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Готові списки джерел за темами / Armour Ceramics

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Armour Ceramics"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

Оновлено: 7 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Armour Ceramics":

1

Cegła, Marcin. "SPECIAL CERAMICS IN MULTILAYER BALLISTIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 147, no. 3/2018 (January 4, 2019): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8312.

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The paper presents some questions of designing and testing for modern ballistic protecting screens and applied materials especially such as ceramics. Continuous development of present ballistic composite materials enforces the optimisation of existing solutions for ballistic protections in respect to the mass, thickness and costs of material. In times of technological arm race a reduction of armour weight by 5% is a success. It may be achieved by development of new solutions of armour systems applying the newest materials. Ballistic ceramics both enhances the resistance of the armour against armour piercing projectiles and reduces its areal dencity in relation to traditional steel armours due to high mechanical properties, low density, high hardness and dissipation of energy at the mechanism of breaking. The paper illustrates the development of ceramic based armours and the structure of a multilayer ballistic protection, and finally the meaning of its particular layers in fighting the projectile. Moreover the impact of mechanical properties of some ceramic materials used for designing a protection system into its ballistic resistance is discussed.

2

Cui, Fengdan, Guoqing Wu, Tian Ma, and Weiping Li. "Effect of Ceramic Properties and Depth-of-penetration Test Parameters on the Ballistic Performance of Armour Ceramics." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.10664.

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<p>Through an analysis on the relationship among ceramic properties, the depth of penetration (DOP) test parameters and the ballistic performance of armour ceramics based on literatures, the effects of ceramic type, tile thickness and projectile velocity on the ballistic performance of different kinds of ceramics were investigated systematically. The results show that the ballistic performance of different armour ceramics mainly depends on its density, and by using thin ceramic tiles or under high velocity impact, the ceramic composite armour could not provide effective ballistic protection. Furthermore, the differences in the ballistic performance of armour ceramic are found due to the different ballistic performance criteria and DOP test conditions. Additionally, the slope of the depth of penetration (not include tile thickness) (Pa) versus tile thickness has negative correlation with flexural strength of ceramics, indicating the flexural strength can be one of the criteria to evaluate the performance of armour ceramics.</p>

3

Chabera, P., A. Boczkowska, A. Morka, T. Niezgoda, A. Oziębło, and A. Witek. "Numerical and experimental study of armour system consisted of ceramic and ceramic- elastomer composites." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0094.

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Abstract The paper presents numerical and experimental results in the study of composite armour systems for ballistic protection. The modelling of protective structures and simulation methods of experiment as well as the finite elements method were implemented in LS DYNA software. Three armour systems with different thickness of layers were analyzed. Discretization for each option was built with three dimensional elements guaranteeing satisfactory accuracy of the calculations. Two selected armour configurations have been ballistically tested using the armour piercing (AP) 7.62 mm calibre. The composite armour systems were made of Al2O3 ceramics placed on the strike face and high strength steel as a backing material. In case of one ballistic structure system an intermediate ceramic- elastomer layer was applied. Ceramic- elastomer composites were obtained from porous ceramics with porosity gradient using pressure infiltration of porous ceramics by elastomer. The urea-urethane elastomer, as a reactive liquid was introduced into pores. As a result composites, in which two phases were interconnecting three-dimensionally and topologically throughout the microstructure, were obtained. Upon ballistic impact, kinetic energy was dissipated by ceramic body The residual energy was absorbed by intermediate composite layer. Effect of the composite shell application on crack propagation of ceramic body was observed.

4

Szudrowicz, Marek. "Material combination to mitigation of behind armour debris after shaped charge jet attack." MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818202009.

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When a shaped charge jet perforates the steel armour plate, the residual jet is accompanied by a much wider cloud of behind armour debris (BAD) generated by stress wave interactions. BAD plays an important role in the evaluation of survivability of vehicle crew and components in a vehicle. The Behind Armor Debris (BAD) cloud caused by shaped charge jet impact was investigated. In order to simulate different configuration of material to mitigation of debris cloud the thickness of ceramics target tiles, glass and aramid laminate liners in contact with the armour plates was varied.

5

Leng, Sioh Ek. "Functional Graded Material with Nano Coating for Protection." Solid State Phenomena 136 (February 2008): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.136.93.

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Ceramic composite armour in general utilises a front layer of dense ceramic, typically backed by a second layer of metal. Thereby creating a sharp interface that is the weakest link within the material system and would result in cracking of the ceramic prematurely and hence not able to provide the requisite protection. One promising possibility has been found is the use of functionally gradient materials as armour materials. In such materials, the high hardness of ceramics is combined with the ductility of metals. Laboratory scale experiments were being performed to exhibit the potential of this material in terms of physical and mechanical properties. A comparison was made with the current ceramic armour system and it was found that the new material system had better ballistic properties.

6

Chabera, P., A. Boczkowska, A. Morka, P. Kędzierski, T. Niezgoda, A. Oziębło, and A. Witek. "Comparison of numerical and experimental study of armour system based on alumina and silicon carbide ceramics." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2015-0040.

