Готові списки джерел за темами / Biological substance

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Biological substance"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Biological substance"

1

Lowe, E. J. "Real Selves: Persons as a Substantial Kind." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 29 (March 1991): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100007487.

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Are persons substances or modes? (The terminology may seem archaic, but the issue is a live one.) Two currently dominant views may be characterized as giving the following rival answers to this question. According to the first view, persons are just biological substances. According to the second, persons are psychological modes of substances which, as far as human beings are concerned, happen to be biological substances, but which could in principle be non-biological. There is, however, also a third possible answer, and this is that persons are psychological substances. Such a view is inevitably associated with the name of Descartes, and this helps to explain its current unpopularity, since substantial dualism of his sort is now widely rejected as ‘unscientific’. But one may, as I hope to show, espouse the view that persons are psychological substances without endorsing Cartesianism. This is because one may reject certain features of Descartes's conception of substance. Consequently, one may also espouse a version of substantial dualism which is distinctly non-Cartesian. One may hold that a person, being a psychological substance, is an entity distinct from the biological substance that is (in the human case) his or her body, and yet still be prepared to ascribe corporeal characteristics to this psychological substance. By this account, a human person is to be thought of neither as a non-corporeal mental substance (a Cartesian mind), nor as the product of a mysterious ‘union’ between such a substance and a physical, biological substance (a Cartesian animal body). This is not to deny that the mind—body problem is a serious and difficult one, but it is to imply that there is a version of substantial dualism which does not involve regarding the ‘mind’ as a distinct substance in its own right.
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2

Lyublinskiy, S. L., I. N. Lyublinskaya, E. M. Koloskova, A. M. Azizov, V. N. Karkischenko, M. S. Nesterov, A. V. Kaptsov, R. A. Ageldinov, V. N. Gerasimov, and D. V. Grinenko. "Technological Aspects of Obtaining Liposomes Containing of a Complex of Biologically Active Substances Isolated from Deer Musk." Journal Biomed 17, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33647/2074-5982-17-4-18-37.

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In order to preserve and increase the biological effectiveness of biologically active substances isolated from deer musk, we studied technological aspects of obtaining a substance of lipid-stabilized stable nanoparticles from deer musk. The stability of the obtained substance was evaluated. It was found that homogenization under high pressure is an optimal approach to obtaining biologically active substances from deer musk. The modes of preparation of a liposomal form of biologically active substances with predetermined dispersion parameters (average particle diameter 250 ± 100 nm, polydispersity index 0.3 ± 0.1, and zeta potential from -5 to -35 mV) were determined. It was found that the high-pressure homogenizer “Donor-5” makes it possible to obtain liposomal dispersions with standard parameters and the degree of inclusion of musk biologically active substances up to 60%, at the same time as providing minimal oxidation and hydrolysis of phospholipids (oxidation index 0.3). Our studies showed that the use of a domestic phosphatidylcholine is economically justified and allows obtaining liposomal forms of proper quality. The quality indicators of the obtained liposomal substance were characterised by conventional analytical methods (dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, gel chromatography, chromatography-mass spectrometry, etc.). On the basis of the results obtained, a draft specification was developed for a liposomal substance (powder) containing a complex of biologically active substances isolated from deer musk. The developed technology for obtaining a liposomal form of biologically active substances from deer musk can be scaled up in accordance with GMP requirements.
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3

Bowman, Eric. "Biological basis of substance abuse." Neuropsychologia 34, no. 2 (February 1996): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3932(96)90003-2.

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4

Yargic, Ilhan. "Biological Mechanisms Underlying Addiction." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 2, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v2i3.37.

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Анотація:
Addiction is a behavioral disorder related to alterations in neurobiological systems involved in reward system, brain stress response, physical withdrawal, inhibition and executive control. Alcohol or drug addiction does not occur without using these substances but genetic and epigenetic variations in these neurobiological systems cause individual differences. The current review summarizes the literature on the biological basis of drug addiction. In addition, this review tries to explain the path from occasional recreational substance use to the compulsive, addicted state. It will help understand why avoiding psychoactive drugs or not to start using is very crucial.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 02 No. 03 July’18. Page : 107-111
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5

Lenartowicz, Piotr. "Substance and Cognition of Biological Phenomena." Forum Philosophicum 4 (1999): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/forphil199946.

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Cohen, Yael Helfman, Yoram Reich, and Sara Greenberg. "Substance Field Analysis and Biological Functions." Procedia Engineering 131 (2015): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.416.

