Готові списки джерел за темами / Awareness of consequences

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Awareness of consequences"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Awareness of consequences"

Watson, Lyndsey F., Maxwell J. Watson, Jane L. Halliday, and Robin J. Bell. "Consequences of surveying folate awareness." Health Expectations 5, no. 1 (March 2002): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1369-6513.2002.00155.x.

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MacCorquodale, Donald W., and John A. Ballweg. "Awareness of smoking consequences during pregnancy." Family & Community Health 14, no. 1 (April 1991): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003727-199104000-00008.

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Heier, T., and P. A. Steen. "Awareness in anaesthesia: Incidence, consequences and prevention." Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 40, no. 9 (October 1996): 1073–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1996.tb05569.x.

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Cornick, Jessica E., and Jim Blascovich. "Consequences of objective self-awareness during exercise." Health Psychology Open 2, no. 2 (August 11, 2015): 205510291559808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055102915598088.

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Seale, Clive, Julia Addington-Hall, and Mark McCarthy. "Awareness of dying: Prevalence, causes and consequences." Social Science & Medicine 45, no. 3 (August 1997): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00379-6.

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Lennmarken, Claes, and Gunilla Sydsjo. "Psychological consequences of awareness and their treatment." Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 21, no. 3 (September 2007): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2007.04.005.

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Joseph, Nitin, K. Keshava Pavan, Keerthan Ganapathi, P. Apoorva, Parul Sharma, and Jai Aditya Jhamb. "Health Awareness and Consequences of Consanguineous Marriages." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 6, no. 2 (November 11, 2014): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131914557496.

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Yamoah, Fred A., James S. Kaba, David Botchie, and Joseph Amankwah-Amoah. "Working towards Sustainable Innovation for Green Waste Benefits: The Role of Awareness of Consequences in the Adoption of Shaded Cocoa Agroforestry in Ghana." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031453.

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Drawing on the awareness of consequence literature, this paper unpacks how the awareness of the consequences of full-sun cocoa production can encourage farmers to adopt shaded cocoa agroforestry that preserves the land and favours better cocoa farm waste management. Using Ghana as a case study, the paper provides distinctive insights on how shaded cocoa agroforestry systems provide sustainable yields in the medium- to long-term, relative to unshaded systems. We also find that cocoa farmers’ awareness of consequences about the effects of undertaking unshaded cocoa production could make individual farmers exhibit pro-environmental behaviour, leading to the adoption of cocoa agroforestry systems that help preserve soil fertility and improve waste management. We recommend that the utilization of awareness of consequence protocols, coupled with the efficient diffusion of information on the benefits of agroforestry in terms of waste management and environmental improvements to the cocoa farmers, could increase the adoption of shaded cocoa production regimes in Ghana.

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Fraser, Susan. "Our falls audit will raise awareness of consequences." Nursing Standard 22, no. 6 (October 17, 2007): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.22.6.33.s44.

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Elçi, Alev, and Zeliha Seçkin. "Cyberbullying Awareness for Mitigating Consequences in Higher Education." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 5 (April 28, 2016): 946–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516646095.

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Technology has many positive effects on education, but negative effects also exist. One of the negative effects is cyberbullying spreading out of school boundaries to the social networks. The increasing popularity of social media among youngsters engenders cyberbullies who exploit the virtual environment besides the usual emails. This distresses the students and adversely affects their families, teachers, and others around them. Although research studies mainly concentrate on prior education, there seems to be a need to investigate the situation in higher education. This study focuses on students studying technology and related disciplines, who are hence likely to be well connected with cyberspace, and explores their awareness about cyberbullying. The findings reveal that female students have significantly less awareness than males. This study will help address some gender issues in cyberbullying.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Awareness of consequences"

Brace, Dhimitris. "Users Awareness of Cyber threats and Consequences in Social Media." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-434979.

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Year 2013, the year that the world faced one of the most critical whistleblower cases in the last decades. A government that was accused that intercepted personal information of many users. Nowadays people are using the internet, and many provided services such as emailing and social media. There are security principles and standards that are supposed to support users with information security and data safety, are based in human rights provided by law. The level of the security and safety provided is a case that every single user must be aware of it. Plenty of users’ awareness in the internet and the services that they are using is not what it should be. Internet and services such as social media or emailing have instant interaction with Information security of individuals and their personal security as well. The users that are using these services are facing threats and risks, and the business field as well. The law has defined a specific regulation in order to protect the human rights in information privacy and data protection. Social media usage has become a daily communication routine between users who are not informed about the consequences of their usage and what that might bring up. The overall purpose of this study was to warn the users of the internet and social media to be aware of the risk and threats, and to introduce the meaning and the importance of information security by increasing user awareness.

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Dotterweich, Andy R., and Thomas J. Davis. "Social Value Orientation and Awareness of Consequences in Recreation Resource Dilemmas." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3771.

