized ecological risk assessment based on ecological models.
Für die ökologische Risikobewertung von Chemikalien sind individuenbasierte Populationsmodelle ein vielversprechendes Werkzeug um heutige Bewertungen ökologisch realistischer zu gestalten. Allerdings ist die Entwicklung und Parametrisierung derartiger Modelle zeitaufwendig und oft wenig systematisch. Standardisierte, geprüfte Untermodelle, die Einzelorganismen beschreiben, würden die individuenbasierte Modellierung effizienter und kohärenter machen. In meiner Dissertation habe ich daher untersucht, inwieweit sich die Dynamic Energy Budget-Theorie (DEB) als Standardmodell innerhalb individuenbasierter Populationsmodelle eignet, und zwar sowohl für die ökologische Risikobewertung als auch für die theoretische Populationsökologie. Zunächst habe ich eine generische Implementierung der DEB-Theorie im Rahmen individuenbasierter Modellen (IBM) erstellt: DEB-IBM. Dieses Werkzeug nutzend habe ich dann untersucht, ob es mit Hilfe der DEB-Theorie gelingt, ausgehend von den Eigenschaften und Aktivitäten einzelner Individuen, Populationsdynamik vorherzusagen. Wir nutzten dabei Daphnia magna als Modellart, für die Daten auf der Individuenebene verfügbar waren, um das Modell zu parametrisieren, sowie Populationsdaten, mit denen Modellvorhersagen verglichen werden konnten. DEB-Theorie war in der Lage, beobachtete Populationswachstumsraten sowie die maximalen Abundanzen korrekt vorherzusagen, und zwar für verschiedene Umweltbedingungen. Für Phasen des Rückgangs der Population allerdings, wenn die für die Daphnien verfügbare Nahrungsmenge gering war, kam es zu Abweichungen. Es waren deshalb zusätzliche Annahmen über nahrungsabhängige Sterblichkeit von juvenilen Daphnien erforderlich, um die gesamte Populationsdynamik korrekt vorherzusagen. Das resultierende Modell konnte dann, ohne weitere Kalibrierungen, den für Daphnien charakteristischen Wechsel zwischen Populationszyklen mit großen und kleinen Amplituden richtig vorhersagen. Wir folgern daraus, daß Ebenen übergreifende Tests dabei helfen, Lücken in aktuellen Theorien über Einzelorganismen aufzudecken Dies trägt zur Theorieentwicklung bei und liefert Grundlagen für individuenbasierte Modellierung und Ökologie. Über diese Grundlagenfragen hinaus haben wir überprüft, ob DEB-Theorie in Kombination mit IBMs es ermöglicht, den Effekt von chemischem Streß auf Individuen auf die Populationsebene zu extrapolieren. Wir nutzten Daten über die Auswirkungen von 3,4 Dichloroanalin auf einzelne Daphnien, die zeigten daß im Wesentlichen die Reproduktion, nicht aber das Wachstum beeinträchtigt ist. Mit entsprechenden Annahmen konnte unser Modell den Effekt auf Populationsebene, für den unabhängige Daten vorlagen, korrekt vorhersagen. DEB-Theorie in Kombination mit individuenbasierter Modellierung birgt somit großes Potential für einen standardisierten modellbasierten Ansatz in der ökologischen Risikobewertung von Chemikalien.

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Kumar, Akhil. "Budget-Related Prediction Models in the Business Environment with Special Reference to Spot Price Predictions." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331533/.

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The purpose of this research is to study and improve decision accuracy in the real world. Spot price prediction of petroleum products, in a budgeting context, is the task chosen to study prediction accuracy. Prediction accuracy of executives in a multinational oil company is examined. The Brunswik Lens Model framework is used to evaluate prediction accuracy. Predictions of the individuals, the composite group (mathematical average of the individuals), the interacting group, and the environmental model were compared. Predictions of the individuals were obtained through a laboratory experiment in which experts were used as subjects. The subjects were required to make spot price predictions for two petroleum products. Eight predictor variables that were actually used by the subjects in real-world predictions were elicited through an interview process. Data for a 15 month period were used to construct 31 cases for each of the two products. Prediction accuracy was evaluated by comparing predictions with the actual spot prices. Predictions of the composite group were obtained by averaging the predictions of the individuals. Interacting group predictions were obtained ex post from the company's records. The study found the interacting group to be the least accurate. The implication of this finding is that even though an interacting group may be desirable for information synthesis, evaluation, or working toward group consensus, it is undesirable if prediction accuracy is critical. The accuracy of the environmental model was found to be the highest. This suggests that apart from random error, misweighting of cues by individuals and groups affects prediction accuracy. Another implication of this study is that the environmental model can also be used as an additional input in the prediction process to improve accuracy.

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Moolman, George Christiaan. "An aggregate capital budgeting model using a product portfolio approach." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022007-145421/.

