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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Blast Environments"

1

Tan, X. Gary, and Peter Matic. "Simulation of Cumulative Exposure Statistics for Blast Pressure Transmission Into the Brain." Military Medicine 185, Supplement_1 (January 2020): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz308.

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Abstract Introduction This study develops and demonstrates an analysis approach to understand the statistics of cumulative pressure exposure of the brain to repetitive blasts events. Materials and Methods A finite element model of blast loading on the head was used for brain model biomechanical responses. The cumulative pressure exposure fraction (CPEF), ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, was used to characterize the extent and repetition of high pressures. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to generate repetitive blast cumulative exposures. Results The blast orientation effect is as influential as the blast overpressure magnitudes. A 75° (from the side) blast orientation can produce CPEF values exceeding traumatic brain injury pressure thresholds >0.95 while, for the same blast overpressure, a 0° (front) blast orientation results in a CPEF <0.25. Monte Carlo results for different sequences reflecting notional operational and training environments show that both mean values and standard deviations of CPEF reach the statistically equilibrium state at a finite value of n exposures for each sequence. Conclusions Statistical convergence of the brain pressure response metrics versus number of blasts for different exposures characterizes the transitions from “low” to “high” number of blasts and quantitatively highlights the differences between operational and training exposures.
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2

Yim, Won Cheol, and John C. Cushman. "Divide and Conquer (DC) BLAST: fast and easy BLAST execution within HPC environments." PeerJ 5 (June 22, 2017): e3486. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3486.

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Bioinformatics is currently faced with very large-scale data sets that lead to computational jobs, especially sequence similarity searches, that can take absurdly long times to run. For example, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST and BLAST+) suite, which is by far the most widely used tool for rapid similarity searching among nucleic acid or amino acid sequences, is highly central processing unit (CPU) intensive. While the BLAST suite of programs perform searches very rapidly, they have the potential to be accelerated. In recent years, distributed computing environments have become more widely accessible and used due to the increasing availability of high-performance computing (HPC) systems. Therefore, simple solutions for data parallelization are needed to expedite BLAST and other sequence analysis tools. However, existing software for parallel sequence similarity searches often requires extensive computational experience and skill on the part of the user. In order to accelerate BLAST and other sequence analysis tools, Divide and Conquer BLAST (DCBLAST) was developed to perform NCBI BLAST searches within a cluster, grid, or HPC environment by using a query sequence distribution approach. Scaling from one (1) to 256 CPU cores resulted in significant improvements in processing speed. Thus, DCBLAST dramatically accelerates the execution of BLAST searches using a simple, accessible, robust, and parallel approach. DCBLAST works across multiple nodes automatically and it overcomes the speed limitation of single-node BLAST programs. DCBLAST can be used on any HPC system, can take advantage of hundreds of nodes, and has no output limitations. This freely available tool simplifies distributed computation pipelines to facilitate the rapid discovery of sequence similarities between very large data sets.
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3

Schomer, Paul. "Attention to rattles and a non-equal-energy model are required for proper sonic boom assessment." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018829.

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This paper is concerned with the assessment of community response to sonic booms or blasts. It summarizes and analyzes the totality of results from studies in the English language that used real booms or blasts, with subjects in real buildings. In acoustics, we are accustomed to noise sources operating in accordance with the equal-energy principle (a 1 dB increase in amplitude is equivalent to a 1 dB increase in duration). The results show that rattles are the most important attribute contributing to the annoyance engendered by sonic booms/blasts, and that the process is not equal-energy. Rather, the equivalent annoyance generated by a change of 1 dB in the C-weighted boom or blast amplitude is equal to about a 1.5 to 2 dB change in the boom or blast duration where the exchange rate is defined to be 1 over these changes in duration, 0.67 and 0.5, respectively. The exchange rates found in several sonic boom/blast noise studies are given, and as an example, the exchange rate for the historical Oklahoma City study is calculated. The conclusions from the Long-Term Sonic Boom Noise Environments study are examined in relation to the range of exchange rates found in other boom/blast studies.
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Ghimire, Krishna Hari, Hira Kaji Manandhar, Madhav Prasad Pandey, Bal Krishna Joshi, Surya Kanta Ghimire, Ajaya Karkee, Suk Bahadur Gurung, Netra Hari Ghimire, and Devendra Gauchan. "Multi-Environment Screening of Nepalese Finger Millet Landraces against Blast Disease [Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.)]." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 8 (May 9, 2022): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v8i.44874.

