Готові списки джерел за темами / Brain in a Vat

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Brain in a Vat"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Brain in a Vat"

1

Reiheld, Alison, and Rory Kraft. "Brain in the Vat." Questions: Philosophy for Young People 8 (2008): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/questions2008816.

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2

Werbeloff, Jason, and Mark Oppenheimer. "Brain in a Vat Podcast." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 93 (2021): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm20219352.

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3

Gere, Cathy, and Charlie Gere. "THE BRAIN IN A VAT." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 35, no. 2 (June 2004): iii—iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2004.03.001.

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4

Gere, Cathy. "The brain in a vat." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 35, no. 2 (June 2004): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2004.03.002.

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5

Davies, David. "Putnam's Brain-Teaser." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1995.10717413.

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1. Metaphysical Realists have traditionally relied upon the skeptic to give substance to the idea that truth is, in the words of Hilary Putnam, 'radically non-episternic,’ forever outstripping, in principle at least, the reach of justification. What better model of truth so conceived, after all, than the skeptic's contention that even our firmest convictions might be mistaken in that we might be the victims of demonic deception or the machinations of an evil scientist? But the availability of this favorite model of Realist truth, encapsulated in the claim that we might be ‘brains in a vat,’ has been called into question by Putnam in the opening chapter of Reason, Truth, and History. Putnam contends that, if we grant the Realist notion of truth, as referentially mediated correspondence to THE WORLD, then, given certain plausible constraints on reference, we can know that we are not brains in a vat (or, more accurately, ‘brains in a vat' of a particular kind, as we shall see).
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6

BRUECKNER, ANTHONY. "If I Am a Brain in a Vat, Then I Am Not a Brain in a Vat." Mind 101, no. 401 (1992): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/101.401.123.

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7

Jackman, Henry. "Semantic Pragmatism and A Priori Knawledge (or ‘Yes we could all be brains in a vat’)." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 31, no. 4 (December 2001): 455–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2001.10717576.

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Hilary Putnam has famously argued that we can know that we are not brains in a vat because the hypothesis that we are is self-refuting. While Putnam's argument has generated interest primarily as a novel response to skepticism, he originally introduced his brain in a vat scenario to help illustrate a point about the ‘mind/world relationship.’ In particular, he intended it to be part of an argument against the coherence of metaphysical realism, and thus to be part of a defense of his conception of truth as idealized rational acceptability. Putnam's discussion has already inspired a substantial body of criticism, but it will be argued here that these criticisms fail to capture the central problem with his argument. Indeed, it will be shown that, rather than simply following from his semantic externalism, Putnam's conclusions about the self-refuting character of the brain in a vat hypothesis are actually out of line with central and plausible aspects of his own account of the relationship between our minds and the world.
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8

Baumann, Peter. "BRAINS IN VATS? DON'T BOTHER!" Episteme 16, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2017.34.

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ABSTRACTContemporary discussions of epistemological skepticism – the view that we do not and cannot know anything about the world around us – focus very much on a certain kind of skeptical argument involving a skeptical scenario (a situation familiar from Descartes' First Meditation). According to the argument, knowing some ordinary proposition about the world (one we usually take ourselves to know) requires knowing we are not in some such skeptical scenario SK; however, since we cannot know that we are not in SK we also cannot know any ordinary proposition. One of the most prominent skeptical scenarios is the brain-in-the-vat-scenario: An evil scientist has operated on an unsuspecting subject, removed the subject's brain and put it in a vat where it is kept functioning and is connected to some computer which feeds the brain the illusion that everything is “normal”. This paper looks at one aspect of this scenario after another – envatment, disembodiment, weird cognitive processes, lack of the right kind of epistemic standing, and systematic deception. The conclusion is that none of these aspects (in isolation or in combination) is of any relevance for a would-be skeptical argument; the brain-in-the-vat-scenario is irrelevant to and useless for skeptical purposes. Given that related scenarios (e.g., involving evil demons) share the defects of the brain-in-the-vat-scenario, the skeptic should not put any hopes on Cartesian topoi.
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9

Kim, Shin, Hyon-Ah Yi, Kyoung Sook Won, Ji Soo Lee, and Hae Won Kim. "Association between Visceral Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology." Metabolites 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030258.

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The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been recognized as an endocrine organ, and VAT dysfunction could be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We aimed to evaluate the association of VAT metabolism with AD pathology. This cross-sectional study included 54 older subjects with cognitive impairment who underwent 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) torso positron emission tomography (PET) and 18F-florbetaben brain PET. 18F-FDG uptake in VAT on 18F-FDG PET images was used as a marker of VAT metabolism, and subjects were classified into high and low VAT metabolism groups. A voxel-based analysis revealed that the high VAT metabolism group exhibited a significantly higher cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) burden than the low VAT metabolism group. In the volume-of-interest analysis, multiple linear regression analyses with adjustment for age, sex, and white matter hyperintensity volume revealed that 18F-FDG uptake in VAT was significantly associated with the cerebral Aβ burden (β = 0.359, p = 0.007). In conclusion, VAT metabolism was associated with AD pathology in older subjects. Our findings suggest that VAT dysfunction could contribute to AD development.
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10

Prayoga, Aryadiva, Hermien Nugraheni, and Diyah Fatmasari. "Sequence application of Brain mri with orthodontic bracket." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jrk.v9i1.5690.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination of the brain at high resolution will be able to detect abnormalities in the brain that are not detected before. The MRI machine is equipped with a very strong magnetic force, therefore metal objects can interfere with the workings of the machine . Some patients, there may be a magnet in the body unnoticed, for example: orthodontic bracket. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of sequences to reduce metal artifacts due to the installation of the Orthodontic Bracket. This type of research is a quantitative analytic with a quasi-experimental research design. The research design used was a one group pretest-posttest design to determine the optimization of the application of the Slice Encoding Metal Artifact Correction (SEMAC) and View Angle Tilting (VAT) sequences on Brain MRI with Orthodontic Bracket. The results showed that the SEMAC sequence combined with T2 TSE was able to reduce metal artifacts well. VAT sequences combined with T2 TSE were able to reduce metal artifacts quite well. A more optimal sequence to reduce metal artifacts is T2 TSE SEMAC, where the sequence is able to reveal thin structures that are not visible in the T2 TSE or T2 TSE VAT sequences.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Brain in a Vat"

1

Olivier, Melani. "Die ontwikkeling en toepassing van 'n voorlopige meetinstrument vir die bepaling van primêre sorggewers se behoeftes rakende die hantering van die persoon met 'n traumatiese breinbesering." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05152007-084141.