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7

Guang, Hao Chen, Huang Ju-Chang, and Irene M. C. Lo. "Removal of rate-limiting organic substances in a hybrid biological reactor." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 6 (March 1, 1997): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0246.

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Анотація:
This paper is aimed at investigating the removal of both easily as well as slowly biodegradable (or rate-limiting) organic substances in an aerobic hybrid reactor which consists of both the suspended and attached biomass (or biofilm). The study involves theoretical computer simulations on the reactor performance. It has been shown that the organic removal efficiency in a purely suspended growth system decreases markedly when the maximum specific removal rate (MSRR) of an organic substance is lower than 0.5/day. Thus, a suspended growth system is not effective in removing any substance of low biodegradability. On the contrary, when a hybrid system is applied, a rate-limiting organic substance with an MSRR of 0.1/day can still be effectively removed as long as the weight ratio of the biofilm to the suspended biomass is not less than 0.027. In such a system, an increase in the amount of the suspended biomass will not significantly increase the removal rate for such a substance because a slowly biodegradable substance needs some specific types of microorganisms which have a low growth rate. As such, in a biofilm system it is easier to maintain these microorganisms than in a suspended growth reactor. In this case, an increase of biofilm will improve the treatment efficiency. For the removal of an easily biodegradable substance (i.e., MSRR is not less than 0.5/day), the suspended biomass plays a more important role than the fixed biomass in a hybrid reactor. Through simulation modelling, it is known that to obtain 80% or more removal of a slowly biodegradable substance (MSRR at 0.1/day) in a hybrid reactor, the optimal operating values of organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time, and the ratio of support surface to reactor volume are 0.53 kg COD/m3/day, 6 hours, and 225 m2/m3, respectively. The results of this study suggest that to achieve an effective simultaneous removal of both easily and slowly biodegradable organics a hybrid reactor offers the best solution.
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8

McCuish, Evan C. "Substance Use Profiles Among Juvenile Offenders: A Lifestyles Theoretical Perspective." Journal of Drug Issues 47, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 448–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042617699197.

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Анотація:
Base rates of illicit substances such as cocaine, crack cocaine, and heroin are typically low in community-based studies, which often inhibit more complex multivariate analysis. Additionally, single-item measures and aggregate scales mask within-group differences among those showing versatility in their substance use. Latent class analysis was used to model the substance use profiles of adjudicated female ( n = 98) and male ( n = 378) youth. Alcohol, marijuana, acid, mushrooms, ecstasy, cocaine, crack cocaine, heroin, crystal methamphetamine, and nonmedical use of prescription pills were used to define latent profiles of substance use. Three latent classes were identified that were qualitatively different across males and females. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that time spent outside of the home of the biological parents, early substance use, and parental substance abuse were informative of the use of substances such as cocaine, crack cocaine, and heroin. Implications for more individualized treatment strategies are discussed.
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9

Kostov, Georgi, Vesela Shopska, Rositsa Denkova, Mihaela Ivanova, Tatyana Balabanova, and Radka Vlaseva. "Encapsulation of plant and animal oils used in dairy industry: A review." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucft-2016-0002.

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Анотація:
Abstract The development of new food products enriched with biologically active components is a topical issue for modern food science and practice. Many of these substances are unstable when being incorporated into the food matrix, which demands a study on the possibilities to stabilize them before use. Encapsulation of biologically active substances is a method which provides stability of the substance in the food product. The principles for implementing encapsulation of biologically active substances, especially natural oils, the matrices and the encapsulation methods are discussed in the present review. Data on the impact of key process parameters of encapsulation, the biological value of oils and the opportunities for application of the encapsulated systems in different groups of dairy products are presented.
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10

Martinescu, Fabiana. "Research On The Subject Of Nutrition In Physical Effort Determination." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 21, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2015-0142.

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Анотація:
Abstract Living organisms are in close dependence with the environment. There is also a permanent exchange of substance, energy and information between the human body and the environment, an exchange that underlies the development of all biological processes. In the normal biological processes, the essential environmental factors compete, among which we mention the air, water and food. The importance of food (lat. alimentum - aliment)consists of the intake of nutrients necessary for all life processes. The substances from food are generically described by the term “nutrient principles” or “food principles”, often being used the term “nutrients”. Among nutrients, depending on their amount in the food products and the physiological and biochemical role, there are the macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids and protides), micronutrients (mineral compounds of biological interest and vitamins) as well as other nutrients (water, fibres, biologically-active substances).
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Biological substance"

1

DARMAN, PAUL STEWART. "THE SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ALPHA-MELANOTROPIN AND SUBSTANCE P PEPTIDE ANALOGUES (STRUCTURE, FUNCTION)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187929.

