Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Basel International labor office"

The article considers the problem of international supply chains in machinery-building. The meanings of appropriate terms are specified (outsourcing, international production sharing, vertical specialization). It is clarified (following D. Hummels et al.) the definition of vertical specialization as a structure of supply chain when a country is using imported inputs to produce goods for exports. It is emphasized that countries exporting raw materials usually show high share of vertical specialization-based trade in their exports but not in imports. Developed industrial countries (excluding Japan) usually show high content of vertical specialization-based trade in both exports and imports. Statistical analysis of the intra-industry labor division in the office, accounting and computing machinery of Asia and Pacific is made. In China and Japan most inputs consumed by office, accounting and computing machinery are of domestic origin. The larger share of intermediate production of the office, accounting and computing machinery, consumed by the same branch, in China is of domestic origin, too. It means that a queue of successive components of supply chains is placed on the territory of China. At the same time, what concerns the territory of Korea assembling industries are prevailing. In USA and Japan the branch is using as inputs mostly intermediate production of domestic origin. Still, a larger fraction of the intermediate production of the computer industry itself is imported. In the four from five countries reviewed (USA, Japan, Republic of Korea, Thailand) the imported intermediate production for computer industry used by the respective industry as inputs is larger than the domestic production. This proves high degree of internationalization of this industry in Asia and Pacific.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a collection of symptoms in the human skeletal and muscular systems, which are characterized by discomfort or pain. The International Labor Organization (ILO) stated that MSDs are the most common health problem among office workers in 27 countries under the European Union. Therefore, this study aims to determine the risk factors for MSDs among office workers. Method: This study used the literature review method by accessing an online database using different keywords, namely risk factors, musculoskeletal disorders, and office workers. Subsequently, 939, 1,421, and 243 articles were obtained from Google Scholar, ProQuest, and PubMed.Gov, respectively, with a total of 2,603. The inclusion criteria include papers published between 2011 and 2021, relevant titles and abstracts, primary study with a cross-sectional design, as well as full-text availability. Incomplete articles that are irrelevant to the topic were then excluded, after which a total of eight were selected for analysis. Result: Based on selected articles known that the risk factors for MSDs include age, gender, knowledge of ergonomics, work posture, work facilities, duration of work, physical activity, and psychosocial factors in the workplace. Conclusion: The significant risk factors for MSDs include increasing age, female gender, increased work duration, poor knowledge of ergonomics, wrong work posture, non-ergonomic support facilities, lack of physical activity, as well as poor psychosocial conditions in the workplace.

AbstractDoes social background affect legislators’ behavior in office? Do individuals with specific social ties tend to be mainly concerned with representing their group of reference, beyond partisanship? This article deals with these questions by analyzing bill-drafting patterns by representatives in the Argentine Congress who belong to an understudied group: workers. The wide presence of a broad, populist party (Peronism) that historically incorporated organized labor, along with other groups, provides consistent variation for empirical assessment. Evidence demonstrates that only labor-based representatives in general, regardless of party membership, tend to use legislative resources to target workers, while every other member of the populist party does not consider labor issues at all in their legislative tasks. Such findings open new directions for analysis of representation, legislative performance, and strategies developed by dissimilar groups in broad political organizations.

Abstract The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines decent work as the opportunity to carry out productive and adequately remunerated work in conditions of dignity, equality and safety in the workplace, and the right to decent work is recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. To boost global efforts to ensure decent work with a safe and healthy working environment, the ILO has established a system of International Labor Standards (ILS) designed to strengthen opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work, in conditions of equity, security and dignity. Indeed, ILS are either conventions (or protocols), which are binding international treaties, open to ratification by Member States, or recommendations, which are non-binding guidelines. Among the international conventions, ten have been designated as fundamental for human rights, namely the conventions relating to freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor, effective abolition of child labor and elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation, as well as OSH (right to a safe and healthy working environment recognized as one of the fundamental principles and rights at work at the 110th session of the International Labor Conference). The ILO has adopted several conventions and recommendations on OSH which can be classified into three categories: conventions which address the fundamental principles of health and safety at work, conventions which deal with health and safety at work in certain branches of activity and conventions on certain specific risks. Implementing the provisions of these standards at the national level requires a commitment from the government to integrate them into national legislative and regulatory texts; and this in accordance with the directives of the ILO constitution, in particular article 19. In the same sense, the government also undertakes to present to the International Labor Office an annual report on the conventions ratified in accordance with the directives of the ILO constitution, in particular article 22. Furthermore, the said standards constitute a suitable reference framework to support nations in developing and improving their national OSH legislation and policies by providing guidance on the systemic approach to OSH management at all levels, from guidelines for the progressive establishment of a preventive culture based on a continuous provision of information, training and education in matters of OHS and by establishing directives and provisions in matters of OHS to be respected by the administration, employers and workers. Thus, the relevant ILO conventions on OSH, notably the Convention (No. 187) on the promotional framework for safety and health at work, and the Convention (No. 155) on OSH, defined national policies and specified their objectives, stakeholders as well as the tools for their implementation such as the national system and the national OSH program. In conclusion, OSH-ILS provide guidelines and guidance to governments for the development and implementation of public OSH policies, but also constitute a binding framework that can stimulate efforts at the national level and encourage constituents to have public OHS policies.

Introduction: Good nutrition in the workforce can affect work productivity, but many workers have not paid attention to their nutritional balance, including helper workers in container company. Based on data from the International Labor Office (ILO) in 2005, unbalanced diet on labor can reduce productivity by up to 20%. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of snack intervention toward working duration among helper workers in container company.Method: This study used pre-experimental design which was conducted for four weeks. Eighteen respondents who were helper workers were given 300 kcal snack once a day for four weeks. The respondent’s food intake was recorded with food record every week (two working days and one day off) and analyzed by Nutrisurvey application and manual calculation. Result: There was significant mean difference in total working duration (reduced two hours and eight minutes) before and after intervention (p <0.001). Conclusion: Once a day snack intervention for four weeks can shorten the working duration of helper workers.

