Готові списки джерел за темами / Below ground

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Below ground"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 9 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Below ground"

Magnusson, R. S. "Euthanasia: above ground, below ground." Journal of Medical Ethics 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.005090.

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Appell, David. "Ground Below Zero." Scientific American 287, no. 1 (July 2002): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0702-22.

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Goldin, Tamara. "India's drought below ground." Nature Geoscience 9, no. 2 (February 2016): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2648.

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LENEL, U. R. "TRIBOLOGY GOES BELOW GROUND." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 39, no. 1 (January 1987): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb053341.

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Sugden, A. M. "ECOLOGY: Battles Below Ground." Science 298, no. 5594 (October 25, 2002): 707a—707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5594.707a.

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Eissenstat, D. M., X. Huang, and A. N. Lakso. "MODELING CARBON ALLOCATION BELOW GROUND." Acta Horticulturae, no. 707 (April 2006): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.707.17.

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Hopkins, David W., Elizabeth A. Webster, Wout Boerjan, Gilles Pilate, and Claire Halpin. "Genetically modified lignin below ground." Nature Biotechnology 25, no. 2 (February 2007): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0207-168.

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White, Philip J., and J. Alun W. Morgan. "Preface to Below Ground Processes." Journal of Experimental Botany 56, no. 417 (July 1, 2005): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri193.

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Reitstetter, Raven, and Rittenhouse Larry R. "Cheatgrass Invasion - The Below-Ground Connection." Journal of Environment and Ecology 8, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v8i1.10536.

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Plant-soil microbial feedback loops play an important role in the establishment and development of plant communities. Microbial soil communities, including pathogens, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and their reciprocal interactions, can influence plant health and nutrient cycling in many ways. We are proposing a model that accounts for cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion success and long-term persistence in both disturbed and undisturbed sites. In this model cheatgrass alters soil microbial communities that favor nitrifying microorganisms, resulting in elevated NO3- levels. Increased NO3- levels, coupled with B. tectorum life history and climatic and edaphic conditions in the semi-arid western U.S., result in long-term persistence of this invasive annual. In ecosystems that lack major precipitation during the growth season, B. tectorum induced shifts in the nitrifier community result in accumulation of plant available nitrogen during the summer when native perennials are primarily dormant. Increased NO3- levels can be efficiently utilized by cheatgrass ahead of native perennials during fall and winter. Restoration and management efforts must be guided by a thorough understanding of soil microbe-cheatgrass interactions to avoid nutrient flushes resulting from freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles that benefit this invasive grass.

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Bengough, A. G., and P. J. White. "Plant Responses to Below-Ground Stresses." Journal of Experimental Botany 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): e1-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq337.

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Дисертації з теми "Below ground"

Butler, André Joseph. "Below ground functioning of tropical biomes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5048.

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Within the field of ecosystem science, substantial progress has been made towards our knowledge of the factors which shape the global distribution of vegetation. However, factors which control the biogeography of belowground vegetation structure and function remain less understood than their aboveground counterpart. Vegetation types can differ substantially in terms of belowground processes such as root growth, root turnover, and resulting vertical root distributions. Fine roots provide an exchange surface, allowing transport of water and nutrients to the leaves. On the other hand they also represent a significant sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon to the soil in terms of maintenance and growth. Overall, root processes have a major influence on fluxes of water, carbon and nutrients within ecosystems. In this thesis, an electrical impedance method was used to determine the area of ‘active’ root in contact with the soil for the purpose of absorption. These measurements were compared to the leaf area of the trees, for the first time allowing the aboveground and the belowground resource exchange areas of plant to be contrasted. This approach was first developed to compare the exchange surface areas of leaves and roots within a Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) managed forest, making measurements in adjacent stands of differing tree density, but identical in age. Stem density was found to significantly influence the proportion of absorbing root area relative to leaves. Following the successful test of the method, it was used to compare the resource exchange areas of eight stands of forest and savanna vegetation in central Brazil. Across a broad gradient of vegetation structure, the results showed progressively more investment in fine root area relative to leaf area across the transition from dense forest to open savanna. However, a contrasting result showed that the forests had a higher absorbing root area to leaf area ratio than savannas. Furthermore, these measured ratios were strongly correlated with tree height across the eight structurally contrasting stands. It appears that absorbing root area index provides a physiologically meaningful way of characterising belowground water uptake ability, it is possible that excessive investment in fine root area, relative to leaf area, may reflect differences in the requirement for nutrient uptake in poor soils. Complementary to the analysis of root absorbing area, measurements of root activity and belowground carbon cycling were made by focussing on two of the eight tropical study sites. Here, the carbon costs of root growth and respiration were quantified to develop a belowground carbon budget for two structurally contrasting Brazilian savannas, using soil respiration measurements and a root presence/absence manipulation experiment. Annual estimates showed that at least 60% of the total CO2 efflux from the soil was contributed by autotrophic processes, with this value rising to 80% during the dry season. Seasonal fluctuations of soil respiration were strongly correlated with soil moisture for both the autotrophic (R2=0.79, pvalue< 0.05) and heterotrophic (R2=0.90, p-value<0.05) components, with maximum flux rates corresponding with 16.4 and 17.7% soil moisture content respectively. Furthermore, autotrophic respiration was found to varied with phonological patterns of fine root growth (R2=0.80, p-value<0.05). It follows that, the way in which phenological processes respond to a changing climate is of potential importance within seasonally dry regions. Diurnal fluctuations of heterotrophic CO2 efflux were correlated with soil temperature (R2=0.74, p-value<0.05), demonstrating a Q10 value of 1.6 across both sites. In contrast, total soil CO2 efflux was not correlated with temperature (p-value=0.31), suggesting that autotrophic respiration is predominantly limited by substrate supply.

