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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Automobile parking Government policy"

1

Lu, Weite, Chunqin Zhang, Xunyou Ni, and Haiqiang Liu. "Do the Elderly Need Wider Parking Spaces? Evidence from Experimental and Questionnaire Surveys." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093800.

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An excellent parking system can affect the willingness of the elderly to drive an automobile for travel and for participating in social activities. However, few studies have examined the requirement of width of current parking spaces for the elderly and which factors influenced the selection of wider or narrower parking space by older participants. Two studies have been carried out in order to fill gaps for these issues. The first one examined minimum width by having 130 individuals aged 60+ alight into parking spaces of different widths. The results showed that most older individuals needed wider-than-standard parking spaces. Some potential demographic factors were also examined by one-way analyses of variance. The second study was conducted to estimate the factors affecting selection of parking spaces that were wider or narrower than the standard. Based on analysis of data by a logistic regression model, the result presented that the selection was mainly affected by age, types of aids, driving experience, body mass index (BMI) and health condition. Finally, we propose a new concept of parking system, which will help older people with different needs to park safely and smoothly. These studies will promote the ability of governments to design more effective parking spaces to enhance freedom for older adults.
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2

Uke, Ashvini. "A Research on Smart Car Parking System using IOT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 15, 2021): 1109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36247.

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The internet of things plays an important role of connecting numerous physical devices and automating them to create human’s life easier. By exploitation sensors, actuators and numerous software package therefore we are able to connect objects and transfer information. Today government has created priority to create cities good across the country. To create a town good, we've to try and do numerous things that may be developed exploitation net of things and good parking is one in all them. With the event of road infrastructure, there's a big increase in variety of personal vehicles which ends in hold up, directly effecting the flow of traffic, and lifetime of voters. Parking becomes a big downside within the urban areas. The analysis paper proposes a wise parking system to unravel the present parking downside at reasonable value. The projected smart Parking system consists of associate on-the-scene preparation of associate IOT module that’s custom-made monitor and signalizes the state of convenience of each single automobile car parking zone. A mobile page is to boot providing permits associate user to see the availability of automobile car parking zone and book a parking slot consequently. Towards the tip, the complete projected system shows the operative of the system in kind of a use case that proves the correctness of the projected model.
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3

Willson, Richard W. "Suburban Parking Requirements: A Tacit Policy for Automobile Use and Sprawl." Journal of the American Planning Association 61, no. 1 (March 31, 1995): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944369508975617.

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4

Chen, Yuan, C. Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy." Research in Transportation Economics 84 (December 2020): 100849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100849.

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5

Liu, Qian, James Wang, Peng Chen, and Zuopeng Xiao. "How does parking interplay with the built environment and affect automobile commuting in high-density cities? A case study in China." Urban Studies 54, no. 14 (September 27, 2016): 3299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016667040.

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This study investigates an important but often overlooked problem – the interaction between parking and land use – to examine the effects of the built environment on car commuting. Using the case of Shenzhen, China, a structural equation model is employed to examine the tripartite relationship among the built environment, parking supply and car commuting. The parking–built environment relationship partly reflects the parking supply mechanism that is collectively influenced by the parking market and regulations. The results indicate that, because of the high cost of constructing parking, property developers are reluctant to build sufficient parking spaces for the residential population in densely built neighbourhoods with small lot sizes. However, minimum parking standards often lead to more parking provisions in dense central locations. Therefore, the benefits of compact land use and transit-oriented development (TOD) for reducing car use are either reinforced or offset depending on the various interrelationships between parking and the built environment. In the context of policy implications, a fine-grained urban fabric should be particularly supported, considering its significant effects in reducing car commuting, as well as its potential role in fostering a well-functioning parking market. Meanwhile, imposing parking caps in dense and central areas would be wise because parking oversupply encourages more car trips, which counteracts the sustainable merits of dense developments.
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6

Riyanda, Riko, and Timbul Dompak. "KEBIJAKAN PARKIR KOTA BATAM DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH." Jurnal Niara 10, no. 1 (July 3, 2017): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/nia.v10i1.1885.

