We are proudly a Ukrainian website. Our country was attacked by Russian Armed Forces on Feb. 24, 2022.
You can support the Ukrainian Army by following the link: https://u24.gov.ua/.
Even the smallest donation is hugely appreciated!
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Bicycles".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Paudel, Milan, and Fook Fah Yap. "Development of an improved design methodology and front steering design guideline for small-wheel bicycles for better stability and performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 234, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337120919608.
The maneuverability and compactness of small-wheel and folding bicycles are greatly appreciated. Nonetheless, the performance of these small-wheel bicycles as compared to the big-wheel bicycles has always been questioned. They are often blamed for being less stable, wobbly, or twitchy. It is still unclear how the performance of the small-wheel bicycle designs can be improved. Both small- and big-wheel bicycles are designed with similar ergonomics; therefore, the focus has been on the front steering design. The steering design parameters of 91 big-wheel and 27 small-wheel bicycles were compared, bearing in mind the available front steering design guidelines to understand: (1) the influence of big-wheel bicycle’s frame design on small-wheel bicycles and (2) most common range of design parameters used in current bicycle designs. The analysis showed a strong influence of current big-wheel bicycle design practice on front frame parameter selection of small-wheel bicycles. Furthermore, the self-stability comparison over the most common design range confirmed the lesser stability in the current small-wheel bicycle designs at normal riding speed. However, it was also found that the lesser stability was not the result of small wheels per se, but rather owing to an inadequacy in the current design approach to addressing the complex influence of reducing wheel size and bicycle frame design on its stability and performance. Therefore, an improved design methodology was adopted by incorporating the bicycle dynamics into the current design approach and the front steering design guidelines for small-wheel bicycles have been developed. The guidelines contradict the current small-wheel bicycle design practice, as they recommend steeper headtube angles for small-wheel bicycles. The guidelines were validated with good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results on two prototype 20-inch-wheel bicycles having counter-intuitive steering geometry.
2
Allen, D. Patrick, Nagui Rouphail, Joseph E. Hummer, and Joseph S. Milazzo. "Operational Analysis of Uninterrupted Bicycle Facilities." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-05.
The popularity of bicycles in North America is growing. As the popularity of bicycles has increased, so has the physical network of separate bicycle facilities and designated bicycle lanes in many locations. As a consequence of this growth, there is a demand for more information about bicycle operations on these facilities. Unfortunately, the state of knowledge regarding bicycle operations in the United States currently lags far behind that of motor vehicles and pedestrians. The international research that has been conducted to date regarding bicycle operations on uninterrupted facilities is thoroughly reviewed, and recommended procedures for the operational analysis of uninterrupted bicycle facilities are outlined. The recommended procedures are based on the concept of “frequencies of events” involving a bicyclist and other bicyclists or facility users. Events are defined as bicycle maneuvers required by a bicyclist on a facility, including passings (same-direction encounters) and meetings (opposite-direction encounters). The frequency of events for an uninterrupted bicycle facility is related to the service volumes of bicycles using or projected to be using the facility and does not have to be observed directly. The proposed procedures are, therefore, recommended based not only on their theoretical substance but also on their ease of use by practitioners.
3
Ivanišević, Tijana, Aleksandar Trifunović, Svetlana Čičević, Dalibor Pešić, Sreten Simović, Aleksandar Zunjic, Darina Duplakova, Jan Duplak, and Uros Manojlovic. "Analysis and Determination of the Lateral Distance Parameters of Vehicles When Overtaking an Electric Bicycle from the Point of View of Road Safety." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031621.
Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of electric bicycles on the roads and a rise in the number of road crashes involving e-bicyclists. There are various causes of road crashes involving e-bicyclists. Out of the total number of fatalities in traffic, bicyclists account for 9% in the Republic of Serbia. Road crashes occurring when motor vehicles overtake bicyclists make up 13% of the total number of road crashes involving bicyclists. Having in mind the above-mentioned, an experimental study has been conducted in order to analyze whether the use of helmets and reflective vests, different vehicle categories, and the speed of electric bicycles affect the lateral distance when overtaking e-bicycles. This research analyzed the lateral distance of 1228 vehicles overtaking an e-bicyclist. There are statistically significant differences in the lateral distance when overtaking an e-bicycle regarding helmet use, different vehicle categories overtaking the e-bicycle, and different speeds of the e-bicycle. The results showed that a faster speed of an e-bicycle led to a shorter lateral distance when overtaking it and that SUV drivers (along with motorcycle drivers) had the shortest lateral distance when overtaking e-bicycles.
4
Jackson, Michael E., and Erik O. Ruehr. "Let the People Be Heard: San Diego County Bicycle Use and Attitude Survey." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-02.