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McQuillan, Shane. "Above and Below Ground Assessment of Pinus radiate." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9897.

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A comparison of above ground forest metrics with below ground soil CO₂ respiration was carried out in an attempt to reveal if any correlations exist. Above ground measurements of 2720 clonally propagated trees were taken assessing the silvicultural treatments of stocking, herbicide and fertiliser. These were compared to 480 below ground soil CO₂ respiration measurements. Using measurements of mean height, mean dbh and basal area the data was analysed and returned significant results for mean dbh and the interactions of herbicide and clones, and stocking and herbicide. Mean height returned a significant result for the interaction of stocking and herbicide. Below ground measurements showed an interaction between ripping and stocking; however these results were not ratified by the above ground results. Overall the results were encouraging and should aid in future experiments that seek to understand what effect above ground treatments have on below ground CO₂ activity.

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Daluom, Abdulhakim A. M. "Optimal Sensor Geometries for Tomographic Below Ground Imaging." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1543505143363275.

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Clemensen, Andrea K. "Understanding Plant Secondary Metabolites; Above and Below Ground." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7090.

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Plants naturally produce primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are directly involved with plant growth and metabolic function. Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) were once thought of as metabolic waste products, and more recently viewed as toxins to herbivores. However, ongoing research shows that PSM are beneficial to herbivores at low doses, and PSM aid plants by attracting pollinators, recovering from injury, protecting from ultraviolet radiation, increasing drought tolerance, and aid in defense against pathogens, diseases, and herbivores. Plant secondary metabolites also influence soil nutrient cycling, and can increase the sustainability of agroecosystems. Endophyte-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) , which contains ergovaline, and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), containing gramine, were studied along with the legumes alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which contains saponins, and tannin-containing sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). This dissertation researches (i) how planting configuration (monocultures vs. two-way mixtures) influences PSM and total N in plants, (ii) how cattle grazing forages containing PSM affects soil quality, nutrient cycling, and PSM, and (iii) how cattle manure from different diets, containing different PSM, influences soil nutrient cycling.

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Bowes, Joshua S., Mark T. Newdigate, Pedro J. Rosario, and Davis D. Tindoll. "The enemy below: preparing ground forces for subterranean warfare." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38883.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This capstone project analyses subterranean threats in the contemporary operational environment. It identifies the doctrinal gap in the U.S. military regarding operations within tunnels, urban and natural cavities, and other underground facilities, and outlines the changes necessary to prepare ground forces to operate in these complex environments. This paper reviews historical cases spanning back over half a millennium, proposes a new typological classification system, and investigates the subterranean environment in terms of the United States Army doctrine, organization, training, matriel, leadership and education, personnel, and facilities process. Additionally, it provides analysis geared toward countering subterranean threats through indirect means to include: incendiary weapons, cyber-based attacks, and military information support operations. The capstone finds that: 1) Current U.S. military doctrine does not properly prepare units for operations in subterranean environments; 2) Future conflicts will require general purpose forces to deal with subterranean threats; and 3) Understanding the use of indirect approaches is critical in the conduct of subterranean operations. This research leads to the recommendation that the Training and Doctrine Command Intelligence Support Activity recognize subterranean as an operational environment. Additionally, this capstone provides guidance to commanders and staffs to assist in pre-mission training even before the doctrinal gap is filled.