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Gross, Richard Robert. "Small newspapers, big changes awareness of market-driven journalism and consequences for community newspapers /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4152.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (January 25, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Engelmann, Erik, and Larsen Mabika. "Consequences of Employee Relocation in Global Teams : A multi-stakeholder perspective." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159977.

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Background Global teams are considered an emerging topic in the international management literature. Empirical studies conducted in this field include studies on trust, communication, team relationships, conflicts over distance and leadership. Also, the topic of employee relocation has been extensively researched in the international management literature. Despite the fact that relocations in global teams occur in practices, both topics have yet to be researched together. This paper intends to fill this research gap and study both topics together. Aim This paper aims to investigate the consequences of employee relocation in global teams using a multi-stakeholder perspective. Methodology A qualitative study was conducted with eight individuals working in the same global company which operates in the financial services industry and is headquartered in London, UK. Out of the eight participants, five worked in the same global team. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate the consequences of relocation in global teams from different perspectives. Findings A thematic analysis of the data revealed four main categories of relocation consequences that are acknowledged across the different stakeholders interviewed for this study: work redistribution, resource management, vulnerable team relationships and shift in communication. Despite a common acknowledgement of the consequences, the study showed that discrepancies between the stakeholders’ views on the consequences affected the way the team handled them. By contextualizing the results around a role, the multi-stakeholder perspective exposed different scopes of awareness on the impacts of the relocation consequences. This inferred that individuals showed a certain level of subjectivity influencing their scope of awareness on the impacts of the consequences of relocations.

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Abel, Brandon R. (Brandon Ross). "The causes and consequences of divergence between the air traffic controller state awareness and actual system state." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115647.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "February 2018."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 177-195).
Divergence is an inconsistency between the human's system state awareness and the actual system state. This research investigated divergence potential in air traffic controllers and identified controller divergence causes and consequences. Based on this investigation, approaches to minimize controller divergence and its consequences were identified for current air traffic control systems and future systems where unmanned aircraft will be integrated. Prior studies identified pilot divergence as a factor in several recent aircraft accidents and could be a factor for controllers. The future addition of unmanned aircraft in national airspace is a significant change which will affect the pilot and controller relationship and presents an opportunity to consider divergence before procedures are developed. To understand how to minimize divergence and its consequences, this research developed a divergence cause and consequence framework and a cognitive process framework. The cause and consequence framework was developed using established risk analysis methods. The cognitive process framework was developed using established cognitive process and human error approaches. This research refined these frameworks and demonstrated their utility in an investigation of historical air traffic control accidents. They were then used to identify divergence vulnerabilities in a future unmanned aircraft-integrated national airspace. Air traffic control cases were analyzed between 2011 and 2015 using the framework to understand causes and consequences of controller divergence. Twenty-seven (sixty-four percent) of these cases contained controller divergence contributing to the hazardous consequence. Although divergence causes and states varied, the most common event sequence included a diverged controller inducing an aircraft-to-aircraft conflict. These cases provided insight for system mitigations to reduce divergence causes and the consequentiality should it occur. The potential emergence of controller divergence with the integration of unmanned aircraft in national airspace was then investigated. Field studies of controllers experienced managing unmanned aircraft identified important differences between manned and unmanned aircraft. The framework was then used to analyze these potential divergence vulnerabilities. Observables, specifically intent, appear more challenging to perceive yet crucial for controller projection of unmanned aircraft position due to their lack of onboard human perception, lost link, and automated operations. Hazardous consequences may be more likely due to the inability for unmanned aircraft to provide mitigations.
Material is based upon work supported under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002 and/or FA8702-15-D-0001
by Brandon R. Abel.
Ph. D.

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Brändström, Betty, and Andreas Undfors. "“Accentus” - Experiencing the consequences of a lack of staff in Swedish healthcare through a serious game." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20054.

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The Swedish healthcare industry has been in a crisis and suffered from a lack of staff and high burnout rate for many years. In this thesis we explore the possibility of bringing this to everyones’ attention by developing a serious game, where the player can experience and learn about the issues from within a hospital. Our goal is to provide a way for the player to increase their knowledge on the issues and inspire a desire to participate in the ongoing healthcare debate. Although the ability to promote engagement appears bleak, the results suggest that serious games do have the potential to educate, both on this matter and in general.

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Park, Sang Hee. "The Antecedents and Consequences of Brand Image: Based on Keller’s Customer-Based Brand Equity." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259560834.

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Simonato, Pierluigi. "Evaluating and expanding knowledge and awareness of health professionals on the consumption and adverse consequences of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) through innovative information technologic tools." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/16557.