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Warrior, Hari. "Parameterization of the Light Models in Various General Ocean Circulation Models for shallow waters." Scholar Commons, 2004. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1292.

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Solar energy is incident on the earth's surface in both short-wave and long-wave parts of the spectrum. The short-wave part of the spectrum is of special interest to oceanographers since the vertical distribution of temperature in the top layer of the ocean is mostly determined by the vertical attenuation of short-wave radiation. There are numerous studies regarding the temperature evolution as a function of time (see Chapter 2 for details). The diurnal and seasonal variation of the heat content (and hence temperature) of the ocean is explored in this thesis. The basis for such heat budget simulation lies in the fact that the heat budget is the primary driver of ocean currents (maybe secondary to wind effects) and these circulation features affect the biological and chemical effects of that region. The vertical attenuation of light (classified to be in the 300-700 nm range) in the top layer of the ocean has been parameterized by several authors. Simpson and Dickey (1981) in their paper have listed the various attenuation schemes in use till then. This includes a single-exponential form, a bimodal exponential form, and a spectral decomposition into nine spectral bands, each with their specific exponential functions with depth. The effects of vertical light attenuation have been investigated by integrating the light models into a 1D and a 3D turbulence closure model. The main part of the thesis is the inclusion of a bottom effect in the shallow waters. Bottom serves two purposes, it reflects some light based on its albedo and it radiates the rest of the light as heat. 1-D simulation including bottom effects clearly indicates the effect of light on the temperature profile and also the corresponding effect on salinity profiles. An extension of the study includes a 3D simulation of the heat budget and the associated circulation and hydrodynamics. Intense heating due to the bottom leads to the formation of hyper-saline waters that percolate down to depths of 50 m in the summer. Such plumes have been simulated by using a 3D numerical ocean model and it is consistent with observations from the Bahamas banks.

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Книги з теми "Budget models"

Wyman, Sherman M. Municipal budgeting in transition: American models and Polish practice. Kraków: Cracow University of Economics, 1998.

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Personal finances: Includes family budget models. Chicago: Moody Press, 1998.

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S. A. L. M. Kooijman. Dynamic energy budget theory for metabolic organisation. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Alogoskoufis, George S. On budgetary policies and economic growth. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1990.

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Tabellini, Guido Enrico. Voting on the budget deficit. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1988.

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Taylor, V. R. Implementation of reflectance models in operational AVHRR radiation budget processing. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1990.

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Cordella, Tito. Budget support versus project aid. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Department, 2003.

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Wacht, Richard F. A new approach to capital budgeting for city and county governments. 2nd ed. Atlanta, Ga: Business Pub. Division, College of Business Administration, Georgia State University, 1987.

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Baffes, John. Taxing choices in deficit reduction. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW, Washington DC 20433): Country Economics Dept., The World Bank, 1990.

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Fabrizio, Stefania. Can budget institutions counteract political indiscipline? [Washington D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, European Dept., 2006.

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Частини книг з теми "Budget models"

Satoh, Masaki. "Global energy budget." In Atmospheric Circulation Dynamics and General Circulation Models, 326–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13574-3_12.

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Chorafas, Dimitris N. "Developing and Using a Budget Analyzer." In Financial Models and Simulation, 110–31. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374836_6.

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Mutanov, Galimkair. "Mathematical Methods of Budget Modeling." In Mathematical Methods and Models in Economic Planning, Management and Budgeting, 1–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45142-7_1.

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Mutanov, Galimkair. "Methods and Mathematical Models of Budget Management." In Mathematical Methods and Models in Economic Planning, Management and Budgeting, 39–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45142-7_2.

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Sawyer, Tom Y. "Operating and Capital Expenditures Models: Manage Your Budget." In Financial Modeling for Business Owners and Entrepreneurs, 185–211. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-0370-5_9.

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van Velthoven, Ben C. J. "Towards A Behavioural-Theoretic Analysis of Budget Deficits." In The Endogenization of Government Behaviour in Macroeconomic Models, 249–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74591-1_9.

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Kamasamudram, V., M. Coret, and N. Moës. "Energy budget during the propagation of a dynamic crack in elastomers." In Constitutive Models for Rubber XII, 371–75. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003310266-61.

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Kattsov, V. M., J. E. Walsh, A. Rinke, and K. Dethloff. "Atmospheric Climate Models: Simulation of the Arctic Ocean Fresh Water Budget Components." In The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, 209–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4132-1_10.

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Achasov, Andrii, Arkadiy Siedov, Alla Achasova, Ganna Titenko, and Oleg Seliverstov. "Creating Digital Elevation Models Using Budget Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." In Soils Under Stress, 37–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68394-8_4.