The past decade has witnessed an increasingly rapid tendency toward globalization in the world economy, and this has significantly affected the comparative advantage and international competitiveness of nations. This paper examines the effect of globalization on the comparative advantage and international competitiveness of Europe in manufactured goods as a whole, in high technology goods, and in office equipment and telecommunications during the past two decades. In particular, the paper evaluates the view that Europe is facing a serious double competitiveness squeeze – in high-technology goods from the United States and Japan and from the bottom in simpler manufactured goods from emerging developing countries, especially the Dynamic Asian Economies. This view is based on the over-regulation and rigid labor markets prevailing in most European countries. The paper shows, however, that this view is not generally correct.

The right to remuneration for work is protected not only with the national sources of law (first of all, the Constitution of the Russian Federation), but also with international acts, which emphasize its special significance. The functions of protecting the right to remuneration for work are assigned to a wide variety of structures, including the Prosecutor’s office, courts, and labor dispute commissions. A separate place is assigned to the state labor inspectorates, which are authorized to carry out supervision and control functions for compliance with labor legislation. At the end of 2019, with the adoption of appropriate legislative changes, the powers of state labor inspections were expanded. The new powers included the functions of organizing and carrying out activities aimed at preventing violations of labor laws and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms, as well as the functions to enforce the employer’s obligation to pay payments that were accrued to the employee, but were paid in fixed time. In this article, the authors consider the proposed legislative changes, identify the shortcomings of legal regulation, and suggest possible ways to eliminate them, improve the regulatory framework in order to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of state labor inspections of their powers and protect the violated rights of employees. The research methodology is based on a dialectical method that revealed some contradictions in the legal regulation and practice of state labor inspections. Due to the comparative method (when comparing the institution of a court order and a decision on enforcement), shortcomings were identified in the effectiveness of the implementation by the state labor inspections of the power to enforce the employer’s obligation to pay accrued but unpaid wages and other amounts within the framework of labor relations.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo a análise da atuação do Ministério Público do Trabalho contra o trabalho infantil, com base nos instrumentos utilizados pelo Órgão Ministerial na busca pela erradicação do trabalho desempenhado por menores. Deste modo, objetivou-se ponderar sobre a influência das normas internacionais de proteção aos menores na legislação pátria, ressaltando os principais pontos de proteção. Além disto, imperioso ressaltar a legitimidade e os instrumentos de atuação utilizados pelo Ministério Público do Trabalho na busca pela fiscalização e erradicação do trabalho infantil. Por fim, buscou-se examinar os principais dados sobre o trabalho infantil no país, mostrando a realidade brasileira e quais têm sido as políticas públicas desenvolvidas no afã de reduzir e até mesmo extinguir os postos de trabalho que empregam menores. Palavras-chave: Trabalho Infantil. Ministério Público do Trabalho. Proteção ao menor. The present work has as scope the analysis of the performance of the Public Ministry of Labor against child labor, Based on the instruments used by the Ministerial Body in the quest for the eradication of child labor. That way the objective was to consider the influence of international norms of protection to minors in the national legislation, highlighting the main points of protection. In addition, It is imperative to emphasize the legitimacy and the instruments of action used by the Public Prosecutor's Office in the search for the control and eradication of child labor. Lastly, It was sought to examine the main data on child labor in the country, Showing the Brazilian reality and what public policies have been developed in the effort to reduce and even extinguish jobs that employ minors. Keywords: Child labor. Ministry of Labor. Protection of minors.

Low-wage work in the US and many other places continues to be characterized by precarious and dangerous conditions, vulnerable immigrant workforces, and problems of misclassification and wage theft. Several recent initiatives are seeking to demonstrate that conditions can be greatly improved even when governments lack the capacity to broadly enforce the law on the books. In co-enforcement approaches, for instance, municipal governments are enlisting worker and community organizations to improve enforcement of wage and hour laws. Similarly, some private regulatory initiatives are taking ‘worker-driven’ approaches that favor enforcement by locally trusted organizations rather than unreliable ‘checklist auditing’. In this article, we examine one exemplary case of each approach in the US – namely, the Seattle Office of Labor Standards and the Fair Food Program in Florida. Comparing these initiatives reveals a convergence on civil society linkages, locally grounded monitoring capacities, and enforceable penalties. The cases differ in their bases of power and the expected role of the state, though the latter difference is perhaps not as stark as it initially seems. The comparison also suggests some challenges and opportunities for extending these models into new settings.

Introduction. The article is devoted to a topic that has been insufficiently studied in Russian historiography – female labor in state institutions of Russia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The reader will find out how difficult it was to get into the ranks of the bank employees, what requirements were put forward by the leadership of this institution for candidates for a position at the Central Office and Saint Petersburg branch. Methods and materials. Based on archival materials the author examines the practice of recruiting women for service in the Central Office of the State Bank and its metropolitan branch. The author applies traditional methodological foundations: scientific objectivity, the systematic approach and historicism, as well as the general scientific method of structural and functional analysis. Analysis. The article focuses on the working conditions of women and their wages. It also provides some information about the social origin of women employees in the bank, their educational level. The author dwells on the changes in the practice of recruiting women in the early 20th century, especially during the First World War. It is important to note that the bank leadership’s requirements for women employed have undergone tangible changes over the thirty years since their first recruitment. If at the first stage relatives of bank officials were mainly recruited into the main credit institution of the country, then by the First World War these conditions had substantially softened. The defining requirements were the educational level, personal qualities and discipline of persons who were members of the bank staff. It was these qualities that convinced the bank leadership of the equivalence of female labor in relation to male labor, especially after the mass recruitment of the latter into the army. Results. The processes of staffing the State Bank by women employees, considered in the article, convincingly indicate a gradual revision of the relationship traditionally seen in Imperial Russia to women as subjects of socio-economic life in society. It is important to note that these changes largely occurred not due to the struggle of women for their rights, but as a result of the economic development of the country, in which labor resources of the male part of the empire were more and more exhausted. This factor played a key role in attracting women to public service.