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Background: The rapid diffusion of Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS) constitutes an important challenge in terms of public health and a novelty in clinical settings, where these compounds may lead to erratic symptoms, unascertained effects and multi-intoxication scenarios, especially in emergency situations. The number of NPS available on the illicit drug market is astonishing: official reports suggest the appearance of a new drug every week. NPS may be enlisted in many different families such as synthetic phenethylamines, tryptamines, cathinones, piperazines, ketamine-like compounds, cannabimimetics and other plant-derived, medical products and derivatives. Therefore, healthcare services and professionals are often called to face this unknown 'galaxy' where NPS users seem to perceive traditional services 'unfitting' for their needs, requiring an attention which is quite different from known classic drug abusers. In this context, the Recreational Drugs European Network (ReDNet), a research project funded the European Commission and led by the University of Hertfordshire, aimed to explore the NPS galaxy and develop information tools for vulnerable individuals and professionals working with them. This initiative reported specific Technical Folders on new drugs and disseminated the collected information through innovative communication technologies (e.g. multimedia tools, social networking and mobile phone services) internationally. Aim and objectives: The aim of this work is to evaluate and contribute to expand the knowledge of health professionals on NPS. The key objectives are: 1) to assess the level of knowledge on NPS amongst a sample of Italian healthcare professionals; 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of dissemination tools developed by ReDNet, including an SMS-Email/mobile service (SMAIL); 3) to understand the clinical impact of NPS by providing four Technical Folders and collecting two clinical cases on NPS. Methodology: According to the objectives, the methodological approach has been articulated in the following three phases. Phase 1: investigating knowledge and preferred channels of information via an online survey among health professionals in Italy. This first Italian study on NPS awareness had been online from February to July 2011, recruiting participants from Departments of Addiction, Psychiatry and other services. Phase 2: evaluating the ReDNet initiative. An evaluation questionnaire was designed and disseminated online to assess the various resources provided by ReDNet project; it had been online from April to July 2013, targeting professionals registered to ReDNet services. This phase also investigated the SMAIL service, a mobile application that was the latest technological tool developed by ReDNet team. Phase 3: promoting evidence based work in clinical practice through the preparation of four Technical Folders and two case reports. Technical Folders followed the methodology optimised during the ReDNet experience, organising NPS data under specific headings, measured for the need of health professionals. Case reports were collected in a Dual Diagnosis Unit in Italy ('Casa di Cura Parco dei Tigli'); assessed patients revealed for the first time the use of NPS; clinical interviews were conducted to collect a full anamnesis while for the first time psychopathological characteristics were measured in NPS abusers, using a psychometric instrument (MMPI-2). Results: In Phase 1 Italian services, in particular interviewees (n=243) from Departments of Psychiatry and Addiction, showed a strong interest for the subject but a poor understanding of NPS: 26.7% of respondents did not know if their patients ever used NPS; at the same time they considered this phenomenon as very relevant to their profession (e.g. psychomotor agitation [75.7%], errors in the assessment [75.7%], management of the clients [72%]); in addition less of a quarter of them had reliable information on new substances. Interviewees also reported the need for easily accessible channels of information to expand their expertise in the field (including emails [70%] and dedicated websites [51.9%]). The ReDNet initiative (Phase 2) reached professionals (n=270) from European countries and various other regions; they appreciated the website above all (48.5%), which provided access to other information (in form of academic papers, news, technical folders, etc.). The integration of technological-based and classic educational resources was used to self-educate professionals (52.6%) and supply information for research (33.7%) with up-to-date and 3 reliable information; in the same Phase the SMAIL service was analysed in its first 557 searches: in the pilot period 122 professionals used SMS inquiries (95%), asking information on NPS while highlighting the increasing number of NPS available on the market. Technical folders (Phase 3) described two new phenethylamines (Bromo-dragonfly and 25I-NBOMe), a novel ethno drug (Kratom) and a new synthetic cathinone (alpha-PVP) whose severe effects were also described in one of the clinical cases. The first case report (Alice) involved a clubber who used mephedrone and other NPS with a severe worsening of her psychiatric disturbances; the second one (Marvin) described a patient who was referred by a psychiatric service and revealed himself as a 'psychonaut' with an intense abuse of alpha-PVP. Conclusions: The exploration of the NPS galaxy is a new challenge for healthcare professionals. In this study, Italian services seemed to be unprepared to face the emergency and requested rapid access to reliable information; the ReDNet project provided both technology-based and traditional resources to expand knowledge on NPS, making professionals more aware of emerging issues and helping especially clinicians working in the field (e.g. via SMAIL service and Technical Folders). Overall, it can be observed that effective information services on NPS targeted at professionals initiatives should include an online interface integrating up-to-date information, describing NPS through specific Technical Folders and disseminating scientific literature; the use of technological tools, including mobile applications, is an important strategy to support health professionals in their activity. Finally, more 'visual' guidelines, possibly in the form of a 'map' of these heterogeneous compounds, could be a useful framework to describe NPS to physicians and other professionals who are often unprepared and unconfident to face such an expanding galaxy.