What is the best way to promote bicycle transportation? Are people afraid to ride bicycles because motorists will run them over? Are there enough bicycle facilities available? Is promoting bicycle transportation a wise use of tax dollars? What percentage of the population currently rides bicycles? The San Diego Association of Governments allocates approximately $2 million annually on bicycling projects throughout San Diego County, California. Both the county of San Diego and the city of San Diego employ full-time bicycle coordinators. Periodically, questions and comments will arise regarding bicycling policies. “Why are they spending so much money on bicycle lanes? No one ever bicycles down this street.” “If they would build more bicycle paths, I would ride my bicycle to work instead of drive.” “How do they expect people to ride bicycles if they don’t maintain the pavement?” The San Diego County Bicycle Use and Attitude Survey was commissioned at the behest of the San Diego County Public Works Department to determine existing levels of bicycle usage and bicycling attitudes among San Diego County residents. A total of 3,800 interviews, conducted during February and March 1994 by telephone throughout the county, provided valuable insight into a large range of bicycling issues. The survey found that a majority (58 percent) of those residents polled reported that they were bicycle owners, and that a majority (68 percent) of those households in which bicycles were present reported that the adults bicycled. Respondents who bicycle chose bicycle paths, which are separated from motor vehicles, as their preferred bikeway facility. Almost three-fourths of the respondents (73 percent) stated that they did not bicycle at night. Only 15 percent of respondents who rode a bicycle at least once within the past year reported riding for transportation purposes. Over 99 percent of all respondents stated that they did not belong to a bicycling organization. A majority of respondents (over 70 percent) had not heard of various government programs that provided bicycle maps and bicycle information, and less than 10 percent of respondents have used these services. The majority of bicycling households (86 percent) reported being at least somewhat satisfied with the level of bikeway maintenance provided. Overall, survey respondents expressed support for government efforts to promote bicycle transportation.
5
Xu, Liang, Meiqi Liu, Xiang Song, and Sheng Jin. "Analytical Model of Passing Events for One-Way Heterogeneous Bicycle Traffic Flows." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 36 (July 31, 2018): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118788425.
Heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows, consisting of electric bicycles (e-bicycles) and regular bicycles (r-bicycles), have become the main traffic form on shared bicycle routes in China due to the increasing number of e-bicycles. As a result, overtaking occurs frequently among bicycles, which affects cyclists’ safety and perception. This paper presents an analytical model to estimate the number of passing events in heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows. The relationships between passing events and the parameters of the heterogeneous bicycle traffic flow is established in the proposed model. The probability density functions of the speed of r-bicycles and e-bicycles are taken into consideration. The results of the model analysis show that the number of passing events increases with an increase in the flow rate and density. Both a difference in speed between different types of bicycle and the standard deviation of speed of each type of bicycle have positive correlations with the number of passing events. In addition, when the proportion of e-bicycles increases, the number of passing events first increases, and then decreases. The proposed model is calibrated against field data collected in Hangzhou. The results show that the model prediction is consistent with field observations. The model proposed in this paper provides an analytical approach to study the relationship between the characteristics of heterogeneous bicycle traffic flows and the number of passing events. This work can be considered a prerequisite for the development of the bicycle level of service criteria for heterogeneous bicycle flows.
6
Kayansa, I. Made Dennis Penn Yohan, and I. Nengah Wirakesuma. "Onthel Bicycle: Creation Model of Experimental Photography using Iwan Zahar Method." Journal of Aesthetics, Creativity and Art Management 2, no. 1 (May 11, 2023): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.59997/jacam.v2i1.2320.
In Indonesia, the development of bicycles was heavily influenced by the colonialists, especially the Dutch. They brought bicycles produced in their country to use around to enjoy the fresh nature of Indonesia. This habit was transmitted to the aborigines with blue blood. Finally, the bicycle became a prestigious means of transportation. Onthel bicycles were a means of transportation that were relatively expensive before the independence period. Onthel bicycles, also known as camel bicycles, kebo bicycles, or pit pancal, are standard bicycles with 28-inch tires that were commonly used by urban communities until the 1970s. The heritage factor and the classic shape of the bicycle are interesting to be used as an experimental bicycle photography work. Starting from this phenomenon, the authors argue that research related to bicycles is necessary and interesting to do because in the globalization or modern era which is full of modern lifestyle offers, bicycles actually choose a classic lifestyle.
7
Guo, Xiaojia, Chengpeng Lu, Dongqi Sun, Yexin Gao, and Bing Xue. "Comparison of Usage and Influencing Factors between Governmental Public Bicycles and Dockless Bicycles in Linfen City, China." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126890.