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2

Abildayeva, Karlygash. "Apolipoproteins E and C1 in the brain: role in Alzheimer's disease." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2006. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5953.

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3

Claessens, Antoine. "How Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites bind to human brain endothelial cells." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4897.

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Cerebral malaria is characterised by an accumulation of infected erythrocytes in the microvasculature of the brain. Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes have been shown to bind to a Human Brain Endothelial Cell line (HBEC-5i) in vitro. This provides a model for the investigation of interactions between P. falcuparum and human brain endothelium. Currently neither the parasite adhesion ligands on infected erythrocytes, nor the host endothelial cell receptors necessary for this interaction have been identified. In this work, the identity of the host receptor on brain endothelial cells was addressed by binding assays of selected and unselected parasites on a wide range of malaria-associated host molecules. The identity of the parasite ligand was investigated by microarray analysis of parasites after selection for cytoadherence to HBEC-5i. The hypothesis being tested was that the gene encoding the parasite cytoadherence ligand would show significant upregulation in selected compared to unselected paarasites. The P. falciparum laboratory strains 3D7, HB3 and IT/FCR3 were selected for binding to HBEC-5i using a panning assay. Compared to unselected parasites, HBEC-5i selected parasites showed a distinct phenotype with reduced platelet-mediated clumping. There was no significant increase in binding of parasites to any of the known endothelial cytoadherence receptors for P. falciparum after selection on HBEC-5i. Binding inhibition assays with various antibodies and soluble receptors did not greatly block the adhesion of parasites to HBEC-5i except for heparin. Altogether, the receptor(s) mediating the interation with HBEC-5i remains unknown. In order to carry out transcriptional analysis of selected and unselected paarasites form all three parasite strains, it was necessary to update the existing microarray chip which is based on the 3D7 genome. This is because each parasite train has a unique repertoire of variant surface antigens (VSAs) including var, rif and stevor genes. Therefore, to fully analysis HB3 and IT genomes. Unique oligonnucleotide probes were then designed for each new sequence and the 3D7-based microarray chip was updated. Transcriptional analysis was then carried out on selected and unselected parasites of all strains. Microarray data clearly indicated that the most highly upregulated genes after selection were group A or group A-like var genes (HB3var3, 3D7_PFDOO2Oc, ITvar7 and ITvar19), showing 11 to over 100 fold upregulation in selected parasites. The rif gene adjacent to the upregulated var gene was also highly expressed. To a lesser extent some exported proteins like RESA-1, PfEMP3 or PHIST family members also showed increased transcription in HBEC-selected parasites (2-3 fold upregulation). Reverse transcriptase-PCR confirmed the upregulation of group A var genes in selected parasites, suggessted that the group A PfEMP1 variants are major candidate ligands for parasite binding to HBEC-5i. These findings are consistent with previous work showing an association between Group A var genes and cerebral malaria.
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4

Graic, Jean-Marie. "Sexual Dimorphism In Areas of the Brain of Cetartiodactyla." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425869.

