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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES"

Petersen, Annette, Cuiwei Wang, Christoph Crocoll, and Barbara Ann Halkier. "Biotechnological approaches in glucosinolate production." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 60, no. 12 (October 1, 2018): 1231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12705.

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Avvakumova, Svetlana, Miriam Colombo, Paolo Tortora, and Davide Prosperi. "Biotechnological approaches toward nanoparticle biofunctionalization." Trends in Biotechnology 32, no. 1 (January 2014): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.09.006.

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Pivovarov, V. F., N. A. Shmykova, and T. P. Suprunova. "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO VEGETABLE CROP BREEDING." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (September 30, 2011): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2011-3-10-17.

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Stupak, Martin, Hervé Vanderschuren, Wilhelm Gruissem, and Peng Zhang. "Biotechnological approaches to cassava protein improvement." Trends in Food Science & Technology 17, no. 12 (December 2006): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2006.06.004.

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Saini, Dinesh Kumar, Sunil Pabbi, and Pratyoosh Shukla. "Cyanobacterial pigments: Perspectives and biotechnological approaches." Food and Chemical Toxicology 120 (October 2018): 616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.002.

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Coelho, Natacha, Sandra Gonçalves, and Anabela Romano. "Endemic Plant Species Conservation: Biotechnological Approaches." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030345.

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Endemic plant species are usually more vulnerable to anthropogenic threats and natural changes and, therefore, hold a higher extinction risk. The preservation of these species is a major concern on a worldwide context and in situ protection alone will not guarantee their conservation. Ex situ conservation measures must be undertaken to support the conservation of these species, and seed banking is the more efficient and cost-effective method. However, when seed banking is not an option, alternative approaches should be considered. Biotechnological tools provide new and complementary options for plant conservation including short-, medium-, and long-term strategies, and their application for plant species conservation has increased considerably in the last years. This review provides information about the status of the use biotechnology-based techniques for the conservation of endemic plant species. Particular attention is given to cryopreservation, since is the only long-term ex situ conservation strategy that can complement and support the other conservation measures. The cryopreservation of plant genetic resources is, however, more focused on crop or economically important species and few studies are available for endemic plant species. The plant material used, the cryopreservation methods employed, and the assessment of cryogenic effects are reviewed. The reasons to explain the difficulties in cryopreserving these species are discussed and new strategies are proposed to facilitate and increase the interest on this matter. We expect that further studies on the conservation of endemic plant species will increase in a near future, thus contributing to maintain these valuable genetic resources.

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Abumhadi, N., K. Kamenarova, E. Todorovska, M. Stoyanova, G. Dimov, A. Trifonova, S. Takumi, et al. "Biotechnological Approaches for Cereal Crops Improvement." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 19, sup3 (January 2005): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2005.10817288.

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Todorovska, E., N. Abumhadi, K. Kamenarova, D. Zheleva, A. Kostova, N. Christov, N. Alexandrova, et al. "Biotechnological Approaches for Cereal Crops Improvement." Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 19, sup3 (January 2005): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2005.10817289.

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Tuberosa, Roberto. "Biotechnological approaches to improve food quality." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1694.

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Haidar, A., N. Zinovchuk, and V. Lazarenko. "Using digital marketing approaches in biotechnology production." Balanced nature using, no. 4 (October 28, 2021): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.4.2021.253086.

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The effectiveness of using digital marketing tools and various functions for biotechnological production is substantiated. Their main functions, advantages, as well as the main criteria, are covered, indicating their effectiveness at the present stage and the possibility of their future use in the future. The stages of conducting research on the market of biological preparations on agricultural lands and enterprises that are direct consumers of biopreparations are substantiated. Also illuminates the connection of the marketing link between manufacturers of data at the C2C level and their feedback. The expediency of using each individual instrument, depending on the situation of a biotechnological enterprise in the market, as well as the situation where the company is expedient to pay attention to the indicated indicators. The stages of using targeted advertising for biotechnological companies are determined, the efficiency of launching an advertising campaign in a digital plane is analyzed. In particular, the main approaches to using targeted advertising are identified, stages and real examples of modern biotechnological companies operating in the Ukrainian market, and, accordingly, reflect the real state of development of digital marketing tools in the biotechnological branch of agriculture in Ukraine.

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Дисертації з теми "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES"

Marchant, Robert. "Biotechnological approaches to rose breeding." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13901/.