Automobile traffic has shifted the use of bicycles in many developed regions to being mainly for sport, recreation and commuting. Due to the desire to mitigate the impacts of climate change and alleviate traffic jams, bicycle sharing is booming in China. Governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles are the main types of bicycle sharing in China, each with different types of management and pricing. Field research has found that many bicycle sharing networks are idle and wasteful, and thus we investigated which type is more popular and suitable for Chinese cities. This research comparatively analyzes the application of governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles, mainly focusing on the cycling destination, cycling frequency, and cycling factors, taking Linfen City as an example. The results show that: (1) The purpose is different between governmental public bicycles and dockless bicycles. On the one hand, the aim of riding a governmental public bicycle to work represents the largest proportion at about 29%, mainly because of the fixed route of travel, and the fact that the fixed placement of governmental public bicycles makes them more available compared to the random arbitrariness of dockless bicycles. On the other hand, the aim of riding a dockless bicycle for entertainment accounts for the largest proportion, at about 34%, mainly due to the ease of borrowing and returning a bike, and mobile payment. (2) In terms of frequency, the public’s choice of riding a dockless bicycle or a governmental public bicycle has no essential difference, given that there are only two options for citizens in Linfen. (3) The response to the two kinds of bicycle sharing is different; the governmental public bicycle has the advantage of lower cost, but the dockless bicycle has more advantages in the procedure of borrowing and returning the bicycle.
8
Raksuntorn, Winai, and Sarosh I. Khan. "Saturation Flow Rate, Start-Up Lost Time, and Capacity for Bicycles at Signalized Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1852, no. 1 (January 2003): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1852-14.
A review of the literature shows that capacity and saturation flow rate for on-street bicycle lanes at intersections have not been measured on the basis of bicycle discharge at intersections at the start of the green phase. The Highway Capacity Manual 2000 recommends a saturation flow rate of 2,000 bicycles per hour for a bicycle lane at a signalized intersection. However, this recommendation is not based on field studies at the intersection and is not a function of the width of the bicycle lane. A revised estimate is provided of saturation flow rate, and an estimate is provided of start-up lost time for bicycles based on data collected at the stop line of signalized intersections. In addition, the lateral stopped distance of automobiles from bicycle lanes, the lateral stopped distance of bicycles from adjacent lanes, and the lateral and longitudinal stopped distance between pairs of bicycles at a signalized intersections are presented. Bicycles may form more than one queue within a bicycle lane at the stop line. Since bicycles maintain a certain distance from the adjacent lane and the curb, the number of queues formed varies based on the width of the bicycle lane. Therefore, the saturation flow rate for a bicycle lane depends on the number of queues or the width of the bicycle lane. The saturation flow rates for bicycle lanes of varying widths are proposed on the basis of the lateral stopped distance of bicycles. Empirical evidence from intersections in Colorado and California is used to propose a new method to estimate the capacity for a bicycle lane.
9
Yahya, Sudirman, and Nofiansyah. "Analysis of Conventional Bicycle Assembly Transformed into an Electric Bicycle Using a BLDC Electric Motor." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 3, no. 1 (April 24, 2023): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v3i1.185.
Along with the increasing problem of oil price volatility, vehicles with alternative fuels are the right vehicles to use at this time. Electric bicycles are one of the vehicles that use alternative fuels. Electric bicycles use battery power as a power source. Electric bicycles consist of two main parts, namely bicycles and electrical components. Bicycles are made through a sequence of planning processes and then assembling bicycle components. Electrical components consisting of batteries, controllers, gas grips, and electric motors are assembled and connected to one bicycle.
10
Simović, Sreten, Tijana Ivanišević, Aleksandar Trifunović, Svetlana Čičević, and Dragan Taranović. "What Affects the E-Bicycle Speed Perception in the Era of Eco-Sustainable Mobility: A Driving Simulator Study." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2021): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095252.
The increase in the number of electric bicycles worldwide has resulted in a rise in the number of traffic accidents involving e-bicyclists. Previous studies have been based on analyzing the use, advantages and disadvantages of e-bicycles, whereas only a small number of studies have been focused on analyzing the e-bicycle traffic safety, particularly the factors leading to the occurrence of traffic accidents. One of the factors affecting the occurrence of traffic accidents is the incorrect perception of the e-bicycle speed by other traffic participants. To examine the mentioned problem, the authors of this paper conducted an experimental study to determine what affects the e-bicycle speed perception. The experiment included 175 participants, aged 18 to 50. The research was conducted under laboratory conditions using a driving simulator, at different e-bicycle speeds (10 km/h, 20 km/h and 30 km/h), in the situations in which the e-bicyclist was (not) using a reflective vest. The results show statistically significant differences in the e-bicycle speed perception when the e-bicyclist does not use/uses a reflective vest. Besides, the driving licence categories of traffic participants and their driving experience also have a significant impact on the perception of the e-bicycle speed.