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Pavlova, Zornitsa. "Is a user-generated social media campaign for the symptoms and consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency an effective tool for creating awareness of the health issue? A Bulgarian case study." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23909.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of an improvised user-generated health awareness campaign which was based on a personal narrative and first-hand experience with the B12 deficiency symptoms in babies and toddlers. The campaign was conducted in 2015 with a follow-up video in 2016 and shared through social media outlets, informing about the topic and empowering individuals to take responsibility for their own or their child’s health by providing information that could serve as a guideline for early diagnosis and intervention and by presenting an outlook of how people with similar issues manage the condition.The impact of the campaign is being qualitatively and quantitatively accessed by interviews with medical professionals and respectively survey data from a national survey and statistics from the YouTube console. In consideration has been taken the trust the respondents have in the medical service and the usual access to health information both online and offline The quantitative data were collected using a national online survey in which 1185 individuals took part. It aimed to additionally identify the general public attitude towards medical service in and the awareness about the vitamin B12. Four people participated in the interviews, divided into two groups - parents of children, who had symptoms similar to those, shown in the videos; and health practitioners who have seen the videos and comment on its qualities as a self-diagnosing material as well as the effect that attention to the issue created on their medical practices. The results confirmed that the personal narrative of a campaign could help to create identification and thus be more persuasive and with further increased sharing potential of the message through social media. The concrete campaign reached cumulatively over 167.000 people through YouTube, which is around 2.4% of the population of Bulgaria and possibly creating a lasting impact on the public attitude towards vitamin/mineral and other deficiencies. We found out that social media and YouTube could serve as an impactful medium for disseminating health-related information online when accurate and persuasive information is being used. When addressing a wide audience with little or no prior knowledge of the subject the personal narrative or testimonial could create more impact than a neutral fact-providing material.

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LIN, CHANG PEI, and 張佩琳. "The Research on Antecedents and Consequences of Desire－Brand Awareness as a Moderator." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95591578825577121625.

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碩士
實踐大學
企業管理學系碩士班
97
Desire plays a key role in the decision-making process. Perugini and Bagozzi (2004) indicate that desire is very important for predicting the behavioral intention variable. Desire can be defined as a psychological state of motivation, and can be used to evaluate and take action. Moreover, desire, an indispensable intermediary, is the mediators between attitude, subjective norm, anticipatory emotions, perceived behavioral control and behavior intentions. In addition, it is possible that the current strength of the brand, also known as the brand awareness, could be regarded as the potential moderators (Bagozzi & Dholakia, 2006). This study takes the brand awareness as the moderating variable to verify whether it will have an impact on decision-making of the consumers. The study is conducted by investigating 420 undergraduate students in some universities in Taipei Region with a 95% valid response rate of questionnaires. Furthermore, this research uses LISREL to test hypotheses. The empirical findings are: (1) attitude positively impacts desire；(2) positive anticipated emotions positively impact desire；(3) negative anticipated emotions positively impact desire；(4) subjective norm fails to impact desire；(5) perceived behavioral control positively impacts desire；(6) desire positively impacts behavior intention；(7) desire has a mediation effect on the attitude and behavior intention ；(8) desire has a mediation effect on the positive anticipated emotions and behavior intention；(9) desire has a mediation effect on the negative anticipated emotions and behavior intention；(10) desire does not have a mediation effect on the perceived behavioral control and behavior intention；(11) desire has a mediation effect on the perceived behavioral control and behavior intention；(12) it is significant effect that the low brand awarenss greater than the high brand awareness in the model of goal-directed behavior.

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Книги з теми "Awareness of consequences"

Mosha, Aggripina A. The study of planning practices, resident's awareness and attitudes, and their environmental consequences on women and children in the high density area of Sinza in Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam: Women Research and Documentation Project, 1992.

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Eastin, Joshua, and Kendra Dupuy, eds. Gender, climate change and livelihoods: vulnerabilities and adaptations. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247053.0000.

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Abstract This book applies a gender lens to examine the implications of climate change for livelihoods in vulnerable states. The goals are to enhance awareness of climate change as a gender issue, and to highlight the importance of gender in identifying livelihood vulnerabilities and in designing more robust climate adaptation measures, especially in climate-sensitive industries such as agriculture. The contributions in this book examine how the consequences of climate change affect women and men in different ways, and address the implications of climate change for women's livelihoods and resource access. The book is organized into two main sections. The first section (Chapters 2-8) examines disparities in the vulnerability of women's and men's livelihoods to climate change. The chapters in this section address issues such as gender inequalities in the household distribution of labour; differential access to agricultural livelihood inputs and assets; gender-based threats to personal safety and security; and gendered vulnerability to and experiences with climate disasters, food insecurity, and infrastructure development. The second section (chapters 9-16) takes a gender-based view of various climate adaptation initiatives in areas that rely on agriculture for subsistence and production. The contributions in this section address gender-inclusive participation in climate policy planning and decision making, the role of gender in livelihood adaptation measures, and any successes, failures, or opportunities for improvement that emerge from these efforts.