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The production of new rose cultivars by sexual crossing is problematic and time consuming due to sexual incompatibility. the failure of seeds to genninate. and to a limited gene pool. Biotechnology provides an obvious alternative for the creation of genetic novelty in rose. This thesis focuses on the development of novel approaches, based on embryo rescue, pollen cryopreservation, protoplast and transformation technologies. A reproducible embryo rescue technique was developed in which embryos were excised and genninated on agar solidified medium containing a basic salt mixture and carbohydrate. The choice of carbohydrate and the growth conditions employed were demonstrated to markedly affect the percentage germination and subsequent plantlet development. This technique was used to greatly increase the production of F, hybrid progeny when compared to conventional germination methods. The failure of sexual crosses between several English rose cultivars was shown to be due to a combination of low pollen viability and to the operation of a pollen-style incompatibility mechanism (probably of the gametophytic self-incompatibility type). Degree of flower opening and method of pollen dehiscence were shown to significantly affect pollen viability. A technique was developed for the effective cryopreservation of English rose pollen. Using this technique it was possible to store pollen at ultra-low temperatures without any significant loss in viability. Such a technique compared favourably with conventional techniques (refrigeration and freezing) in which a loss in viability over time was demonstrated to occur. In vitro shoot cultures of English rose were established on MS-based media containing BAP. GA3 and NAA following the treatment of explants with an antioxidant solution to negate the effects of phenolic oxidation. The production of callus was shown to be genotype dependant and lacked regeneration potential. Rhizogenic responses were observed in leaf discs of two cultivars however shoot regeneration was not observed. Using a variety of enzyme mixtures it was possible to isolate protoplasts from both In vitro leaf material and from cell suspensions. Both mesophyll and cell suspension derived protoplasts were cultured to a microcallus stage. Plating density, growth regulator concentration and the use of antioxidants were all demonstrated to have a significant effect on the protoplast plating efficiency. Rhizogenesis was achieved from mesophyll protoplast-derived calli. Protoplasts, sometimes labelled with a fluorescent marker, were subjected to both chemical and electrofusion. Using micromanipulation, heterokaryons, formed during electrofusion, were recovered. Such heterokaryons, when cultured. underwent division and formed microcalli which subsequently developed into calli. The hybrid nature of such calli were conftrmed by isozyme analysis, determination of ploidy level and RAPD analysis. The introduction of a plasmid containing a gus marker gene into zygotic embryos of English rose was shown to be possible. This was achieved by microprojectile-mediated DNA delivery using a laboratory built electrical discharge device. The efficiency of this technique was influenced by the concentration of microprojectiles and DNA used. And by firing distance and choice of DNA construct. The relevance of this study and its applications, in the context of rose breeding are discussed.

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Pelkonen, V. P. (Veli-Pekka). "Biotechnological approaches in lily (Lilium) production." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514276590.

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Abstract Biotechnology has become a necessity, not only in research, but also in the culture and breeding of lilies. Various methods in tissue culture and molecular breeding have been applied to the production of commercially important lily species and cultivars. However, scientific research data of such species and varieties that have potential in the northern climate is scarce. In this work, different biotechnological methods were developed and used in the production and culture of a diversity of lily species belonging to different taxonomic groups. The aim was to test and develop further the existing methods in plant biotechnology for the developmental work and the production of novel hardy lily cultivars for northern climates. Most of the plant material was started from seeds, which provided genetic variability and new material for breeding. Different features in seed structure were studied with light microscopy and SEM, and different parameters affecting germination were tested. Several tissue culture protocols were also compared with different species using both solid and liquid media. Molecular biological methods were used in assessing genetic background of traditionally grown lilies. Somatic embryogenesis in callus differentiation of callus cultures was studied, and gene expression behind differentiation processes was analyzed with various molecular biological methods. Particle bombardment system was used in genetic transformation. In addition, protoplast isolation methods from various tissues were tested. The main results indicate that many tissue culture methods can be used in research and in mass production with all tested species. Especially in a large-scale production, temporary immersion system is promising. In addition to the conventional bulb scale material, seeds were found to be a suitable starting material for genetic variability required for production of new cultivars, and in the preservation of natural populations. RAPD techniques proved a suitable method for revealing phylogenetic relations of different lily species and cultivars. Methods in DNA and RNA isolation, cloning and analysis were optimized for lily material. In addition, particle bombardment system was successfully used for genetic transformation of lily callus. In the future, more information is needed to understand better the germination and differentiation processes, focusing especially in the genes, their products and function. In addition, the large and still mostly unknown lily genome is a challenge for research in the future. However, the currently presented results provide good opportunities for further developmental work and research of hardy lily species.

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Al-Qaradawi, Asmaa Yousuf. "Biotechnological approaches towards novelty production in Chrysanthemum morifolium." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366472.

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Ochatt, S. J. "Development of biotechnological approaches for top-fruit tree breeding." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332617.

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Di, Guglielmo Claudia. "Biotechnological approaches to cardiac differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385921.