Prince, John. "An investigation into bicycle steering and roll responses thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, AUT, June 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004.
Thesis (MEng--Engineering) -- Auckland University of Technology, 2004. Appendices not included in e-thesis. Also held in print (108 leaves, ill., 30 cm.) in Wellesley Theses Collection. (T 629.2272 PRI)
3
Stanislaw, Andrew C. "A cost benefit analysis for the bicycle as a transportation alternative." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020173.
Cost benefit analysis is the conventional method of evaluating automobile transportation improvements. This study examined traditional automobile evaluation methods and applied the same techniques to bicycle transportation projects. Cost data from recent research is summarized and eleven costs (five internal and six external) were estimated. The cost estimates are used to calculate automobile and bicycle costs per mile of travel. A case study of a hypothetical corridor is used to demonstrate how the transportation costs can be applied to specific planning problems. The case study explores what effect shifts in modal distribution would have on the cost effectiveness of automobile and bicycle alternatives. The findings of the study begin to question the underlying premises of traditional cost benefit analysis in transportation projects. The study suggests that conventional analysis is fundamentally flawed and biased toward automobile transportation. Department of Urban Planning
4
Oliver, Jonathan Hunt. "Bicyclist understanding, use, and preference of various innovative bicycle infrastructure treatments." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41217.
As bicycle transportation has increased, especially among commuters, so have the types of bicycle infrastructure facilities increased. This report focuses on the application of several of these innovative bicycle infrastructure treatments in three different scenarios: shared-lane facilities, bicycle-specific facilities, and high-conflict area treatments. The focus treatments include the sharrow, Sharrow Bicycle Priority Lane, Green Bicycle Priority Lane, Bicycles May Use Full Lane sign, green bike lane, bike-box, green lane in a conflict area, and elephant's footprint markings. The goal of this report is to gather how well bicyclists understand their meaning, how they would use each, and which treatments are most preferred among bicyclists.
Data for this study was gathered in the form of an online survey administered to 1000 bicyclists of varying levels and purposes from different regions of the country. The survey gathers general rider characteristics, asks how each bicyclist would use each treatment in different traffic speed and volume scenarios, and finally each respondent rates each of the treatments in order of preference. Using the survey results, the effectiveness of each treatment is analyzed in detail by different population segments of those surveyed. Bicyclist riding characteristics and route choice factors are also examined in detail to better understand the sampled population of riders. The results are discussed and conclusions to the effectiveness of each treatment are made.
5
Wasnaire, Pierre. "Nouvelles synthèses de bicycles fonctionnalisés." Université catholique de Louvain, 2006. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-08242006-151817/.
De nombreux produits naturels renferment dans leurs structures une ou plusieurs sous-unités bicycliques. Parmi celles-ci, les hydrindanes et les décalines occupent une position privilégiée. Afin d’accéder à ces composés, deux approches originales ont été développées. Elles se basent sur un couplage de Morita-Baylis-Hillman, suivi d’une cyclisation réductrice ou d’une réaction de Stetter intramoléculaire. Outre la synthèse rapide et efficace d’hydrindanones et de décalones substituées, ces séquences réactionnelles ont permis la création d’une large variété d’ènediones bicycliques. L’intérêt de ces méthodologies a pu être illustré lors de la synthèse d’une phytotoxine, l’acide coronafacique. / A large variety of natural products contain, embedded in their architectural framework, one or more bicyclic subunits. Among them, hydrindanes and decalins occupy a cardinal position. As novel approaches towards these substructures, we have developed original sequences based upon two key steps: a Morita-Baylis-Hillman condensation, followed by a reductive cyclisation or an intramolecular Stetter reaction. Having delineated suitable conditions, a rapid and connective synthesis of substituted hydrindanones and decalones can thus be accomplished. The strength of our methodologies was also exemplified by the formation of various bicyclic enediones and their application in the synthesis of coronafacic acid, a phytotoxin.
6
Mainolfi, Nello. "Making cycles, bicycles and macrocycles." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415446.
This study focused on using a mapping tool, Space Syntax, to analyze the connectivity of the Cache County road network and its use to plan for bicycles. Space Syntax is being compared to another method that is already used by city planners called Bicycle Level of Service, or BLOS. The two analyses used data from Cache County and, after they were modeled and evaluated, a statistical analysis was done to see how similar one is to the other. The analyses were done at both a regional and a local scale. At both scales the analyses were not similar.