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Abstract The main goal of this numerical and experimental study of composite armour systems was to investigate their ballistic behaviour. Numerical simulations were employed to determine the initial dimensions of panel layers before the actual ballistic test. In order to achieve this aim, multivariate computations with different thicknesses of panel layers were conducted. Numerical calculations were performed with the finite element method in the LS-DYNA software, which is a commonly used tool for solving problems associated with shock wave propagation, blasts and impacts. An axisymmetric model was built in order to ensure sufficient discretization. Results of a simulation study allowed thicknesses of layers ensuring assumed level of protection to be determined. According to the simulation results two armour configurations with different ceramics have been fabricated. The composite armour systems consisted of the front layer made of Al2O3 or SiC ceramic and high strength steel as the backing material. The ballistic performance of the proposed protective structures were tested with the use of 7.62 mm Armour Piercing (AP) projectile. A comparison of impact resistance of two defence systems with different ceramic has been carried out. Application of silicon carbide ceramic improved ballistic performance, as evidenced by smaller deformations of the second layer. In addition, one of armour systems was complemented with an intermediate ceramic-elastomer layer. A ceramic-elastomer component was obtained using pressure infiltration of gradient porous ceramic by elastomer. Upon ballistic impact, the ceramic body dissipated kinetic energy of the projectile. The residual energy was absorbed by the intermediate composite layer. It was found, that application of composite plates as a support of a ceramic body provided a decrease of the bullet penetration depth

7

Balos, Sebastian, Daniel Howard, Adrian Brezulianu, and Danka Labus Zlatanović. "Perforated Plate for Ballistic Protection—A Review." Metals 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040526.

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In recent years, the interest of the scientific community in perforated plates for ballistic protection has increased. Perforated plates do not represent protection by themselves, rather, they are used in the armour systems of armoured vehicles, in conjunction with base armour, since they are intended to induce bend stresses, where a penetrating core fracture occurs. The fragments are subsequently stopped by base armoured vehicle armour. Although for the first time used several decades ago, perforated plates are found to be attractive even today. The main reason is the combination of very convenient properties. Besides high mass effectiveness, they possess a high multi-impact resistance, since their perforations arrest cracks. Therefore, a relatively wide array of materials is suitable for perforated plate fabrication, ranging from alloy steel to some types of cast iron. Being made of metallic materials, raw material costs are relatively low compared to ceramics or composite materials, making them very attractive for present and future armoured vehicles. Finally, armour system consisting of a perforated plate and base plate at some distance, reduce the effectiveness of both shaped charge jets and act as blast mitigators.

8

O'Donnell, R. G. "Fragmentation of ceramics in armour." Journal of Materials Science Letters 11, no. 18 (1992): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00729775.

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9

Popa, Ioan-Dan, and Florin Dobriţa. "Considerations on Dop (Depth Of Penetration) Test for Evaluation of Ceramics Materials Used in Ballistic Protection." ACTA Universitatis Cibiniensis 69, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucts-2017-0021.

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Abstract Tremendous amount of funds and other resorces were invested in studying the response of ceramic materials under ballistic impact, the main goal being to find a way to increase the protection of soldiers and the vehicles used in the modern battlespace. Using of ceramic materials especially carbon based (carbides), nitrogen based (nitrides) and oxygen based (oxides) ceramics in order to increase the protection level of ballistic equipment could be, sometimes, a big challenge when trying to use the proper test in order to evaluate and compare their performances. The role of the tests is to provide a better understanding of their response in different situations and, as a consequence, to make them more efficient as armour components through future improvements. The paper presents shortly the main tests which are used and eventually standardised for evaluating the ballistic behaviour of the ceramics and other armour components, with a special focus to DOP (Depth of Penetration) Tests.

10

Straßburger, E. "Ballistic testing of transparent armour ceramics." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 29, no. 2 (January 2009): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.03.049.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Armour Ceramics":

1

Huang, Shuo. "Nanostructured advanced ceramics for armour applications." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12513.