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Comparative neuroanatomy studies have helped us see the major structures and similarities between mammals, and allowed for the confirmations of hypotheses via direct observation. Variety in brain specialization can be seen in Cetartiodactyla, between the terrestrial artiodactyls and aquatic cetaceans. Compared to the primate brain, adapted to grasp using articulated fingers with opposable thumbs, the pure quadrupedal locomotion of ungulates and the absence of articulated movements in the limbs of cetaceans most certainly shows variations in the related brain areas. From this principle, the study of the brain of the swine, bovine, sheep or any other cetartiodactyl can help understand the basic organization coding the brain of mammals. Some species have been used more than others among cetartiodactyls. The sheep Ovis aries has been the subject of a fair amount of cytoarchitectural studies and functional investigations of the cortex, but also the hypothalamus. Other more exotic terrestrial species like the giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, have much more rarely had their brain thoroughly studied and published. For this reason we studied the cortical folding of the giraffe brain, its brain weight and encephalization quotient (EQ), and we reviewed the literature concerning its encephalon as far as 1839. This showed that, although a relatively very small absolute number of specimen have been collected over the years, the giraffe brain was quite typical of ungulates, with a deep gyrification, and an absolute weight of 720 g. The brain of the swine Sus scrofa received comparatively little attention, regarding even basic data. To provide weighed data on the brain of the pig, we weighted the brain of 48 animals to reach a robust value for the average brain weight of the domestic swine a different age categories. The average adult brain weight was 135 g, which was compared to the literature, as well as published EQs. The relatively low EQ (0.38) could be related to the domestication and heavy breeding that meat production necessitated to improve body weight. One of the findings of the cyctochemical exploration of the mammalian brain is the existence of sexually dimorphic structures. Groups of cells were found to be much larger in volume or cell number in the brain of males or females. Although their precise function is still unknown, most of them are directly involved in reproduction behaviors. Hormones have a crucial role in shaping the developing brain, and in particular androgens. The effects of male and female steroids on the development of the brain and its sexual differentiation can be put in perspective in the study of intersex freemartin bovines. During twin pregnancy of a bovine with a male and a female fetus, male sexual hormones circulating during intrauterine development in the female fetus can masculinize its genital apparatus and alter its phenotype, resulting in an intersex animal. We investigated the hypothalamus cytoarchitecture of freemartin heifers and compared them to male and female hypothalami. We found sex differences between male and female suprachiasmatic (SCN) and vasopressin-oxytocin containing (VON) nuclei. Moreover, the freemartin hypothalamus showed differences more complex than a simple masculinized female brain. While the VON was in size and cell count between male and female values, the SCN of freemartins was larger than both males and females. Using modern multivariate statistical methods, we also investigated the cytoarchitecture of male, female and freemartin cerebellar cortex. We found differences among cellular layers in size, regularity and density of the cells, across sex categories, showing that a multivariate multi-aspect approach can yield valuable results at the cellular level for large cohorts, and that a multi-disciplinary team can produce finer studies.
La neuroanatomia comparata consente di caratterizzare le strutture nervose mettendo in luce le somiglianze e le differenze tra i mammiferi. Un aspetto interessante di questo studio comparato riguarda il cervello dei Cetartiodattili sia terrestri (artiodattili) sia marini (cetacei) in cui la locomozione quadrupedale degli ungulati e l'assenza di movimenti articolati nell’arto dei cetacei mostrano variazioni morfologiche rispetto ai primati nelle aree cerebrali correlate i quali presentano un arto specializzato con dita articolate e pollici opponibili capaci di afferrare oggetti molto piccoli con precisione. Da questo punto di vista uno studio neuroanatomico dell’encefalo di artiodattili come il suino, il bovino e la pecora può aiutarci a comprendere l'organizzazione della citoarchitettura nei diversi mammiferi. La pecora Ovis aries come modello animale è stata oggetto di una discreta quantità di studi anatomici e indagini funzionali sul ruolo della corteccia cerebrale e dell'ipotalamo. Altre specie di artiodattili terrestri come la giraffa Giraffa camelopardalis, sono state meno studiate e sono rare le pubblicazioni che ne hanno studiato il cervello. Per questo motivo, uno degli obiettivi di questa tesi è stato quello di caratterizzare le circonvoluzioni corticali dell’encefalo della giraffa, valutare il suo peso ed il suo quoziente di encefalizzazione (EQ). I risultati hanno permesso di affermare che il cervello della giraffa presenta caratteristiche comuni a quelle degli altri ungulati con una notevole girificazione e un peso medio di 720 g. Un altro obiettivo è stato quello di analizzare l’encefalo del suino Sus scrofa. Per ottenere risultati significativi, abbiamo pesato il cervello di 48 animali appartenenti a diverse categorie di età. Il peso medio del cervello adulto è risultato di 135 g. L'EQ relativamente basso (0,38) ottenuto da questo mammifero potrebbe essere spiegato con le esigenze di produzione spinta che l'allevamento intensivo comporta, incrementando la selezione di animali sempre più pesanti. Uno degli aspetti molto studiati in questi ultimi anni da un punto di vista neuroanatomia riguarda la caratterizzazione delle aree sessualmente dimorfiche nell’encefalo dei mammiferi. Il bovino Bos taurus rappresenta un modello interessante per lo studio dei dimorfismi cereberali perché questo mammifero possiede un cervello grande, altamente convoluto, una gravidanza di 9 mesi. Inoltre in questa specie si manifesta la sindrome del freemartinismo. Tale sindrome si presenta perchè durante la gravidanza gemellare di un feto maschile e uno femminile, gli ormoni maschili del maschio a causa della anastomosi plaecentare circolano nel feto femminile mascolinizzando. Così il feto femmina è un individuo intersesso interessante perché il suo cervello femminile si è sviluppato naturalmente in un ambiente ormonale maschile. L’obiettivo che ci siamo posti è stato quello di studiare la citoarchitettura dell'ipotalamo di giovenche freemartin e confrontare i dati ottenuti con quelli analizzati nell’ipotalamo di bovini maschi e femmine. Questo studio ci ha permesso di caratterizzare i dimorfismi sessuali tra maschili e femminili presenti nel nucleo suprachiasmatico (SCN) e nel nucleo contenete vasopressina-ossitocina (VON). L’ipotalamo dei freemartin mostrava per quanti riguarda il nucleo VON valori intermedi in termini di dimensioni e numero di cellule tra i valori maschili e femminili. Il SCN dei freemartins è risultato più grande rispetto a quello dei bovini maschi e femmine. Un ulteriore obiettivo è stato quello di studiare la morfologia della citoarchitettura della corteccia cerebellare tra bovini maschi, femmine e freemartin. Applicando un metodo statistico multivariato e multi-aspetto, abbiamo caratterizzato le differenze di genere tra gli strati del cervelletto in termini di dimensioni, regolarità e densità delle cellule.
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5

Patman, Shane Michael. "The effect of physiotherapy on the prevention and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia for intensive care patients with acquired brain injury." Thesis, Curtin University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/230.