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The growth rate of motor vehicles in Batam City in recent years runs very rapidly. This levy will increase the original revenue of Batam City, But the implementation of the policy of Bylaw No.1 / 2012 on parking that has been running for three years (2012-2015) does not generate significant revenue on parking charges. The Purpose of this research is how the implementationn of parking management system based on evaluation of the policy of Bylaw No.1 / 2012 on parking Btam City. Data retrieval method is done by observation and documentation. Informant selection technique is done by purposive sampling, technical data analysis is done by data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The result of the research is that the policy of Batam City Government in increasing its achievement PAD not yet optimal, due to some obstacles such as: parking management system is not feasible, there is no public satisfaction survey index to measure the extent to which the achievement of parking policy in Batam City, Human Power that needs coaching and training. Its solution of Batan City government re-filed Ranpeda about parking with the intention of changing parking rates, changing the system of parking management and service facility improvement
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7

Brown-West, Orikaye G. "Optimization Model for Parking in the Campus Environment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1564, no. 1 (January 1996): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156400106.

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Parking has long been recognized as a major land use problem in campus planning. Anyone who drives an automobile appreciates the difficulties of finding a parking space in areas of intense academic, administrative, student residential, and recreational activities. This shortage of parking spaces near activity centers has worsened as automobile ownership and registration on campus have increased. The problem is more pronounced and the solution more critical on large urban campuses located in or at the periphery of the central business district. An approach to solving the chronic and prevalent parking problem in the campus environment is addressed. An institution-based and evaluative model is introduced as a tool to determine how best to use existing land in the competitive and oftentimes policy-driven university campus environment. Practical solutions that will assist in the proper planning and design of campus parking spaces and facilities are also developed. The optimization model design takes into account the major operational and site characteristics, as well as parameters that traffic engineers and planners consider conducive to optimal parking. The model will help traffic engineers, campus planners, and university administrators maximize land on the university campus. It will also answer the question of what principles should be adopted in the proper planning of facilities for the vehicle at rest within the context of a diminishing campus environment in general and inadequate funding for facilities renewal and maintenance in particular.
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8

Ma, Du, and Wu. "Government Intervention and Automobile Industry Structure: Theory and Evidence from China." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 29, 2019): 4721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174721.

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The development of the automobile maintenance industry less developed to satisfy the increasing demand for automobile maintenance service as the automobile manufacturing industry increased rapidly in China. This is not conducive to the sustainable development of the automobile industry. Besides the factors of market behavior that can affect the automobile industry structure, like an investment, operation structure or economic development stage, the structure is also influenced by government intervention. We investigated the unbalanced development of automobile structure from the perspective of government incentives, and provide a logical framework for analyzing the industrial policies on the automobile industry. We first established a two-sector theoretical model with government intervention, and we found that the governments’ GDP incentive induced the biased intervention policy. More preferential policies are given to enterprises of automobile manufacturing industries as they contribute more to intermediate goods and capital. The greater the government’s GDP incentive, the more biased the intervention will be. Then we test the differential impact of GDP incentive on tax avoidance of the two kinds of firms empirically. The empirical results show that GDP incentive of the government induced more preferential treatment to automobile manufacturing enterprises, and thus, increased their tax avoidance. This phenomenon is more significant in SOEs, larger firms and firms belong to local governments. Understanding the incentive and implementation of industrial policy can help us know the evolution of automobile industrial structure better, and then improve industrial policy better to promote the transformation and upgrading of automobile industrial structure.
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9

Chullabodhi, Chakaphan, Saksith Chalermpong, and Apiwat Ratanawaraha. "Examining the Root Causes of On-Street Parking Mismanagement in Central Bangkok." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 21, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj202221207.

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Bangkok, a sprawling metropolis and capital of Thailand, has long-struggled with chronic on-street parking mismanagement despite repeated government attempts at regulation. This paper examines the root causes of ineffective on-street parking management in the city, elicited using root cause analysis (RCA), documentary research, field surveys, and in-depth interviews as data sources. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen government officers, focusing on the mindsets, motivations and incentives of stakeholders, and tree diagrams were developed to visualize cause-and-effect relationships and identify root causes of mismanagement. Our analysis identified eight root causes of ineffective on-street parking management stemming from misalignment of government bodies, including a fragmented institutional framework, lack of interest and commitment from both national and local policymakers, the limited legislative authority of the local government, lack of on-street parking policy, lack of planning and review, ineffective law and regulation enforcement, lack of monitoring mechanisms, and low perceived seriousness of parking infringements. Based on these findings, several priority action steps are proposed to help policymakers in effectively managing on-street parking in Bangkok.
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10

Balahmar, Ahmad Riyadh U. "167 IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PARKIR BERLANGGANAN DALAM MENUNJANG PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH (PAD) KABUPATEN SIDOARJO." JKMP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Manajemen Publik) 1, no. 2 (November 7, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jkmp.v1i2.419.