L’année 1919 a été décisive dans l’histoire sociale. En effet, elle fut marquée par la création de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), issue de la partie XIII du traité de Versailles. Cette institution à vocation universelle se plaçait dans la continuité d'expérimentations et de réflexions menées, depuis le XIXe siècle, sur le Vieux Continent. L’objectif des puissances européennes était de définir un cadre international de règles, communes aux Etats, pour empêcher à la fois les excès de certains patrons, les conflits avec les travailleurs, tout en combattant la pratique du dumping social et en garantissant une concurrence loyale, non seulement entre eux mais aussi à l’échelle internationale. La France joua un rôle majeur dans la rédaction de ces textes et dans la création de l’OIT, chargée de poursuivre ce travail. De ce fait, cette institution dut concilier l’européocentrisme dominant le BIT et sa vocation universelle. La solution apparut, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à travers l’interrégionalisme développé par Paul van Zeeland, et que l’institution tenta de mettre en œuvre durant l’après-guerre et la guerre froide. Il s’agissait de créer des regroupements régionaux et de les faire coopérer dans les domaines politique, économique et social pour garantir la paix dans le monde ; l’Europe occidentale devait en être le laboratoire. Cette région, notamment la France, influença donc durablement les réflexions de l’OIT
The year 1919 was decisive in the social history. Indeed, it was marked by the creation of the International Labour Organization (ILO), resulting from part XIII of the treaty of Versailles. This institution with universal vocation placed itself in continuity of experiments and of carried out reflections, since the 19th century, on the Old continent. The objective of the European powers was to define an international framework of common rules for States, to prevent at the same time excesses of some managers, the conflicts with the workers, while fighting the practice of the social dumping and guaranteeing a fair competition, not only between them but also on an international scale. France played a major role in the writing of these texts and the creation of the ILO, charged to continue this work. So this institution had to reconcile the europeocentrism dominating the International Labour Office and its universal vocation. The solution appeared, during the Second World War, through the interregionalism developed by Paul van Zeeland, and that the institution tried to implement during the post-war period and the cold war. It was a question of creating regional regroupings and of making them cooperate in the policy fields, economic and social to guarantee peace in the world; Western Europe had to be the laboratory about it. This region, in particular France, thus influenced durably the reflections of the ILO

L’année 1919 a été décisive dans l’histoire sociale. En effet, elle fut marquée par la création de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), issue de la partie XIII du traité de Versailles. Cette institution à vocation universelle se plaçait dans la continuité d'expérimentations et de réflexions menées, depuis le XIXe siècle, sur le Vieux Continent. L’objectif des puissances européennes était de définir un cadre international de règles, communes aux Etats, pour empêcher à la fois les excès de certains patrons, les conflits avec les travailleurs, tout en combattant la pratique du dumping social et en garantissant une concurrence loyale, non seulement entre eux mais aussi à l’échelle internationale. La France joua un rôle majeur dans la rédaction de ces textes et dans la création de l’OIT, chargée de poursuivre ce travail. De ce fait, cette institution dut concilier l’européocentrisme dominant le BIT et sa vocation universelle. La solution apparut, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à travers l’interrégionalisme développé par Paul van Zeeland, et que l’institution tenta de mettre en œuvre durant l’après-guerre et la guerre froide. Il s’agissait de créer des regroupements régionaux et de les faire coopérer dans les domaines politique, économique et social pour garantir la paix dans le monde ; l’Europe occidentale devait en être le laboratoire. Cette région, notamment la France, influença donc durablement les réflexions de l’OIT
The year 1919 was decisive in the social history. Indeed, it was marked by the creation of the International Labour Organization (ILO), resulting from part XIII of the treaty of Versailles. This institution with universal vocation placed itself in continuity of experiments and of carried out reflections, since the 19th century, on the Old continent. The objective of the European powers was to define an international framework of common rules for States, to prevent at the same time excesses of some managers, the conflicts with the workers, while fighting the practice of the social dumping and guaranteeing a fair competition, not only between them but also on an international scale. France played a major role in the writing of these texts and the creation of the ILO, charged to continue this work. So this institution had to reconcile the europeocentrism dominating the International Labour Office and its universal vocation. The solution appeared, during the Second World War, through the interregionalism developed by Paul van Zeeland, and that the institution tried to implement during the post-war period and the cold war. It was a question of creating regional regroupings and of making them cooperate in the policy fields, economic and social to guarantee peace in the world; Western Europe had to be the laboratory about it. This region, in particular France, thus influenced durably the reflections of the ILO

Dans le règlement des litiges individuels, les droits belge et congolais du travail gagneraient en effectivité en l’absence du recours au juge. Tel est le sujet de notre thèse.

Deux facteurs en justifient la vérification :d’une part, la priorité que la législation du travail réserve aujourd’hui à la question de l’emploi ;et d’autre part, l’intérêt croissant de nos jours pour les modes alternatifs de règlement des litiges individuels.

Envisagée en droits belge et congolais du travail, la réflexion théorique, qui y occupe une place importante, y est menée à renfort d’illustrations tirées dans ces deux droits.

En donner un résumé, c’est présenter un exposé synthétique du point de vue y développé autant qu’indiquer le chemin parcouru pour l’asseoir. Si, en règle, celui-ci, « démarche universitaire » oblige, passe par des détours que nécessite la vérification du sujet énoncé au titre de thèse, c’est autant faire preuve de synthèse que de les faire coïncider aux parties qui en constituent, si l’on peut dire, la charpente.

Notre travail comprend deux parties :la première porte sur la notion de litige individuel en droits civil et du travail ;la seconde a trait à l’office du juge en cas de litiges individuels en droit du travail. Cette division de notre ouvrage emporte un préjugé :elle implique qu’en soi les litiges individuels n’ont pas partie liée avec le recours au juge. Ce qui, en somme, est dans la ligne du point de vue que nous y défendons.

Parler de la notion de litige, d’abord, en droit civil se recommande dans la mesure où cette branche du droit est considérée comme la charte fondamentale des rapports qui se forment entre hommes, abstraction faite de leur profession. L’optique ainsi choisie augure d’une notion de litige individuel large et de sa portabilité en droit du travail ;sauf, bien sûr, à en donner la mesure dans cette branche du droit.