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Chalton, Alan. Awareness Fears and Consequences. New Breed Publishing, 2001.

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Johnson, Stephanie M. ABC: Awareness, Belief, Consequences. BookSurge Publishing, 2005.

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Talbert, Matthew, ed. Akrasia, Awareness, and Blameworthiness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779667.003.0002.

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Some philosophers believe that because ignorance tends to excuse, a blameworthy actor will either be akratic—that is, she will be a knowing wrongdoer—or her ignorance will be traceable to a prior instance of knowing wrongdoing. The chapter argues that this claim is false because a wrongdoer’s behavior can exhibit moral and attributional qualities that are sufficient for blameworthiness even if she never acted akratically. However, while blameworthiness does not depend on a wrongdoer recognizing the moral status of her behavior, it often does depend on the wrongdoer being aware of the circumstances in which she acts and the likely consequences of her behavior. Nevertheless, the chapter argues that the fact that an agent could have or should have been aware of the consequences of her behavior is in many cases insufficient for genuine blameworthiness.

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Williams, Erin S. Accidental Awareness under General Anesthesia. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0063.

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Accidental awareness, traditionally termed “awareness” while under general anesthesia, is perhaps the most feared complication of both patients and anesthesiologists alike. Awareness under anesthesia can result in severe physical and psychological pain and may predispose the patient to posttraumatic stress disorder. Reports of awareness, without recall of specific intraoperative events, has not been shown to have significant negative physical and/or psychological outcomes. However, it is the reports of actual awareness under very minimal anesthesia such as a patient who may have received muscle relaxants without accompanying inhalational anesthesia that are often associated with significant negative consequences. Such patients are able to provide specific details of the intraoperative and/or surgical period. The anesthesiologist must be careful to consistently assess and monitor the patient during surgery in order to avoid unintended awareness.

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Ashenhurst, James R., and Kim Fromme. Alcohol Use and Consequences Across Developmental Transitions During College and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0015.

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Alcohol use generally peaks during emerging adulthood, which resides between adolescence and adulthood. For many, this period is also marked by participation in higher education, and college campuses are well-known environments of high-risk drinking. This chapter highlights trajectory groups of heavy episodic drinking and reviews well-studied risk factors for and consequences of alcohol use. Risk factors highlighted include demographics, peer norms, parental awareness and caring, academic motives, personality, and subjective response to alcohol. Those at greatest risk are men, those with greater family wealth, sexual minorities, and Caucasian students. Greater sensation seeking or impulsive personality, low parental awareness, greater stimulation response, and higher peer drinking norms are significant correlates of risky drinking. The consequences of alcohol use examined are aggression, drinking and driving, and alcohol-induced blackouts. The chapter describes findings about special events during which extreme drinking is relatively common: 21st birthdays and football games or other sporting events.

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Darlington, Susan M. Contemporary Buddhism and Ecology. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.26.

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This chapter critically investigates the relationship between Buddhism and ecology, emphasizing the behaviors and intentions of practitioners rather than interpretations of early Buddhist scriptures. Through examination of the contemporary interpretations and implementations of the concept of interdependence (Pali: paticca-samuppada), animal release rituals, and the activities of Thai forest monks and environmental monks, the author aims to understand both what influences Buddhist environmental activists and the degree to which their actions are effectual. Part of this context is to understand the motivations of practitioners and the degree of environmental awareness underlying Buddhist practices that are often perceived to be ecologically friendly. Acts such as animal release rituals often result in unintentional negative ecological consequences. Yet Buddhists can have positive environmental impacts when Buddhist practices are consciously integrated with ecological principles and consequences rather than simply being labeled as environmentally friendly on an abstract level.

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Major, Brenda, and Toni Schmader. Stigma, Social Identity Threat, and Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.3.

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This chapter provides an overview of social identity threat theory and research and discusses its implications for health. The chapter defines social identity threat as the situationally triggered concern that one is at risk of being stigmatized and provides a conceptual model of its antecedents and consequences. Social identity threat stems from mere awareness of the cultural representations that associate a self-relevant social identity with undesirable characteristics, coupled with situational cues that bring these self-relevant cultural biases to mind, and personal characteristics that moderate one’s susceptibility to such experiences. Social identity threat can lead to involuntary psychological and physiological processes that when experienced repeatedly can have detrimental consequences for health. This chapter describes strategies that people use to cope with social identity threat and discusses their implications for health, in addition to providing a description of psychological interventions that can attenuate the negative effects of social identity threat.

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Levine, Joseph. Phenomenal Experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800088.003.0013.

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This paper presents a sketch of a theory of phenomenal consciousness, one that builds on the notion of a “way of appearing,” and draws out various consequences and problems for the view. I unabashedly endorse a version of the Cartesian Theater, while assessing the prospects for making such a view work. As I treat phenomenal consciousness as a relation between a subject and what it is she is conscious of, I face a difficulty in making sense of hallucination, since the object of awareness is missing. I distinguish my position from direct realists who endorse disjunctivism, and end on a somewhat speculative note.