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The purposes of this research were to know and describe subscription service in Sidoarjo Regency and implementation of the policy of the subscription in supporting local revenue. Today’s main issue which is appears on public service is the low quality of public services rendered by government officials. One interesting issue to study is the parking subscription service in Sidoarjo Regency. In this case, researcher studied about the parking subscription policy, as imposed by the government, whether it has already supported the local revenue or not. This was a descriptive qualitative research, which used approach in a qualitative manner. The research result indicated that the policy of the parking subscription has been able to support local revenue but the implementation needs to be improvinsied.
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Дисертації з теми "Automobile parking Government policy"

1

McCormack, Eileen M. "Parking : balance between parking demand and public policy /." This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01202010-020108/.

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2

Ho, Kwan-hang, and 何均衡. "A review of the parking demand policy and planning in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29958180.

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3

Lee, Sui-chun Macella. "Planning for parking facilities in Hong Kong : policy issues and strategic planning aspects : illustrated by a case study of Tsimshatsui /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13357591.

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4

King, David John. "Parking policy and- problems in business areas with reference to the central business district of Paarl." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52394.

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Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The problem of parking has been with mankind almost from the day that the first carriage was invented. Everyone that owns a motor car knows competing for a parking space in a town centre can be frustrating. This study sets out to explain the phenomenon of parking and attempts to discover how the demand and supply of parking interacts with one another. Parking demand and supply needs to be balanced by policy makers in local governments. Local govemments are in a unique position in laying down guidelines for the provision of parking. These guidelines can influence and direct the way in which parking is supplied in the central business district. A better understanding of parking demand was attained through examining parking behaviour in the central business district of Paarl. The demand for parking was measured and conclusions drawn regarding on-street and off-street parking provision. In-lieu parking fees were found to be a viable alternative to providing parking in the central business district. The minimum parking standards for Paarl were examined and the conclusion arrived at showed that the standards need to be revised. The standards seem to be too high if compared to the current supply of parking in the central business area. The main recommendations made in this study are that further parking survey studies . need to be conducted to forecast the demand for parking in the central business area over the short- to medium term. The Municipality of Paarl should adopt a comprehensive parking policy that guides and manages the provision of parking in the central business district. This policy should be continually adapted and updated to keep track with the changing nature of transport modes and behaviour.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Parkering as 'n probleem is saam met die mensdom al vandat die eerste trekkar ontwikkel is. Elke motoreienaar weet dat dit baie frustrerend kan wees om parkeerplek in die dorpskern te soek. Die studie ondersoek die fenomeen van parkering en poog om te ondek hoe die vraag en aanbod van parkering by mekaar inskakel. Dit is die taak van beleidsmakers in plaaslike owerhede om parkeervraag en -aanbod te balanseer. Plaaslike owerhede is in 'n unieke posisie as dit kom by die ontwerp en implementering van regulasies oor parkeervoorsiening. Hierdie regulasies beïnvloed en lei die manier waaarop parkering in die sentrale sakekern voorsien word. 'n Beter begrip van parkeervraag is verkry deur parkeergedrag in die sentrale sakekern van die Paarl te ondersoek. Die vraag na parkering is gemeet oor 'n sekere tydperk en gevolgtrekkings oor op-straatse en af-straatse parkeervoorsiening is gemaak. Parkeervoorsieningsfooie in plaas van parkeerplekvoorsiening word gesien as 'n goeie alternatief om te sorg dat genoegsame parkeerplekke beskikbaar is in die sentrale kern. Die minimum parkeerstandaarde vir Paarl is ook ondersoek en die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat hierdie standaarde hersien moet word. Die standaarde kom voor as te hoog as dit vergelyk word met die huidige vraag na parkering in die sentrale sakekern. Die hoof aanbevelings wat in hierdie studie gemaak is sluit in dat verdere parkeerstudies gedoen moet word om die vraag na parkering te kan vooruitskat. Die vooruitskattings moet oor die kort- tot mediumtermyn geskied om te voorkom dat die data relevansie verloor. Paarl Munisipaliteit moet ook 'n omvattende parkeerbeleid wat die voorsiening en beheer van parkering defineer en lei daarstel. Die beleid moet gereeld verander en aangepas word om tred te hou met veranderings in vervoermodusse en parkeergedrag.
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5