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Three hundred finger millet genotypes (295 landraces from 54 districts and five released varieties) were evaluated for leaf, finger, and neck blast resistance under natural epiphytotic conditions across three hill locations in Nepal, namely Kabre, Dolakha (1740m); Vijaynagar, Jumla (2350 m); and Khumaltar, Lalitpur (1360 m) during the summer seasons of 2017 and 2018. The highest incidence of leaf, neck, and finger blast was observed at Lalitpur, followed by Dolakha and Jumla, whereas the overall disease incidence was higher in 2018 compared to 2017. Combined analysis over environments revealed non-significant differences among accessions for leaf blast, but the difference was highly significant for neck and finger blast. Correlation analysis suggested that there was a strong positive correlation between neck blast and finger blast (r = 0.71), leaf blast (seedling stage) and neck blast (r = 0.68), and leaf blast (seedling stage) and finger blast (r = 0.58) diseases. Among 300 accessions, 95 had lower scores for finger blast, 30 for neck blast, and 74 for leaf blast than the score of Kabre Kodo-2, the latest released variety in Nepal. Genotypes NGRC04798, NGRC03478, NGRC05765, NGRC03539, NGRC06484, NGRC01458, NGRC01495 and NGRC01597 were found the resistant genotypes for finger blast (2.1-2.3) and neck blast (1.5-2.3) based on pooled mean scores. This study shows the variable reactions of finger millet genotypes against blast disease in various environments and reports the promising landraces having field resistance to leaf, finger, and neck blast, which ultimately serve as important donors for blast resistance in finger millet breeding.
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Petrescu, Valentin, Florian Popescu, and Alina Gligor. "Blast Furnace In Engineering Education." Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2014): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cplbu-2014-0027.

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AbstractUsing blended learning method, Blast Furnace subject was analysed inside the DidaTec Project. The analysed factors were the quality of presentation, quantity of information per page and human – computer interaction. The analysis shows the preference of students to work with different learning environments.
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6

Okpala, Major Nnaemeka. "Management of Blast Ear Injuries in Mass Casualty Environments." Military Medicine 176, no. 11 (November 2011): 1306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00318.

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7

Ehrgott Jr., John Q., Stephen A. Akers, Jon E. Windham, Denis D. Rickman, and Kent T. Danielson. "The Influence of Soil Parameters on the Impulse and Airblast Overpressure Loading above Surface-Laid and Shallow-Buried Explosives." Shock and Vibration 18, no. 6 (2011): 857–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/672850.

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The dynamic airblast, fragmentation, and soil ejecta loading environments produced by the detonation of surface-laid and shallow-buried mines are major threats to lightweight military vehicles. During the past several years, the US Army has focused considerable attention on developing improved methods for predicting the below-vehicle environment from these threats for use by vehicle/armor analysts; thereby, improving the survivability of these platforms. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center recently completed the first year of a three-year effort to experimentally and numerically quantify the blast and fragment loading environments on vehicles due to surface and subsurface mine and IED detonations. As part of this research effort, a series of experiments was conducted to quantify the effects of soil parameters on the aboveground blast environments produced by the detonation of aboveground bottom-surface-tangent, buried top-surface-tangent, and shallow-buried 2.3-kg (5-lb) Composition C4 charges. The experiments were conducted using three different well characterized soils; 10.8% air-filled-voids (AFV) silty sand, 5.4% AFV clay, and 29.8% AFV poorly graded sand. The combined aboveground loads due to airblast and soil debris were measured by an impulse measurement device. The near-surface airblast overpressure was quantified by a series of side-on measurements above the charges at one elevation and three radial distances. This paper summarizes and compares the results of the experimental program with emphasis on defining the effect of soil parameters on the aboveground blast environment.
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Ramasamy, Arul, Adam M. Hill, Spyros Masouros, Iain Gibb, Anthony M. J. Bull, and Jon C. Clasper. "Blast-related fracture patterns: a forensic biomechanical approach." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 8, no. 58 (December 2010): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0476.

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Improved protective measures and medical care has increased the survivability from battlefield injuries. In an attempt to reduce the debilitating consequences of blast injury, understanding and mitigating the effects of explosion on the extremities is key. In this study, forensic biomechanical analyses have been applied to determine mechanisms of injury after the traumatic event. The aims of this study were (i) to determine which effects of the explosion are responsible for combat casualty extremity bone injury in two distinct environments, namely open, free-field (open group), and in vehicle or in cover (enclosed group), and (ii) to determine whether patterns of combat casualty bone injury differed between environments. Medical records of casualties admitted to a military hospital in Afghanistan were reviewed over a six-month period. Explosive injuries have been sub-divided traditionally into primary, secondary and tertiary effects. All radiographs were independently reviewed by a military radiologist, a team of military orthopaedic surgeons and a team of academic biomechanists, in order to determine ‘zones of injury’ (ZoIs), and their related mechanisms. Sixty-two combat casualties with 115 ZoIs were identified. Thirty-four casualties in the open group sustained 56 ZoIs; 28 casualties in the enclosed group sustained 59 ZoIs. There was no statistical difference in mean ZoIs per casualty between groups ( p = 0.54). There was a higher proportion of lower limb injuries in the enclosed group compared with the open group ( p < 0.05). Of the casualties in the open group, 1 ZoI was owing to the primary effects of blast, 10 owing to a combination of primary and secondary blast effects, 23 owing to secondary blast effects and 24 owing to tertiary blast effects. In contrast, tertiary blast effects predominated in the enclosed group, accounting for 96 per cent of ZoIs. These data clearly demonstrate two distinct injury groups based upon the casualties' environment. The enclosed environment appears to attenuate the primary and secondary effects of the explosion. However, tertiary blast effects were the predominant mechanism of injury, with severe axial loading to the lower extremity being a characteristic of the fractures seen. The development of future mitigation strategies must focus on reducing all explosion-related injury mechanisms. Integral to this process is an urgent requirement to better understand the behaviour of bone in this unique environment.
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Lee, Chang-Yull, Jin-Young Jung, and Se-Min Jeong. "Active Vibration Suppression of Stiffened Composite Panels with Piezoelectric Materials under Blast Loads." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010387.