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Анотація:
To investigate the underlying structural features of the neuropeptides α-melanotropin (α-MSH) and substance P (SP), which are responsible for their biological actions, the following study was undertaken. By means of side-chain, fragment and conformational restriction analysis, several α-MSH peptides were prepared by solid-phase synthesis and evaluated by the frog and lizard skin bioassays. Using conformational restriction and fragment methods, several SP peptides were synthesized and examined for biological activity on the guinea-pig isolated ileum, rat brain binding and intrathecal injection assay systems. The results with the new α-MSH analogues show that the histidine-6 side-chain is not needed for signal transduction, but is very important for full potency. The tryptophan-9 side-chain is similarly not needed for signal transduction, but is critically important for full potency. The data also indicate that the positions 6 and 9 side-chains are important for full potency because they likely interact with the melanophore receptor, rather than playing a role in conformationally folding the MSH peptide into a pseudocyclic structure. The results also show that the arginine side-chain at position 8 is not particularly important for signal transduction or full potency, but on the lizard skin bioassay this side-chain is implicated in the previously reported prolongation of Nle⁴, D-Phe⁷-α-MSH. The data provided by the SP peptides suggest that the previously postulated pseudocyclic structure of the 5-11 sequence may not be as fundamental to SP activity as heretofore believed. The data suggest that this type of turn conformation may be important for signal transduction, but is apparently not the only requirement for receptor recognition. Finally, the data show that part of the signal transduction message of SP is contained within the 5-8 region of the peptide, but that most of the receptor recognition elements are probably located outside this sequence.
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2

Lindsay, Gregory W. "Enhanced Renal Sympathetic and Cardiovascular Responses to Substance P in Hypertension." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1993. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2718.

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Анотація:
Blood pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve responses were measured in 9-13 week old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and compared to those in age and sex-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats following intravenous injection of the neuropeptide substance P (SP), the nicotinic stimulant 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP), and the adrenoceptor stimulant norepinephrine (NE). Charles River Sprague-Dawley (CD) rats were used in some studies to develop methodologies. Measurements were made in control rats and also following sinoaortic denervation, pithing, ganglion blockade, or adrenoceptor blockade. Responses were evaluated in order to determine if ganglion stimulation by SP was enhanced in SHR compared to WKY rats and if this enhancement was selective for SP or would also be exhibited to DMPP. NE was used to evaluate adrenergic sensitivity and to confirm the success of baroreceptor denervations. SHR exhibited greater intrinsic sympathetic tone than WKY rats before and following ganglion blockade. Ganglion stimulation by SP and DMPP was only fully revealed following elimination of baroreceptor input. Results indicated that SP stimulates sympathetic ganglia to increase renal sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate and blood pressure in CD, SHR and WKY rats. This increase was enhanced in SHR compared to WKY rats in the absence of a similar enhancement of responses to DMPP. The action of SP to cause vasodilation was attenuated in SHR versus WKY rats which may augment its action as a pressor agent in SHR. In conclusion, increases in blood pressure, heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity were selectively increased to SP in SHR versus WKY rats. This enhanced action of SP may contribute to the elevation of basal and/or evoked sympathetic discharge observed in this model of hypertension.
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3

Bondarenko, I. S., О. Г. Аврунін, O. Gryshkov, B. Glasmacher, S. I. Bondarenko, A. V. Krevsun, and M. V. Rakhimova. "Acoustomagnetic detection of magnetic nanoparticles in a model." Thesis, The International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2019. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/9878.

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Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used in medicine for targeted drug delivyry to the area of the cancer. The installation consists of the ultrasound generator, the permanent magnet, the glass containerwith the colloidal mixture, the multi-turn coil about of the glass tube and the voltmeter. The experimental result corrilates with the calculated ones. It is suggested that AMM can used to detect MNPs in the real biological substance.
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4

Landis, Geoffrey Carrothers. "Synthesis and biological activities of tachykinin and opioid-related compounds, synthesis of unusual amino acids, and the investigations into the smooth muscle pharmacology of tachykinins." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184656.