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Частини книг з теми "Awareness of consequences"

Bartolomeo, Paolo. "Consequences of Right Hemisphere Lesions on Bodily Awareness and Control." In Attention Disorders After Right Brain Damage, 35–47. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5649-9_3.

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Léonard, Jean Leó. "Microcosmic Perceptual Dialectology and the Consequences of Extended Linguistic Awareness." In Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, 221–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.hpd2.18leo.

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Fibbi, Rosita, Arnfinn H. Midtbøen, and Patrick Simon. "Consequences of and Responses to Discrimination." In IMISCOE Research Series, 65–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67281-2_6.

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AbstractDiscrimination and stigmatization are costly for the society by lowering economic growth, by reinforcing ethnic inequalities, by fueling political conflicts and by jeopardizing social cohesion. Moreover, victims of unfair treatment pay a high price as discrimination and stigmatization. Far from being passive victims, however, many members of minority groups develop and deploy individual and collective strategies to meet such challenges. This chapter focuses on the impact of discrimination – for economy and society, but mainly focusing on the consequences of discrimination for the targeted individuals and groups. The chapter also addresses responses to experiences of exclusion and disadvantage by reviewing recent research of how awareness of the repercussions of unfair treatment lead both individuals and groups to protect themselves and seek strategies for overcoming future barriers.

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Gallup, Gordon G. "Toward a Comparative Psychology of Self-Awareness: Species Limitations and Cognitive Consequences." In The Self: Interdisciplinary Approaches, 121–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8264-5_7.

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Chiszar, David, W. Thomas Tomlinson, Hobart M. Smith, James B. Murphy, and Charles W. Radcliffe. "Behavioural consequences of husbandry manipulations: indicators of arousal, quiescence and environmental awareness." In Health and Welfare of Captive Reptiles, 186–204. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1222-2_9.

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van den Bulk, Lenie. "Awareness and Consequences of Ethnocultural Diversity in Policy and Cultural Education in the Netherlands." In Yearbook of the European Network of Observatories in the Field of Arts and Cultural Education (ENO), 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06007-7_7.

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Jylhä, Antti, Ismael Harraou, Arnold Jan Quanjer, and Jos van Leeuwen. "Designing an Intervention for Creating Awareness in Motorists About Vehicle Emission Consequences on Human Health." In People, Personal Data and the Built Environment, 163–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70875-1_8.

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Haines, Russell, Nadine Vehring, and Malte Kramer. "Social Motivation Consequences of Activity Awareness Practices in Virtual Teams: A Case Study and Experimental Confirmation." In Collaboration in the Digital Age, 89–119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94487-6_5.

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Ren, Shanjiao, Lili Liu, Yingfei Zheng, Lingfei Yu, Yufei Hu, and Chuanmin Mi. "Antecedents and Consequences of Information Cocoon Awareness in Short-Form Video APPs: An Information Ecology Perspective." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 115–25. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22131-6_9.

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Akram, Sheeraz, Muhammad Ramzan, Muhammad Haneef, and Muhammad Ishtiaq. "An Interactive Model for Creating Awareness and Consequences of Cyber-crime in People with Limited Technology Skills." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 143–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32467-8_14.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Awareness of consequences"

OSTERMAN, J. E., J. HOPPER, W. J. HERAN, M. HUETING, T. M. KEANE, and B. A. VAN DER KOLK. "PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AWARENESS DURING ANAESTHESIA." In Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848160231_0044.

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WANG, M. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF AWARENESS DURING SURGERY." In Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781848160231_0027.

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Graziotin, Daniel, Fabian Fagerholm, Xiaofeng Wang, and Pekka Abrahamsson. "Consequences of Unhappiness while Developing Software." In 2017 IEEE/ACM 2nd International Workshop on Emotion Awareness in Software Engineering (SEmotion). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/semotion.2017.5.

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Thongmak, Mathupayas. "Consumer Awareness and Interactions in Online Brand Community - Antecedents and Consequences." In 14th International Conference on e-Business. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006423100280037.

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A. Buzzetto-More, Nicole, Robert Johnson, and Muna Elobaid. "Communicating and Sharing in the Semantic Web: An Examination of Social Media Risks, Consequences, and Attitudinal Awareness." In InSITE 2015: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: USA. Informing Science Institute, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2150.