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Katsaros, K. B. "Parameterization Schemes and Models for Estimating the Surface Radiation Budget." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 339–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0627-3_9.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Budget models"

Kerschke, Pascal, Mike Preuss, Simon Wessing, and Heike Trautmann. "Low-Budget Exploratory Landscape Analysis on Multiple Peaks Models." In GECCO '16: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2908812.2908845.

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Lee, Seungwon, Seung Hun Kim, and Won Woo Ro. "Multicore speedup models using frequency scaling with fixed power budget." In 2014 International Conference on Electronics, Information and Communications (ICEIC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elinfocom.2014.6914403.

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Roy, Sourya, Sujoy Paul, Neal E. Young, and Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury. "Exploiting Transitivity for Learning Person Re-identification Models on a Budget." In 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2018.00738.

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Ward, Caryl, and Jill E. Dixon. "Change: Watch For The Right Time." In Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317177.

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Collection budgets are an essential tool for building collections yet the amounts of allocations can ebb and flow over the years. Modifying the budget structure is an intimidating, exhausting exercise with administrative and political ramifications that affect the workload of collections librarians as well as the workflows in acquisitions departments. External and internal forces such as impending budget cuts and serials reviews, a new library system, new department heads, newly minted librarians’ learning curves, and the creation or demolition of big deals seem like roadblocks to a budget revision process. They can also be seized as opportunities to look at new models. Libraries get by with the allocations provided in any given year, but would it be better for the collections if the approach to allocations was more flexible from the beginning, more of a proactive allocation instead of reactive? At Binghamton University Libraries, the hiring of a new Head of Collection Development and migrating to a new library system necessitated collaborative conversations concerning structures and roles for the two departments. This paper presents scenarios and recommendations for determining when and how to collaboratively evaluate a legacy budget structure, redefine allocations, and review staff roles.

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Azizi, MohammadJavad, Branislav Kveton, and Mohammad Ghavamzadeh. "Fixed-Budget Best-Arm Identification in Structured Bandits." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/388.

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Best-arm identification (BAI) in a fixed-budget setting is a bandit problem where the learning agent maximizes the probability of identifying the optimal (best) arm after a fixed number of observations. Most works on this topic study unstructured problems with a small number of arms, which limits their applicability. We propose a general tractable algorithm that incorporates the structure, by successively eliminating suboptimal arms based on their mean reward estimates from a joint generalization model. We analyze our algorithm in linear and generalized linear models (GLMs), and propose a practical implementation based on a G-optimal design. In linear models, our algorithm has competitive error guarantees to prior works and performs at least as well empirically. In GLMs, this is the first practical algorithm with analysis for fixed-budget BAI.

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Lont, Maarten, Dusan Milosevic, Peter G. M. Baltus, Arthur H. M. van Roermund, and Guido Dolmans. "Analytical Models for the Wake-Up Receiver Power Budget for Wireless Sensor Networks." In GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2009.5425470.

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Kosulnikov, S., A. Diaz-Rubio, and S. Tretyakov. "Analytical Models of Link Budget in the Presence of Reflection-shaping Metasurface Panels." In 2022 16th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eucap53622.2022.9769445.

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Pal, Anuj, Yan Wang, Ling Zhu, and Guoming G. Zhu. "Engine Calibration Optimization Based on its Surrogate Models." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-8984.

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Abstract Diesel engines are becoming increasingly complex to control and calibrate with the desire of improving fuel economy and reducing emissions (NOx and Soot) due to global warming and energy usage. With ever increased control features, it is becoming more and more difficult to calibrate engine control parameters using the traditional engine mapping based methods due to unreasonable calibration time required. Therefore, this research focuses on the problem of performing engine calibration within a limited budget by efficiently optimizing three control parameters: namely variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) position, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve position, and start of injection (SOI). Engine performance in terms of fuel consumption (BSFC) and emissions (NOX) are considered as objective function here with the constraint on boost pressure and engine load (BMEP). Since the engine calibration process requires a large number of high-fidelity evaluations, surrogate modeling methods are used to perform calibration quickly with a significantly reduced computational budget. Kriging metamodeling is used for this work with Expected Improvement (EI) as acquisition function. Results show more than 60% decrease in computational cost with results close to actual near Pareto optimal set.

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Liu, Xiang, Hau Chan, Minming Li, and Weiwei Wu. "Budget-feasible Mechanisms for Representing Groups of Agents Proportionally." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/44.

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In this paper, we consider the problem of designing budget-feasible mechanisms for selecting agents with private costs from various groups to ensure proportional representation, where the minimum proportion of the selected agents from each group is maximized. Depending on agents' membership in the groups, we consider two main models: single group setting where each agent belongs to only one group, and multiple group setting where each agent may belong to multiple groups. We propose novel budget-feasible proportion-representative mechanisms for these models, which can select representative agents from different groups. The proposed mechanisms guarantee theoretical properties of individual rationality, budget-feasibility, truthfulness, and approximation performance on proportional representation.