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Анотація:
Eight cyclic analogues of Substance P were made in order to investigate the conformation of the C-terminal end of the peptide. These analogues were designed to test three literature models describing the active conformation of substance P. Although the potencies of the analogues were low (in the micromolar range), our results support Cotrait's and Hospital's model (1986). Several substance P antagonists were synthesized. These compounds did not demonstrate agonistic activity nor anatagonistic activity. The tryptophan side chain is contributing to the antagonistic activity of these analogues, and not just the chirality of the α-carbon. Highly potent and selective photoaffinity ligands of H-Tyr-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen-OH (DPDPE) and D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH₂ (CTP) were synthesized. These compounds will be useful in the isolation of δ and μ opioid receptors. Several new amino acids designed and synthesized to contain both the natural amino acid side chain and a thiol group which can be used to make disulfide constraints. The racemic amino acids made were as follows: (1) 2-amino-4-methyl-2- [(p-methylbenzyl)thiomethyl] pentanoic acid; (2) 2-amino-2- [(p-methylbenzyl)thiomethyl] -3-phenylpropanoic acid; (3) 2-amino-e- [(p-methylbenzyl)thio] pentanoic acid; and (4) 2-amino-3- [(p-methylbenzyl)-thio] -3-phenyl-pentanoic acid. These amino acids will be useful in the conformational restriction of peptides. To investigate the δ-opioid receptor conformation proposed for DPDPE by Hruby et al. (1988) and the μ-opioid receptor conformation proposed for Tyr-c [Abu₂,Gly,Phe,Leu] by Mierke et al. (1988), constrained phenylalanine amino acids were incorporated into H-Try-D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Pen-OH (DPDPE) in the four position. Our results indicate that these models are correct. And in an investigation into the physical-chemical properties of the delta opioid receptor, our results suggest that the δ receptor topochemical site for the Phe⁴ residue contains a partial positive charge on its surface and has specific steric requirements.
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5

Plant, Christopher P. "NICOTINE AND METHYLPHENIDATE CHORNIC EXPOSURE ON ADULT CANNABINOID RECEPTOR AGONIST (CP 55,940) PLACE CONDITIONING IN MALE RATS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/339.

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Анотація:
A problematic connection has been reported between those who use nicotine related products alone or in combination with ADHD medications, like methylphenidate (MPH), in late childhood or early adolescence and the increased likelihood of later marijuana abuse in adulthood. Pre-clinical studies have found that the use of nicotine during the early adolescence period produces enduring changes to the endocannabinoid system in the brain. Since CB agonists, like marijuana, exert their effect through the eCB system, it is possible that early nicotine use may alter the rewarding nature of CB agonists in adulthood. In addition, MPH has also been shown to increase nicotine self-administration and abuse related behaviors of nicotine in rats. Thus, the current study consisted of two experiments looking at the effects of early nicotine and methylphenidate exposure on adult CB-agonist place conditioning in rats. In the first experiment, rats were pre-exposed to either saline or nicotine (0.16, 0.32, or 0.64 mg/kg) from PD 31 to PD 40. On PD 60, rats began a 13-day biased CPP procedure with the CB agonist, CP 55,940 (10, 20 or 30 μg/kg), or vehicle. No significant group differences were found, suggesting that early nicotine exposure does not influence the rewarding nature of CB agonists. Additional individual subgroup comparisons were conducted to determine if any subgroups significantly differed from 0 or no mean change in preference from preconditioning to testing. These analyses revealed that rats pre-exposed to the moderate (0.32 mg/kg) dose of nicotine showed a significant aversion to the high (30 μg/kg) dose of CP 55,940, suggesting that early nicotine exposure may reduce the rewarding nature of CB agonists in adulthood. In the second experiment, rats were pre-exposed to either saline or MPH (0.5, 2, 0r 5 mg/kg) from PD 21 to PD 30. Similar to the first experiment, rats began a 13-day biased CPP procedure on PD 60 with CP 55,940 (10, 20 or 30 μg/kg) or vehicle. Rats conditioned with the moderate (20 μg/kg) dose of CP 55,940 showed a significant preference for the CB agonist as compared to rats conditioned with the high (30 μg/kg) dose of CP 55,940. CP 55,940 exposed rats did not significantly differ from control rats. There was no significant effect of MPH or a MPH x CP 55,940 interaction, suggesting that early MPH exposure does not alter the rewarding nature of CB agonists in adulthood. Together these findings suggest that early nicotine, but not MPH, exposure may influence the rewarding nature of CB agonists in adulthood, suggesting an additional risk factor of early nicotine use. However, future studies should evaluate the effects of persistent nicotine and MPH exposure starting in early adolescence or childhood through adulthood to determine whether the effects of nicotine and MPH are altered if use is continued into adulthood.
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6

Botros, Milad. "Characterization of Substance P (SP) Aminoterminal SP (1-7) Binding in Brain Regions and Spinal Cord of the Male Rat : Studies on the Interaction with Opioid Related Pathways." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för biologisk beroendeforskning, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9401.