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Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for patients in an intensive care unit. Once present, ventilator-associated pneumonia is known to increase the duration of mechanical ventilation, time in the intensive care unit, and length of hospital stay. Patients with acquired brain injury are commonly admitted to the intensive care unit and considered to be at a high risk for the development of respiratory complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, which could potentially impact on the intensive care unit costs and outcomes. Respiratory physiotherapy is often provided to prevent and/or treat ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with acquired brain injury. The theoretical rationale of the respiratory physiotherapy is to improve airway clearance and enhance ventilation which may reduce the incidence of pulmonary infections and thus ventilator-associated pneumonia, and may in turn decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation, prevent the need for tracheostomy and hence result in reduced costs and shorter hospital stay. Although respiratory physiotherapy may be beneficial in reversing or preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia, to date there are no data concerning the effectiveness of respiratory physiotherapy in patients with acquired brain injury. Hence from an evidence-based perspective, at present there is no justification for the role of respiratory physiotherapy in the management of patients with acquired brain injury in the intensive care unit. Aim: This two-part, prospective randomised controlled trial aimed to investigate the effect of regular prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of intensive care unit stay in adults with acquired brain injury, as compared to a control group (Part A).The second part of the study (Part B) randomised those subjects from Part A who developed a ventilatorassociated pneumonia into a treatment or control group to establish if the provision of a regimen of regular respiratory physiotherapy influenced the outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Additionally, this study also aimed to provide the first description of the financial costs of respiratory physiotherapy time in providing interventions to patients with acquired brain injury in the intensive care unit and investigated the cost effectiveness of respiratory physiotherapy interventions in decreasing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, duration of mechanical ventilation and length of intensive care unit stay. Subjects: 144 adult patients with acquired brain injury admitted with a Glasgow Coma Scale of nine or less, requiring intracranial pressure monitoring, and invasive ventilatory support for greater than 24 hours, were randomised to a treatment group or a control group. Methods: For subjects randomised to the treatment groups, the regimen of respiratory physiotherapy treatment was repeated six times per 24-hour period and continued until the subject was weaned from mechanical ventilatory support. Each respiratory physiotherapy intervention of 30 minute duration comprised a regimen of positioning, manual hyperinflation and suctioning. In both Parts A and B, the control group received standard nursing and medical care but no respiratory physiotherapy interventions. Results: Consent was obtained for 144 subjects, with 72 randomised for treatment in Part A. Part A groups were comparable with respect to demographic variables, with the exception of body mass index and gender distribution.Using intention to treat philosophy, there were no significant differences for incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia [Treatment Group 14/72 (19.4%) vs. Control 19/72 (26.4%); p = 0.32], duration of mechanical ventilation (hr) [172.8 vs. 206.3); p = 0.18], or length of intensive care unit stay (hr) [224.2 vs. 256.4; p = 0.22]. For subjects with acquired brain injury receiving this prophylactic regimen of respiratory physiotherapy in the intensive care unit, in an attempt to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, the cost of physiotherapy was $487 per subject. Comparatively the intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed day cost was $33,380 per subject. The cost of Part A respiratory physiotherapy time for Treatment Group 1 was 1.7 per cent of the cost of subject's intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed days. Thirty-three subjects (22.9%) from Part A developed ventilator-associated pneumonia, and were transferred to Part B and re-randomised, 17 to the Treatment Group 3. Part B groups were comparable with respect to demographic variables. No significant differences were detected in the dependent variables for Part B of the study, with similar duration of mechanical ventilation (hr) [342.0 vs. 351.0); p = 0. 89], and length of ICU stay (hr) [384.7 vs. 397.9; p = 0.84] noted. In those subjects with acquired brain injury in whom ventilator-associated pneumonia developed, the regimen of respiratory physiotherapy for the remaining duration of mechanical ventilation following diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia costed an average of $788. Comparatively the intensive care unit bed day cost for the period of mechanical ventilation was $43,865. The cost of Part B respiratory physiotherapy time for Treatment Group 3 was 1.8 per cent of the cost of their intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed days.Subjects with a ventilator-associated pneumonia were significantly younger, were admitted with a lower Glasgow coma scale, and more likely to have been admitted with a chest injury than subjects without a ventilator-associated pneumonia. Duration of mechanical ventilation and length of intensive care unit stay were significantly increased in subjects with ventilatorassociated pneumonia, but length of hospital stay was not significantly different. Significant differences in the costs of respiratory physiotherapy and intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed day costs were evident between those subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia as compared to those without ventilator-associated pneumonia. For subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia, the respiratory physiotherapy time cost was $1,029 per subject, compared to $510 for subjects without ventilator-associated pneumonia. The intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed day cost for subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia was $61,092 per subject, and $25,142 for those without a ventilator-associated pneumonia, giving an incremental health cost of $35,950 per episode of ventilatorassociated pneumonia. No significant differences were evident in the cost of respiratory physiotherapy as a per cent of the cost of their intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed days, with findings of 1.4 per cent in those with ventilator-associated pneumonia and 1.1 per cent in those without ventilator-associated pneumonia.Conclusion: Use of a regular prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy regimen comprising of positioning, manual hyperinflation and suctioning, in addition to routine medical and nursing care, did not appear to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, reduce length of ventilation or intensive care unit stay in adults with acquired brain injury. Furthermore, in those acquired brain injury subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia, regular respiratory physiotherapy did not appear to expedite recovery in terms of reducing length of ventilation or intensive care unit stay. It can be concluded from the findings of this study that the presence of ventilator-associated pneumonia has a significant influence on morbidity and costs in subjects with acquired brain injury. Whilst statistically significant results were not found with clinical variables, it is suggested that the provision of a prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy regimen costing $487 per subject is a worthwhile investment in attempts to avoid the incremental health cost of $35,950 per episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia. In subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia it is concluded that the cost of respiratory physiotherapy would not appear to be justified in attempts to reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation.
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6

Boelen, Ellen. "An in vitro and in vivo study towards the effect of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection on brain cells." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2007. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8853.

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7

PORCARIO, CHIARA. "CHARACTERIZATION OF BETA AMYLOID DEPOSITION PROCESS IN THE BOVINE BRAIN: NEUROPATHOLOGICAL, IMMUNOBIOCHEMICAL AND GENETIC FEATURES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/216691.