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Transient responses of stiffened panels with piezoelectric sensors and actuators are studied under normal blast loads. The air vehicles could be exposed to blast pulses generated by an explosion or shock-wave disturbances. Thus, active vibration suppression of the vehicles is important under blast loadings. The structural model is designed as a laminated composite panel with lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoceramic layers embedded on both top and bottom surfaces. A uniformly distributed blast load is assumed over the whole of the panel surface. The first-order shear deformation theory of plate is adopted, and the extended Hamilton’s principle is applied to derive the equations of motions. The numerical model is verified by the comparison with previous data. Using linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control algorithm, vibration characteristics and dynamic responses are compared. As piezoelectric patches are attached on the whole of the surface, the effect of the stiffener’s location is studied. Furthermore, the influences of the patch’s positions are also investigated through subjection to the blast wave. From various results, in order to get the best control performances, the research aims to find the optimum position of sensor and actuator pairs that is most effective under blast load environments.
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10

Dvořák, Richard, Petr Hrubý, and Libor Topolář. "Characterization of Carbonatation Rate of Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag in Various Environments." Solid State Phenomena 325 (October 11, 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.325.40.

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Carbonatation represents one of the potential degradation processes whose can negatively affect the service life of constructions based on the inorganic binders. The carbonatation depth of the constructions when exposed to various environments is significantly dependent on the existing conditions. The most crucial parameters are the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and humidity. There were selected four environments for the deposition of samples made of the alkali-activated blast furnace slag mortars (exterior, interior, water and CO2 chamber) in this study. These types of environments guarantee the variation of desired parameters influencing the carbonatation rate. The progress of carbonatation was evaluated with a selected technique in time intervals of 28; 56 and 84 days of the sample's exposition to the selected environments. The characterization was done using the destructive techniques (compressive and flexural strength, phenolphthalein method) as well as the non-destructive one like the Impact-Echo or the Ultrasound time passage measurement. The combination of these techniques allows to determine and evaluate the progress of carbonation without the destructive testing of the samples which is necessary for the real applications of these materials.
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Дисертації з теми "Blast Environments"

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Maxa, Andrew J. "Mitigation of blast effects on existing structures in austere environments." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74467.

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Анотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-53).
Military commanders in austere environments often face challenges in setting up headquarters buildings that offer protected areas for sensitive equipment. One solution to this problem is simply to build a structure that can be used for this purpose. This method can prove to be difficult in that it could either require large amounts of prefabricated concrete, heavy earthmoving equipment, or a significant effort in digging by hand. Clearly, all of these options are unsuitable for constructing a headquarters building that would be occupied for a short time or if the resources required were unavailable. Another solution to this problem is to simply occupy an existing structure. This method is extremely favorable with respect to resources required; with the major drawback being that at times existing structures may offer limited protection from hostile forces. Since the US Army often has overwhelming firepower when compared to contemporary threats, many times hostile forces will resort to suicide or remotely detonated explosive devices when attempting to destroy or damage structures of this type. In order to determine the feasibility of mitigating this threat, this paper will explore the effects of various explosive devices on model building types that may be found in austere environments, and explore the effects of possible reinforcement schemes in mitigating blast threats to these structures.
by Andrew J. Maxa.
S.M.
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2

Leissing, Thomas. "Nonlinear acoustic wave propagation in complex media : application to propagation over urban environments." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584398.

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Dans cette recherche, un modèle de propagation d'ondes de choc sur grandes distances sur un environnement urbain est construit et validé. L'approche consiste à utiliser l'Equation Parabolique Nonlinéaire (NPE) comme base. Ce modèle est ensuite étendu afin de prendre en compte d'autres effets relatifs à la propagation du son en milieu extérieur (surfaces non planes, couches poreuses, etc.). La NPE est résolue en utilisant la méthode des différences finies et donne des résultats en accord avec d'autres méthodes numériques. Ce modèle déterministe est ensuite utilisé comme base pour la construction d'un modèle stochastique de propagation sur environnements urbains. La Théorie de l'Information et le Principe du Maximum d'Entropie permettent la construction d'un modèle probabiliste d'incertitudes intégrant la variabilité du système dans la NPE. Des résultats de référence sont obtenus grâce à une méthode exacte et permettent ainsi de valider les développements théoriques et l'approche utilisée
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3