Lee, Sui-chun Macella, and 李萃珍. "Planning for parking facilities in Hong Kong: policy issues and strategic planning aspects : illustrated by a casestudy of Tsimshatsui." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31258037.

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6

Tan, Z. "The development of the Chinese automobile industry since 1949 : the role of government." Thesis, Coventry University, 2013. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/7b0548cb-b6de-448c-851f-123c111607ec/1.

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This research analysed four main themes – role of government, globalisation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and industrial clusters in the context of Chinese automobile industry. The aim was to explore how these four elements were brought together to achieve industrial development and modernisation in the Chinese automobile industry since 1949. In particular, the globalisation process, speedily driven by the world economy, has been shaping the automobile industry in a profound way. With this mega trend, China was able to initiate a set of policies undertaken by the government to develop its own automobile industry in several regional clusters across the country, which in turn hastened the progress of modernisation. Moreover, FDI has been critical for remaking a once backward automobile industry into one that has large-scale assembly capacity, comprehensive local supply networks, and a new generation of indigenous car brands and models. The overall methods adopted for this research are semi-structured face to face interviews and case studies. In order to accomplish the research aim, 11 interviews have been carried out with key personnel drawn from the Chinese automobile industry. Participants have been chosen because of their expertise on this topic. In addition, three case studies were developed on the performance of three different types of firms operating in China: private (Geely), state-owned (Chery), and joint venture (Beijing Hyundai). Three cases were analysed in-depth in order to gain a rich understanding of the context of operation in the Chinese automobile industry. The key conclusions are both the role of government and FDI by multinational firms have been crucial to the development of the automobile industry in China and will be so for many years to come.
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7

Chan, Wai-keung Timothy, and 陳偉強. "A comparative study on the industrial policy in Japan and South Korea." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951867.

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8

Lundergan, Ryan W. "Parking regulation strategies and policies to support transit-oriented development." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/365/.

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9

Gaskin, Sean. "A critical analysis of the South African automotive industry and government incentive policy." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1358.

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The automotive industry in South Africa exists in its current state due to the developmental programmes created by the South African government. During the next three years the government’s main development policy for the automotive industry will change from the Motor Industry Development Programme (MIDP) to the Automotive Production and Development Programme (APDP). As a result of this change there were feelings of uncertainty experienced across the domestic automotive industry during the APDP’s design and the period leading up to its launch, more or less years 2008 to 2010. Also present is the fear that the industry would collapse when faced with global competition should this change not fully comprehend all aspects of South Africa’s automotive industry. The research problem addressed in this study was to determine the effect on the sector’s competiveness in light of the impending change in governmental development programmes. This was accurately explained and expressed clearly while sub problems were identified from areas in the main problem that required further analysis due to their criticality or lack of clarity. A comprehensive literature review was executed to understand the nature and extent of the South African automotive industry, the Motor Industry Development Programme and the Automotive Production and Development Programme. A primary research instrument was constructed, in the form of a questionnaire, to test specific themes exposed during the literature review which can influence the sector’s competitive advantage. This questionnaire was distributed with the assistance of industry representative bodies NAAMSA (National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa, the domestic de facto representative body) and NAACAM (National Association of Automotive Component and Allied Manufacturers, a component manufacturers’ representative body), to an even spread of respondents representative of the senior management and executives of automotive companies in South Africa. From the results obtained from the sample group, it seemed that there was consensus on many issues regarding the current structure of the South African automotive industry. Specifically, the profitability of vehicle assemblers and component manufacturers is heavily iii influenced by the incentives offered under the MIDP and the industry is not viable without them. The respondents were virtually unanimous in indicating that there is a need for some form of incentive programme and were positive about the effect the MIDP has had thus far on the automotive industry of South Africa, particularly the effect on the structure, focus and encouraging a reduction in complexity. The research found that it is common practice for OEMs to include the import duty on vehicles imported for domestic consumption even though this duty will be paid with the use of import-duty rebate credit certificates (IRCCs), which are provided to those vehicle assemblers who are net exporters of vehicles. Looking to the future, it emerged that the APDP will have a similar, positive effect on the domestic automotive industry when compared to the MIDP, but the effect will be experienced in a more aggressive manner. Companies will be encouraged by the new development programme to more aggressively improve aspects such as restructuring, rationalising, reducing model proliferation and improving low scale economies for example. Also the APDP will encourage OEMs to increase plant production volumes and ensure that reasonable scale economies are present to develop a domestic component supply industry to a degree. However, the volumes will be insufficient to create a world-class supplier industry. As a result automotive companies will have to be more aggressive in their adoption of more automated production processes and through Automotive Investment Scheme capital investment will increase in both vehicle assemblers and component manufacturers. Component manufacturers indicated that they would invest more in the coming years under the APDP than previously while vehicle assemblers indicated that their investment levels will remain as before. While this is good for the industry, labour is somewhat left out of this: considering the APDP’s focus on increased volumes and capital investments automotive companies are not incentivised to make use of labour-absorbing production processes. The study also found that there is still a need for tariff protection and that the domestic industry would collapse in the face of global competition. The research found that the APDP was compliant with South Africa’s commitments to the World Trade Organisation. Finally, the Department of Trade and Industry’s goal of producing 1.2 million vehicles per annum by 2020 was revealed to be unrealistic and unreachable.
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10