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The heart can be considered the most important organ of our body, as it supplies nutrients to all the cells. When affected from injuries or diseases, the heart function is hampered, as the damaged area is substituted by a fibrotic scar instead of functional tissue. Understanding the mechanisms leading to heart failure and finding a cure for cardiac diseases represents a major challenge of modern medicine, since they are the leading cause of death and disability in Western world. Being the heart a vital organ it is difficult to have access to its cells, especially in humans. In order to model it or find therapeutic strategies many approaches and cell sources have been studied. For example cardiac stem cells, skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow-derived cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells have been tested in pre-clinical and clinical trials, without significant tissue regeneration. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are thought to be the most promising cell type in the field, thanks to their unlimited capacity of self-renewal and retention of differentiation potency. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are pluripotent cells derived through reprogramming from adult cells, easily accessible from patients, like keratinocytes. iPSC can be differentiated to cardiac cells, through stage-specific protocols that reproduce embryonic development, offering a very useful platform for modelling diseases of patients with heart failure, for testing new drugs, and for cellular therapy in the future. However, properly mimicking cardiac tissue is very complex, since not only the correct cardiac cell type has to be reproduced, but also its overall cellular composition, architecture and biophysical functions. In order to study these aspects, we applied biotechnological strategies such as the use of transgenic cell lines for obtaining pure and scalable differentiated cells to be cultured in a 3D scaffold with a perfusion bioreactor. Although it is well known that iPSC can give rise to cardiomyocytes in vitro, not every cell line can be efficiently differentiated. Thus, a cell line-specific differentiation protocol has to be identified and optimized. We finally identified a fast and efficient stage-specific differentiation protocol suitable for the iPSC lines used in this work, derived from human keratinocytes. With this protocol, we can reproducibly obtain close to 50% cardiomyocytes after 15 days of differentiation. One important feature of currently available differentiation protocols is that the target cell type is obtained among a heterogeneous cell population. To track the cardiac population of interest we generated transgenic cell lines where the reporter protein GFP follows the expression of different genes specific for stages of differentiation, such as T (Brachyury) for mesoderm; NKX2.5 for cardiac progenitors; and MHC for cardiomyocytes. Moreover, cardiomyocytes obtained from hPSC using currently available differentiation protocols are typically immature, mostly resembling embryonic or fetal cardiomyocytes, arguably because of the lack of mechanical and electrical stimuli that only a 3D environment can provide. In order to create a piece of tissue in 3D we used a collagen and elastin-based scaffold, to mimic the structural proteins of endogenous extracellular matrix. We also built a perfusion bioreactor to culture the construct. After initial validation with primary cultures of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, we tested iPSC-derived cardiac cells at different stages of differentiation. While early mesoderm or cardiac progenitors could not survive in our system, iPSC differentiated to cardiomyocytes, could be retained and maintained alive within the scaffold for at least 4 days. In conclusion, in this work we combined biotechnological tools in order to obtain a test platform for studying the mechanisms underlying cardiac differentiation, maturation, as well as providing valuable in vitro systems for disease modelling, drug screening of patient-specific heart muscle cells and cell therapy.
El corazón es el órgano más importante del cuerpo: impulsando la sangre, aporta oxigeno y nutrientes a cada célula del organismo. En caso de fallo cardiaco la función del corazón no puede recuperarse, ya que los cardiomiocitos son reemplazados por una cicatriz fibrosa no funcional. Las enfermedades cardiacas representan la mayor causa de muerte y enfermedad en el mundo occidental y entender los mecanismos de las patologías cardiacas, así como encontrar curas para ellas, es un desafío de primaria importancia para la medicina moderna. Siendo el corazón un órgano vital y difícilmente accesible, resulta imprescindible encontrar una fuente celular alternativa. Las células madre humanas con pluripotencia inducida (iPSC – induced pluripotent stem cells) parecen óptimas, porque se derivan de simples biopsias de piel de pacientes y se pueden diferenciar a cualquier tipo celular, cardiomiocitos incluidos. Aún así, diferenciar el tejido cardiaco es muy complejo: no solamente se debe de reproducir el tipo celular, sino también su composición celular, su arquitectura y sus funciones biofísicas. Para estudiar estos aspectos, por un lado obtuvimos tres líneas celulares de iPSC reporteras de genes específicos de diferentes estadios de diferenciación cardiaca (T para mesodermo, NKX2.5 para progenitores cardiacos y alpha-MHC para cardiomiocitos), y por otro desarrollamos un biorreactor adecuado para el cultivo de células cardiacas en 3D. Utilizamos las líneas transgénicas como herramienta para seleccionar células en diferentes estadios de diferenciación y las co-cultivamos con fibroblastos en un andamio compuesto de colágeno y elastina (imitando la matriz extracelular cardiaca y la composición celular del corazón). En conjunto, este estudio revela que las iPSC pueden ser retenidas y cultivadas en nuestro sistema 3D. Mientras células de mesodermo temprano y progenitores cardiacos no completaron la diferenciación cardiaca, los cardiomiocitos derivados de iPSC con cultivo convencional y cultivados en el biorreactor pudieron ser mantenidos viables en el mismo al menos 4 días. La aproximación experimental aquí presentada representa una base para desarrollar plataformas de estudio in vitro paciente-especificas para modelar enfermedades cardiacas humanas y estudios de fármacos, así como ofrecer una herramienta de estudio de los mecanismos de la diferenciación y maduración cardiacas.

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Mountzouris, Konstantinos C. "Biotechnological approaches to production of oligodextrans with potential application as functional food ingredients." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287650.

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Mileshina-Nepomnyashchikh, Daria. "Biotechnological approaches for the manupulation of the genetic information in the mitochondria of plant and human cells." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6052.