Kieval, Tamar S. (Tamar Shoshana) 1980. "Structural blast design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29414.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.
"June 2004."
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 45).
Blast design is a necessary part of design for more buildings in the United States. Blast design is no longer limited to underground shelters and sensitive military sites, buildings used by the general public daily must also have satisfactory blast protection. Integrating blast design into existing norms for structural design is a challenge but it is achievable. By looking at the experience of structural designers in Israel over the past several decades it is possible to see successful integration of blast design into mainstream buildings. Israel's design techniques and policies can be used as a paradigm for the United States. A structural design for a performing arts center is analyzed within the context of blast design. Improvements in the design for blast protection are suggested. These design improvements include camouflaging the structural system, using blast resistant glass, reinforced concrete, and hardening of critical structural members. It is shown that integration of blast design into modem mainstream structures is achievable. New techniques and creative problem solving must be used to adapt blast design to work alongside current design trends.
by Tamar S. Kieval.
M.Eng.
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4

DeRogatis, Austin (Austin Patrick). "Economical solutions to blast mitigation on bridges." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43888.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-44).
Mitigating the energy created from a blast has been a topic of utmost importance in the terrorism-feared world of today. Main targets of concern are passageways that are significant to a specific area, such as bridges. These structures are expensive to construct and vulnerable to explosive loads which is why a cost-effective means of blast mitigation must be researched. There are many aspects of bridges that could be damaged when a blast load is applied. These susceptible areas can be strengthened using new-age, high-strength composite materials to ensure the security of the whole structure. These materials are able to sustain larger loads while dissipating higher amounts of energy when compared to conventional building materials. As a result, the response of the entire structure will be minimized when a blast load is applied. Despite the fact that these composites cost more than typical materials, the increase in project cost could be minimized by limiting the use of these high-strength materials for only the critical areas of the bridge. Other cost effective solutions to blast mitigation occur in the preliminary design phase. Eliminating all pressure-amplifying areas would save members and connections should a blast occur. Also, designing a bridge with high vertical clearances above areas of excessive boat traffic would also minimize the resultant forces and stresses from an explosion.
by Austin DeRogatis.
M.Eng.
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5

GOMES, PAULO ROBERTO. "A STUDY ON EVALUATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF BLAST IN A DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=26840@1.

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Ferramentas BLAST são normalmente utilizadas para efetuar comparações entre sequências de DNA, RNA e proteínas. No entanto, face ao crescimento exponencial das bases biológicas, existe uma preocupação quanto ao desempenho do BLAST, mesmo considerando os equipamentos de grande capacidade computacional hoje existente. Considerando tal fato, algumas ferramentas capazes de executar o BLAST em ambientes distribuídos, tais como clusters e grids, vêm sendo desenvolvidas de modo a acelerar consideravelmente a sua execução. No entanto, até o presente momento, não foi constatado, na literatura existente, nenhum estudo com o objetivo de comprar o desempenho entre essas ferramentas. A avaliação de desempenho dessas ferramentas é normalmente efetuada de forma isolada, considerando apenas o tempo de execução (elapsed time), em situações diversas, como, por exemplo, variando o número de nós em que a ferramenta BLAST é executada.. Almejando uma investigação mais detalhada, principalmente no que diz respeito a avaliação de desempenho do BLAST em ambientes distribuídos, a presente dissertação tem como um dos seus objetivos efetuar um estudo detalhado sobre como comparar o desempenho do BLAST em um ambiente distribuído, considerando para tal, a avaliação de três ferramentas BLAST, dentre elas balaBLAST, desenvolvida no Laborátorio de Bioinformática da PUC-RIO. O segundo objetivo é verificar a eficácia do balanceamento de carga efetuada pela ferramenta balaBLAST.
BLAST tools are typically used to make comparisons between sequences of DNA, RNA and proteins. However, given the exponential growth of the biological databases, there is concern about the performance of BLAST, even considering the equipment of large computing power that exists today. Considering this fact, some tools to run BLAST in distributed environments such as clusters and grids, have been developed to greatly accelerate its performance. However, until now, has not been found in existing literature, no study in order to compare the performance between these tools. The performance evaluation of these tools is usually done in isolation, considering only the execution time (elapsed time) in different situations, for example, varying the number of nodes in the tool BLAST runs. Craving a more detailed investigation, especially with regard to performance evalution of BLAST in distributed environments, this dissertation has as one of your goals make a detailed study to compare the performance of BLAST in a distributed enviroment, considering for such the evaluation of three tools BLAST, among them the balaBLAST developed in the Bioinformatics Laboratory of PUC-Rio. The second objective is to verify the effectiveness of load balancing performed by the tool balaBLAST.
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Seidel, Laura Ann. "Investigation of Brass Tubes as Energy Damper in the Underbody Blast Environment." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492605643550189.