Franse, Ricardo. "The response of an original equipment manufacturer to the Motor Industry Development Programme : a case study /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/303/.

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Книги з теми "Automobile parking Government policy"

1

Bank, Asian Development. Parking policy in Asian cities. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2011.

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2

Government, Ireland Department of the Environment and Local. Memorandum on multi-storey car-parks: Extension from 30 June 1998 to 30 June 1999 of the time limit for qualifying expenditure on developments : certification guidelines. [Dublin: s.n.], 1998.

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3

California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Transportation and Housing. Reducing congestion and greenhouse gas emissions through parking policy. Sacramento, CA: Senate Publications & Flags, 2009.

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4

Matharan, Xavier. Les politiques de stationnement. Voiron: Lettre du cadre territorial, 2003.

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5

Rankin, Woodrow W. Traffic control and regulation at transit stops. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1986.

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6

Committee, Washington (State) Governor's Committee on Disability Issues and Employment Accessible Parking Study. Disability parking system in Washington State: Report to the House Transportation Committee. Olympia, Wash. (212 Maple Park, MS KG-11, Olympia 98504): Governor's Committee on Disability Issues and Employment, 1991.

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7

San Francisco (Calif.). Parking and Traffic Commission. Meeting report. San Francisco, Calif: Parking and Traffic Commission, 1989.

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8

Brown, Mark. Car parking: The economics of policy enforcement. Bedford: Cranfield Press, 1990.

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9

Salomon, Ilan. Hitnahagut ḥaniyah be-merkaz Yerushalayim. Yerushalayim: Mekhon Yerushalayim le-ḥeḳer Yiśraʼel, 1985.

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Salomon, Ilan. Hitnahagut ḥaniyah be-merkaz Yerushalayim. Jerusalem: Mekhon Yerushalayim le-ḥeḳer Yiśraʾel, 1985.

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Частини книг з теми "Automobile parking Government policy"

1

Miglani, Smita. "The Growth of the Indian Automobile Industry: Analysis of the Roles of Government Policy and Other Enabling Factors." In Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China, 439–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8102-7_19.