Data was added to the Space Syntax analysis at both scales to see if it would influence making it more similar to BLOS. Adding the data had no effect in making them similar. It was determined that Space Syntax and BLOS are not similar and more research would need to be done to attempt to make them similar. They both have advantages and disadvantages to them when being used for planning for bicycles. One is not necessarily better than the other, as they are two different methods that could be used.
8
Curtis, Eddie J. "Comprehensive on-street bicycle facilities: an approach for incorporating traffic signal operational strategies for bicycles." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53478.
Less than 1% of work and school trips are completed by bicycle in the United States. Comprehensive bicycle facilities improve bicycle ridership by including a diverse set of strategies that accommodate the bicycle mode and seek to minimize the Level of Traffic Stress experienced by riders. Traffic Signal Operational Strategies for Bicycles (TSOSB) are an integral component of comprehensive bicycle facilities. This research presents a methodology to identify critical zones for implementation of TSOSB. After identifying critical zones a process for assessment of gaps in bicycle safety and comfort and convenience for signalized intersections within the critical zones is conducted. The outcome of the methodology is a prioritized list of signalized intersection that could benefit from the application of Traffic Signal Operational Strategies for Bicycles
9
Sharma, Amrit. "Stability Analysis of Bicycles & Motorcycles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516175.
Jandric, Kristian, and Lucas Andersson. "Anti-lock braking system for bicycles." Thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296316.
An attempt was made to construct an ABS system that would both lock the wheel and release the brakes. The system would be mounted on a bicycle with v-brakes. It would then be tested if it could decrease the braking distance and if the system would respond fast enough. A literature study was made to learn what was needed for such a project. After many attempts of using re-purposed components an ABS system would eventually be built with a new stepper motor, and it was strong enough to lock the back wheels. Unfortunately the system could not be as thoroughly tested as expected, where only the reaction time of the system could be tested and not the braking distance due to a motor driver failure prior to the tests taking place. Due to shipping times and our budget and time constraints, further testing could not be done. Ett försök att bygga ett ABS system som både låser hjulet samt släpper på bromsen gjordes. Systemet skulle kunna monteras på en cykel med fälgbromsar. Systemet skulle testas genom att mäta skillnaden i bromssträcka samt om reaktionstiden var snabb nog. En litteraturstudie gjordes för att få tillräcklig kunskap om vad som krävdes för ett sådant projekt. Efter många försök med att använda olika återanvända komponenter kunde ett ABS system till slut konstrueras med hjälp av en ny stegmotor, som var stark nog för att låsa bakhjulet. Tyvärr kunde bara systemets reaktionstid testas och inte bromssträckans förändring. Detta berodde på en motordrivare slutade fungera. På grund av frakttider och en fast budget samt en tidsbegränsning, kunde inte ytterligare tester genomföras.
Easterling, K. E. "Bicycles." In Advanced Materials for Sports Equipment, 59–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1556-8_4.
Townley, Jay, Bradley Hughes, and Michael Fritz. "Retailing bicycles." In Routledge Companion to Cycling, 181–91. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003142041-23.
Piramuthu, Otto B. "Connected Bicycles." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 172–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48021-3_12.
Livesey, Andrew. "Materials for bicycles." In Bicycle Engineering and Technology, 99–110. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367816841-9.
Roberts, Adam. "Bicycles and Tripods." In H G Wells, 59–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26421-5_4.
Armstroff, Torsten, and Lutz Gaspers. "Challenges to Turn Transport Behavior into Emission-Friendly Use of Means of Transport." In iCity. Transformative Research for the Livable, Intelligent, and Sustainable City, 43–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92096-8_4.
AbstractThe target of emission reduction in Germany requires a turn from petrol/diesel motorized private transport toward emission-free transport solutions. Besides electrified cars, bicycles, scooters, and pedelecs become more and more common: easy to finance, easy to use, fast in town, reliable, and emission-free. Hence, many local authorities intend to force bicycle use significantly. Almost every German citizen owns a bicycle; however, roughly 50% are used less than once a month or not at all.Bicycle traffic contributes just 11% to Germany’s modal split (amount of moves). Other countries nearby indicate that pedelec movement will become a significant player in people movement. The means of transports are just one side of the medal of the turn to future transport opportunities.Is it necessary to own vehicles, bicycles, and scooters? There are plenty of scenarios, where private ownership of means of traffic does not solve transport problems and/or lacks of availability at a certain point of need.How does sharing satisfy local transportation needs? How can sharing of emission-free vehicles contribute to a successful future transportation in Germany? The chapter will focus on a few hints to answer these questions, building on findings of studies and field tests and the view beyond the German horizon.