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Les génomes mitochondriaux diffèrent dans leur structure, leur taille et leurs processus fonctionnels. Leur expression complexe est difficile à disséquer. Les maladies dues à des mutations dans l'ADN mitochondrial sont très répandues et la génétique des mitochondries a une grande importance agronomique. Il y a donc un fort besoin de manipuler le système génétique de ces organelles mais aucune approche n'a abouti à une méthodologie de transformation mitochondriale chez les mammifères et les plantes. Les principaux problèmes sont la transfection des organelles et le maintien de l'ADN transfecté. Les mitochondries isolées peuvent cependant importer de l'ADN. Sur la base de ce mécanisme, nous avons exploré des stratégies pour maintenir l'ADN exogène dans les organelles. Dans les mitochondries humaines, la recombinaison est rare. Nous avons ainsi tenté d'élaborer des constructions capables de se comporter comme des réplicons autonomes. Chez les plantes, la recombinaison homologue façonne le génome mitochondrial et nous avons réussi à intégrer une séquence-rapportrice dans l'ADN génomique des organelles. La compétence pour l'import d'ADN est susceptible d'être exploitable in vivo. Nous avons utilisé des vésicules mitochondriotropiques pour délivrer nos constructions à proximité des mitochondries dans des cellules humaines ou végétales. Suivant une autre stratégie, notre équipe a montré qu'un ARN passager associé à un mime d'ARNt et exprimé à partir d'un transgène nucléaire est importé dans les mitochondries des cellules végétales. Nous avons tenté d'analyser la fonctionnalité de l'ARN passager dans les mitochondries par des tests d'édition in vitro, in organello et in vivo
Mitochondrial genomes from various organisms differ in their structure, size and functional processes. Their complex expression is difficult to dissect. Diseases due to mutations in the mitochondrial DNA are widespread and mitochondrial genetics have a high agronomic relevance. There are thus strong needs to manipulate the mitochondrial genetic system in mammals and plants, but none of the attempted approaches has led to a mitochondrial transformation methodology in these organisms. The main problems to solve are the transfection of the organelles and the maintenance of the transfected DNA. Earlier experiments showed that isolated mitochondria can import DNA. Based on this mechanism, we have explored distinct strategies to achieve maintenance of exogenous DNA in human and plant organelles. In human mitochondria, recombination is a rare event. We have thus attempted to build and test constructs able to behave as autonomous replicons. In plants, homologous recombination is believed to shape the mitochondrial genome and we succeeded in integrating a reporter sequence into the organelle genomic DNA. The DNA import competence might be exploitable in vivo. We therefore used currently developed mitochondriotropic vesicles (DQAsomes, liposomes) to try and deliver our constructs to the vicinity of the mitochondria in human or plant cells. In a further, distinct strategy, our group showed that a passenger RNA associated with a tRNA mimic and expressed from a nuclear transgene is imported into the mitochondria of the transformed plant cells. We have tried to analyse the functionality of the passenger RNA in the mitochondria through in vitro, in organello and in vivo editing tests

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Kaushik, Prashant. "Application of Conventional, Biotechnological and Genomics Approaches for Eggplant (Solanum melongena.L). Breeding with a Focus on Bioactive Phenolics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/122295.