Faute d’une théorie générale des litiges, on peut évoquer leurs sens courants. Si ceux-ci sont à décliner dans la mesure où ils entretiennent une synonymie entre la notion de litige et les initiatives qui s’y associent, c’est, en revanche, l’élément de fond dont celles-ci ne sont qu’une manifestation qu’il faut considérer pour identifier la notion de litige.

A cette fin, la doctrine de droit civil qui l’analyse comme condition de la transaction se révèle pertinente :elle l’assimile à « un doute générateur d’une incertitude psychologique qui détermine les parties litigantes à y mettre fin, c’est-à-dire à supprimer ce que la situation peut avoir, en fait, d’aléatoire ou d’incertain ».

La liaison, mais aussi implicitement, le distinguo, que cette doctrine établit ainsi entre le litige, objet de la transaction, et le doute qu’il génère dans l’exercice et la jouissance des droits sont à ce point étroits qu’aux yeux d’aucuns, et selon la jurisprudence, les deux notions se confondent.

C’est fort de ce point de vue que nous retenons que « avoir un litige », ou comme on dit, « être en litige », c’est être en mal d’exercer un droit ou d’en jouir.

Pour valoir, cette formule définitoire, participant d’une logique des droits et obligations clairement définis doit être soumise à un test de faisabilité. Double test, en somme, auquel convient, d’une part, la prédominance d’une logique de l’intérêt dans le droit civil d’aujourd’hui, et, d’autre part, une survivance de la solidarité clanique dans la société congolaise, qui, toutes les deux y infusent une logique aux antipodes de ses postulats traditionnellement individualistes. Test doublement réussi, tant il s’avère que cette logique, qu’illustre notamment la montée en puissance du principe général de bonne foi, ne participe en soi que d’une condition de validité de l’exercice et de la jouissance d’un droit :elle tient de l’impératif de solidarité que requiert la vie en société et n’est guère source de conflictualité.

Si la dimension collective que cette logique tend à imprimer au droit civil semble un développement récent, elle est, en revanche, le propre du droit du travail comme le vérifie la logique, à la fois, statutaire et institutionnelle, dans laquelle s’inscrit sa mise en œuvre.

Logique statutaire, en ce que la nature d’ordre public et impérative de l’essentiel de la législation du travail, assorti de la sanction de nullité, induit la reconnaissance, dans le chef des salariés, d’un seuil minimum de droits intangible. Dans la même optique, il faut mentionner la récurrence du modèle contractuel de travail à durée indéterminée en cas de violation des normes que prescrivent divers régimes d’emploi. Cette manière, curative, du droit du travail de pourvoir à son application profile une identité collective des salariés. Elle fait de la notion de contrat de travail le critère qui, tel un sésame, leur permet d’accéder à quelque droit que leur confère leur état.

A cette logique statutaire s’associe une logique institutionnelle, qui va primant l’autonomie collective dans la relation de travail salarié. En témoignent la préséance donnée aux normes émargeant de l’autonomie collective dans la hiérarchie des sources de droit du travail, la plénitude de compétence reconnue aux commissions paritaires en matière de travail, l’intégration automatique des clauses normatives individuelles des conventions collectives dans les contrats de travail.

Cette complexité de la logique, qui caractérise les droits belge et congolais du travail, nous incline à affirmer que la notion de litige individuel y implique une quête d’effectivité du statut de salariés à la quelle pourvoit l’autonomie collective.

Cette allégation, en lien avec la notion de litige individuel, qui se distingue de quelque initiative qu’elle commande, tel l’exercice d’un action judiciaire, évoquée en droit civil, est un premier jalon dans la vérification de notre thèse.

- Et si, partant, le règlement des litiges individuels n’était plus judiciaire en droits belge et congolais du travail ?

Cette interrogation est la trame principale de la seconde partie de notre thèse. Et, pour autant que les propos que nous y tenons s’apparentent à une analyse critique des règles sur base desquelles le juge opère, elle coïncide à un discours qui va stigmatisant les limites posées à son office et les contraintes procédurales sous lesquelles il ploie. Ce discours, nous ne pouvons en faire état sans au préalable présenter le cadre dans lequel le juge accomplit son office ;cadre qui, balisé, signale une espèce de « suspicion légitime » dont celui-ci fait l’objet dès lors qu’il s’agit de régler les litiges individuels en droit du travail. En effet, au-delà de la diversité des formes d’organisation des juridictions du travail se profile une identité dans leurs principes recteurs :priorité donnée à la conciliation préalable ;participation des partenaires sociaux à la juridiction. Ces principes ne vont pas sans perpétuer l’éthique en vigueur dans les institutions à l’origine des juridictions du travail :concilier d’abord, ne juger que le cas échéant.

Se pose, dès lors, la question de savoir ce qui, en réalité, détermine les litigants à recourir au juge.

Recourir au juge implique au préalable un choix, c’est-à-dire deux alternatives réalisables l’une à défaut de l’autre :entamer une action judiciaire en est une ;ne pas l’entamer en est une autre qui, tout autant que la première, est une expression de la liberté. Reste que le choix effectué dans tel ou tel sens participe d’un délibéré préalable et qu’il est dès lors possible de comprendre l’attitude des litigants face au juge en considérant les éléments qui y interfèrent.

C’est à ce niveau que les syndicats jouent un rôle important :d’abord, parce que, le plus souvent, ce sont les salariés, en tant qu’individus, qui sont parties au litige ;ensuite, parce que l’attitude concrète des syndicats dans le domaine judiciaire est influencée par la sensibilité ouvrière face au juge. La pratique syndicale implique donc quelque stratégie face au juge ;cette métaphore militaire, belliciste, s’entendant de « l’art de faire évoluer une armée sur un théâtre d’opérations jusqu’au moment où elle entre en contact avec l’ennemi ».