7
Greene, Mary, and Anne Schiffer. "“Women don’t ride bicycle[s], only men ride bicycles”." In Dilemmas of Energy Transitions in the Global South, 134–53. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367486457-8.
Brunswig, Kirk A., and William O’Donohue. "Bicycles and Sexual Harassment." In Relapse Prevention for Sexual Harassers, 9–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0749-9_3.
Zarach, Stephanie. "Motor Industry and Bicycles." In Debrett’s Bibliography of Business History, 171–76. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08984-0_37.
Stackhouse, Richard V., and Zuomin Dong. "Development of Electric Bicycle Performance Testing Techniques and Adaptable Electric Bicycle Power System." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35555.
Battery powered electric bicycles and scooters, replacing the heavily polluting scooters with two-cycle internal combustion engines, provide zero-emission transportation for many parts of the world. Annual global sales of electric bicycles have risen from 36,000 in 1993 to over 500,000 in 1999 and to multi-millions today. To facilitate the development of new electric bicycles, a computerized electric bicycle testing facility has been created. Standardized testing cycles for quantitatively measuring the performance of electric bicycles have been developed. Testing results of three representative electric bicycles using the newly introduced electric bicycle testing methods and testing facility are presented. The development of a low-cost, fully Adaptable Electric Bicycle Power System (AEBPS) designed to be quickly adapted to a regular bicycle is also presented. The AEBPS can be attached to a regular bicycle in less than ten minutes, and removed in under five minutes. Performance of a converted bicycle using the AEBPS is evaluated and compared with representative commercial electric bicycles. The work forms the foundation for systematically evaluating different electric bicycle designs and for carrying out design optimization of electric bicycle power systems suitable to different markets and needs.
2
Meehan, Dylan, Matthew Sheen, David Hansen, and Justin Corbett. "A Trackstand-Capable Self-Balancing Bicycle." In The Evolving Scholar - BMD 2023, 5th Edition. The Evolving Scholar - BMD 2023, 5th Edition, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59490/649fb045aa79b3c8a01ba96b.
Some have demonstrated self-balancing bicycles capable of forward riding. Others have shown simulations of trackstanding autonomous bicycles. We show a real bicycle capable of (1) forward riding, (2) trackstanding, and (3) transitioning between these two regimes.
3
Wang, Xuguang, and Junfeng Peng. "A simplified human body model for assisting electric bicycle design." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003354.
Compared to non-electric bicycles, power-assistance ones could be designed for more postural comfort with less consideration of power production when pedalling. The present work aimed to develop a simplified human body model to assist in the design of power-assisted bicycles to better accommodate a target user population. To characterize body posture in bicycle use, the inter-segmental angles corresponding to a reference posture were measured from a sample of 63 males and females testing 4 existing bicycle models for comfort and long distance use. As a first approximation, only upper body was modelled as a 2D linkage composed of trunk (hip to shoulder) and arm (shoulder to grip) segments. To better account for postural effect, functional segment lengths were measured in the reference posture, and used to build the regression equations with body height. For a given bicycle characterized by saddle and handlebar position, the hip and shoulder angles could be fully determined for a rider using the proposed model. To validate the model, we compared the measured and predicted inter-segmental angles and showed that the proposed human model could account for the effects of both body height and bicycle’s geometry. To show the usefulness of the proposed model, a comfortable range of hip and shoulder angles was defined from the experimental data and was used to predict the fit area of handlebar and saddle position for both short and tall persons. Simulation results show that a more reclined seat tube could better accommodate both short and tall users.
4
Khosrowjerdi, M., Robert C. Azar, Ali Salehi, and G. H. Nazari. "Computer-Aided Design of Bicycles." In ASME 1991 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1991-0132.
Abstract Traditional manual designing of bicycles often relies on prototype building and testing and since structural deficiencies often are not obvious until a prototype fails, several build-and-test iterations are usually required before a satisfactory design is obtained. Also, the final design may be less than optimal because of quick fixes inserted at the last minute. However, by utilizing computer-aided design, better bicycles can be designed at smaller investments of time and money. The development and utilization of a DI-3000 based (graphics subroutines developed by Precision Visual), user-friendly, self contained computer aided design package for the analysis and design of bicycle frames and forks are presented. The software, written in Fortran 77 and executable on most passive and active graphics devices, creates the necessary analysis input files for the ANSYS finite element program (developed and marketed by Swanson Analysis System Inc.). These pre and post processing files in conjunction with the ANSYS program are used to determine deflections and stress components. The graphics user interface module of the software allows users to enter bicycle geometry, loading and other pertinent data quickly and efficiently. Tubing configuration and specifications are selected from a data base through the use of cursor-controlled menus. The loading menu presents users with seven different types of realistic and self-consistent loading conditions from which to choose. Computer graphics is also used extensively wherever appropriate to enhance user-computer interaction. Contrasting color and text size are used to explain pictorially as well as visually unfamiliar terminology and to clarify vague sign or orientation conventions, thus, leading to more accurate input. While this package has been designed for instructional purposes, it can also be used by design engineers involved in the design of bicycles to facilitate the creation of ANSYS pre and post processing files.