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Senile and diffuse beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques represent a characteristic trait of brain aging in both humans and animals. Regarding the latter, a wide range of species, including non-human primates, the dog, the cat, the bear, the wolverine and the camel have been investigated for the presence of cerebral Aβ deposits. However, studies on the presence of Aβ deposits in the bovine brain are still lacking. Aim of this study was to characterize the hallmarks of neurodegeneration in the bovine brain by determining presence, distribution and deposition pattern of Aβ deposits by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot (WB) techniques. Furthermore, the influence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on Aβ-deposition process was also investigated. Formalin-fixed and frozen samples of four brain regions (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and brainstem) obtained from 102 cows (50 healthy and 52 diseased cases) ranging from fetuses to cattle of 240 months of age were examined. Intracellular or glia-associated Aβ deposits were observed by IHC, but a coexistence of these two patterns was often present, particularly in aged cattle. WB analysis showed the deposition of Aβ fragments Aβ 1-38, 1-40, 1-42 and 3-42 in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. At both IHC and WB analysis the brainstem always appeared spare of Aβ deposits. The genetic variability of the bovine APOE gene was also characterized, assessing that that codons 112 and 158 of the APOE gene are not polymorphic in cattle, contrary to humans. However, nine polymorphisms of the APOE gene were detected, three of which not yet reported in GenBank. Interestingly, a polymorphism at position 876 related to the presence of an extracellular Aβ deposition pattern at the cerebral cortex level was detected. This study demonstrated the presence of Aβ peptides in the bovine brain at different ages and characterized the phenotype of Aβ distribution and deposition pattern. As this study disclosed similar mechanisms of protein aggregation during brain aging in both man and animals, it is conceivable that the bovine brain represents a valid animal model to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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8

Van, Rensburg Johanna Margaretha Janse. "Die invloed van 'n konseptuele stimuleringsprogram op graad 1-leerders / Ona Janse van Rensburg." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1696.

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9

Patman, Shane Michael. "The effect of physiotherapy on the prevention and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia for intensive care patients with acquired brain injury." Curtin University of Technology, School of Physiotherapy, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16406.

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Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for patients in an intensive care unit. Once present, ventilator-associated pneumonia is known to increase the duration of mechanical ventilation, time in the intensive care unit, and length of hospital stay. Patients with acquired brain injury are commonly admitted to the intensive care unit and considered to be at a high risk for the development of respiratory complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, which could potentially impact on the intensive care unit costs and outcomes. Respiratory physiotherapy is often provided to prevent and/or treat ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with acquired brain injury. The theoretical rationale of the respiratory physiotherapy is to improve airway clearance and enhance ventilation which may reduce the incidence of pulmonary infections and thus ventilator-associated pneumonia, and may in turn decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation, prevent the need for tracheostomy and hence result in reduced costs and shorter hospital stay. Although respiratory physiotherapy may be beneficial in reversing or preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia, to date there are no data concerning the effectiveness of respiratory physiotherapy in patients with acquired brain injury. Hence from an evidence-based perspective, at present there is no justification for the role of respiratory physiotherapy in the management of patients with acquired brain injury in the intensive care unit. Aim: This two-part, prospective randomised controlled trial aimed to investigate the effect of regular prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of intensive care unit stay in adults with acquired brain injury, as compared to a control group (Part A).
The second part of the study (Part B) randomised those subjects from Part A who developed a ventilatorassociated pneumonia into a treatment or control group to establish if the provision of a regimen of regular respiratory physiotherapy influenced the outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Additionally, this study also aimed to provide the first description of the financial costs of respiratory physiotherapy time in providing interventions to patients with acquired brain injury in the intensive care unit and investigated the cost effectiveness of respiratory physiotherapy interventions in decreasing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, duration of mechanical ventilation and length of intensive care unit stay. Subjects: 144 adult patients with acquired brain injury admitted with a Glasgow Coma Scale of nine or less, requiring intracranial pressure monitoring, and invasive ventilatory support for greater than 24 hours, were randomised to a treatment group or a control group. Methods: For subjects randomised to the treatment groups, the regimen of respiratory physiotherapy treatment was repeated six times per 24-hour period and continued until the subject was weaned from mechanical ventilatory support. Each respiratory physiotherapy intervention of 30 minute duration comprised a regimen of positioning, manual hyperinflation and suctioning. In both Parts A and B, the control group received standard nursing and medical care but no respiratory physiotherapy interventions. Results: Consent was obtained for 144 subjects, with 72 randomised for treatment in Part A. Part A groups were comparable with respect to demographic variables, with the exception of body mass index and gender distribution.
Using intention to treat philosophy, there were no significant differences for incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia [Treatment Group 14/72 (19.4%) vs. Control 19/72 (26.4%); p = 0.32], duration of mechanical ventilation (hr) [172.8 vs. 206.3); p = 0.18], or length of intensive care unit stay (hr) [224.2 vs. 256.4; p = 0.22]. For subjects with acquired brain injury receiving this prophylactic regimen of respiratory physiotherapy in the intensive care unit, in an attempt to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, the cost of physiotherapy was $487 per subject. Comparatively the intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed day cost was $33,380 per subject. The cost of Part A respiratory physiotherapy time for Treatment Group 1 was 1.7 per cent of the cost of subject's intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed days. Thirty-three subjects (22.9%) from Part A developed ventilator-associated pneumonia, and were transferred to Part B and re-randomised, 17 to the Treatment Group 3. Part B groups were comparable with respect to demographic variables. No significant differences were detected in the dependent variables for Part B of the study, with similar duration of mechanical ventilation (hr) [342.0 vs. 351.0); p = 0. 89], and length of ICU stay (hr) [384.7 vs. 397.9; p = 0.84] noted. In those subjects with acquired brain injury in whom ventilator-associated pneumonia developed, the regimen of respiratory physiotherapy for the remaining duration of mechanical ventilation following diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia costed an average of $788. Comparatively the intensive care unit bed day cost for the period of mechanical ventilation was $43,865. The cost of Part B respiratory physiotherapy time for Treatment Group 3 was 1.8 per cent of the cost of their intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed days.
Subjects with a ventilator-associated pneumonia were significantly younger, were admitted with a lower Glasgow coma scale, and more likely to have been admitted with a chest injury than subjects without a ventilator-associated pneumonia. Duration of mechanical ventilation and length of intensive care unit stay were significantly increased in subjects with ventilatorassociated pneumonia, but length of hospital stay was not significantly different. Significant differences in the costs of respiratory physiotherapy and intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed day costs were evident between those subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia as compared to those without ventilator-associated pneumonia. For subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia, the respiratory physiotherapy time cost was $1,029 per subject, compared to $510 for subjects without ventilator-associated pneumonia. The intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed day cost for subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia was $61,092 per subject, and $25,142 for those without a ventilator-associated pneumonia, giving an incremental health cost of $35,950 per episode of ventilatorassociated pneumonia. No significant differences were evident in the cost of respiratory physiotherapy as a per cent of the cost of their intensive care unit mechanical ventilation bed days, with findings of 1.4 per cent in those with ventilator-associated pneumonia and 1.1 per cent in those without ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Conclusion: Use of a regular prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy regimen comprising of positioning, manual hyperinflation and suctioning, in addition to routine medical and nursing care, did not appear to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, reduce length of ventilation or intensive care unit stay in adults with acquired brain injury. Furthermore, in those acquired brain injury subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia, regular respiratory physiotherapy did not appear to expedite recovery in terms of reducing length of ventilation or intensive care unit stay. It can be concluded from the findings of this study that the presence of ventilator-associated pneumonia has a significant influence on morbidity and costs in subjects with acquired brain injury. Whilst statistically significant results were not found with clinical variables, it is suggested that the provision of a prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy regimen costing $487 per subject is a worthwhile investment in attempts to avoid the incremental health cost of $35,950 per episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia. In subjects with ventilator-associated pneumonia it is concluded that the cost of respiratory physiotherapy would not appear to be justified in attempts to reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation.
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Van, den Berg Marli. "Novel polycyclic analogues of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for increased blood-brain barrier permeability / Marli van den Berg." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4998.