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[ES] En el primer capítulo, se caracterizó una colección de seis accesiones de berenjenas, 21 accesiones de 12 especies silvestres y 45 híbridos interespecíficos de berenjena con especies silvestres utilizando 27 descriptores morfológicos y 20 descriptores morfométricos de frutos basados en la herramienta fenómica Tomato Analyzer. Observamos diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos, con híbridos que muestran valores intermedios para la mayoría de los descriptores. Las especies silvestres mostraron una amplia diversidad para ampliar la base genética de la berenjena. En el segundo capítulo, el mismo material se caracterizó para el contenido en compuestos fenólicos del fruto, el color de la pulpa de la fruta y los caracteres relacionados con el pardeamiento. Mientras que el ácido fenólico predominante en la berenjena cultivada fue el ácido clorogénico (> 65.0%), en los parientes silvestres fue de menos del 50% del área del pico del cromatograma HPLC. Las variedades cultivadas presentaron un color de carne más claro y baja actividad de polifenol oxidasa (PPO). Los híbridos interespecíficos fueron intermedios para todos los caracteres estudiados. En el tercer capítulo, realizamos un estudio genético Linea por Probador (L × P) utilizando dos líneas cultivadas, una con citoplasma oriental y otra occidental con cuatro probadores que representan tres especies silvestres: S. insanum, S.anguivi y S . lichtensteinii. Además, evaluamos el material para 3 descriptores bioquímicos, 12 morfológicos y 8 de Tomato Analyzer. Encontramos diferencias significativas para los 23 caracteres estudiados. Los valores más altos para la componente SCA se determinaron en comparación con la componente GCA. En general, los probadores del genepool secundarios fueron mejores para la mejora de los caracteres bioquímicos, mientras que las especies de genepool primarias fueron mejores para los caracteres morfológicos. En el cuarto capítulo, para obtener información sobre la genética de caracteres importantes en la berenjena, realizamos el primer estudio genético detallado de la berenjena con 10 genotipos diversos de berenjena, entre ellos una accesión de S. insanum, mientras que el resto fueron variedades tradicionales con forma del fruto muy diversa. Cuando se cruzaron en un diseño de medio dialelo, los 10 padres produjeron un conjunto de 45 híbridos. Evaluamos padres e híbridos para 14 descriptores de características morfológicas y 14 características morfométricas del fruto. También determinamos las distancias genéticas utilizando 7,335 marcadores de SNP polimórficos. Del mismo modo, en el quinto capítulo, estudiamos los compuestos fenólicos del fruto, el color de la pulpa del mismo y los caracteres relacionados con el pardeamiento en el mismo material. Se determinó que la accesión de S. insanum accession INS2 presenta valores altamente significativos para los compuestos fenólicos totales y el contenido de ácido clorogénico. Se encontraron efectos significativos para la aptitud combinatoria específica y general para los caracteres bioquímicos estudiados. De manera similar a lo encontrado anteriormente, la distancia genética entre los padres no fue útil para predecir el comportamiento de los híbridos.Finalmente, en el sexto capítulo, hemos desarrollado un protocolo de agroinfiltración para la expresión transitoria de un gen en el fruto de la berenjena utilizando GUS; Vector pCAMBIA1304. Posteriormente, para probar la utilidad del protocolo, utilizamos la hidroxicinamoil CoA-quinato transferasa (SmHQT) de berenjena, que es la enzima central estudiada para aumentar el contenido de ácido clorogénico, en la construcción del gen con el promotor específico en un vector de transformación de plantas (pBIN19). Además, en nuestro casete, también coexpresamos la proteína P19 del Tomato bushy stunt virus para sobreexpresar la proteína. En esta tesis proporcionamos información sobre los parientes sil
[CAT] En el primer capítol, es va caracteritzar una col·lecció de sis accessions d'albergínies, 21 accessions de 12 espècies silvestres i 45 híbrids interespecífics d'albergínia amb espècies silvestres utilitzant 27 descriptors morfològics i 20 descriptors morfomètrics de fruits basats en l'eina fenómica Tomato Analyzer. Observarem diferències significatives entre els tres grups, amb híbrids que mostren valors intermedis per a la majoria dels descriptors. Les espècies silvestres van mostrar una àmplia diversitat per a ampliar la base genètica de l'albergínia.En el segon capítol, el mateix material es va caracteritzar per al contingut en compostos fenòlics del fruit, el color de la polpa de la fruita i els caràcters relacionats amb el pardejament. Mentre que l'àcid fenòlic predominant en l'albergínia cultivada va ser l'àcid clorogènic (> 65.0%), en els parents silvestres va ser de menys del 50% de l'àrea del pic del cromatograma HPLC. Les varietats cultivades van presentar un color de carn més clar i baixa activitat de polifenol oxidasa (PPO). Els híbrids interespecífics van ser intermedis per a tots els caràcters estudiats. Curiosament, no trobem correlacions significatives entre el contingut de compostos fenòlics totals o àcid clorogènic i el pardejament de la polpa de la fruita. En el tercer capítol, realitzem un estudi genètic Línia per Emprovador (L × P) utilitzant dues línies cultivades, una amb citoplasma oriental i una altra occidental amb quatre emprovadors que representen tres espècies silvestres: S. insanum, S. anguivi i S. lichtensteinii. A més, avaluem el material per a 3 descriptors bioquímics, 12 morfològics i 8 de Tomato Analyzer. Trobem diferències significatives per als 23 caràcters estudiats. Els valors més alts per a la component SCA es van determinar en comparació amb la component GCA. En el quart capítol, per a obtindre informació sobre la genètica de caràcters importants en l'albergínia, realitzem el primer estudi genètic detallat de l'albergínia amb 10 genotips diversos d'albergínia, entre ells una accessió de S. insanum, mentre que la resta van ser varietats tradicionals amb forma del fruit molt diversa. Quan es van creuar en un disseny de mitjà dial·lel, els 10 pares van produir un conjunt de 45 híbrids. Avaluem pares i híbrids per a 14 descriptors de característiques morfològiques i 14 característiques morfomètriques del fruit. També determinem les distàncies genètiques utilitzant 7,335 marcadors de SNP polimòrfics. En l'estudi de l'herència dels caràcters morfològics importants per al desenvolupament d'híbrids en albergínia, es va trobar que la distància genètica entre els pares té un valor limitat per a predir el rendiment dels híbrids en aquest cultiu. Es va determinar que l'accessió de S. insanum accessió INS2 presenta valors altament significatius per als compostos fenòlics totals i el contingut d'àcid clorogènic. Es van trobar efectes significatius per a l'aptitud combinatòria específica i general per als caràcters bioquímics estudiats. De manera similar a l'oposat anteriorment, la distància genètica entre els pares no va ser útil per a predir el comportament dels híbrids. Finalment, en el sisé capítol, hem desenvolupat un protocol d'agroinfiltració per a l'expressió transitòria d'un gen en el fruit de l'albergínia utilitzant GUS; Vector pCAMBIA1304. Posteriorment, per a provar la utilitat del protocol, utilitzem la hidroxicinamoil CoA-quinat transferasa (SmHQT) d'albergínia, que és l'enzim central estudiat per a augmentar el contingut d'àcid clorogènic, en la construcció del gen amb el promotor específic en un vector de transformació de plantes (pBIN19). A més, en el nostre casset, també coexpresem la proteïna P19 del Tomato bushy stunt virus per a sobreexpresar la proteïna. En aquesta tesi proporcionem informació sobre els parents silvestres d'albergínies per a caràcters morfològics i bioq
[EN] In the first chapter, a collection of six eggplant accessions, 21 accessions of 12 wild species (the only primary genepool species S. insanum and 11 secondary genepool species) and 45 interspecific hybrids of eggplant with wild species were characterized using 27 morphological descriptors and 20 fruit morphometric descriptors based on the phenomics tool Tomato Analyzer. We observed significant differences among the three groups with hybrids showing intermediate values for most of the descriptors. The wild species showed an extensive diversity for broadening the genetic base of eggplant. In the second chapter, the same material was characterized for the fruit phenolics, fruit flesh colour and browning related traits. Wild relatives showed greater variation for the fruit phenolics than cultivated eggplant. While, the predominant phenolic acid in cultivated eggplant was chlorogenic acid (>65.0%), in the wild relatives it was less 50% of HPLC chromatogram peak area. Cultivated varieties had lighter flesh colour and low polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. The interspecific hybrids were found to be intermediate for all the characters studied. Interestingly, we found no significant correlations between total phenolics or chlorogenic acid contents and fruit flesh browning. In the third chapter, we performed a Line by Tester (L ×T) genetic study using two cultivated lines one with oriental and another with occidental cytoplasm along with four testers representing three wild species namely, S. insanum, S.anguivi, and S. lichtensteinii. Further, we evaluated the material for 3 biochemical, 12 morphological and 8 Tomato Analyzer based descriptors. We found a significant amount of variation for all the 23 traits studied. The higher values for the SCA component were determined as compared to the GCA component. Overall, the secondary genepool testers were better for the biochemical traits improvement whereas, the primary genepool species was better for the morphological traits. In the fourth chapter, in order to gain information regarding the genetics of important traits in eggplant, we performed the first detailed genetic study of eggplant with 10 diverse eggplant genotypes among them an S. insanum accession, while the remaining nine were highly diverse shaped fruits of popular eggplant cultivars. When crossed in a half-diallel matting design 10 parents produced a set of 45 hybrids. We evaluated parents and hybrids for 14 morphological and 14 fruit morphometric traits descriptors. We also determined the genetic distances using 7,335 polymorphic SNP markers. In the study of the genetics of important morphological traits for hybrid development in eggplant, we found that genetic distance among parents had limited value to predict hybrid performance in this crop. Likewise, in the fifth chapter, we studied the fruit phenolics, fruit flesh colour and browning related traits in the same material. We determined that S. insanum accession INS2 displayed values highly significant for the total phenolics and CGA content. Significant specific and general combining ability effects were found for the biochemical traits studied. Similarly, the genetic distance among parents was nonsignificant to predict hybrids performance. Finally, in the sixth chapter, we have developed an agroinfiltration protocol for the transient expression of a gene in the eggplant fruit using GUS bearing; pCAMBIA1304 vector. Thereafter, to prove the usefulness of the protocol, we have used the eggplant hydroxycinnamoyl CoA-quinate transferase (SmHQT), which is the central enzyme studied to increase the chlorogenic acid content, in a gene construct with the specific promoter in a plant transformation vector (pBIN19). Also, in our cassette, we also co-expressed the P19 protein of Tomato bushy stunt virus to overexpress the protein. Overall, in this thesis, we have provided information regarding the wild relatives of eggplants from a morphological and biochemical prospective.
Kaushik, P. (2019). Application of Conventional, Biotechnological and Genomics Approaches for Eggplant (Solanum melongena.L). Breeding with a Focus on Bioactive Phenolics [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/122295
TESIS