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2

Iwata, Kazuyuki. "Climate Policy in Transportation Sector: Role of Carbon Pricing." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 61–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_4.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on climate countermeasures in the Japanese transport sector. We introduce the Japanese complexed automobile tax system and then calculate the Japanese effective carbon rate (ECR) on automobiles. In addition to the discussion of the ECR, this chapter offers a simple examination of the efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) from the viewpoint of cost-benefit because it is expected that EVs will become the most popular eco-friendly vehicle in the future. Two remarks are found in our analysis. First, although the carbon tax rate on fuel consumption is small in Japan, compared to the European countries, the ECR is rather high. For further improvement of climate policy, the Japanese government should shift its attention to vehicle usage from vehicle purchase and possession. Second, under the basic assumption (i.e., representative owners do not recharge their EVs at home but at outdoor fast chargers), the diffusion of EVs is not an efficient measure for reducing GHG emissions. If owners recharge their EVs at home once of every two charges, the net benefit becomes positive Therefore, the opportunity cost of waiting for recharges is a key factor in whether EVs can play a role in mitigating climate change.
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Nahm, Jonas. "Conclusion." In Collaborative Advantage, 184–202. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197555361.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 concludes by returning to a comparative analysis, reflecting on what can be generalized from the cases of emerging industries presented in this book to broader questions of the role of government in industrial policy in fragmented, global sectors. It presents comparative data from the automobile and electronics industries to show that, even in legacy sectors, distinct national patterns of industrial specialization have shifted the nexus of innovation to global collaboration. The chapter concludes with an epilogue on developments in wind and solar sectors in the very recent past, when unsettled trade relationships with China have begun to undermine the collaborative nature of innovation in renewable energy industries and examines their impact on global attempts to solve the climate crisis.
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Crowley, Stephen. "Russia’s Labor Productivity Trap." In Putin's Labor Dilemma, 47–69. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756276.003.0003.

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Анотація:
This chapter evaluates some of the consequences of Russia's model of labor market, namely low wages and struggling industrial enterprises, and especially low labor productivity, a crucial factor impinging on economic growth. Yet instead of tackling that problem head-on, the government has pursued industrial policies that reinforce it by maintaining employment. These include bailouts and subsidies to industry, protectionist measures, efforts to create an industrial policy through import substitution, and support for and expansion of state-owned enterprises, in particular those in military industries and the automobile sector. While there is little doubt that the expansion of state-owned enterprises was driven by politically powerful and well-connected individuals seeking to profit financially, another factor cannot be excluded: the perceived importance of avoiding mass layoffs so as to prevent potentially destabilizing labor protest. While critics claim that the Russian economy props up inefficient enterprises in paternalist fashion for the sake of employment, the issue of jobs is a core political concern for leaders like Vladimir Putin.
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Alexander, Serena E., Ahoura Zandiatashbar, and Branka Tatarevic. Fragmented or Aligned Climate Action: Assessing Linkages Between Regional and Local Planning Efforts to Meet Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Targets. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2146.

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Анотація:
Amid the rising climate change concerns, California enacted Senate Bill 375 (SB 375) to tackle transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. SB 375 requires Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) to develop a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS), a regional transportation and land use vision plan, to reduce GHG emissions. Meanwhile, a local government can develop a Climate Action Plan (CAP), a non-binding, voluntary plan to reduce GHG emissions that may align with the regional SCS. Recent progress reports indicate California is not making sufficient progress to meet SB 375 emissions reduction targets, which raises important questions: (1) Are the transportation and land use strategies and targets in SCS plans reflected in the local plans to build sustainable communities? (2) Does the alignment of regional and local transportation and land use strategies mitigate GHG emissions through vehicle trip reduction? (3) How different are the effects of independent local action and alignment of local and regional actions on vehicle trip reduction? Through an in-depth content analysis of plans and policies developed by five MPOs and 20 municipalities and a quantitative analysis of the impact of local and regional strategy alignment on vehicle trip reduction over time, this study shows that the patterns of local and regional climate policy are diverse across the state, but poor alignment is not necessarily a sign of limited climate action at the local level. Cities with a long climate-planning history and the capacity to act innovatively can lead regional efforts or adopt their own independent approach. Nonetheless, there are clear patterns of common strategies in local and regional plans, such as active transportation strategies and planning for densification and land use diversity. Well-aligned regional and local level climate-friendly infrastructure appear to have the most significant impact on vehicle-trip reduction, on average a 7% decrease in vehicle trips. Yet, many local-level strategies alone, such as for goods movement, urban forest strategies, parking requirements, and education and outreach programs, are effective in vehicle-trip reduction. A major takeaway from this research is that although local and regional climate policy alignment can be essential for reducing vehicle trips, local action is equally important.
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