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Various recent studies have confirmed that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In this study the focus was on delivery to the brain of certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as a possible treatment for neurodegeneration, due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays the predominant role in controlling the passage of substances between the blood and the brain. There are certain physicochemical characteristics necessary for a compound to cross the BBB. NSAIDs, for example, ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid are relatively hydrophilic and does not cross the blood-brain barrier in sufficient amounts to reach therapeutic concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies done on polycyclic cage structures, for example pentacyclo [5.4.0.02,6.03,10 0.05,9] undecane, indicated favourable distribution to the brain and it was concluded that these polycyclic structures penetrate the BBB readily. It was therefore hypothesised that the polycyclic cage compounds could be used as carrier molecules to enhance the delivery of neuroprotective compounds into the CNS and the aim of this study was to design novel polycyclic structures incorporating selected NSAIDs in order to improve their blood-brain barrier permeability. The well-described Cooksen's diketone, pentacyclo [5.4.0.02,6.03,10 0.05,9] undecane-8,11 dione, was conjugated to 2-aminoethanol by means of reductive amination. This gave a pentacycloundecylamine with a sterically free linker section. In the relevant compounds, the hydroxyl group on the linker was then conjugated to the benzoic acid moiety to yield the respective ester prodrugs. This esterfication was done using the activation agent, 1-ethyl-3(3'-dimethylamino) carbodiimide (EDC) to activate the benzoic acid group on ibuprofen and by using the commercially available acid chloride derivative of acetylsalicylic acid. Amide prodrug syntheses were done by conjugating the 1\1 SA I Os to 1, 2-diaminoethane by means of Fischer-esterfication and aminolysis reactions. Structure elucidation was done using one dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). An in vivo BBB permeability assay employing HPLC analytical procedures was used to compare blood and brain concentrations of the relevant drugs 15 min, 30 min and 60 min after administration to the male C57BU6 mice. The antioxidant activities of the compounds were assessed with the in vitro Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) assay. Both NSAI Ds were detected in the brain tissue of test mice, indicating blood-brain barrier permeation. The ester prod rugs were found to be very labile and significant amounts of it were hydrolysed. When administering these ester prodrugs (compound 11 and 12), the free NSAIDs were detected at higher concentrations compared to when the free drugs were administered. The amide compounds (compounds 15 and 17) were found to be toxic during administering of the prodrugs to the mice and were not further investigated. Lipid peroxidation results indicated that the ester compounds marginally increased the ability of the free drugs to attenuate lipid peroxidation, but not to the level of the model antioxidant Trolox and is therefore not significant. The novel synthesised prod rugs therefore present with a possible multiple drug targeting action as the blood-brain barrier permeability and the antioxidant activity of the free NSAIDs were increased.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Книги з теми "Brain in a Vat"

1

Goldberg, Sanford C., ed. The Brain in a Vat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107706965.

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Reeves, Eric. Brains in a vat: Whose brains? which vat? : skeptical thoughts on reference and knowledge. Northampton, Massachusetts: Pyrrhonist Press, 2001.

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Doctor Olaf van Schuler's brain. Chapel Hill, N.C: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2008.

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Abels, Gerlof (Gerlof J.), ed. Brain story: Ontsluiting van onze raadselachtige binnenwereld. Baarn: Bosch & Keuning, 2001.

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5

Froe, Arie de. De mens en zijn brein: Essays over aard en functie van de hersenen. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1989.

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6

Baeck, Louis, and F. G. Droste. Het neefje van de aap: De schokkende evolutie van de mens. Leuven: Davidsfonds, 2003.

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7

Votre cerveau n'a pas fini de vous étonner: Entretiens avec Patrice Van Eersel. Paris: Albin Michel, 2012.