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Gillis, Andrew Nicholas. "Use of probabilistic methods in evaluating blast performance of structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66832.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-55).
The social and political climate of the modern world has lead to increased concern over the ability of engineered structures to resist blast events which may be incurred during terrorist attacks. While blast resistance design has been prominent for years in the industrial and military setting, it is starting to gain importance for structures which have been traditionally designed for aesthetics and which have high occupancy density. In these situations it is important that not only materials but the geometry of the building be optimized to reduce the effects of such an attack. However, designing a structure only for prescribed code requirements does not necessarily give a prediction of the post-blast behavior of the structure. Similar to the use of performance-based engineering for seismic events, the effects on a structure designed for blast loading should not be speculative but rather should exhibit expected behavior which is appropriate for the parameters of the given blast. Accounting for uncertainty of a potential blast event by assessing the structure in a probabilistic approach may lead to a more prudent and predictable assessment of damage and loss for the owner. The work herein attempts to provide an overview of the precedent of use of probabilistic methods in structural engineering, the current state of practice in blast engineering and set forth a framework and example by which probabilistic methods may be extended to blast considerations.
by Andrew Nicholas Gillis.
M.Eng.
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Sarma, Ravindra K. 1977. "Neural network based prediction and input saliency determination in a blast furnace environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86488.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-121).
by Ravindra K. Sarma.
M.Eng.
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9

Schneider, Nathan A. "Prediction of surface ship response to severe underwater explosions using a virtual underwater shock environment." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FSchneider.pdf.

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Анотація:
Thesis (Mechanical Engineer and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Young S. Shin. Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-162). Also available online.
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10

Lee, Wayne Yeung. "Numerical Modeling of Blast-Induced Liquefaction." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/524.

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A research study has been conducted to simulate liquefaction in saturated sandy soil induced by nearby controlled blasts. The purpose of the study is to help quantify soil characteristics under multiple and consecutive high-magnitude shock environments similar to those produced by large earthquakes. The simulation procedure involved the modeling of a three-dimensional half-space soil region with pre-defined, embedded, and strategically located explosive charges to be detonated at specific time intervals. LS-DYNA, a commercially available finite element hydrocode, was the solver used to simulate the event. A new geo-material model developed under the direction of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration was applied to evaluate the liquefaction potential of saturated sandy soil subjected to sequential blast environments. Additional procedural enhancements were integrated into the analysis process to represent volumetric effects of the saturated soil's transition from solid to liquid during the liquefaction process. Explosive charge detonation and pressure development characteristics were modeled using proven and accepted modeling techniques. As explosive charges were detonated in a pre-defined order, development of pore water pressure, volumetric (compressive) strains, shear strains, and particle accelerations were carefully computed and monitored using custom developed MathCad and C/C++ routines. Results of the study were compared against blast-test data gathered at the Fraser River Delta region of Vancouver, British Columbia in May of 2005 to validate and verify the modeling procedure's ability to simulate and predict blast-induced liquefaction events. Reasonable correlations between predicted and measured data were observed from the study.
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Книги з теми "Blast Environments"

1

Oriard, Lewis L. The effects of vibrations and environmental forces: A guide for the investigation of structures. Cleveland, OH: International Society of Explosives, 1999.

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K, Lawrie Linda, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, eds. Building comfort analysis using BLAST: A case study. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1991.

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M, Vera Cruz Casiana, Kobayashi Nobuya, Fukuta Yoshimichi, and Kokusai Nōrin Suisangyō Kenkyū Senta, eds. A differential system for blast resistance for stable rice production environment. Tsukuba, Japan: Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 2007.

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4

Schomer, Paul. An Army blast noise warning and monitoring system. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.

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5

Annamraju, Gopal. Air pollution impacts when quenching blast furnace slag with contaminated water. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1987.

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6

Laboratory, Construction Engineering Research, ed. Field evaluation of the Building Loads Analysis and Thermodynamics (BLAST) program enhancements. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1992.

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7

Peter, Mészáros, Begelman Mitchell C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Why 'galactic' gamma-ray bursts might depend on environment: Blast waves around neutron stars. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Peter, Mészáros, Begelman Mitchell C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Why 'galactic' gamma-ray bursts might depend on environment: Blast waves around neutron stars. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Peter, Mészáros, Begelman Mitchell C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Why 'galactic' gamma-ray bursts might depend on environment: Blast waves around neutron stars. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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10

Heppler, Glenn R. On the analysis of shell structures subjected to a blast environment: a finite element approach. [Downsview, Ont]: Institute for Aerospace Studies, 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Blast Environments"

1

Wiri, Suthee, Thomas Wofford, Troy Dent, and Charles Needham. "Reconstruction of Recoilless Weapon Blast Environments Using High-Fidelity Simulations." In 30th International Symposium on Shock Waves 2, 1367–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44866-4_100.