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Genney, David R. "Below-ground ecology of Calluna vulgaris and Nardus stricta." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325227.

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Pierce, Sarah. "Impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning : linking above-ground and below-ground responses." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/49789.

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Climate change is expected to include changes to rainfall patterns. For southern England, this is likely to include decreased summer and increased winter rainfall patterns by the end of the 21st century. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of altered precipitation patterns on ecosystem properties both above- and below-ground using a grassland experimental system in southeast England. The DIRECT experiments were established in 2008 and continued through 2013. This included three experiments assessing the effects of rainfall change on ecosystem functioning. The first crossed a summer rainfall reduction/winter rainfall increase scenario with plant functional trait diversity. The second considered the effects of two more extreme rainfall change scenarios, one an extended drought and one a shorter, more severe drought with occasional downpours. The third crossed rainfall change with increased nitrogen deposition in line with current levels experienced in parts of Europe. By concurrently measuring a broad range of above- and below-ground properties during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons, I assessed the effects of changes in annual precipitation patterns. Drought during the growing season was linked to increased grass dominance and reduced ecosystem respiration, photosynthesis, and net ecosystem exchange, despite increases in winter precipitation. Effects on ecosystem functioning were most severe under extreme drought scenarios. Plant functional trait identity and diversity influenced response to drought, with increased diversity linked to higher plant cover in drought conditions. Increased nitrogen appeared to magnify the effects of drought on plant cover, while moderating the effects on CO2 flux. These results suggests that the levels of precipitation change predicted for England will negatively affect biodiversity and carbon cycling in grasslands, but factors such as trait diversity and nutrient inputs must be taken into account to understand the range of possible outcomes for ecosystem functioning.

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Koikkalainen, Riitta Katariina. "Influence of nitrogen on below ground dynamics in improved grasslands." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=33591.

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Namirembe, S. "Tree shoot pruning to control competition for below-ground resources in agroforestry." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297866.

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Orrell, Peter. "Linking above and below-ground interactions in agro-ecosystems : an ecological network approach." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4102.

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Belowground microbial communities, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), may modify plant reproductive traits, although little is known about how this might then influence pollinator behaviour. This is important as pollinators provide an ecosystem service by contributing towards agricultural production. AMF also provide an ecosystem service by assisting plants with increased access to nutrients and water resources, thereby influencing yields. However, few studies have examined the combined effects of how AMF interact with crop cultivars to alter plant reproductive traits, pollination processes, and ultimately crop yield. Furthermore, the importance of both AMF and pollinators for human perceived crop quality has not been investigated. In this thesis, I examine the influence of manipulating AMF communities on plant-pollinator interactions, and the role of crop cultivars in mediating these effects, by growing three strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars inoculated with four AMF communities, and measuring strawberry yield and quality (determined through human taste tests) in two 2-year experiments. The first experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions and I found that pollen foraging visits by bumblebees (Bombus terrestris Audax) were influenced by both AMF community and strawberry cultivar, whereas nectar foraging visits were only influenced by AMF community. AMF community influenced strawberry yield, without any changes in fruit quality, and effects were consistent across each strawberry cultivar, while AMF community and strawberry cultivar interacted to influence strawberry appearance. The second experiment was similar to the greenhouse experiment but repeated under field conditions to examine the effects on the naturally occurring pollinator community. Here, I found that while AMF community may influence the visitation of some pollinator taxa, the wild pollinator community provided a high degree of functional redundancy, and strawberry yield was influenced in the same manner as in the greenhouse experiment when plants were exposed to the highly efficient pollinators used in commercial production. The potential to utilise the above and below-ground interaction data to improve yields relies on the opinions of end users. I conducted a socio-economic analysis of growers' and scientists' iv perceptions, which showed that key stakeholders believe that interactions between above- and below-ground organisms should be harnessed to improve crop production. These results show that manipulating a below-ground mutualistic community has effects that cascade through the network to influence plant-pollinator interactions, and alters strawberry yield without loss in quality, with largely predictable outcomes across multiple strawberry cultivars. The interdisciplinary nature of this research revealed that stakeholders believe AMF should be used to improve strawberry production. Understanding the dynamics of these interactions may form part of a toolset for sustainable increases in food security, as well as helping to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying biology that influences ecological networks.