Deux stratégies correspondent à ce choix :d’une part, l’évitement du juge, stratégie défensive de l’acquis social à laquelle contribuent la représentation du droit et du juge dans la doctrine syndicale ainsi qu’une mentalité « photosynthétique » qui reprouvent lenteurs et rituels judiciaires ;et, d’autre part, le recours judiciaire, stratégie offensive, conséquence de l’inefficacité de la concertation sociale qu’illustre, notamment, la « processualisation » des conflits collectifs en droit belge du travail.

Les deux stratégies se recommandent, respectivement, de la dogmatique syndicale et d’un pragmatisme judiciaire. Modèles théoriques d’interprétation d’un fait, elles ne sont guère une transcription de la réalité :elles s’entendent des types idéaux, sortes de prismes réfléchissants à travers lesquels celle-ci peut être comprise. Les stratégies vantées auraient une telle valeur heuristique qu’elles n’éludent pas la question de l’efficacité de l’office du juge.

Le juge est-il compétent ?Posée autrement, cette question revient à celle de savoir si le juge, eu égard à ses pouvoirs, est apte à pourvoir à l’effectivité du droit du travail en cas de litiges individuels.

Franchement, le juge l’est-il lorsque, par exemple, malgré la qualification d’une relation contractuelle en une relation de travail salarié et la reconnaissance subséquente au travailleur de la qualité de salarié, il ne peut contraindre la personne qui l’emploie à conclure un contrat de travail ?Certes, il allouera une indemnité compensatoire, puisque telle est la règle de droit, intangible, s’agissant d’une obligation de faire. Mais pour autant que, et cela fait, le droit à une certaine sécurité de l’emploi qu’implique le statut de salariés aura été effectif ?On peut en douter.

C’est qu’en règle, le juge ne dispose que d’une maîtrise restreinte du contentieux :il ne connaît que de l’objet de la demande. Ce qui lui revient c’est d’appliquer aux faits soumis à son appréciation la règle de droit exacte ;la détermination de la demande relevant du pouvoir des litigants ;il ne peut suppléer aux motifs que ceux-ci invoquent qu’en se fondant sur ceux dont il est régulièrement saisi ;sauf bien sûr lorsqu’il y va d’une question d’ordre public ou en cas d’erreurs ou de fraudes.

A cette limite fonctionnelle posée à son office s’associe celle qu’impliquent les règles procédurales. Prescrites à peine de nullité, celles-ci commandent un déroulement spécifique, limité de l’action qui amène nécessairement à une conclusion déterminée », à savoir le jugement. Dès lors figent-elles juges et litigants dans un rôle précis et vont, de la sorte, amplifiant, dans leur chef, une logique de confrontation à l’opposé de l’objectif de résorption des litiges auquel elles sont en soi vouées comme l’indique, dans la pratique judiciaire, la dévaluation de la tentative de conciliation obligatoire préalable qu’à la qui va vite les litigants déclinent pour se livrer aux débats judiciaires.

Doublement limité, comme nous venons de relever, l’office du juge se réduit alors à celui de garde fou de l’utilisation déloyale par certains plaideurs des règles de procédure ;son rôle ne consistant finalement qu’à filtrer la demande :au fond, il n’est que de peu d’apport dans le règlement des litiges.

Ne serait-il pas inintéressant d’envisager d’autres mécanismes de leur prise en charge intégrale par un tiers qui se dispense des contraintes qui pèsent sur lui ?La souplesse du processus auquel il apportera son expertise, le large pouvoir d’instruction dont il disposera, l’originalité des pistes de solution qu’il proposera seront autant d’atouts de son efficacité.

C’est à cette fin, que nous prônons le recours à la médiation comme mode de règlement des litiges individuels en droit du travail :processus confidentiel, librement consenti par les litigants qui recourent à un tiers dont le rôle est de les aider à élaborer eux-mêmes une entente équitable qui intègre leurs attentes respectives. Comme l’avoue Henri FUNCK, Président du tribunal du travail de Bruxelles :« (…) seules les parties (…), détiennent la clé de la solution à leur litige ;et les solutions elle-mêmes sont multiples. Un tiers attentif et bienveillant pour chacune des parties peut, en jouant comme le rôle de miroir, faciliter l’avènement de la solution ».

De ce point de vue, les expériences de médiation que mènent, en Belgique, certains Tribunaux du travail, comme ceux de Bruxelles et de Verviers, ainsi que la Cour du travail d’Anvers, méritent d’être encouragées.

L’espace social congolais est lui aussi un terrain propice à la pratique de la médiation, comme le montre son succès dans certains milieux :cercles des diamantaires, groupes charismatiques ou de prières, ou encore, sous l’instigation des associations luttant pour la défense des Droits de l’Homme, des organisations informelles chargées de trancher les litiges comme au marché Tomba dans la commune de Matete à Kinshasa.

L’idéal serait toutefois que ces pratiques soient légalisées, comme elles le sont à l’étranger, notamment en France. Il faut alors souhaiter l’adoption de la proposition de loi déposée à cet effet au Parlement belge par les députés Clotilde NYSSENS et Christian BROTCORNE. Au législateur congolais de prendre lui aussi une telle initiative.

Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

碩士
輔仁大學
餐旅管理學系碩士班
101
In this study, the employees in the front office department of international tourist hotels in Taiwan were as the research subjects. It was to explore the relationship among emotional labor, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior and the job characteristics. The questionnaire survey method was used to collect data through convenience sampling. The respondents of this study were the employees who have worked in the front office department of international tourist hotels over 3 months in Taiwan. There were 500 questionnaires distributed to the employees and 100 questionnaires to the directors, separately. Overall valid questionnaires and response rate from employees were 400 and 80%. Moreover, the questionnaires and response rate from directors were 81 and 81%. The results showed that seniority of employees of different lengths are significant differences in extra-role behavior. FO Employees in different departments there were significant differences on emotional labor. Sub-dimensions of job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior have a significant positive correlation. Job satisfaction has positive impact on organizational citizenship, and job satisfaction has positive impact on in-role and extra-role organizational citizenship behaviors. Job satisfaction has mediated emotional labor and organizational citizenship. Job satisfaction has mediated emotional labor and in-role organizational citizenship. Job satisfaction has mediated emotional labor and ex-role organizational citizenship. Job character moderates emotional labor and job satisfaction; job character moderates job satisfaction and organizational citizenship; job character moderates job satisfaction and in-role organizational citizenship.