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Islam, Md Aminul. "Genetic diversity of the genus Curcuma in Bangladesh and further biotechnological approaches for in vitro regeneration and long-term conservation of C. longa germplasm." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974133973.

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Ogaugwu, Christian Ejikeme [Verfasser], Ernst A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wimmer, Gregor [Akademischer Betreuer] Bucher, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Göpfert. "Biotechnological approaches to fight fruit flies of agricultural importance / Christian Ejikeme Ogaugwu. Gutachter: Ernst A. Wimmer ; Gregor Bucher ; Martin Göpfert. Betreuer: Ernst A. Wimmer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042529663/34.

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Книги з теми "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES"

S, Rangabhashiyam, Ponnusami V, and Pardeep Singh. Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003188292.

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Kumlehn, Jochen, and Nils Stein, eds. Biotechnological Approaches to Barley Improvement. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44406-1.

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International Conference on Bioconvergence 2004 (2004 Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology). Biotechnological approaches for sustainable development. Edited by Sudhakara Reddy M. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 2004.

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Rana, R. S. Plant germplasm conservation: Biotechnological approaches. Edited by Rana R. S, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources., and Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, 1995.

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Kumar, Nitish, and Sanjeev Kumar, eds. Arsenic Toxicity Remediation: Biotechnological Approaches. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37561-3.

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Isibor, Patrick Omoregie, Paul Akinduti, Solomon U. Oranusi, and Jacob O. Popoola, eds. Biotechnological Approaches to Sustainable Development Goals. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33370-5.

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Shahnawaz, Mohd. Biotechnological Approaches to Enhance Plant Secondary Metabolites. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003034957.

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Kumar, Nitish, ed. Biotechnological Approaches for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0535-1.

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Mukerji, K. G., B. P. Chamola, and R. K. Upadhyay, eds. Biotechnological Approaches in Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4745-7.

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G, Mukerji K., Chamola B. P, and Upadhyay R. K. 1953-, eds. Biotechnological approaches in biocontrol of plant pathogens. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1999.

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Reddy, P. Parvatha. "Biotechnological Approaches." In Recent advances in crop protection, 61–81. New Delhi: Springer India, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0723-8_5.

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Citarasu, Thavasimuthu, Ganapathi Uma, Ramamoorthy Sathish Kumar, Sugumar Vimal, and Mariavincent Michael Babu. "Biotechnological Approaches to Vaccines." In Fish Vaccines, 127–53. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003388548-13.

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Yasir, Mohammad, Alok Shiomurti Tripathi, Manish Kumar Tripathi, Prashant Shukla, and Rahul Kumar Maurya. "CADD Approaches and Antiviral Drug Discovery." In Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances, 313–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1316-9_13.