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Анотація:
Binding sites for substance P(1-7), SP(1-7) have been identified and characterized for the first time in crude membrane fraction from rat CNS using tritiated ([3H]) SP(1-7) as tracer. These putative receptors were investigated in relation to their affinity for tachykinins, opioid peptides and sigma receptor ligands. [3H]-SP(1-7) specifically binds to high affinity binding sites identified as receptor targets for the heptapeptide SP (1-7). Two distinct binding sites were observed in the spinal cord. One site is recognized by high affinity for SP(1-7) with a Kd of 0.5 nM, whereas the other site showed low affinity for the heptapeptide (Kd=12 nM). In the brain, the binding of SP(1-7) fitted a single site binding model with a Kd of 4.4 nM and a Ki of 4.2 nM. Further, using the spinal cord membranes the binding of [3H]-SP (1-7) was weakly displaced by SP and other N-terminal fragments thereof and no or negligible affinity was observed for ligands of the NK-1, NK-2 and NK-3 tachykinin receptors, C-terminal SP(5-11), Tyr-w-MIF-1 or the mu-opioid receptor antagonists naloxone and naloxonazine. On the other hand it was significantly displaced by endomorphin-2, DAMGO, and Try-MIF-1 and exhibit some affinity for MIF-1, ß-casomorphin and endomorphin-1. However, only endomorphin-2, DAMGO and Tyr-MIF-1 showed affinity in the close range of the native peptide SP(1-7). The affinity of endomorphin-2 for the spinal cord site was 10 times lower than that of SP(1-7) but more than 100 times higher than the affinity recorded for endomorphin-1. Tyr-MIF-1 but not Tyr-w-MIF-1 showed similar affinity as endomorphin-2 for SP(1-7) site. All peptides exhibiting high affinity at the SP(1-7) site, have a phenylalanine or a leucine residue in their C-terminal structure. Further, synthetic analogues of SP(1-7) were tested for their affinity for the SP(1-7) receptor in the rat spinal cord. An important finding here was that the receptor-ligand-interaction was favoured by the C-terminal region of SP(1-7). Residues at positions 5-7 appeared crucial for binding to the specific SP(1-7) site. The presence of the amidated Phe7 residue was extremely critical for binding to the SP(1-7) site.The analogue Gln5-Gln6-Phe7-NH2 was almost equipotent with the parent peptide in the SP (1-7) receptor binding assay. Furthermore, the SP(1-7)-amide potently and dose dependently reduced several signs of the reaction to morphine withdrawal and was significantly attenuated by the addition of the sigma agonist SK-10047. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis has contributed the characterization of the properties of highly selective binding sites for SP(1-7) in the rat spinal cord and VTA. These sites appear to be distinct from the µ-opioid receptor or any of the known neurokinin receptors. The study further indicates that the SP(1-7)-amide mimics the effect of the nativ heptapeptide and that the mechanisms for its action involve a sigma receptor site.
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Ploux, Olivier. "Synthèse d'analogues cycliques de la substance P : études biochimiques et structurales." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066076.

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8

Shamgochian, Maureen. "The Stimulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion from Anterior Pituitary Cells in Culture by Substance P: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 1990. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/129.

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Анотація:
The observations that substance P (SP) is localized in the anterior pituitary gland (AP) and is regulated by the hormonal status of the animal, as well as the demonstration of SP binding sites in the AP, have led to the idea that SP may participate in the regulation of AP function. Numerous and sometimes contradictory reports of SP effects on AP hormone secretion, particularly on luteinizing hormone (LH), left the question of whether SP acts directly at the level of the AP to regulate LH secretion still unanswered. To investigate a possible physiological function of SP in the AP, the effects of exogenous SP on LH secretion from AP cells from adult and prepubertal male and female rats in short term culture were studied. It was found that SP (100nM-1μM) significantly stimulates LH release in cultured AP cells and that this effect varies as a function of age and sex. SP has no significant effect on LH release from AP cells of male and female prepubertal rats. After day 30 a sharp increase in the response to SP occurs in both sexes. This level of responsiveness continues through adulthood in AP cells from the female rat. In contrast, AP cells from male rats failed to respond during adulthood (over 50 days of age) but were highly responsive during the peripubertal period (30-35 days). The possibility that the responsiveness to SP is influenced by the endocrine status of the animal was investigated by exposing AP cells from responding animals to androgens in vivo and in vitro. It was found that AP cells from female rats treated with androgen were less responsive to 100nM SP but did respond at higher doses of SP. SP effects on AP function were further analyzed in experiments using radioligand binding assays to assess possible changes in SP receptor number or affinity as related to age and sex. In AP membranes from female rats, maximum binding is 8-fold higher (Bmax=4.2 pmo1/mg membrane protein) than in AP membranes from male rats (Bmax=560fmo1/ mg membrane protein). These studies suggest a role for SP as a secondary regulator of LH secretion with possible physiological significance for reproductive function.
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Skog, Manfred. "Kvantifiering av näringsflöden i Recirkulerande Akvakultur (RAS) och nätkasseodling av lax (Salmo salar)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149624.