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Wagner, Scott C., Jean Claude G. D’Alleyrand, and Romney C. Andersen. "Orthopedic Blast and Shrapnel Trauma." In Orthopaedic Trauma in the Austere Environment, 107–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29122-2_9.

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Hepper, Alan E., Dan J. Pope, M. Bishop, Emrys Kirkman, A. Sedman, Robert J. Russell, Peter F. Mahoney, and Jon Clasper. "Modelling the Blast Environment and Relating this to Clinical Injury: Experience from the 7/7 Inquest." In Blast Injury Science and Engineering, 129–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21867-0_9.

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Bonman, J. M. "Durable resistance to rice blast disease — environmental influences." In Developments in Plant Pathology, 115–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0954-5_10.

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Kalmykova, Yuliya, Jesper Knutsson, Ann-Margret Strömvall, and Kristina Hargelius. "Blast-Furnace Sludge as Sorbent Material for Multi-metal Contaminated Water." In Highway and Urban Environment, 307–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_33.

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Bhatawdekar, Ramesh M., Danial Jahed Armaghani, and Aydin Azizi. "Blast-Induced Air and Ground Vibrations: A Review of Soft Computing Techniques." In Environmental Issues of Blasting, 61–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8237-7_4.

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Sumanth Kumar, B., V. Ramana Kollipara, and D. Rama Seshu. "Experimental Study on Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Slag-Based Geopolymer Corbels." In Environmental Concerns and Remediation, 117–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05984-1_10.

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Christine Dussault, Marie, Martin Brown, and Richard Osgood. "A Soldier's Story: Forensic Anthropology and Blast Injury." In Taphonomy of Human Remains: Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the Depositional Environment, 445–51. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118953358.ch32.

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Chowdhury, Mostafiz R., and Dawn M. Crawford. "WIAMan ATD Polymeric Material Characterization for Under-Body Blast Environment Simulation." In Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1, 57–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62956-8_10.

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Sakata, Tomomi, Noriyuki Yasufuku, and Ryohei Ishikura. "Evaluation and Optimization of the Granulated Blast Furnace Slag-Natural Sand Mixture Hardening Properties." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 311–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2221-1_30.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Blast Environments"

1

Ostertag, Michael H., Matthew Kenyon, David A. Borkholder, General Lee, Uade da Silva, and Gary Kamimori. "The Blast Gauge™ System as a Research Tool to Quantify Blast Overpressure in Complex Environments." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65138.

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Анотація:
Tactical officers and military personnel who train in explosive entry techniques regularly put themselves at risk of blast exposure. The overpressure conditions in complex military and law enforcement environments, such as interior doors, hallways, and stairwells, cannot be accurately predicted by standard blast models which were developed from outdoor, free-field blasts. In both training and operations, small, low-cost blast overpressure sensors would provide the benefit of tracking exposure levels of at-risk individuals. The sensors would allow, for the first time, direct determination of safe stand-off distances and positioning for personnel during explosive breaching. Overpressure, impulse, and acceleration data has been captured for a series of interior and exterior blasts, demonstrating the utility of the Blast Gauge system as a training and research tool to quantify blast overpressure in complex environments.
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Wong, Jessica M., Adam L. Halberstadt, Humberto A. Sainz, Kiran S. Mathews, Brian W. Chu, Laurel J. Ng, and Philemon C. Chan. "Mild Traumatic Brain Injury From Repeated Low-Level Blast Exposures." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53542.

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Recent studies on military breachers in training environments suggest that there are neurocognitive risks from exposure to repeated low-level blasts. However, the dose accumulation effects from multiple low-level blast exposures and their relation to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are not well understood. This paper presents a controlled neurobehavioral study of behavioral effects from repeated low-level blasts delivered at ten second intervals using a rat model. A custom designed shock tube was developed to deliver repeated low-level blasts to rats at short intervals on the order of seconds. A total of 192 rats were divided into three cohorts of 64 for testing. Each cohort was exposed to a different blast intensity (7.5, 15, or 25 psi reflective pressure with durations <0.25 ms), and each cohort was further divided into four levels of blast repetition (0, 5, 10, or 15 repeats). Shock tube blasts were directed at the rat’s head, and startle with prepulse inhibition (PPI) and fear learning and extinction behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the blast effects. Behavioral testing results showed that repeated low-level blasts can affect PPI and contextual fear recall. PPI was not affected by repeated exposures to 7.5 psi blasts, but repeated 15 and 25 psi blasts disrupted PPI. All cohorts showed significant fear learning, but the highest blast group (25 psi, 15 repeats) had disruptions in spatial memory recall. None of the cohorts showed effects on cued fear recall or fear extinction and retention. The data collected are being used in continuous research to understand how the behavioral changes relate to mTBI, and how these animal tests can be scaled and modeled to interpret possible outcomes for humans.
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Cowler, Malcolm S., Xiangyang Quan, and Greg E. Fairlie. "A Computational Approach to Assessing Blast Damage in Urban Centers Using AUTODYN." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-3044.