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8

Kappers, C. U. Ariëns. Reiziger in breinen: Herinneringen van een hersenonderzoeker. Amsterdam: L.J. Veen, 2001.

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9

R, Bennett M., ed. Neuroscience and philosophy: Brain, mind, and language. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

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10

Mistaken identity: The mind-brain problem reconsidered. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.

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Частини книг з теми "Brain in a Vat"

1

Bassler, O. Bradley. "Are You a Brain-In-a-Vat? (Level of Logic: Level 1)." In Diagnosing Contemporary Philosophy with the Matrix Movies, 39–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57889-1_3.

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2

Schlögl, Thomas, Ulrich Schmid, and Roman Kuznets. "The Persistence of False Memory: Brain in a Vat Despite Perfect Clocks." In PRIMA 2020: Principles and Practice of Multi-Agent Systems, 403–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69322-0_30.

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3

Luvaanjalba, Batnasan, and Bo-chiuan Su. "An Epistemological Analysis of the “Brain in a Vat” Approach for the Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence." In HCI in Business, Government and Organizations, 97–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05544-7_8.

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4

Giles, R. S. "VAT and VAT Returns." In Finance and Accounting, 396–406. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13486-1_22.

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Davenport, Andrew, Todd W. Costantini, Raul Coimbra, Marc M. Sedwitz, A. Brent Eastman, David V. Feliciano, David V. Feliciano, et al. "VAT." In Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 2423. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_3367.

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6

Moewes, Christian, Rudolf Kruse, and Bernhard A. Sabel. "Analysis of Dynamic Brain Networks Using VAR Models." In Synergies of Soft Computing and Statistics for Intelligent Data Analysis, 525–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33042-1_56.

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7

Bardopoulos, Anne Michèle. "VAT Jurisdictions vs. Non-VAT Jurisdictions." In Law, Governance and Technology Series, 235–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15449-7_19.

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8

Li, Jia, and René C. Steininger. "Mehrwertsteuer (VAT)." In Steuerstandort China, 29–44. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8521-7_2.

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9

Gibson, Ian, David Rosen, Brent Stucker, and Mahyar Khorasani. "Vat Photopolymerization." In Additive Manufacturing Technologies, 77–124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56127-7_4.

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10

Gooch, Jan W. "Vat Dyes." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 790. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12459.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Brain in a Vat"

1

Karthik, Mahadev, Kuesters Andrea, Czeropski Andrew, Hu Yue, and Vergara Juan. "A First Step for Fracturing: Successful Real Time Brain Calibration Lays the Foundation for Predicting Fracturing Outcomes." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209134-ms.

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Abstract Fracturing utilizes significant heuristics and biases in their execution. A pressure history match, changing simulator inputs to match actual field test, is limited by rig time and capacity of a human brain. A virtual agent or brain can quickly iterate across small step sizes for a wide range of inputs to find optimal real time solutions. The ability to match pressures in real time will allow time and cost savings on minifrac tests and reverse outs. More importantly, the virtual brain can learn from past mistakes, get better over time (reinforcement learning), never forget past tests, and compare pressure signatures from vast historical data. This would be the foundational step for predictive ability on frac treatments that would eventually automate operational decision making. This also allows for consistent execution and serves as a design aid in service of building enduring capability for completion engineers. This agile project is currently the only reinforcement learning/machine learning project that interfaces with the reservoir within Wells at bp. A reward function that uses root mean square error between the brain's prediction and actual field data is used as the basis to reward or punish the brain i.e., reinforcement learning. Blind training of the brain was utilized on several deployments in the field. This led to a better understanding of the data engineering requirements to feed real time data to the virtual machine. As a result of the deployment, two brains in series are being run, one for pad fluid and one for frac fluid with proppant. By obtaining a real time calibration with pad, the cost of diagnostic tests is eliminated. More importantly, the brain can significantly shorten the learning curve for new engineers and help avoid typical execution mistakes. Finally, the vast memory capacity of an agent and its ability to compare various pressure traces in short time frames can eventually be used for predictive ability as the technology matures. This project is acknowledged as a groundbreaking project within bp and industry. The concept can be replicated at scale to various other petroleum engineering operations given the vast amount of historical data available in various disciplines.
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2

Li, Ke, Lingwei Kong, and Yifeng Zhang. "3D U-Net Brain Tumor Segmentation Using VAE Skip Connection." In 2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icivc50857.2020.9177441.

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3

Cang, Phan Anh, Tran Phan An Truong, Vo Van Quyen, and Phan Thuong Cang. "CLASSIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF BRAIN HEMORRHAGIC LESIONS USING HOUNSFIELD AND R-FCN." In HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC CÔNG NGHỆ QUỐC GIA LẦN THỨ XIII NGHIÊN CỨU CƠ BẢN VÀ ỨNG DỤNG CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN. Publishing House for Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/vap.2020.00203.

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4

Cholifah, Noor, Nur W. Ratna, and Yulis Trinowitawati. "The Effect of Brain Gymnastics on Cognitive Function of Elderly." In 1st Paris Van Java International Seminar on Health, Economics, Social Science and Humanities (PVJ-ISHESSH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210304.139.

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5

Kuhn, Virginia, Alan Craig, Michael Simeone, Sandeep Puthanveetil Satheesan, and Luigi Marini. "The VAT." In the 2015 XSEDE Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2792745.2792756.

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6

Gershon, Nahum D., John D. Cappelletti, Stuart C. Hinds, and Marcus E. Glenn. "Image understanding, visualization, registration, and data fusion of biomedical brain images (Abstract Only)." In Applied Imaging Pattern Recog., McLean, VA, edited by Brian T. Mitchell. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.47975.

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7

Begonia, Mark G. T., Jun Liao, Mark F. Horstemeyer, and Lakiesha N. Williams. "Strain Rate Dependence in the Structure Property Relationship of Porcine Brain." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206371.