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Книги з теми "Below ground"

Petty, Kate. The ground below us. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's, 1993.

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Baltzer, Nanni, Monika Hardmeier, and Sylvia Rüttimann. Im Untergrund: Below ground level. Edited by Haus für Kunst Uri. Nürnberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst, 2007.

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Rahtz, Philip Arthur. Deerhurst above and below ground: Deerhurst lecture 2000. Deerhurst, UK: Friends of Deerhurst Church, 2001.

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Khāksār, Nasīm. Az zīr-i khāk: From below the ground. 8th ed. Rūtirdām, Huland: Nashr-i Dinā, 2019.

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Caroline, Hollenburger-Rusch, and Holbeinhaus (Augsburg Germany), eds. Mardaus: Things from here below : four ground openings. Augsburg: MaroVerlag, 2016.

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von, Meijenfeldt Ernst, and Geluk Marit, eds. Below ground level: Creating new spaces for contemporary architecture. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser-Publishers for Architecture, 2003.

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Design and thermal performance: Below-ground dwellings in China. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990.

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The town below the ground: Edinburgh's legendary underground city. Edinburgh: Mainstream Pub., 1999.

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Stojanowski, John. Residential geothermal systems: Heating and cooling using the ground below. 2nd ed. Staten Island, NY: Pangea Publications, 2011.

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Noordwijk, M. van, G. Cadisch, and C. K. Ong, eds. Below-ground interactions in tropical agroecosystems: concepts and models with multiple plant components. Wallingford: CABI, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851996738.0000.

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Частини книг з теми "Below ground"

Howard, Christopher A. "Drainage Below Ground." In An Introduction to Building Services, 22–32. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09259-8_4.

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Sturdy Colls, Caroline. "Below-Ground Investigations." In Holocaust Archaeologies, 171–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10641-0_7.

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Dewdney, Alexander Keewatin. "City below Ground." In The Planiverse, 59–82. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0199-8_5.

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Millais, Malcolm. "Below-ground structures." In Building Structures, 183–202. Third edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315652139-8.

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Nadarajah, Kalaivani K. "Rhizosphere Interactions: Life Below Ground." In Plant-Microbe Interaction: An Approach to Sustainable Agriculture, 3–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2854-0_1.

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Riley, Mike, and Alison Cotgrave. "Walls below ground and basement construction." In Construction Technology 2: Industrial and Commercial Building, 123–47. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37600-8_5.

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Korver, Wim, Gijsbertus R. M. Jansen, and Piet H. L. Bovy. "The Netherlands: Ground Transport Below Sea Level." In A Billion Trips a Day, 329–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8118-9_19.

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Titlyanova, A. A., N. A. Kosych, and N. P. Mironycheva-Tokareva. "Dynamics of below-ground plant organs in grasslands." In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems, 247–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_20.

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Novák, Viliam, Viliam Pichler, Elisabeth Graf-Pannatier, Edward P. Farrell, and Marián Homolák. "Forest Management Effects on Below-Ground Hydrological Processes." In Forest Management and the Water Cycle, 291–312. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9834-4_16.

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Zhang, F. S., L. Li, and J. H. Sun. "Contribution of above- and below-ground interactions to intercropping." In Plant Nutrition, 978–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_476.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Below ground"

Alborn, Hans T. "Below ground chemical ecology and IPM." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94381.

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Wicks, Michael C., John D. Norgard, and Todd N. Cushman. "Adaptive tomographic sensors for below ground imaging." In 2008 IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2008.4721119.

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Seongheon Jeong, Chin-Lung Yang, J. R. Courter, Seung-il Kim, R. B. Pipes, and W. J. Chappell. "Multilayer composite for below ground embedded sensor networking." In 2008 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium and USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2008.4619245.

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Del Grande, Nancy K., Brian M. Ascough, and Richard L. Rumpf. "Thermal inertia mapping of below ground objects and voids." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by J. Thomas Broach and Jason C. Isaacs. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2016144.

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Daluom, Abdulhakim A., and Michael C. Wicks. "Tracking a Moving Object for Tomographic Below Ground Imaging." In NAECON 2018 - IEEE National Aerospace and Electronics Conference. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naecon.2018.8556813.