5
Deng, Wenhao, Skyler Moore, Jonathan Bush, Miles Mabey, and Wenlong Zhang. "Towards Automated Bicycles: Achieving Self-Balance Using Steering Control." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9244.
In recent years, researchers from both academia and industry have worked on connected and automated vehicles and they have made great progress toward bringing them into reality. Compared to automated cars, bicycles are more affordable to daily commuters, as well as more environmentally friendly. When comparing the risk posed by autonomous vehicles to pedestrians and motorists, automated bicycles are much safer than autonomous cars, which also allows potential applications in smart cities, rehabilitation, and exercise. The biggest challenge in automating bicycles is the inherent problem of staying balanced. This paper presents a modified electric bicycle to allow real-time monitoring of the roll angles and motor-assisted steering. Stable and robust steering controllers for bicycle are designed and implemented to achieve self-balance at different forward speeds. Tests at different speeds have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of hardware development and controller design. The preliminary design using a control moment gyroscope (CMG) to achieve self-balancing at lower speeds are also presented in this work. This work can serve as a solid foundation for future study of human-robot interaction and autonomous driving.
6
Doria, Alberto, and Matteo Formentini. "Identification of the Structural Modes of High Performance Bicycles in the Perspective of Wobble Control." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47030.
Most of researches in the field of bicycle dynamics deal with auto-stabilization and rider control by means of steer-torque and lean-torque. Bicycle models composed by rigid bodies with thin wheels making point contact with the road and rolling without any slip are suited for carrying out these studies. Numerical analysis of stability by means of these models leads to the capsize, castering and weave modes, which make it possible to understand many aspects of bicycle dynamics. However, some high performance bicycles at high speed show dangerous wobble oscillations. Cyclists’ experience and recent researches highlight that wobble phenomena are related both to tire properties and to fork and frame compliance. Since structural compliance in dynamic conditions generates vibrations, this paper focuses on the study of structural vibrations of high performance bicycles with the modal analysis approach. To isolate the effects of frame and fork compliance, four particular bicycles are considered, they are built assembling a pair of wheels, two forks (fork A and B) with the same shape but different structures and materials and two frames (frame A and B) with the same shape but different structures. Preliminary road tests showed that bicycles made with components A are more prone to wobble oscillations. In order to have a better comprehension of the different influence of fork and frame compliance, first the two forks (with the front wheel) are modally tested with the steer tube locked to a very stiff structure, then, the whole bicycles are tested. Modal analysis is carried out with the impulse method, for the analysis of each bicycle 60 FRFs are measured. The results of modal analysis are presented and the influence of identified modes on bicycle stability is discussed. An important issue of modal analysis of vehicles is the correlation between modal tests carried out in the laboratory and bicycle behavior on the road. When the vehicle is tested in the laboratory, additional constraints are added to guarantee equilibrium, but centrifugal forces are not present, because the vehicle is stationary. Since the analysis of the equations of linearized dynamics shows that the stiffness matrix includes a part due to centrifugal effects, the additional stiffness terms due to constraints in laboratory tests can be assumed to be equivalent to the centrifugal terms of the stiffness matrix at a certain speed. Details and limits of this equivalence are presented and discussed in the paper.
7
Sanchez, Naroa Coretti, Luis Alonso Pastor, and Kent Larson. "Autonomous Bicycles: A New Approach To Bicycle-Sharing Systems." In 2020 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc45102.2020.9294332.
Kaneda, Shigeo, Shohei Asada, Akira Yamamoto, Yuta Kawachi, and Yusuke Tabata. "A Hazard Detection Method for Bicycles by Using Probe Bicycle." In 2014 IEEE 38th International Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops (COMPSACW). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsacw.2014.91.
Hurtado, Valentina, Santiago Arango, Luis Muñoz, and Omar López. "Design of an Onboard Directional Anemometer for Bicycles." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22727.