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Spasiv, Nataliia, Iryna Fadyeyeva, Vasyl Kozyk, Uliana Berezhnytska, and Marta Shkvaryliuk. "On Development of Finance Management Models in United Territorial Communities Under Budget Risk Conditions." In Proceedings of the 2019 7th International Conference on Modeling, Development and Strategic Management of Economic System (MDSMES 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mdsmes-19.2019.17.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Budget models"

Radecki, Jane. University Budget Models and Indirect Costs: A Primer. Ithaka S+R, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18665/sr.314858.

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Unger, Eric J. Relating Initial Budget to Program Growth With Rayleigh and Weibull Models. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387841.

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Lindberg, Lars. Personalised Support and Services for Persons with Disabilities – mapping of Nordic models. Nordens välfärdscenter, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52746/nqrb1733.

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In what way and how can models for personalised support such as personal budgeting strengthen the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities? Personal budgeting refers to a sum of money that is granted to the individual on the basis of an assessment of the need for service and calculation of a budget for this purpose. The individual can buy the service he needs for his budget. Personal budgeting is in use in social and health care in several countries. In the Nordic region, personal assistance is the main example of such solutions, but other models have also been tried and adopted in social and health care, such as systems of freedom of choice and increased opportunities for users to choose a provider. The report presents a number of personalised systems for support for people with disabilities that have been implemented in the Nordic countries and their experiences. The mapping was carried out jointly by the Nordic Welfare Center and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The report will be considered when forming a proposal for a future reform of support and services for people with disabilities in Finland.

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Aiken, Jim, Gerald Moore, and James Fishwick. Sea Truth Validation of Bio-Optical Models for A And Bb; Application to Heat Budget Models and the Effects of Biology on Ocean Thermal Structure. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628329.

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Aiken, Jim, Gerald Moore, and James Fishwick. Sea Truth Validation of Bio-optical Models for 'a' and 'bb'; Application to Heat Budget Models and the Effects of Biology on Ocean Thermal Structure. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada619759.

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Yu, Haichao, Haoxiang Li, Honghui Shi, Thomas S. Huang, and Gang Hua. Any-Precision Deep Neural Networks. Web of Open Science, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/ejai.v1i1.82.

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We present Any-Precision Deep Neural Networks (Any- Precision DNNs), which are trained with a new method that empowers learned DNNs to be flexible in any numerical precision during inference. The same model in runtime can be flexibly and directly set to different bit-width, by trun- cating the least significant bits, to support dynamic speed and accuracy trade-off. When all layers are set to low- bits, we show that the model achieved accuracy compara- ble to dedicated models trained at the same precision. This nice property facilitates flexible deployment of deep learn- ing models in real-world applications, where in practice trade-offs between model accuracy and runtime efficiency are often sought. Previous literature presents solutions to train models at each individual fixed efficiency/accuracy trade-off point. But how to produce a model flexible in runtime precision is largely unexplored. When the demand of efficiency/accuracy trade-off varies from time to time or even dynamically changes in runtime, it is infeasible to re-train models accordingly, and the storage budget may forbid keeping multiple models. Our proposed framework achieves this flexibility without performance degradation. More importantly, we demonstrate that this achievement is agnostic to model architectures. We experimentally validated our method with different deep network backbones (AlexNet-small, Resnet-20, Resnet-50) on different datasets (SVHN, Cifar-10, ImageNet) and observed consistent results.

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Roantree, Barra, Karina Doorley, Theano Kakoulidou, and Seamus O'Malley. Budget 2022. ESRI, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/qec2021win_sa_roantree.

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This Article outlines and assesses changes to the tax and welfare system announced as part of Budget 2022. It first looks at the main taxation measures announced before turning to employment, education and social welfare supports. It then considers the effect of the package of measures as a whole on the incomes of households using representative survey data from the Survey of Incomes and Living Conditions run on SWITCH – the ESRI’s tax and benefit microsimulation model – and ITSim – an indirect tax microsimulation model developed jointly by the ESRI and the Department of Finance. The Article concludes with some brief reflections on inflation forecasts and the policy-making process.

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Brainard, James Robert. Nambe Pueblo Water Budget and Forecasting model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1001025.

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LITVISHCHENKO, K., and E. TARASOVA. MODERN PROBLEMS OF ASYMMETRY OF BUDGET FEDERALISM. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2022-11-2-4-23-31.

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This article discusses some problems of budget implementation of Smolensk city according to the expenses from 2018 till 2020. The tendency of growth was replaced by falling of some key indicators. The reasons of reduction of an account part of the city budget are investigated.

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Heath, Linda S., Michael C. Nichols, James E. Smith, and John R. Mills. FORCARB2: An updated version of the U.S. Forest Carbon Budget Model. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-67.

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