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Анотація:
Aquaculture has been a way to produce fish as a protein source for thousands of years and over the past decades aquaculture has been the fastest expanding animal-based food sector in the world. This study focused on quantifying the flows of nitrogen and phosphorus in Atlantic Salmon farming and compared traditional open net farming with a more recent technique, land based recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The aim was to quantify the difference in emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus between the two types of farming and to quantify the amount of nutrients that could be reused from the respective fish farm. Data were obtained from reports, scientific publications and an application for environmental permit (EIA) for the case Smögenlax Aquaculture AB. The same feed input and salmon output were assumed in the two systems and a substance flow analysis was used to quantify the flows of nutrients. The amount of produced salmon and fish feed/year were taken from Smögenlax Aquacultures EIA. The results showed that a RAS-based Salmon farm emits only 6 % of the nitrogen and 5 % of the phosphorus emitted to the recipient waters in comparison to an open net farm. RAS-based salmon farming also enables the reuse of 19 % more nitrogen and 47 % more phosphorus than an open net farm by using sludge and fish offal from the farm to create biogas and biofertilizers. RAS is still evolving to provide possibilities for large scale salmon farms on land to be both cost and environmental efficient and may in the future be the most common way to farm Atlantic Salmon.
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Sherwood, Alexander M. "Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Compounds with CNS-Activity Targeting Cannabinoid and Biogenic Amine Receptors." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1831.

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This work seeks to contribute to the discipline of neuropharmacology by way of structure activity relationship from the standpoint of an organic chemist. More specifically, we sought to develop robust synthetic methodology able to efficiently produce an array of compounds for the purpose of systematic evaluation of their interaction with specific sights within the central nervous system (CNS) in order to better understand the mind and to develop drugs that may have beneficial effects on neurological function. The focus of these studies has been toward the development of novel molecules, using a structure-activity relationship approach, that exhibit binding affinity at specific targets within the CNS. The merit of such studies is twofold: primarily, new compounds are produced that provide valuable scientific insight about their physiological targets, and secondarily, new synthetic methodologies that may arise in order to produce these compounds, thereby contributing to the whole of organic chemistry. As a result of the research described herein, the development of one high affinity and several moderate affinity compounds at the cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB1) has been accomplished. The research demonstrates that a diaryl ether molecular scaffold represents a successful motif in the cannabinoid pharmacophore. The production of the compounds in the SAR studies also introduced a novel general synthetic methodology for the synthesis of diaryl ethers around a phloroglucinol core. A second project was initiated in order to explore the synthetic methods required to develop a general process for the synthesis of rigid aminobenzocyclobutane analogs of known phenethylamines with activity at monoaminergic neurotransmitter sites. Using the synthetic approach devised here, four novel aminobenzocyclobutane isomeric analogs of a known pharmacologically active phenethylamine, (RS)-phenylpropan-amine were synthesized and are currently being evaluated for pharmacological potential.
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Книги з теми "Biological substance"

1

A, Maisto Stephen, ed. Determinants of Substance Abuse: Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Factors. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985.

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2

Jones-Witters, Patricia. Drugs and society: A biological perspective. Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 1986.

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3

The good news about drugs and alcohol: Curing, treating, and preventing substance abuse in the new age of biopsychiatry. New York: Villard Books, 1991.

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4

Substance abuse as symptom: A psychoanalytic critique of treatment approaches and the cultural beliefs that sustain them. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1991.

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5

Preventing relapse in the addictions: A biopsychosocial approach. New York: Pergamon Press, 1991.

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6

International Association of Biological Standardization. and Ares-Serono Symposia, eds. International Symposium on Virological Aspects of the Safety of Biological Products: Proceedings of a symposium. Basel: Karger, 1991.

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7

Montoya, Ivan D., ed. Biologics to Treat Substance Use Disorders. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23150-1.

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8

Sukhareva, N. N. Biologically active substances of protozoa. Dordecht: Kluwer Academic, 2002.