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Recent terrorist attacks have prompted considerable interest in predicting damage to structures that could result from explosive blasts in densely populated urban environments. This is a particular concern for government and military organizations wishing to improve the safety of facilities and insurance providers who want to quantify risks. Blast waves from explosions are characterized by a shock front propagating into the surrounding air, followed by an exponential decay in pressure. Structural damage can be caused by either the magnitude of the peak pressure or the impulsive loading over time. Thus, any assessment of damage requires accurate computation of the entire pressure history on the structure. Semi-empirical approaches, such as CONWEP, although able to predict free-field and single-reflected pressures accurately, are unable to account for the effect that the urban environment has on amplifying, dissipating or focusing the blast wave. This paper describes a numerical finite difference approach, using the non-linear dynamics program AUTODYN, which allows an accurate prediction of the pressure fields that develop as a blast wave propagates through an urban environment by recursively remapping the solution through numerical regions that expand to track the evolving shock front. Data for specific urban layouts can be imported into AUTODYN from geographic information system (GIS) services.
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4

Schrami, S., R. Summers, and R. Mudd. "The influence of initiator configuration on blast environments from cylindrical charges." In 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-1094.

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Vaughan, David, Howard Levine, Paul Hassig, and Robert Smilowitz. "Evaluation of Airblast Loads on Structures in Complex Configurations." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78728.

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A common terrorist threat worldwide is the use of large vehicle bombs to attack high value targets. Detonation of large yield devices can cause significant damage to nearby buildings, facilities and infrastructure with potentially high loss of life and large economic losses. Blast pressures can have major consequences on critical facilities such as nuclear power plants, causing economic loss, environmental damage and system failure. Closely spaced structures in a dense configuration provide a complicated setting for evaluating airblast pressures caused by explosive devices. The presence of multiple buildings can channel the airblast, resulting in significant effects on load magnitudes at range from the detonation. Buildings reflect propagating blast waves causing increased loading at some locations and reduced loads elsewhere due to shielding from direct blast waves. The complex interaction between structures, streets, alleys and geographical terrain can have a major impact on structural loads. Currently, the most common way to estimate airblast pressures resulting from above ground explosive detonations is to use fast running, approximate blast tools such as CONWEP. These simplified tools may not provide accurate guidance on airblast pressures in complex environments. The following paper illustrates the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations of complex building configurations to quantify the resulting blast environment. Comparisons with simplified methods are presented. An approach to using a database of CFD simulations, customized for a specific site, to provide a fast running blast assessment tool is described. This approach provides a convenient, fast running tool for designers and security planners to visualize and accurately quantify the hazard from any threat size and location within the area of interest.
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Dal Cengio Leonardi, Alessandra, Nickolas Keane, Cynthia Bir, and Pamela VandeVord. "Evaluation of Intracranial Pressure Response in Rats Exposed to Complex Shock Waves." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80265.

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Studies on blast neurotrauma have focused on investigating the effects of exposure to free-field blast representing the simplest form of blast threat scenario without considering any reflecting surfaces. However, in reality personnel are often located within enclosures or nearby reflecting walls causing a complex blast environment, that is, involving shock reflections and/or compound waves from different directions. In fact, when a blast wave interacts with nearby structures, reflected shock waves are generated and complex three-dimensional shock waves are formed. Complex shock wave overpressure-time traces are significantly different from free-field profiles because reflections can cause super-positioning of shock waves resulting in increased pressure magnitudes and multiple pressure peaks. Very importantly, the shocks arrive from different directions which would invoke a different biomechanical response than a one-dimensional exposure. It has been reported that in complex wave environments, the extent of the injuries becomes a function of the location related to the surrounding structures rather than a function of the distance from the center of the explosion, as it is for free-field conditions (Yelverton et al. 1993; Mayorga 1997; Stuhmiller 1997). Furthermore, the resulting injuries when the individual is in confined spaces are noted to be more severe (Yelverton et al. 1993; Leibovici et al. 1996). The purpose of this study was to design a complex wave testing system and perform a preliminary investigation of the intracranial pressure (ICP) response of rats exposed to a complex blast wave environment. Furthermore, we explored the effects of head orientation in the same environment.
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Chafi, M. S., G. Karami, and M. Ziejewski. "Computation of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204882.