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Empowered by, and tethered to, ubiquitous technologies, the current generation of youth yearns for opportunities to engage in self-expression and information sharing online with personal disclosure no longer governed by concepts of propriety and privacy. This raises issues about the unsafe activities of teens and young adults. The following paper presents the findings of a study examining the social networking activities of undergraduate students and also highlights a program to increase awareness of the dangers of, and safe practices using, social media. According to the survey results, young adults practice risky social networking site (SNS) behaviors with most having experienced at least one negative consequence. Further, females were more likely than males to engage in oversharing as well as to have experienced negative consequences. Finally, results of a post-treatment survey found that a targeted program that includes flyers, posters, YouTube videos, handouts, and in-class information sessions conducted at a Mid-Atlantic HBCU increased student awareness of the dangers of social media as well as positively influenced students to practice more prudent online behaviors. A revised version of this paper was published in Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Life Long Learning Volume 11, 2015 as "Communicating and Sharing in the Semantic Web: An Examination of Social Media Risks, Consequences, and Attitudinal Awareness"

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Lundberg, Piia, Annukka Vainio, Ann Ojala, and Anni Arponen. "Association between awareness of environmental consequences, materialism and environmental philanthropic behavior among potential online donors." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107642.

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Pavan, M. V. Raja, and Valery N. Khabashesku. "Environmental Consequences of Engineered Nanomaterials: An Awareness Campaign to Promote Safe Nanotechnology and Dispel Related Misconceptions." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/26039-ms.

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Gardoni, Federico, Fabio Mojetta, Chiara Sorrentino, Roberta Etzi, Alberto Gallace, Monica Bordegoni, and Marina Carulli. "Raising Awareness about the Consequences of Human Activities on Natural Environments through a Multisensory AR Experience." In CAD'20. CAD Solutions LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14733/cadconfp.2020.273-277.

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Williamson, Paul, and Christopher Tubb. "Modelling Player Combat Behaviour For NPC Imitation And Combat Awareness Analysis." In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0205.

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Abstract—NPC [non-player characters] have progressed over the past two decades, they fulfil a number of different roles, each with different problems and development techniques. When fulfilling the role typically reserved for human-players, a problem occurs because they can be identified as NPC by observing their gameplay behaviours. This has negative consequences when deployed in a team-based game where eliminations impact game objectives. This research investigates the key combat characteristics exhibited by players during certain scenarios, analysing the data acquired through experiments to determine where generalised patterns emerge. It also explores the combat awareness of players when NPCs have overly tuned combat skill, and determine how effective standard game industry techniques are for creating believable NPCs.

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Ayanoğlua, Hande, Emília Duarte c, Paulo Noriega ab, Júlia Teles de, and Francisco Rebeloab. "Examining Hazard-Related Perceptions of Virtual Household Package Prototypes." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100807.

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Many household products have “hidden hazards”. Also, because of package similarity, people may have difficulty distinguishing chemicals from consumable goods. The incorrect identification of a hazard can result in injuries. Many efforts have been done to improve package warnings, but little is known about the extent that the package’s shape can be used to communicate, in an implicit manner, safety-related messages. This study examined the effect of package’s shape on hazard-related perceptions (i.e., hazardousness and awareness of consequences). Participants observed eight virtual package prototypes of household products grouped into four sets according to their original content’s hazard (i.e., nonhazardous vs. hazardous) and familiarity (i.e., familiar vs. unfamiliar). An uncluttered virtual environment was used to display and interact with the prototypes. Results for familiar and unfamiliar packages differed. For familiar cases, hazardous packages were rated as significantly more hazardous and attained higher awareness of consequence than the nonhazardous ones. For unfamiliar cases, no statistically significant differences were found between hazardous and nonhazardous packages. The implications are two-fold. First, the results suggest people can perceive hazard from the package’ shape, but their perceptions are affected by familiarity. Second, the results suggest the simulator based methodology is feasible for this type of study.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Awareness of consequences"

Backus, George A., Martin J. Carr, and Mark Bruce Elrick Boslough. Global situational awareness and early warning of high-consequence climate change. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/973663.

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Gordon, Eleanor, and Briony Jones. Building Success in Development and Peacebuilding by Caring for Carers: A Guide to Research, Policy and Practice to Ensure Effective, Inclusive and Responsive Interventions. University of Warwick Press, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-00-6.

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The experiences and marginalisation of international organisation employees with caring responsibilities has a direct negative impact on the type of security and justice being built in conflict-affected environments. This is in large part because international organisations fail to respond to the needs of those with caring responsibilities, which leads to their early departure from the field, and negatively affects their work while in post. In this toolkit we describe this problem, the exacerbating factors, and challenges to overcoming it. We offer a theory of change demonstrating how caring for carers can both improve the working conditions of employees of international organisations as well as the effectiveness, inclusivity and responsiveness of peace and justice interventions. This is important because it raises awareness among employers in the sector of the severity of the problem and its consequences. We also offer a guide for employers for how to take the caring responsibilities of their employees into account when developing human resource policies and practices, designing working conditions and planning interventions. Finally, we underscore the importance of conducting research on the gendered impacts of the marginalisation of employees with caring responsibilities, not least because of the breadth and depth of resultant individual, organisational and sectoral harms. In this regard, we also draw attention to the way in which gender stereotypes and gender biases not only inform and undermine peacebuilding efforts, but also permeate research in this field. Our toolkit is aimed at international organisation employees, employers and human resources personnel, as well as students and scholars of peacebuilding and international development. We see these communities of knowledge and action as overlapping, with insights to be brought to bear as well as challenges to be overcome in this area. The content of the toolkit is equally relevant across these knowledge communities as well as between different specialisms and disciplines. Peacebuilding and development draw in experts from economics, politics, anthropology, sociology and law, to name but a few. The authors of this toolkit have come together from gender studies, political science, and development studies to develop a theory of change informed by interdisciplinary insights. We hope, therefore, that this toolkit will be useful to an inclusive and interdisciplinary set of knowledge communities. Our core argument - that caring for carers benefits the individual, the sectors, and the intended beneficiaries of interventions - is relevant for students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners alike.