Abstract Wind speed has large influence on the results of road tests applied to bicycles. For this reason, this paper presents the design process of an onboard anemometer dedicated to bicycle testing. The design provides an affordable way to quantify both magnitude and direction of the wind velocity relative to the bicycle, allowing recording on arbitrary wind conditions that could arise during a test. The design methodology was structured with two major phases. The first was centered on the proof-of-concept for the use of a multi-hole pitot tube as main component for the onboard anemometer. The second was focused on the design of the structure, considering both packaging and structural integrity. The prototype of anemometer was tested in a wind tunnel to verify its performance, and it was also tested under severe vibrations to verify its structural integrity. The results showed that this concept can be used as a part of the bicycle instrumentation for road tests.
10
Liang, Chun-yan, and Tian-jun Feng. "A Signal Timing Method for Bicycles at Vehicle-Bicycle Mixed Intersections." In Tenth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41127(382)133.
Park, Munu, and Nohgill Park. Development of New Continuously Variable Transmission for Electric Bicycles. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0037.
MacArthur, John, Michael Harpool, and Daniel Scheppke. How Technology Can Affect the Demand for Bicycle Transportation: The State Of Technology and Projected Applications of Connected Bicycles. Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.237.
MacKenzie, Cheryl. Traffic Safety Involving Bicycles Tricycles Carts and Pedestrians (LL-2020-001). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1604524.
Magat, Wesley, and Michael Moore. Consumer Product Safety Regulation in the United States and the United Kingdom: The Case of Bicycles. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5157.
Lißner, Sven, Stefan Huber, and Maike von Harten. Influence of the cycling campaign CITY CYCLING on cycling behaviour in Germany. TU Dresden, Fakultät Verkehrswissenschaften 'Friedrich List', 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2023.65.
The CITY CYCLING (STADTRADELN) campaign has been running since 2008 to motivate German citizens to use the bicycle for daily mobility routines. In the course of the MOVEBIS research project, nationwide GPS data of the CITY CYCLING participants were collected in the years 2018-2020 and were processed for planning purposes. This contribution addresses the question to which extent the participants in the CITY CYCLING campaign represent cyclists in the Federal Republic of Germany and whether the motivation during the campaign leads to a significant change in mobility behaviour. For this purpose, more than 73,000 complete questionnaires of campaign participants from a survey in the year 2020 were evaluated. The age and gender distribution of app users and non-users of the campaign are corresponding to those of cyclists from representative household surveys in Germany (MiD 2017). App users and non app users differ only insignificantly from each other and are, on average, rather older than in the cycling participants of nationwide MiD survey. The results reveal that the smartphone has no significant influence on the cycling behaviour of the users. The survey participants are regular cyclists. Around 88% of the respondents use the bicycle most frequently in everyday life, followed by the private car (national average) and public transport (in large cities). The influence of the campaign on the level of utilisation or the number of kilometres travelled by bike can be described as rather low, overall. Whereas 65% of the participants stated that they cycled to work just as often as outside the campaign period, 19% of the respondents used the bicycle less often for commuting and 16% more often. The results indicate that the CITY CYCLING campaign captures and represents the everyday transport behaviour of participants. During the COVID-19 pandemic, participants used their bicycles significantly more often (73%). The perception of safety is consistently high. The campaign was rated very positively and the majority of users (91%) would participate again or rather recommend the campaign to others (78%).
6
Krogmeier, J., and Darcy Bullock. Statewide Wireless Communications Project, Volume 2: Inductive Loop Detection of Bicycles and Inductive Loop Signature Processing for Travel Time Estimation. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314219.
Fitch, Dillon, Zeyu Gao, Lucy Noble, and Terry Mac. Examining the Effects of a Bike and E-Bike Lending Program on Commuting Behavior. Mineta Transportation Institute, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2051.
In 2015, Google added a new transportation demand management (TDM) program to increase bike commuting to their two main campuses in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, California. An initial survey of employees indicated that bike ownership and worry about maintenance were primary bicycling barriers. With this information, Google began a program that loaned high-quality electric-assisted and conventional bicycles for a period of six months at no cost to interested employees. This research evaluates the effectiveness of the program at changing travel behavior to the corporate campuses by using self-reported and smartphone-integrated travel data. The lending program at Google represents one of, if not the largest, employer-sponsored bike and e-bike lending program in North America with over 1,000 bikes in its inventory. Thus, the evaluation of this program is a critical first step for understanding how bike lending can influence travel behavior in North American suburban contexts.
8
Broach, Joseph. Bicycle Planning GIS Tool. Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.225.
Farley, William. An Analysis of Bicycle-Vehicle Interactions at Signalized Intersections with Bicycle Boxes. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1617.
Johnson, Pamela. Bicycle Level of Service: Where are the Gaps in Bicycle Flow Measures? Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1974.