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9

Sukhareva-Buell, Natalia N. Biologically Active Substances of Protozoa. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1088-7.

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10

Otsuki, Takemi, Yasuo Yoshioka, and Andrij Holian, eds. Biological Effects of Fibrous and Particulate Substances. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55732-6.

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Частини книг з теми "Biological substance"

1

Szobot, Claudia M., and Oscar Bukstein. "Substance Use Disorders in Adolescence." In Biological Child Psychiatry, 166–80. Basel: KARGER, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000118523.

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2

Blows, William T. "Common substance misuse." In The Biological Basis of Mental Health, 214–21. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003097273-12.

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3

Kelly, Thomas H., Alessandra N. Kazura, Karen M. Lommel, Shanna Babalonis, and Catherine A. Martin. "A Biological/Genetic Perspective: The Addicted Brain." In Adolescent Substance Abuse, 15–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09732-9_2.

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4

Kelly, Thomas H., Arit Harvanko, Mark E. Pierce, Abner O. Rayapati, and Catherine A. Martin. "A Biological/Genetic Perspective: The Addicted Brain." In Adolescent Substance Abuse, 23–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90611-9_3.

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5

Chandler, Tricia L., Mary C. Hoke, Tara G. Matthews, and Elizabeth Reyes-Fournier. "Biological Approaches." In Co-occurring Mental Illness and Substance Use Disorders, 196–209. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003220916-18.

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6

Blows, William T. "Illicit substance use disorders." In The Biological Basis of Mental Health, 189–213. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003097273-11.

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7

Dziwenka, M. M., and R. W. Coppock. "Cannabidiol (CBD) and Its Biological Toxicity." In Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67928-6_69-1.

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8

Ron, D., R. Laufer, J. Frey, C. Gilon, Z. Selinger, and M. Chorev. "Synthesis and Biological Activity of Agonists for the Neuronal Tachykinin Receptor in Guinea Pig Ileum." In Substance P and Neurokinins, 144–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4672-5_48.

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9

Simão, Ana Y., Mónica Antunes, Hernâni Marques, Tiago Rosado, Sofia Soares, Joana Gonçalves, Mário Barroso, and Eugenia Gallardo. "Amphetamine in biological specimens: impact and implications for public health." In Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67928-6_104-1.

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10

Witkiewitz, Katie, and Johnny Wu. "Emotions and relapse in substance use: Evidence for a complex interaction among psychological, social, and biological processes." In Substance abuse and emotion., 171–87. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12067-007.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Biological substance"

1

Jabbour, Rabih E., Ashish Tripathi, Patrick J. Treado, Janet L. Jensen, and A. Peter Snyder. "Biological substance characterization in water matrices with raman microscopy." In 2007 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qels.2007.4431542.

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2

Jabbour, Rabih E., Ashish Tripathi, Patrick J. Treado, Janet L. Jensen, and A. Peter Snyder. "Biological Substance Characterization in Water Matrices with Raman Microscopy." In CLEO 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo.2007.4453765.

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3

Jabbour, Rabih E., Ashish Tripathi, Patrick J. Treado, Matthew P. Nelson, Janet L. Jensen, and A. Peter Snyder. "Biological Substance Characterization in Water Matrices with Raman Microscopy." In Photonic Applications Systems Technologies Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/phast.2007.pwc4.

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4

Jabbour, Rabih E., Ashish Tripathi, Patrick J. Treado, Jason H. Neiss, Matthew P. Nelson, Janet L. Jensen, and A. Peter Snyder. "Biological substance characterization in water matrices with Raman microspectroscopy." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Augustus W. Fountain III. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.707777.

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5

Karapetyan, K. G. "Modern Technologies for Producing Foamed Phosphate Glass for Oil Sorbents." In Modern Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901755-62.

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Abstract. The paper considers applications of foamed glassy phosphate materials as carriers of biologically active substances. The atomic layer deposition method allowed chemically synthesizing surface-modified composite materials based on graphite and carbon fibers, which maximally preserved the activity of enzymes and biologically active substances. The synthesis process of a mono-layer titanium-containing coating on the surface of graphite and carbon fibers by processing them with TiCl4 vapors is considered. The main characteristics of the graphite surface before and after modification and characteristics of the porous structure and surface of carbon fibers are obtained. Biologically active substances by adsorption from a solution to the surface of both the original and modified carriers were applied. biological activity and temperature stability of the obtained composite materials were studied. It is shown that the activity of a biologically active substance depends on the chemical composition and state of the surface of carbon-based carriers.
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6

Kosolapova, N., A. Smorodko, S. Mironov, E. Protsenko, I. Balabina, and S. Sobolev. "Agro-ecological bioactiv substance based on nano-dispersed peat: preparation and investigation." In International Conference on Environmental Science and Biological Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esbe140891.