AbstractNowadays, in the era of flexible and precarious employment, the concept of a ‘career for life’ in one organisation appears to be redundant, as most employees in the global labour market do not have permanent employment (ILO, World employment and social outlook: the changing nature of jobs. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2015). This chapter focuses on the shipping industry as an example of a global industry that employs over a million seafarers (BIMCO, Manpower 2005 update: the worldwide demand for and supply of seafarers. Warwick: Warwick Institute for Employment Research, 2015) as their main labour force in what could termed flexible employment. The chapter explores the idea of having a ‘career’ within the precarious shipping industry by focusing on the reasons for joining, staying, and leaving a seafaring occupation. The chapter is based on existing literature, and on recent data that was collected as part of a study on seafarers’ career development.

Construction industry has reported among the highest accident and fatality rates over the past decade. In particular, crane lifting is a notably hazardous operation on construction sites, causing fatal accidents like workers being struck by the boom or objects fallen from tower cranes. Manual monitoring by on-site safety officers is labour-intensive and error-prone, while incorporating computer vision techniques into surveillance cameras would enable more automatic and continuous monitoring of construction site operations. However, existing studies for lifting safety mainly detect the presence of individual objects (e.g. workers, crane components), while a methodology is needed to predict their potential collision more proactively before accidents happen. This paper develops a vision-based framework for predictive lifting safety monitoring, including three modules: (1) object detection and classification: targeting at hook and lifting materials to enable danger zone estimation, along with workers and their personal protective equipment; (2) worker movement tracking and prediction: analyzing the historical moving trajectory of each unique worker to foresee his/her future movement in certain period ahead; (3) multi-level safety assessment: issuing predictive warning in real-time upon any crane-worker conflict foreseen. The proposed framework is applicable to real-time site video processing and enables end-to-end lifting safety monitoring with instant alerting upon unsafe scenarios observed. Importantly, the proposed framework predicts the future movement of workers to proactively identify potential site hazard, in order to trigger earlier safety alert for more timely decision-making. With a large video dataset capturing tower crane operations, the proposed framework demonstrates competitive accuracy and computational efficiency in crane-worker conflict prediction, validating its practicality for real-time lifting safety monitoring

Construction industry has reported among the highest accident and fatality rates over the past decade. In particular, crane lifting is a notably hazardous operation on construction sites, causing fatal accidents like workers being struck by the boom or objects fallen from tower cranes. Manual monitoring by on-site safety officers is labour-intensive and error-prone, while incorporating computer vision techniques into surveillance cameras would enable more automatic and continuous monitoring of construction site operations. However, existing studies for lifting safety mainly detect the presence of individual objects (e.g. workers, crane components), while a methodology is needed to predict their potential collision more proactively before accidents happen. This paper develops a vision-based framework for predictive lifting safety monitoring, including three modules: (1) object detection and classification: targeting at hook and lifting materials to enable danger zone estimation, along with workers and their personal protective equipment; (2) worker movement tracking and prediction: analyzing the historical moving trajectory of each unique worker to foresee his/her future movement in certain period ahead; (3) multi-level safety assessment: issuing predictive warning in real-time upon any crane-worker conflict foreseen. The proposed framework is applicable to real-time site video processing and enables end-to-end lifting safety monitoring with instant alerting upon unsafe scenarios observed. Importantly, the proposed framework predicts the future movement of workers to proactively identify potential site hazard, in order to trigger earlier safety alert for more timely decision-making. With a large video dataset capturing tower crane operations, the proposed framework demonstrates competitive accuracy and computational efficiency in crane-worker conflict prediction, validating its practicality for real-time lifting safety monitoring

Information communications technology (ICT) has been identified as a key enabler in the achievement of regional and rural success, particularly in terms of economic and business development. The potential of achieving equity of service through improved communications infrastructure and enhanced access to government, health, education, and other services has been identified. ICT has also been linked to the aspiration of community empowerment, where dimensions include revitalizing a sense of community, building regional capacity, enhancing democracy, and increasing social capital. In Australia, there has been a vision for online services to be used to open up regional communities to the rest of the world. Government support has been seen “as enhancing the competence levels of local economies and communities so they become strong enough to deal equitably in an increasingly open marketplace” (McGrath & More, 2002, p. 40). In a regional and rural context, the availability of practical assistance is often limited. Identification of the most appropriate online services for a particular community is sometimes difficult (Ashford, 1999; Papandrea & Wade, 2000; Pattulock & Albury Wodonga Area Consultative Committee, 2000). Calls, however, continue for regional communities to join the globalized, online world. These are supported by the view that success today is based less and less on natural resource wealth, labor costs, and relative exchange rates, and more and more on individual knowledge, skills, and innovation. But how can regional communities “grab their share of this wealth” and use it to strengthen local communities (Simpson 1999, p. 6)? Should communities be moving, as Porter (2001, p. 18) recommends (for business), away from the rhetoric about “Internet industries,” “e-business strategies,” and the “new economy,” to see the Internet as “an enabling technology—a powerful set of tools that can be used, wisely or unwisely, in almost any industry and as part of almost any strategy?” Recent Australian literature (particularly government literature) does indeed demonstrate somewhat of a shift in terms of the expectations of ICT and e-commerce (National Office for the Information Economy, 2001; Multimedia Victoria, 2002; National Office for the Information Economy, 2002). Consistent with reflections on international industry experience, there is now a greater emphasis on identifying locally appropriate initiatives, exploring opportunities for improving existing communication and service quality, and for using the Internet and ICT to support more efficient community processes and relationships (Hunter, 1999; Municipal Association of Victoria and ETC Electronic Trading Concepts Pty Ltd., 2000; National Office for the Information Economy, 2002). The objective of this article is to explore whether welldeveloped and well-implemented online services can make a positive contribution to the future of regional and rural communities. This will be achieved by disseminating some of the learning from the implementation of the MainStreet Regional Portal project (www.mainstreet.net.au). To provide a context for this case study, the next section introduces some theory relevant to virtual communities and portals. The concept of online communities is introduced and then literature is reviewed to identify factors that have been acknowledged as important in the success of online community and portal initiatives.