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Ceramics have been widely used for personnel and vehicle armour because of their desirable properties such as high hardness and low density. However the brittle nature associated with the ceramic materials, i.e. low toughness, reduces their ability to withstand multiple ballistic hits. The present work is focused on ceramic armour materials made from alumina and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA). The effects of grain size and zirconia phase transformation toughening on the mechanical and high strain rate properties in both materials were investigated in detail. Alumina, 10%, 15% and 20% nano ZTA with 1.5 mol% yttria stabiliser were produced with various grain sizes. The processing of the materials started from suspension preparation, spray freeze drying of the suspension and die pressing to produce homogeneous green bodies with densities above 54%. Then, the green bodies were sintered using conventional single stage and/or two stage sintering to produce the samples with full density and a range of grain sizes (0.5 to 1.5 µm alumina grains and 60 to 300 nm zirconia grains). The effects of the processing conditions on the microstructures were studied and the optimum processing route for each sample was determined. The mechanical properties of the alumina and ZTA samples were investigated, including Vickers hardness, indentation toughness, 4-point bend strength and wear resistance. The results showed that, with an increasing amount of zirconia addition, evident increases of the toughness, strength and wear resistance properties were observed, whilst the hardness reduced slightly correspondingly. The effect of density and grain sizes on the hardness and toughness were studied as well: larger alumina grain size led to a higher hardness and negligible change in toughness, whilst the zirconia grain coarsening enhanced the phase transformation toughening effect and the samples displayed a higher toughness. In addition to the investigation of the mechanical properties, the alumina and nano ZTA samples were subjected to high strain rate testing, including split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) (8-16 m/s) and gas gun impact testing (100-150 m/s). The high strain rate performances were compared in terms of their fracture behaviours, fragmentation process and fragment size distribution. Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the amount of zirconia phase transformation in ZTA samples after the high strain rate testing. The residual stress and dislocation density in alumina grains after testing were quantitatively measured using Cr3+ fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated that zirconia phase transformation can reduce the residual stress and dislocation densities in the ZTA samples, resulting in less damage, lower plastic deformation and less crack propagation. In addition, a nano zirconia material with 1.5 mol% yttria stabiliser (1.5YSZ) was subjected to a gas gun impact test with a very high impact speed (142 m/s); a deep projectile penetration was observed, due to the low hardness of the pure zirconia, whilst the sample stayed intact. The result further confirmed that the zirconia phase transformation toughening effect can improve the sample's high strain rate performance.

2

Fakolujo, Olaniyi Samuel. "Characterisation and Properties Improvement of Armour Ceramics." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34861.

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As firearms continuously become more sophisticated, there have been commensurate efforts to optimize the ballistic performance of armours, with ceramic materials currently at the forefront of such studies. These efforts have focused on improving processing and microstructural design with reinforcements using dispersion particles, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT). In most studies, ballistic testing has been used to identify parameters affecting the performance. The research documented here focuses on: (1) the investigation of two commercial ceramics, namely silicon carbide (SiC) and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA). The primary material properties evaluated for the characterization included: hardness, fracture toughness, flexural strength and Young’s modulus. Other properties investigated included the microstructure, porosity/density, and mode of failure or fracture. (2) Ballistic depth of penetration (DOP) testing for six candidate ceramic armour systems including three monolithic ceramics (Al2O3, SiC and B4C) and three nanotube toughened ceramic composites (Al2O3-BNNT, Al2O3-single walled CNT and SiC-BNNT). SiC showed a hardness of 2413 HV, which is far beyond the requirements for armour ceramic. In contrast, ZTA barely met the hardness requirement of 1500 HV, but showed improved toughness of 4.90 MPa m1/2 beyond values reported for monolithic alumina. SiC and ZTA showed that microstructural design improves fracture toughness but processing introduces defects that can substantially reduce other armour related properties such as the strength. The results of the Charpy and drop tower impact tests are in agreement with indentation fracture toughness results suggesting a great degree of reliability of this cost efficient method. The addition of nanotubes produced an increase in toughness and a decrease in hardness in the ceramics, which resulted in an overall drop in performance during ballistic depth of penetration (DOP) tests. A microstructure-quasi-static mechanical properties-ballistic performance relationship was established which led to the development of a novel ballistic performance index and a new DOP model. The proposed ballistic performance index yielded a ranking, which agrees better with experimental observations than the currently published indices. The developed semi-empirical model suggests that the ballistic performance of ceramics is improved with increased fracture toughness, reduced flaw size and higher density.

3

Johnstone, Charles Douglas. "Fundamental study of glassy ceramics for armour plating." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335896.

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4

Westerling, Lars. "Interaction of Cylindrical Penetrators with Ceramic and Electromagnetic Armour." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad mekanik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-197563.

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Armoured vehicles have traditionally used steel armour as protection against penetrators such as projectiles and shaped charge jets. The latter produce a thin stretching metal jet, usually of copper, with a tip velocity of about 7-8 km/s. In order to obtain more weight-efficient solutions, there is a search for lighter materials and other protection techniques. In this thesis, ceramic and electromagnetic armours are studied. Ceramic materials are lighter than steel, and their high compressive strength makes them useful as armour materials. Electromagnetic armour consists of two metal plates connected to an electric power supply capable of delivering a strong current pulse. A conductive penetrator passing through both plates is destroyed by the effects of the resulting current. Tests of the ceramic armour materials alumina and boron carbide were performed with reverse impact technique, which signifies that a target assembly (ceramic confined in a metal cylinder) was launched by a gun towards a projectile placed in front of the gun barrel. By this technique yaw was eliminated, but the geometric scale had to be very small. Therefore, we studied scaling laws for ceramic armour through a series of tests with direct impact technique and projectile diameters from 2 to 10 mm. The small scale has the advantage that flash X-ray photography can be used to photograph the projectile inside the ceramic target. The phenomenon of interface defeat or dwell was also demonstrated. It signifies that the ceramic, at least for a short time, can withstand the impact pressure so that the projectile just flows out onto the target surface. A transition velocity, above which dwell does not occur, was determined. Simulations were performed with the continuum-dynamic code Autodyn and by use of a model for the brittle ceramic materials by Johnson and Holmquist. The simulations reasonably well represented the penetration behaviour above the transition velocity. They also did below, if under this condition the ceramic model was forced to remain undamaged. The performance of electromagnetic armour was tested against a shaped charge jet. The jet was registered with shadowgraph flash X-ray photography between the plates and after passing through the plates. The current through the jet and the voltage over the plates were also registered. The current caused heating leading to melting and even vaporization. The magnetic Lorentz force compressed the jet radially, and as this effect increases with decreasing jet radius, instability may arise. Explosions in the compressed regions resulted in a fragmented jet with disk-shaped fragments which are less effective penetrators than the elongated fragments obtained in the absence of current. We also performed a theoretical study, in which the penetrator was subjected to small elastic strains only and the current was constant. The magnetic field was determined by FFT, and the stresses due to the Lorentz force were calculated with a semi-analytical method. The velocity skin effect was demonstrated.