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Boyes, Allison, Jamie Bryant, Alix Hall, and Elise Mansfield. Barriers and enablers for older people at risk of and/or living with cancer to accessing timely cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment. The Sax Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/ieoy3254.

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• Older adults have complex and unique needs that can influence how and when cancer is diagnosed, the types of treatment that are offered, how well treatment is tolerated and treatment outcomes. • This Evidence Check review identified 41 studies that specifically addressed barriers and enablers to cancer screening, diagnosis and treatment among adults aged 65 years and older. • Question 1: The main barriers for older people at risk of and/or living with cancer to access and participate in timely cancer screening relate to lack of knowledge, fear of cancer, negative beliefs about the consequences of cancer, and hygiene concerns in completing testing. The main enablers to participation in timely cancer screening include positive/helpful beliefs about screening, social influences that encourage participation and knowledge. • Question 2: The main barriers for older people at risk of and/or living with cancer to access and/or seek timely cancer diagnosis relate to lack of knowledge of the signs and symptoms of cancer that are distinct from existing conditions and ageing, healthcare accessibility difficulties, perceived inadequate clinical response from healthcare providers, and harmful patient beliefs about risk factors and signs of cancer. The main enablers to accessing and/or seeking a timely cancer diagnosis include knowledge of the signs and symptoms of cancer, and support from family and friends that encourage help-seeking for symptoms. • Question 3: The main barriers for older people at risk of and/or living with cancer in accessing and completing cancer treatment include discrimination against patients in the form of ageism, lack of knowledge, patient concern about the adverse effects of treatment, predominantly on their independence, healthcare accessibility difficulties including travel and financial burden, and patients’ caring responsibilities. The main enablers to accessing and completing cancer treatment are social support from peers in a similar situation, family and friends, the influence of healthcare providers, and involving patients in treatment decision making. • Implications. The development of strategies to address the inequity of cancer outcomes in people aged 65 years and older in NSW should consider: Increasing community members’ and patients’ knowledge and awareness by providing written information and decision support tools from a trusted source Reducing travel and financial burden by widely disseminating information about existing support schemes and expanding remote patient monitoring and telehealth Improving social support by promoting peer support, and building the support capacity of family carers Addressing ageism by supporting patients in decision making, and disseminating education initiatives about geriatric oncology to healthcare providers Providing interdisciplinary geriatric oncology care by including a geriatrician as part of multidisciplinary teams and/or expanding geriatric oncology clinics.

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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.

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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.

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Kravtsov, Hennadiy M., та Olga O. Gnedkova. Методи використання хмарних сервісів у навчанні іноземної мови. [б. в.], серпень 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/2456.

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Research goals: determine particularities of using cloud services in English communicative competence forming process and develop the model of distance learning system (DLS) and cloud services interaction that improves the quality of the learning process. Research objectives: to identify, describe and develop methodological features of the model of distance learning system and cloud services interaction; consider on the examples the methods of use cloud services in DLS in foreign language training, aimed at English communicative competence forming process of students; experimentally investigate the level of using of cloud services in distance learning and identify ways of improving its use. Object of research: methodical system of foreign language students’ training of language faculties in high institutions. Subject of research: methodological model of the model of distance learning system and cloud services interaction in English communicative competence forming process. Research methods used: review and analysis of scientific publications, psychological, educational and instructional materials, modeling of complex systems, questionnaires, conducting pedagogical experiment. Results of the research. The model of distance learning system and cloud services interaction was developed and the methodological particularities of this interaction are defined. Methods of using cloud services on the example of the distance course “Practical English Course Upper Intermediate” describing the methods of doing the tasks in English communicative competence forming process of language faculties were considered. As a result of experiment it was found there is a low level of use of cloud technologies in distance learning is a consequence of a lack of awareness of teachers in the possibilities of its use. The main conclusions and recommendations: 1) the use of cloud technologies in distance learning of foreign language will improve the quality of training of students of language faculties of high institutions; 2) it is reasonable to conduct work in familiarization and training university lecturers using cloud services in professional and educational activities.

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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.

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