In Ghana the stop-start dynamics of Basel implementation reflects party politics. Moves to implement Basel and other international standards have coincided with periods when the New Patriotic Party (NPP) has been in office. The NPP has a vision for positioning Ghana as a financial services hub for West Africa and strong ideological and material connections to international finance. In 2017 the NPP government embarked on a radical reform of the banking sector, implementing major elements of Basel II and III and catapulting Ghana to among the most ambitious implementers of Basel standards among our case study countries. In contrast, the National Democratic Congress (NDC) focused on directing finance to the productive sectors of the economy and supporting indigenous banks, and the implementation of international standards was not a policy priority during their periods in office.

Imagine, if you will, that, on the same day, all migrants and immigrants decide to return to their countries of origin. The Filipina nanny would pack her bags and leave the family in Singapore whose children she has been raising. The suburban couple in San Diego would be without their Mexican gardener who worked for less than five dollars an hour. Italian farmers would find the fruit rotting on their trees because their cheap migrant workers left the orchard. New York’s manufacturing sector would collapse because a large portion of the workforce is absent. Worse, Wall Street would be closed because cleaners, security guards, office staff, and taxi drivers are unavailable. Many sectors of the economy in industrialized countries would come to an immediate standstill. The rest of the economy would follow within days, if not hours. Although not your typical doomsday scenario, this hypothetical example illustrates that our economy depends on the labor of often “invisible” international migrants. Labor Movement pursues the idea that the international movement of people lies at the heart of regulating today’s economies, or more precisely, labor markets. “If you build it, they will come,” the saying goes. Industrialized countries have built powerful economies that depend on a disciplined labor force. They have become a magnet for international migrants willing to satisfy this demand for labor. However, the stream of migration to the industrialized world is relatively unaffected by cyclical fluctuations in national labor markets. In the United States, for example, immigration streams steadily persist, independent of the condition of the economy and whether labor is in general demand or not (Camarota 2003). Despite increasing evidence of the autonomy of immigration flows relative to market conditions, the view that economic processes produce international migration continues to dominate public and academic debate. Critics, however, have questioned whether migration is indeed as market-driven as the dominating narrative suggests. Michael Piore (1979: 8), for example, states, “Income is not the critical analytical variable” in explaining international migration patterns. A less common view turns the conventional relationship between economic processes and migration on its head.

This chapter discusses the labor politics in New York. Beginning in 1936, New York's moderate socialists, as well as its independent laborites and social reformers, finally found an effective means to reinsert themselves squarely into the political mainstream—establishing the American Labor Party (ALP). Over the next eight years, the ALP became an essential partner in the complex local New Deal coalition that ranged at times from liberal Republicans to communists, demonstrating in the process that a powerful constituency existed for its brand of practical social democratic politics. At the same time, however, the civil war between communists and anti-communist social democrats that had embroiled the Left in the 1920s had never been settled, and when the two sides found themselves uncomfortably together in the ALP, their battles took the form of a struggle for control. The internal war, though waged in primaries for local public and party office, often centered on international issues, especially those of special interest to the New York Left's core Jewish constituency. By 1944, the conflict led to a split and the founding of the Liberal Party.

In today's global business, customers, governments, and international organizations are more sensitive to environmental (such as oil spills, explosions) and ethical (such as sexual harassment at office, child labor, labor safety) issues caused by business activities. The shipping industry seems to be a “usual suspect” because of comparatively big potential environmental risk taken. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is simply defined as adopting continuously responsible business activities to customers, public, and environment, is a helpful tool to achieve many business outcomes such as increased revenue, sales, or firm reputation. This chapter explores CSR in the maritime and shipping industries.

In today's global business, customers, governments, and international organizations are more sensitive to environmental (such as oil spills, explosions) and ethical (such as sexual harassment at office, child labor, labor safety) issues caused by business activities. The shipping industry seems to be a “usual suspect” because of comparatively big potential environmental risk taken. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is simply defined as adopting continuously responsible business activities to customers, public, and environment, is a helpful tool to achieve many business outcomes such as increased revenue, sales, or firm reputation. This chapter explores CSR in the maritime and shipping industries.

Abstract. Introduction. In labor physiology from the position of the theory of functional systems there is a need to assess mental work capacity. The isolation of separate subsystems of labor tension, physiological state allows to develop a complex of measures for the prevention of health disorders. Purpose of the study – scientific substantiation of a systematic approach to the assessment of mental performance based on the study of psychophysiological features of the body of workers under the influence of neuro-emotional loads. Materials and methods. The studies included occupational analysis of work activity, physiological characteristics of CNS and cardiovascular system, and psychological studies with retrospective data analysis (40 professional groups of workers aged 43.80±2.91 years with 17.69±2.19 years of work experience). Statistical processing was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software and Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Results. At a high degree of labor tension (class 3.3), the formation of an unfavorable physiological state, characterized by an increase in the index of functional changes, high levels of anxiety, an increase in the number of intra- and inter-system correlations in the cardiovascular system and CNS is established according to the materials of production studies Conclusion. System analysis, based on the results of physiological studies, allowed to determine the features of the formation of mental work capacity under different classes of working conditions with the allocation of independent subsystems - neuro-emotional tension of labor processes, physiological state, preventive measures.

In December 2021, an online questionnaire survey was conducted at 5 selected branches of the Labor Office in the Czech Republic focused on the analysis of psychosocial risks at work. Based on the findings from this survey, the problematic areas were defined and specific intervention measures were applied based on their evaluation. These measures started in September 2022. They were focused on two levels: building psychological resistance (resilience) provided in the form of online seminars: "Supporting positive coping mechanisms and increasing resistance to stress", "Sleep hygiene", "Active psycho hygiene and coping with demanding clients" and special seminar for managers "Psychological support and basic intervention for your subordinates". From December 2022 to March 2023, group and individual psychotherapy were conducted for a much smaller group of employees under the guidance of a psychotherapist.