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Skotnicova, Iveta. "EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF GROUND TEMPERATURE PROFILE BELOW PASSIVE BUILDING." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019v/6.3/s10.057.

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Vahter, Tanel, and Maarja Öpik. "Manipulating below ground diversity for above ground diversity: application of fungi for vegetation restoration." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108094.

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Castañé, Cristina. "Below ground-above ground interactions: Effects of root fungi on zoophytophagous predators of tomato pests." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107759.

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Cavka, Damir, and Dragan Poljak. "GB-IBEM model of vertical antenna above, below and penetrating ground." In 2008 16th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/softcom.2008.4669447.

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Kriz, Alexander. "Ground Loops During Site Validation of Anechoic Rooms Below 30 MHz." In 2018 IEEE Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility & Signal/Power Integrity (EMCSI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/emcsi.2018.8495323.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Below ground"

Brown, D. F., and J. C. Liljegren. Argonne Below Ground Model Part I: Material Transport and Dispersion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1483847.

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Liljegren, J. C., and D. F. Brown. Argonne Below Ground Model Part II: Population Dynamics, Exposure, and Fomite Transport. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1483822.

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Hargis, Kenneth M. Pit 9 Category of Transuranic Waste Stored Below Ground within Area G. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1114414.

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Hargis, Kenneth Marshall, and Thomas H. Monk. 33 Shafts Category of Transuranic Waste Stored Below Ground within Area G. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1358180.

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Hargis, Kenneth M. Corrugated Metal Pipes Category of Transuranic Waste Stored Below Ground within Area G. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1092474.

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Jones, Robert Wesley, and Kenneth Marshall Hargis. Hot Cell Liners Category of Transuranic Waste Stored Below Ground within Area G. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1258360.

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Liebman, Matthew Z., Meghann Elizabeth Jarchow, Ranae N. Dietzel, and David N. Sundberg. Above- and Below-ground Biomass Production in Corn and Prairie Bioenergy Cropping Systems. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1814.

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Hargis, Kenneth Marshall. Tritium Packages and 17th RH Canister Categories of Transuranic Waste Stored Below Ground within Area G. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1261805.

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Denson, R. H., R. D. Bennett, R. M. Wamsley, D. L. Bean, and D. L. Ainsworth. Recommendations to the NRC for review criteria for alternative methods of low-level radioactive waste disposal: Task 2a, Below-ground vaults. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5815849.

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Leis, Sherry, and Mary Short. George Washington Carver National Monument plant community report: 2004–2020. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288500.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network completed its sixth year of plant community monitoring at George Washington Carver National Monument in 2020. Plant community monitoring focused on the restored prairie community. We visited seven monitoring sites in each of the six years and collected data on plant species and ground cover. In this report we also included two environmental factors—precipitation and recent fire history—to better understand the vegetation community status and trends. Since 2000, precipitation has often been below the 30-year normal. Moreover, annual precipitation was below normal for all but one of the monitoring years. We found that the drought in 2012 stood out as possibly influencing plant guild cover. Although prairies are adapted to drought, further analyses might reveal more about the role of climate change in these vegetation communities. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became more frequent and consistent through the period of plant monitoring. Additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, also supported a healthy prairie. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness in 2012 was different than in two of the six years monitored. However, diversity indices (H′ and J′) were very similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) exhibited differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the monument, were statistically similar across years. In 2020, grass-like species increased, but grass species appeared to have declined below prior years. Grass cover in 2004 was statistically different (greater) than in 2008 and 2020. The reasons for this are not clear. Of particular interest to the park is the status of two sumac species (Rhus glabra and R. copallinum). These species were in decline as a result of focused management actions since 2012. However, the blackberry species (Rubus spp.) seemed to be replacing the sumac in some sites. In 2020, nonnative species richness and cover were below peak levels, demonstrating management actions have been successful in maintaining low levels. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2004 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. Although a decline in species richness was anticipated, that pattern was not apparent. However, the abundance of grasses may have been affected by the shift in seasonality of sampling. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded (stem tallies in some cases and cover estimates in other cases). We converted all cover data to stem tallies and density was calculated to be consistent with the protocol. The monument has had success with coordinating fire management and invasive species management. A decrease in sumac across the prairie is evidence of this success. These actions will continue to be important for maintaining the prairie in good condition into the future.

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