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In this paper, an integrated numerical approach is introduced to determine the human brain responses when the head is exposed to blast explosions. The procedure is based on a 3D non-linear finite element method (FEM) that implements a simultaneous conduction of explosive detonation, shock wave propagation, and blast-brain interaction of the confronting human head. Due to the fact that there is no reported experimental data on blast-head interactions, several important checkpoints should be made before trusting the brain responses resulting from the blast modeling. These checkpoints include; a) a validated human head FEM subjected to impact loading; b) a validated air-free blast propagation model; and c) the verified blast waves-solid interactions. The simulations presented in this paper satisfy the above-mentioned requirements and checkpoints. The head model employed here has been validated again impact loadings. In this respect, Chafi et al. [1] have examined the head model against the brain intracranial pressure, and brain’s strains under different impact loadings of cadaveric experimental tests of Hardy et al. [2]. In another report, Chafi et al. [3] has examined the air-blast and blast-object simulations using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) multi-material and Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) formulations. The predicted results of blast propagation matched very well with those of experimental data proving that this computational solid-fluid algorithm is able to accurately predict the blast wave propagation in the medium and the response of the structure to blast loading. Various aspects of blast wave propagations in air as well as when barriers such as solid walls are encountered have been studied. With the head model included, different scenarios have been assumed to capture an appropriate picture of the brain response at a constant stand-off distance of nearly 80cm (2.62 feet) from the explosion core. The impact of brain response due to severity of the blast under different amounts of the explosive material, TNT (0.0838, 0.205, and 0.5lb) is examined. The accuracy of the modeling can provide the information to design protection facilities for human head for the hostile environments.
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Kazanci, Z., Z. Mecitogˇlu, and A. Haciogˇlu. "Effect of In-Plane Stiffnesses and Inertias on Dynamic Behavior of a Laminated Composite Plate under Blast Load." In Ninth Biennial Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40722(153)67.

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Maestas, F. A. "Modelling physical injury to vehicle inhabitants – blast, fragment and acceleration environments resulting from the detonation of IEDs." In SAFE 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/safe090321.

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Yan, S., M. D. Gao, and Y. Q. Yan. "Analysis of Personnel Injuries in the Subway Station Subjected to Internal Blast Loading." In Thirteenth ASCE Aerospace Division Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments, and the 5th NASA/ASCE Workshop On Granular Materials in Space Exploration. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412190.066.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Blast Environments"

1

Glass, Sarah Jill. Assessment, development, and testing of glass for blast environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/917151.

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2

Flood, Ian, Bryan T. Bewick, and Emmart Rauch. Rapid Simulation of Blast Wave Propagation in Built Environments Using Coarse-Grain Based Intelligent Modeling Methods. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada543599.

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Shukla, Neeraj. Analysis of the Articulated Total Body (ATB) and Mathematical Dynamics Model (MADYMO) Software Suites for Modeling Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) in Blast Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada585572.

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4

Bessette, Gregory, James O’Daniel, Stephen Akers, Andrew Barnes, Gustavo Emmanuelli, Mark Hunt, and Richard Weed. Modeling the Blast Load Simulator Airblast Environment Using First Principles Codes. Report 2, Blast Load Simulator Environment, Single Structures. Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (U.S.), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/28465.

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Bolduc, Paul R. Environmental Assessment for Lease of Lighthouse Complex at Cape San Blas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609306.

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Horwitz, Benjamin, and Nicole M. Donofrio. Identifying unique and overlapping roles of reactive oxygen species in rice blast and Southern corn leaf blight. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7604290.bard.

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Анотація:
Plants and their fungal pathogens both produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). CytotoxicROS act both as stressors and signals in the plant-fungal interaction. In biotrophs, a compatible interaction generates little ROS, but is followed by disease. An incompatible interaction results in a strong oxidative burst by the host, limiting infection. Necrotrophs, in contrast, thrive on dead and dying cells in an oxidant-rich local environment. Rice blast, Magnaportheoryzae, a hemibiotroph, occurs worldwide on rice and related hosts and can decimate enough rice each year to feed sixty million people. Cochliobolusheterostrophus, a necrotroph, causes Southern corn leaf blight (SLB), responsible for a major epidemic in the 1970s. The objectives of our study of ROS signaling and response in these two cereal pathogens were: Confocal imaging of ROS production using genetically encoded redox sensor in two pathosystems over time. Forward genetic screening of HyPer sensor lines in two pathosystems for fungal genes involved in altered ROSphenotypes. RNA-seq for discovery of genes involved in ROS-related stress and signaling in two pathosystems. Revisions to the research plan: Library construction in SLB was limited by low transformation efficiency, compounded by a protoplasting enzyme being unavailable during most of year 3. Thus Objective 2 for SLB re-focused to construction of sensor lines carrying deletion mutations in known or candidate genes involved in ROS response. Imaging on rice proved extremely challenging, so mutant screening and imaging were done with a barley-infecting line, already from the first year. In this project, ROS imaging at unprecedented time and spatial resolution was achieved, using genetically-encoded ratio sensors in both pathogens. This technology is currently in use for a large library of rice blast mutants in the ROS sensor background, and Southern corn leaf blight mutants in final stages of construction. The imaging methods developed here to follow the redox state of plant pathogens in the host tissue should be applicable to fungal pathogens in general. Upon completion of mutant construction for SCLB we hope to achieve our goal of comparison between intracellular ROS status and response in hemibiotroph and necrotroph cereal pathogens.
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