Computer literacy affects all areas of human life, and our subsequent control is almost inevitable nowadays. Due to the rapid growth of scientific knowledge and development of information and communication technologies, significant changes are taking place in individual countries. New technologies are coming to the fore through which there is an increase in country's economy, employment as well as labor productivity. To some extent, this fact is influenced by the ability of basic computer skills. This aspect is also important in terms of regional development at the national, regional and local level. The aim of the paper is to characterize selected indicator of computer literacy - internet work at three levels of Slovakia (state, district and municipality). The paper will be based by data from the Statistical Office of the European Union and Statistical Office of the Slovak republic. The methods of analysis, synthesis as well as graphical and cartographic methods will be the main methods used in the paper. Based on the achieved results, it can be stated that Slovakia achieved an average of 51.4 % in the development of internet use. It is very just above the EU average. At the regional level, the highest rate of internet use is manifested in the western part of Slovakia. At the local level in the case of the Nitra district, the internet was mostly used in the hinterland of the city of Nitra.

The right to disconnect refers to a worker's right to be able to disconnect from work and refrain from engaging in work-related electronic communication, like emails and other messages, during non-work hours and holidays. The Latvian Labor Law does not directly determine the right to disconnect from digital devices, however, such rights arise from certain legal norms. Examples of the provisions of the Labor Law relate to the general rules on rest periods and breaks in work. The recent research results of remote work during Covid-19 pandemic conducted by the author show that for 69.3% of respondents working remotely possibility to disconnect from digital devices outside working hours (when the assigned work tasks have been completed) is extremely crucial. If the rights to disconnect are not explicitly regulated, the risk of disbalance between work and private life is at stake. The increase in workload during the emergency caused by COVID-19 was indicated by 42.7% of respondents in Latvia. That shows that another problem of lack of regulation of rights to disconnect could be unpaid overtime. The research shows that 14.7% of respondents were not paid for overtime work when working from home. The practice shows a critical need for sustainable and predictable changes in the legal system to protect employees’ rights and thus ensure stable employment in general in Latvia. It was also recently decided by Employment Committee MEPs that EU countries must ensure that workers are able to exercise the right to disconnect effectively. Some of the member states in the European Union have recently implemented the right into their legal system (Portugal, Spain, France), but each member state takes a different approach. That means that discussion is no longer if there is a need to implement the “right to disconnect” in national legal acts, but how to implement the right efficiently not only at a national level but at the EU level as well.The goal of the research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the legal status of the “right to disconnect” in the legal system of the European Union and Latvia. In order to reach the goal, the author is using various scientific research methods. The paper is based on a quantitative research method and analytical, comparative, case law analysis method to provide valid conclusions on the current role of the “right to disconnect” in Latvia and the European Union. The author also offers recommendations on how to implement the “right to disconnect” efficiently to avoid violation of employees’ rights and ensure a sustainable work environment.In the result, the author has concluded that the biggest impediment of the employee's right to disconnect is the lack of clear legislative preconditions that would encourage businesses to preserve employees' freedom to disconnect, resulting in a more sustainable working environment - both in the office and remotely.Finally, the author concludes that there is a need to adjust regulation in Latvia to meet the needs of widespread use of remote work. The author also concludes that a significant role to protect employees’ right to disconnect is for governmental authorities to explain the right to disconnect to employees and employers.

Compliance with labor protection by personnel of dental offices is mandatory for their work. The working conditions of these specialists are characterized by the presence of hazardous and harmful production factors, to reduce or prevent the impact of which personal protective equipment (PPE) is used. An analysis of the study of the features of the use of all modern PPE, the fulfillment of the requirements provided for by the current legislation of a sanitary and epidemiological nature and labor protection of dentists is presented based on the results of the study. It was revealed that employees must be competent in the range and purpose of PPE, the correctness of their use, and also have a full supply of a sufficient number of modern effective PPE to comply with the safety standard of the medical dental organization.

A greater demand for productivity in a limited time is observed in UANs, however, working conditions are often inadequate, with environmental problems, the ergonomics of operational areas or even the performance of tasks. These conditions end up leading to dissatisfaction, excessive tiredness, decreased productivity, health problems and work accidents. According to ergonomics, a workplace must be healthy and pleasant, preventing accidents and occupational illnesses, however, some factors interfere negatively in this sense, affecting the quality of the environment. In UANs, among the factors related to the work environment, temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, amount of noise, posture and movement can be highlighted. Labor Gymnastics (Break Gymnastics) fits very well as a beneficial strategy in these cases, as it is nothing more than the practice of guided and directed physical activity during office hours and at the workplace, three times a week, or daily, for periods varying from 8 to 12 minutes. Its main objective is the prevention of occupational diseases, while offering several benefits to both companies and employees. In view of the above, the study aims to encourage and stimulate the development of a new habit in the work routine of employees in the central pantry of a hospital unit, in the city of Pelotas -RS, Brazil. The aim is that this change in behavior during work hours can contribute to the physical and psychological health, as well as the general well-being of the waitresses, preventing accidents and occupational illnesses and ensuring the effectiveness of the services carried out at the UAN.

The Government of Uganda, civil society organisations (CSOs) and international partners participated in a Data-to-Action (‘D2A’) workshop in Kampala from June 14–16, 2023. The D2A workshop was co-convened by the Office of the Prime Minister’s (OPM’s) Department of Refugees and the Baobab Research Programme Consortium, with support from the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (MGLSD); UNHCR; and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquarters staff. The Humanitarian Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (HVACS) D2A workshop aims to support countries in creating violence prevention priorities directly informed by HVACS data. These priorities are created by linking HVACS data to the suite of evidenced-based and prudent practices using the INSPIRE: Seven Strategies for Ending Violence Against Children technical package. The outcomes of the D2A workshop are data-driven, evidence-based priorities and actions to prevent and respond to violence against children (VAC) in humanitarian settings in Uganda, with a specific focus on refugee contexts. The priorities will help complement existing policies and plans related to VAC prevention in Uganda, and help fill in gaps that address humanitarian populations.

Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3