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7

Horak, Josef, Barbara Enderle, Huseyin Bakirci, and Gerald A. Urban. "Amperometric micro-immunosensor for rapid Substance-P quantification in biological fluids." In 2009 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2009.5398393.

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8

Takimoto, Akira, Y. Tada, N. Momose, and Yujiro Hayashi. "HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AT MICROSCALES DURING FREEZING OF BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE." In International Heat Transfer Conference 10. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc10.1570.

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9

"Application of the theory of planned behavior to predict the intention of condom use among male substance abusers covered by substance abuse treatment centers in Hamadan: A descriptive-analytic study." In International Conference on Medicine, Public Health and Biological Sciences. CASRP Publishing Company, Ltd. Uk, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/mphbs.2016.86.

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10

Premaratne, Malin. "Photon Transport in Biological Tissue - Noninvasive Sensing for Imaging and Substance Identification." In 2006 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciinfs.2006.347170.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Biological substance"

1

Johnson, Kelli. Assessment of Potential Long Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1009505.

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2

Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, and Boaz Shaanan. Structural Elements and Neuropharmacological Features Involved in the Insecticidal Properties of an Alpha Scorpion Neurotoxin: A Multidisciplinary Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7573061.bard.

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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection requires the use of chemical or biological insecticides in many instances. Nontheless, the use non-selective chemical insecticides poses risks to the environment and livestock and consequently urgent need exists for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and not toxic to wam-blooded animals. Therefore, mobilization of these substances into insect pest targets is of major interest. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chamical insecticides provided they have a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. All of these objectives were addressed in this research. A direct approach for plant protection was the mobilization of toxins into target pests using baculoviral vectors. The other approach was to develop a suitable system enabling the elucidation of the toxin bioactive site, which would enable design of insecticidal peptidomimetics. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins, were studied at the sodium channel receptor site. All the above approaches show great promise and clearly indicate that scorpion insecticidal toxins may provide powerful means in insect pest control.
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3

Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, Boaz Shaanan, Oren Froy, Dalia Gordon, Daewoo Lee, and Yong Zhao. Interacting Domains of Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins and their Sodium Channel Binding Sites: Structure, Cooperative Interactions with Agrochemicals, and Application. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585190.bard.

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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection may combine chemical and biological insecticides, particularly due to the risks to the environment and livestock arising from the massive use of non-selective chemicals. Thus, there is a need for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and non-toxic to warm-blooded animals. Therefore, integration of these substances into insect pest control strategies is of major importance. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chemical insecticides if they produce a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. Based on these considerations, our major objectives were: 1) To elucidate the three-dimensional structure and toxic-site of scorpion excitatory, "depressant, and anti-insect alpha toxins. 2) To obtain an initial view to the sodium channel recognition sites of the above toxins by generating peptide decoys through a phage display system. 3) To investigate the synergism between toxins and chemical insecticides. Our approach was to develop a suitable expression system for toxin production in a recombinant form and for elucidation of toxin bioactive sites via mutagenesis. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins with pyrethroids were studied at the sodium channel level using electrophysiological methods. Objective 1 was achieved for the alpha toxin, LqhaIT Zilberberg et al., 1996, 1997; Tugarinov et al., 1997; Froy et al., 2002), and the excitatory toxin, Bj-xtrIT (Oren et al., 1998; Froy et al., 1999; unpublished data). The bioactive surface of the depressant toxin, LqhIT2, has been clarified and a crystal of the toxin is now being analyzed (unpublished). Objective 2 was not successful thus far as no phages that recognize the toxins were obtained. We therefore initiated recently an alternative approach, which is introduction of mutations into recombinant channels and creation of channel chimeras. Objective 3 was undertaken at Riverside and the results demonstrated synergism between LqhaIT or AaIT and pyrethroids (Lee et al., 2002). Furthermore, negative cross-resistance between pyrethroids and scorpion toxins (LqhaIT and AaIT) was demonstrated at the molecular level. Although our study did not yield a product, it paves the way for future design of selective pesticides by capitalizing on the natural competence of scorpion toxins to distinguish between sodium channels of insects and vertebrates. We also show that future application of anti-insect toxins may enable to decrease the amounts of chemical pesticides due to their synergism.
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Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.

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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.
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