5

Hazell, Paul J. "The failure of ceramic armour subjected to high velocity impact." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263485.

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6

Genevois, Julia. "Etude du comportement de céramiques à blindage sous chargement de compression haute-vitesse par essais d’impact de plaque plan ou sans choc." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALI106.

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Les matériaux céramiques sont largement utilisés dans la composition de blindages ou de structures de protection car ils permettent, à performances égales, un gain de masse important par rapport à leurs homologues en acier. Dans ces conditions, ils subissent des chargements extrêmes conduisant à des mécanismes de microplasticité et d’endommagement sous fort confinement et sous haute vitesse. Pour bien comprendre le comportement de ces matériaux il est nécessaire de procéder à une caractérisation du comportement mécanique sous des conditions de vitesse et de pression représentatives. Plusieurs techniques expérimentales sont utilisées pour étudier le comportement dynamique des céramiques sous fort confinement. Parmi elles figure la technique d'essai d'impact de plaque. Au cours de cet essai, une plaque impactrice (souvent constituée d'un matériau métallique) frappe le matériau cible, et certaines propriétés mécaniques telles que la limite élastique d'Hugoniot (HEL) ainsi que la courbe d'Hugoniot du matériau peuvent être déduites grâce au profil de vitesse mesuré en face arrière de la cible. Néanmoins, ce test présente l'inconvénient de générer une discontinuité de l’état de contrainte sans passer par les états de contrainte et de densité intermédiaire.L’un des objectifs de cette thèse a été de développer et de mettre en œuvre une configuration expérimentale d’impact de plaques sans choc permettant de pratiquer une Analyse Lagrangienne. Les différentes campagnes expérimentales ont été effectuées à l’aide du lanceur présent au sein du laboratoire 3SR. L’utilisation de plaque impactrice ondulée permettant de générer une rampe de chargement a été validée à l’aide d’essais sur acier 316L qui présente l’avantage de ne pas changer de phase sur la plage des contraintes étudiées. Par la suite deux céramiques, l’alumine F99.7 et le SiC Forceram, ont été étudiées dans cette configuration. Ces essais, couplés à l’utilisation de la technique d’analyse lagrangienne, ont permis d’obtenir la courbe de la contrainte axiale en fonction de la déformation axiale au-delà de la HEL.Parallèlement aux essais sans choc, des configurations d’impact de plaque plan ont été développées pour caractériser les profils temporels de contraintes axiales et radiales dans la céramique. Cette configuration repose sur l’utilisation de jauges piezorésistives en Manganin. Ces essais ont été pratiqués sur des cibles en acier puis en alumine. Les résultats ont été comparés avec ceux obtenus par mesure de vitesse en face arrière pratiquée pendant ces mêmes essais.L’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux de la thèse ont été comparés à des simulations numériques par éléments finis s’appuyant sur un modèle de plasticité de type JH2 (Johnson–Holmquist). Ces calculs ont permis d’identifier par approche inverse les paramètres du modèle de comportement de la céramique permettant de mieux appréhender le comportement mécanique de ces matériaux sous de telles conditions de chargement. Néanmoins, d’autres essais, notamment des essais triaxiaux, pourront être envisagés afin de compléter l’identification d’un modèle de comportement pour ces microstructures sous des pressions intermédiaires de confinement
Ceramic materials are widely used in armour or protective structures providing weight savings for equivalent performance compared to their steel counterparts. In these conditions, they experience extreme damage, micro-plasticity and fragmentation mechanisms. To fully understand these behaviours, characterization under high-strain-rate compression needs to be conducted. Several experimental techniques, such as the plate-impact test, are used to investigate the dynamic behaviour of ceramic under high compressive loading. During this experiment, a flyer plate (often made of a metallic material) strikes the target, and some mechanical properties such as the HEL (Hugoniot Elastic Limit) as well as the Hugoniot curve of the material can be deduced from the rear side velocity measured at the back of the target. Nevertheless, this test do not provide a controllable loading-rate in the target and the hardening behaviour cannot be directly deduced.One of the aims of this thesis was to develop and implement an experimental shockless plate-impact configuration enabling Lagrangian Analysis. The various experimental campaigns were carried out using the 3SR laboratory launcher. The use of wavy flyer plates to generate a loading ramp was validated using tests on 316L steel, which has the asset of not changing phase in the range of studied stresses. Two ceramics, F99.7 alumina and Forceram SiC, were then studied in this configuration. These tests coupled with Lagrangian analysis enable to obtain the curve of axial stress as a function of axial strain beyond the HEL.At the same time, some other plate impact configurations were developed to characterise the temporal profiles of axial and radial stresses in the ceramic. This configuration is based on the use of Manganin piezoresistive gauges. These tests were carried out on steel and alumina targets. The results were compared with the ones obtained by rear side velocity measurements during the same tests.The experimental results from the thesis were compared with numerical finite element simulations based on a JH2-type (Johnson–Holmquist) plasticity model. These calculations were used to identify the parameters of the ceramic behaviour model thanks to an inverse approach. It helps providing a better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of these materials under such loading conditions. Nevertheless, other tests, in particular triaxial tests, could be further considered in order to complete the identification of a constitutive model for these microstructures under intermediate confinement pressures