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The brain is the control center for the central nervous system (CNS), and it is composed of specialized divisions that are attributed to a vast assortment of structural, homeostatic, and cognitive functions. These distinct regions are surrounded by supportive tissue and comprised of a complex arrangement of neurons that can be further categorized as either gray or white matter. The cerebrum constitutes the larger surrounding portion of the forebrain and includes sinuous ridges called gyri that are separated by grooves or fissures called sulci. The intermediate layer of the cerebrum primarily consists of white matter tracts that are responsible for integrating various regions throughout the cerebrum. The innermost and outermost layers of tissue mainly contain gray matter and are collectively known as the subcortical nuclei and cerebral cortex, respectively, which are crucial integrating components of the CNS [1]. An investigation into the mechanical properties of this vital organ coupled with microstructural characterization of its constituents under varying deformation levels is therefore crucial for implementing more accurate prediction and prevention of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
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8

Vohra, Sahibia Kaur, Sherin Thomas, Mahendra Sakare, and Devarshi Mrinal Das. "Analytical Modelling of a CMOS Inter Spike Interval Decoder for Resistive Crossbar based Brain Inspired Computing." In 2021 25th International Symposium on VLSI Design and Test (VDAT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vdat53777.2021.9600953.

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9

Knutsen, Andrew K., Christopher D. Kroenke, Larry A. Taber, Jeffrey J. Neil, and Philip V. Bayly. "MRI Measurement of Surface Strain Due to Growth in the Developing Ferret Brain." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176010.

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The human cerebral cortex undergoes folding from the 5th fetal month into the first post-natal year. Disturbances of folding have serious and lasting consequences, but the mechanism is not well understood. Van Essen [1] has hypothesized that axonal tension between strongly interconnected regions draws them together and induces outward folds. However, no direct measurements have confirmed this theory. Experimental data are needed, beginning with a quantitative description of the kinematics of cortical growth during folding.
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10

Ghorbanian, Parham, Subramanian Ramakrishnan, and Hashem Ashrafiuon. "Stochastic Oscillator Model of EEG Based on Information Content and Complexity." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-5929.

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In this study, a stochastic Duffing - van der Pol coupled two oscillator system is designed to produce output matching the information content, complexity measure, and frequency content of actual electroencephalography (EEG) signals. This is achieved by deriving the oscillator model parameters and noise intensity using an optimization scheme whose objective is to minimize a weighed average of errors in sample entropy, Shannon entropy, and powers of the major brain frequency bands. The signals produced by the optimal model are then compared with the EEG signal using phase portrait reconstruction. The study shows that the model can effectively reproduce signals that match EEG recorded under different brain states with respect to multiple metrics.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Brain in a Vat"

1

Fan, Haichao, Yu Liu, Nancy Qian, and Jaya Wen. Computerizing VAT Invoices in China. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24414.

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2

Frenkel, Jacob, Assaf Razin, and Steve Symansky. International VAT Harmonization: Economic Effects. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3656.

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3

Smith, Stephen. The definitive regime for VAT. Institute for Fiscal Studies, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/co.ifs.1997.0063.

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4

Gadenne, Lucie. VAT and simplified tax schemes: preliminary results. Institute for Fiscal Studies, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2017.bn0219.

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5

Mascagni, Giulia, Roel Dom, and Fabrizio Santoro. The VAT in Practice: Equity, Enforcement and Complexity. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.002.

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The value added tax (VAT) is supposed to be a tax on consumption that achieves greater economic efficiency than alternative indirect taxes. It is also meant to facilitate enforcement through the ‘self-enforcing mechanism’ – based on opposed incentives for buyers and sellers, and because of the paper trail it creates. Being a rather sophisticated tax, however, the VAT is complex to administer and costly to comply with, especially in lower-income countries. This paper takes a closer look at how the VAT system functions in practice in Rwanda. Using a mixed-methods approach, which combines qualitative information from focus group discussions with the analysis of administrative and survey data, we document and explain a number of surprising inconsistencies in the filing behaviour of VAT-remitting firms, which lead to suboptimal usage of electronic billing machines, as well as failure to claim legitimate VAT credits. The consequence of these inconsistencies is twofold. It makes it difficult for the Rwanda Revenue Authority to exploit its VAT data to the fullest, and leads to firms, particularly smaller ones, bearing a higher VAT burden than larger ones. There are several explanations for these inconsistencies. They appear to lie in a combination of taxpayer confusion, fear of audit, and constraints in administrative capacity.
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Bachmann, Ruediger, Benjamin Born, Olga Goldfayn-Frank, Georgi Kocharkov, Ralph Luetticke, and Michael Weber. A Temporary VAT Cut as Unconventional Fiscal Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29442.

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7

Hamudi, Simbarashe. Perception of Taxpayers and Tax Administrators Towards Value Added Withholding Tax in Zimbabwe. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.013.

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Анотація:
Value added tax is a key tax for generating revenue in Zimbabwe and all African states, and for financing the budget in African countries. VAT revenue has an essential role in budgetary policymaking. Every year revenue authorities are not collecting large amounts of VAT for various reasons, including ineffective administration and tax evasion. This brings the question of the reform of the VAT system to the forefront. In Zimbabwe, attempts to improve VAT revenue collection have been made over several years. Hopes were pinned on the use of fiscalisation and audits of VAT refunds.1 However, traders continue to evade VAT – and this has led to the introduction of value added withholding tax to improve VAT revenue collection.
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Piggott, John, and John Whalley. VAT Base Broadening, Self Supply, and The Informal Sector. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6349.

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9

Li, Chunding, and John Whalley. Rebalancing and the Chinese VAT: Some Numerical Simulation Results. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16686.

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de Mooij, Ruud, and Michael Keen. 'Fiscal Devaluation' and Fiscal Consolidation: The VAT in Troubled Times. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17913.

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