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Rakshit, Gourav, Komal, Pankaj Dagur, and Venkatesan Jayaprakash. "Multi-Omics Approaches in Drug Discovery." In Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances, 79–98. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1316-9_4.

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Biswas, Abanish, and Venkatesan Jayaprakash. "CADD Approaches in Anticancer Drug Discovery." In Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances, 283–311. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1316-9_12.

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Ganie, Irfan Bashir, Anwar Shahzad, Zishan Ahmad, Najat A. Bukhari, and Kahkashan Parveen. "Transgenic Approaches in Bamboo." In Biotechnological Advances in Bamboo, 251–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1310-4_11.

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Maiti, Nigam Jyoti, and Nisha Kumari Singh. "CADD Approaches in Anti-inflammatory Drug Discovery." In Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances, 335–54. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1316-9_14.

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Parmar, Ghanshyam, Jay Mukesh Chudasama, Ashish Shah, and Ashish Patel. "In Silico Pharmacology and Drug Repurposing Approaches." In Interdisciplinary Biotechnological Advances, 253–81. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1316-9_11.

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Grover, Atul, Sanjay Mohan Gupta, and Madhu Bala. "Biotechnological Approaches for Seabuckthorn Improvement." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 173–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11276-8_8.

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Segundo, Blanca San, Belén López-García, and María Coca. "Biotechnological Approaches for Crop Protection." In Plant Pathogen Resistance Biotechnology, 245–72. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118867716.ch12.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES"

Teslya, E. A., A. S. Kuzmenko, and I. V. Yakushkin. "Plant breeding and biotechnological achievements." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-50.

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Biotechnology is a rapidly developing field with great potential for finding solutions for sustainable approaches to agriculture. The main topic of this article is the analysis of biotech crops presented in the world food market.

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"Biotechnological approaches in breeding and genetic research of soybean." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-049.

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"Modern biotechnological approaches for improvement of nutritional value of grain sorghum." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-052.

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"Application of biotechnological approaches in genetic and pre-breeding studies of bread wheat." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-103.

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Roux, G., and B. Dahhou. "Comparison of the experimental results obtained for different approaches for biotechnological processes control." In 1997 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.1997.7082432.

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Leiva-Mora, Michel, Mayreny Herrera-Capote, and Oscar Patricio Nuñez Torres. "Characterization of Fusarium species causing dry rot of potato minitubers produced by biotechnological approaches." In 1er Congreso Universal de las Ciencias y la Investigación Medwave 2022;. Medwave Estudios Limitada, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2022.s2.uta060.

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Purohit, Vijay K., P. Prasad, M. C. Nautiyal, and A. R. Nautiyal. "Propagation of highly important life saving herbs Nardostachys grandiflora DC. via conventional and biotechnological approaches." In 3rd Annual International Conference on Advances in Biotechnology (BioTech 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2489_biotech13.12.

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Lukyanchikova, Nina Leonidovna. "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE PROCESSING OF RYE AND WHEAT BRAN TO CREATE THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE PRODUCTS." In XX Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция «Наука и социум», XI Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция «Коррекционно-развивающая среда и инклюзивная практика помощи детям с ОВЗ», III Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция «Актуальные врачебные практики. Ультразвуковая диагностика». Новосибирск: Автономная некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования "Сибирский институт практической психологии, педагогики и социальной работы", 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.38163/978-5-6048148-4-0_2022_210.

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Ambros, E. V., E. A. Karpova, O. V. Kotsupiy, Yu G. Zaytseva, E. G. Trofimova та T. I. Novikova. "Optimization of cultivated strawberry micropropagation using а biogenic silica and green-tea-flavonoids-based mechanocomposite". У CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-86.

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For the first time, organogenesis and physiological characteristics of Fragaria ananassa microclones (cvs. ‘Alpha’ and ‘Solnechnaya polyanka’) under the influence of mechanocomposite (MC) based on rice husks amorphous silica and flavonoids of green tea during the multiplication stage in in vitro conditions were studied. The addition of the MC (0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg·L-1) to the Gamborg- Eveleg’s basal salt medium supplemented with 0.75 mg·L-1 6-benzylaminopurine has shown beneficial action on processes of organogenesis followed by enzymatic, photosynthetic, and hormonal activities of in vitro cultured strawberry plantlets. In both cultivars, the high frequency of proliferation (100 %) and maximum number of axillary shoots increased by 1.8–2.0 times on medium supplemented with 5.0 mg·L-1 MC. The concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 mg·L-1 MC were optimal for obtaining plantlets with high physiological state in in vitro conditions. The results may be used for the development of production systems for a healthy planting material using biotechnological approaches and recommended for commercial strawberry micropropagation.

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Özkaya, Pelin, DİLAY YILDIZ, MÜGE UYARCAN, and SEVAL DAĞBAĞLI. "Production of New Generation Packaging Materials with Utilization of Food Wastes." In 7th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International guest Students Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2023.018.