7

Wiley, Charles Schenck. "Synergistic methods for the production of high-strength and low-cost boron carbide." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39479.

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Boron carbide (B₄C) is a non-oxide ceramic in the same class of nonmetallic hard materials as silicon carbide and diamond. The high hardness, high elastic modulus and low density of B₄C make it a nearly ideal material for personnel and vehicular armor. B₄C plates formed via hot-pressing are currently issued to U.S. soldiers and have exhibited excellent performance; however, hot-pressed articles contain inherent processing defects and are limited to simple geometries such as low-curvature plates. Recent advances in the pressureless sintering of B₄C have produced theoretically-dense and complex-shape articles that also exhibit superior ballistic performance. However, the cost of this material is currently high due to the powder shape, size, and size distribution that are required, which limits the economic feasibility of producing such a product. Additionally, the low fracture toughness of pure boron carbide may have resulted in historically lower transition velocities (the projectile velocity range at which armor begins to fail) than competing silicon carbide ceramics in high-velocity long-rod tungsten penetrator tests. Lower fracture toughness also limits multi-hit protection capability. Consequently, these requirements motivated research into methods for improving the densification and fracture toughness of inexpensive boron carbide composites that could result in the development of a superior armor material that would also be cost-competitive with other high-performance ceramics. The primary objective of this research was to study the effect of titanium and carbon additives on the sintering and mechanical properties of inexpensive B₄C powders. The boron carbide powder examined in this study was a submicron (0.6 μm median particle size) boron carbide powder produced by H.C. Starck GmbH via a jet milling process. A carbon source in the form ofphenolic resin, and titanium additives in the form of 32 nm and 0.9 μm TiO₂ powders were selected. Parametric studies of sintering behavior were performed via high-temperature dilatometry in order to measure the in-situ sample contraction and thereby measure the influence of the additives and their amounts on the overall densification rate. Additionally, broad composition and sintering/post-HIPing studies followed by characterization and mechanical testing elucidated the effects of these additives on sample densification, microstructure development, and mechanical properties such as Vickers hardness and microindentation fracture toughness. Based upon this research, a process has been developed for the sintering of boron carbide that yielded end products with high relative densities (i.e., 100%, or theoretical density), microstructures with a fine (∼2-3 μm) grain size, and high Vickers microindentation hardness values. In addition to possessing these improved physical properties, the costs of producing this material were substantially lower (by a factor of 5 or more) than recently patented work on the pressureless sintering and post-HIPing of phase-pure boron carbide powder. This recently patented work developed out of our laboratory utilized an optimized powder distribution and yielded samples with high relative densities and high hardness values. The current work employed the use of titanium and carbon additives in specific ratios to activate the sintering of boron carbide powder possessing an approximately mono-modal particle size distribution. Upon heating to high temperatures, these additives produced fine-scale TiO ₂ and graphite inclusions that served to hinder grain growth and substantially improve overall sintered and post-HIPed densities when added in sufficient concentrations. The fine boron carbide grain size manifested as a result of these second phase inclusions caused a substantial increase in hardness; the highest hardness specimen yielded a hardness value (2884.5 kg/mm²) approaching that of phase-pure and theoretically-dense boron carbide (2939 kg/mm²). Additionally, the same high-hardness composition exhibited a noticeably higher fracture toughness (3.04 MPa•m¹/²) compared to phase-pure boron carbide (2.42 MPa• m¹/²), representing a 25.6% improvement. A potential consequence of this study would be the development of a superior armor material that is sufficiently affordable, allowing it to be incorporated into the general soldier’s armor chassis.

8

Healey, Adam. "Understanding the ballistic event : methodology and observations relevant to ceramic armour." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2017. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/841056/.

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The only widely-accepted method of gauging the ballistic performance of a material is to carry out ballistic testing; due to the large volume of material required for a statistically robust test, this process is very expensive. Therefore a new test, or suite of tests, that employ widely-available and economically viable characterisation methods to screen candidate armour materials is highly desirable; in order to design such a test, more information on the armour/projectile interaction is required. This work presents the design process and results of using an adapted specimen configuration to increase the amount of information obtained from a ballistic test. By using a block of ballistic gel attached to the ceramic, the fragmentation generated during the ballistic event was captured and analysed. In parallel, quasi-static tests were carried out using ring-on-ring biaxial disc testing to investigate relationships between quasi-static and ballistic fragment fracture surfaces. Three contemporary ceramic armour materials were used to design the test and to act as a baseline; Sintox FA alumina, Hexoloy SA silicon carbide and 3M boron carbide. Attempts to analyse the post-test ballistic sample non-destructively using X-ray computed tomography (XCT) were unsuccessful due to the difference in the density of the materials and the compaction of fragments. However, the results of qualitative and quantitative fracture surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy showed similarities between the fracture surfaces of ballistic fragments at the edges of the tile and biaxial fragments; this suggests a relationship between quasi-static and ballistic fragments created away from the centre of impact, although additional research will be required to determine the reason for this. Ballistic event-induced porosity was observed and quantified on the fracture surfaces of silicon carbide samples, which decreased as distance from centre of impact increased; upon further analysis this porosity was linked to the loss of a boron-rich second phase. Investigating why these inclusions are lost and the extent of the effect of this on ballistic behaviour may have important implications for the use of multi-phase ceramic materials as armour.

9

Fellows, N. A. "Behaviour of ceramic armours subjected to high velocity impact." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339810.

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10

Harris, Andrew J. "The surface treatment of advanced ceramic materials for improved adhesive bond strength in armour applications." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606820.

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Lightweight ceramic armour is desirable to reduce mass of armoured vehicles. Alumina and silicon carbide are the two most frequently used ceramics and they are incorporated into the system using adhesive bonding technology, which historically has proved problematic. Thus, in this work, a range of surface treatments have been investigated with the aim of increasing the strength of the bond between alumina or' silicon carbide and a toughened epoxy adhesive, in ballistic applications. Three surface conditions for each ceramic have been characterised; as-fired and laser processed samples as well as grit blasted alumina and retired silicon carbide. Physical and chemical changes to the surface were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the sessile drop technique. After grit blasting alumina it was found that the surface had been contaminated. For silicon carbide it was observed after refiring that the surface was oxidised. It was found after laser processing alumina and silicon carbide that the treated surfaces had a greater concentration of hydroxyl groups and for the silicon carbide surface it . was found also to have been oxidised. These chemical changes were tentatively linked to the improved wettability and more specifically, the increased polar component of the surface energy. These surfaces demonstrated the greatest improvements in bond strength in comparison to the as-fired, grit blasted and refired samples. Ballistic tests were performed on a range of processed alumina and silicon carbide . tiles. The results were consistent with the predictions made on the basis of the quasi-static testing, in that the damage to the laser processed tiles resulted in less debonding and hence better ballistic performance than the control samples. Thus, this study has shown that the laser processing of the ceramic surface has the potential to improve the performance of ceramic armour systems.

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Книги з теми "Armour Ceramics":

1

Hazell, Paul J. Ceramic armour: Design, and defeat mechanisms. Canberra, Australia: Argos Press, 2006.

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2

Medvedovsk, Eugene, ed. Ceramic Armor and Armor Systems. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118406793.

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3

Medvedovski, Eugene, ed. Ceramic Armor and Armor Systems II. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118408100.

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4

Swab, Jeffrey J., Sanjay Mathur, and Tatsuki Ohji, eds. Advances in Ceramics Armor VI. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470944004.

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5

London, Sotheby Parke-Bernet. Colstoun, Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland, including furniture, paintings, watercolours and prints,ceramics and glass, Indian arms and armour and trophies: Auction Monday, 21st and Tuesday, 22nd May, 1990 ... . London: Sotheby's, 1990.

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6

London, Sotheby Parke-Bernet. European ceramics, Dutch Delftware and glass, 20th century applied arts, furniture, carpets, armsand armour and other decorative arts ...: Day of sale Tuesday 27th and Wednesday 28th September 1994 ... . Amsterdam: Sotheby's, 1994.

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7

Swab, Jeffrey J., Sujanto Widjaja, and Dileep Singh, eds. Advances in Ceramic Armor VII. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118095256.

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8

Swab, Jeffrey J., Dileep Singh, and Jonathan Salem, eds. Advances in Ceramic Armor V. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470584330.

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9

Franks, Lisa Prokurat, Jonathan Salem, and Dongming Zhu, eds. Advances in Ceramic Armor III. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470339695.

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10

Swab, Jeffrey J., Michael Halbig, and Sanjay Mathur, eds. Advances in Ceramic Armor VIII. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118217498.

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Частини книг з теми "Armour Ceramics":

1

Reddy, P. Rama Subba, S. Geasin Savio, and Vemuri Madhu. "Ceramic Composite Armour for Ballistic Protection." In Handbook of Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 357–402. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16347-1_10.

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2

Akella, Kiran. "Multilayered Ceramic-Composites for Armour Applications." In Handbook of Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 403–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16347-1_11.

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3

Reddy, P. Rama Subba, S. Geasin Savio, and Vemuri Madhu. "Ceramic Composite Armour for Ballistic Protection." In Handbook of Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 1–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73255-8_10-1.