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Food packaging is considered as important as food production due to being determinant on the quality and safety of food, in addition to informing customers about the product details (shelf life, ingredients, presence of allergens, etc.). Hence, packaging technology has also been progressing together with food production techniques. Recently, environmentalist approaches have pushed the researchers to green technologies and materials within the production of innovative food packages. In this frame, selection of green and renewable materials can be considered as the first step for such kind of a production. Food wastes and/or by-products are claimed to be great choice for both waste management and reduction of cost. For this purpose, there exist a wide variety of food wastes that can be originated from fruit and vegetables (peels, seeds, hulls, juice, etc.), whey, molasses and so on. Production methods can also vary, such as being based on a chemical (e.g., production of chitosan) or biotechnological process (e.g., bacterial cellulose production as a packaging material ingredient). As a result, organic based packaging materials are obtained and that kind of production has also been investigated in the concept of “bioplastics”. Production of bioplastic packaging materials generally includes particular steps that can be aligned as pre-treatment of the food waste, main production step (extraction, alkaline treatment, etc.) via a selected method and the addition of a plasticizer to form an appropriate film. In biotechnological production applications, food wastes and by-products are generally utilized as a carbon source (substrate) with specific additives and the formation of necessary conditions for a microbial process, while parameters of the process, yield and purity of the product depend on the production itself. These packaging materials are mostly claimed to be promising alternatives with adequate physical and thermo-mechanical properties, as well as some extra functions such as gaining antimicrobial, antioxidant character with good gas barrier properties for a wide spectrum of food products. This study aims to present a general look on those new generation packaging materials with utilization of food wastes.

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Звіти організацій з теми "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES"

Avni, Adi, and Kirankumar S. Mysore. Functional Genomics Approach to Identify Signaling Components Involved in Defense Responses Induced by the Ethylene Inducing Xyalanase Elicitor. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7697100.bard.

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Plant-microbe interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for plants to protect themselves against pathogen attack. An ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) of Trichoderma viride is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses, like hypersensitive response (HR), in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The central goal of this proposal was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that allow plants to specifically activate defense responses after EIX treatment. We proposed to identify cellular signaling components involved in the induction of HR by the EIX elicitor. The molecular genetic analysis of the signal transduction pathway that modulates hypersensitive responses is an important step in understanding the induction of plant defense responses. The genes that mediate LeEIX2-EIX dependent activation of resistance mechanisms remain to be identified. We used two approaches to identify the cellular signaling components that induce HR mediated by the EIX elicitor. In the first approach, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening using LeEix2 as bait to identify plant proteins that interact with it. In the second approach, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) for a high-throughput screen to identify genes that are required for the induction of LeEIX2-EIX mediated HR. VIGS will also be used for functional characterization of genes that will be identified during the yeast two-hybrid screen. This investigation will shed light on cellular processes and signaling components involved in induction of general plant defense against pathogens and will provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches to improve plant resistance to pathogens. Several genes were indentified by the two approaches. We used the VIGS and yeast two hybrid approaches to confirm that activity of the genes initially identified by different procedure. Two genes inhibit the induction of HR by the fungal elicitor in the different systems; Tobacco-Harpin binding protein 1 and cyclopropyl isomerase.

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Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.

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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Regulation of Early Events in Hyphal Elongation, Branching and Differentiation of Filamentous Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580674.bard.

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In filamentous fungi, hyphal elongation, branching and morphogenesis are in many cases the key to successful saprophytic and pathogenic fungal proliferation. The understanding of the fungal morphogenetic response to environmental cues is in its infancy. Studies concerning the regulation of fungal growth and development (some of which have been obtained by the participating collaborators in this project) point to the fact that ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases are (i) involved in the regulation of such processes and (ii) share common structural and functional features between saprophytes and pathogens. It is our objective to combine a pharmaceutical and a genetic approach in order to identify, characterize and functionally dissect some of the regulatory factors involved in hyphal growth, branching and differentiation. Using an immunohistochemical approach, a ser/thr protein kinase involved in hyphal elongation in both Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum trifolii has been localized in order to identify the physical arena of regulation of hyphal elongation. The analysis of additional kinases and phosphatases (e.g. Protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase, lipid-activated protein kinase, components of the type 2A protein phosphatase) as well as a RAS-related gene (an additional key participant in signal transduction) has been performed. In order to succeed in advancing the goals of this project, we have taken advantage of available elongation/branching mutants in N. crassa and continuously combined the accumulated information obtained while studying the two systems in order to dissect the elements involved in these processes. The various inhibitors/effectors analyzed can serve as a basis for modification to be used as anti-fungal compounds. Understanding the regulation of hyphal proliferation is a key requirement for identifying novel target points for either curbing fungal growth (as in the case of pathogenesis) or affecting growth patterns in various biotechnological processes. The major objective of our joint project was to advance our understanding of regulation of hyphal growth, especially during early events of fungal germination. Towards achieving this goal, we have coupled the analysis of a genetically tractable organism (N. crassa) with a plant pathogen o economic importance (C. trifolii). As the project progressed we believe that the results obtained have provided a reinforcement to our basic approach which called for combining the two fungal systems for a joint research project. On the one hand, we feel that much of the advance made was possible due to the amenability of N. crassa to genetic manipulations. The relevance of some of the initial findings obtained in Neurospora have been proven to be relevant to the plant pathogen while unique features of the pathogen have been identified in Colletotrichum. Most of the results obtained from this research project have been published. Thus, the main volume of this report is comprised of the relevant publications describing the research and results obtained.

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Fridman, Eyal, and Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.

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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.

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