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4

Akella, Kiran. "Multilayered Ceramic-Composites for Armour Applications." In Handbook of Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 1–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73255-8_11-1.

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5

Goh, W. L., B. Luo, Z. Zeng, J. Yuan, and K. W. Ng. "Effects of Hardness and Toughness of Ceramic in a Ceramic Armour Module Against Long Rod Impacts." In Proceeding of the 42nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 185–98. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119543343.ch18.

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6

Hazell, Paul J. "Ceramic Armour." In Armour, 319–59. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003322719-8.

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7

Kraft, Reuben H., Iskander Sasha Batyrev, Sukbin Lee, A. D. Tony Rollett, and Betsy Rice. "Multiscale Modeling of Armor Ceramics." In Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 143–58. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470944004.ch13.

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8

Fakolujo, Olaniyi S., Ali Merati, Michel Nganbe, Mariusz Bielawski, and Manon Bolduc. "A Study of Armour Related Properties of Ceramic." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 83–91. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118995433.ch9.

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9

Carton, Erik, and Geert Roebroeks. "Testing Method for Ceramic Armor and Bare Ceramic Tiles." In Advances in Ceramic Armor X, 1–12. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119040590.ch1.

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10

Senthil Kumar, Rajendran, Papiya Biswas, Roy Johnson, and Yashwant Ramchandra Mahajan. "Transparent Ceramics for Ballistic Armor Applications." In Handbook of Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 435–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16347-1_12.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Armour Ceramics":

1

Cakir, Tanju, R. Orhan Yildirim, and Bilgehan Ogel. "Optimisation of Ceramic/Steel Composite Armour of a Constant Thickness." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58627.

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Impact resistance of ceramic/steel composite armour against 7.62 mm AP (armour piercing) projectile is examined analytically, numerically and experimentally. Total armour thickness is taken to be constant. Ceramic tile thickness and steel plate thickness are changed to observe the effect of the variation of the thickness ratio on the impact behaviour of ceramic/steel armour. Results show that the impact behaviour of ceramics is related to the ceramic tile thickness and back plate thickness. It is found that there is an optimum ceramic/steel thickness ratio which provides the best protection against a specified threat for a constant total armour thickness.

2

Aktaş, Latif Tibet, and Mehmet Çevik. "Diameter and Pattern Effects of Al2O3 Balls on Ballistic Strength of Metal–Ceramic Composites." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.034.

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In composite materials made from metals and ceramics, a metallic substrate material is reinforced with ceramic hardened particles. This combination makes it possible to combine the low weightiness of the metal with the resistance of ceramics. Used metals in those types of composites have greater density than the ceramics, so relatively, metals are heavier than ceramics, but in metal-ceramic composite applications, the metal parts are used in small quantities as in thin slices. These types of composites can combine attractive properties of both a ceramic, such as high temperature resistance and hardness, and those of a metal, such as the ability to undergo plastic deformation. Metal-ceramic armors are used in the fields where the weight factor is not crucial yet important for mobilization. Metal-ceramic composites show their unique values in armor technologies especially in vehicle protection applications. Ceramic balls offer advantages such as being lightweight, lower friction resistance, high temperature resistance, higher rigidity, higher hardness, and higher corrosion resistance than metallic composite core, but these properties belong to the material nature. In ballistic applications like high velocity impact situations, spherical shape, theoretically must influence bullet trajectory. Because of the curved surface of a sphere, chances are a projectile hits any spherical surface obliquely. That means the projectile loses some of its kinetic energy by transferring it into the sphere and changing course into another trajectory axis. Shao et al. showed this trajectory deflection effect vividly [1].

3

Slavin, Michael J., and Jeffrey J. Gruber. "Ultrasonic Characterization of Ceramics." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-1.

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This paper discusses ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods that are useful for ceramic characterization. These methods are: ultrasonic velocity measurements, velocity and defect C-scans and attenuation measurements. The way in which the ultrasonic measurements are influenced by the ceramic’s structure and properties is examined. The ultrasonic techniques discussed in this paper are routinely used as part of an inspection/quality control procedure of ceramics for armor and heat engine applications. Sintered beta silicon carbide (β-SiC), sintered alpha silicon carbide (α-SiC) and hot pressed titanium diboride (TiB2) have been well characterized by these techniques. Elastic modulus values as determined from velocity measurements agree very well with values measured from flexural tests. Correlations between the velocity C-scans, elastic properties and densities have also been determined. The limitations and potential of each of the ultrasonic techniques are discussed.

4

Salekeen, Sirajus, Mohammad G. Kibria Khan, and Shaik Jeelani. "High Velocity Impact Properties Characterization of Nano-Phased Bi-Layered Body Armor." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63284.

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It has been already established by different investigators that addition of nano-reinforcements to plastics and fibers further enhances the mechanical and thermal properties of these materials. In this investigation, we have tested a bi-layer composite armor made of a ceramic layer and a nano-reinforcement infused epoxy layer. Our objective is to determine whether the infusion of nano-reinforcements in an epoxy layer enhances the ballistic properties of this bi-layer armor system. This bi-layered armor which was made of an alumina layer and a nano-infused epoxy layer was tested by a Fragment Simulating Projectile (FSP) method. Silica nanoparticles and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with a loading range of 0–1wt% were used for this purpose. Armors having the same thickness but made of only a single pure ceramic layer and a bi-layer composite made of a ceramic layer and a neat epoxy layer were also tested for comparison purposes. A gas gun with high velocity projectile was used to perform the experiment. A striking velocity of about 400m/s was used to hit the target armor plate. The striking velocity of the projectile was obtained by maintaining a breach end pressure of helium gas in the gas gun at about 500 psi. The striking velocity was chosen at a level which was well above the ballistic limits of the armor materials. A finite element analysis was also performed to evaluate the ballistic properties of the composite armor and to compare those with the experimental data. Numerical and experimental results for the residual velocity of the piercing bullets were found to be in good agreement. Details of the experimental and numerical data are presented in this paper.

5

Alam, Shah, and Samhith Shakar. "Ballistic Performance of Sandwich Composite Armor System." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23840.

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Abstract This study focused on the design, modelling and the analysis of the dynamic response of composite armor system, constructed with Kevlar 29 as front skin, Alumina-ceramic filled in x shaped corrugated structure as core and bottom skin Kevlar 29 and T800S, in terms of residual velocity, energy absorption capacity and limiting velocity. The core cell size, height, thickness, skin thickness, etc., will be varied to get their influence on the impact resistance. The design parameter will be investigated for the sandwich composite armor with various configurations and stacking sequence of Alumina Ceramics, Kevlar 29 and T800S. The sandwich typically consists of front plate, core and backing plate, which will be impacted at different velocities starting at 100m/s till significant armor penetration. The ballistic limit velocity (V50) will be determined from the analysis. The non-linear explicit dynamic analysis and simulation results computed using the software ABAQUS will be validated by experiment. From the data obtained it can be suggested which composite armor has improved impact resistance and performance.

6

Gositanon, Apirath, Mahin Chaiyarit, and Sawitri Phabjanda. "Ballistic Simulation and Verification of Ceramic/rubber Composite Armour." In 2018 6th International Conference on Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering (CMAME). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmame.2018.8592310.

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7

Tapphorn, R., H. Gabel, L. Premuda, T. Crowe, and K. Hashimoto. "Kinetic Metallization of Ceramic Armor Tiles." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0500.

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Abstract Ceramic tiles are widely used as ballistic armor due to their ability to absorb high specific impact energy. However, ceramic materials often exhibit very low ductility and have a tendency to exhibit multiple fractures in spider-web patterns around the point of impact. One method used to introduce ductility is to encapsulate the tile in a metal jacket, or to provide a strongly adhered metallic backing plate. Aluminum and titanium metals are of primary interest to decrease the overall weight of the armor material system. The low temperature Kinetic Metallization (KM) process allows direct deposition of the metals onto the ceramic tiles. This is not possible with thermal spray processes due to the extreme mismatch in thermal expansion and adverse metallic-ceramic chemical reactions at high temperatures. Kinetic Metallization has been used to deposit aluminum and titanium coatings onto silicon carbide (SiC) and proprietary ceramic matrix composite (CMC) tiles. Ballistic testing of coated tiles has shown decreased fracturing of the armor material, leading to improved performance for subsequent impacts.

8

Patel, Parimal J., Gary A. Gilde, Peter G. Dehmer, and James W. McCauley. "Transparent ceramics for armor and EM window applications." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Alexander J. Marker III and Eugene G. Arthurs. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.405270.

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9

Bottiglieri, S., R. A. Haber, Donald O. Thompson, and Dale E. Chimenti. "HIGH FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND OF ARMOR-GRADE ALUMINA CERAMICS." In REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Proceedings of the 35th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3114107.

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10

Akella, Kiran. "Simplified Material Model for Simulation of Ceramic-Composite Armour Penetration." In 5th International Congress on Computational Mechanics and Simulation. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-09-1139-3_189.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Armour Ceramics":

1

Hagg, Sandra L., Thomas D. Ketcham, Pamela C. Merkel, and LeRoy S. Share. Advanced Ceramic Armor Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada223227.

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2

Petrovic, J. J., and K. J. McClellan. Ceramic/polymer functionally graded material (FGM) lightweight armor system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/307982.

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3

Hauver, George E., Jr Rapacki, Netherwood Edward J., Benck Paul H., and Ralph F. Interface Defeat of Long-Rod Projectiles by Ceramic Armor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada609092.

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4

Hilton, Corydon D., James W. McCauley, Jeffrey J. Swab, Eugene R. Shanholtz, and Andrew R. Portune. Quantifying Bulk Plasticity and Predicting Transition Velocities for Armor Ceramics Using Hardness Indentation Tests. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada568703.

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5

Mackiewicz, James F., and Gary Proulx. Effect of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Strength Properties on the Ballistic Performance of Ceramic Composite Armor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415841.

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6

Treasures of Japanese Art. Inter-American Development Bank, March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005957.

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