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Статті в журналах з теми "Armed confrontation"
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Severinova, Oleksandra. "LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MILITARY SERVANTS: HISTORICAL LAW ASPECTS." Ukrainian polyceistics: theory, legislation, practice 1, no. 1 (April 2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2709-9261-2021-1-1-116-122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the historical law bases of legal responsibility of servicemen during armed conflicts. The typification of armed conflicts is classified and carried out on various grounds, including on the basis of evolutionary nature (four generations of wars). It is concluded that in the XXI century armed conflicts have a number of fundamentally new features (unconventionality, nonlinearity, irregularity, asymmetry and non-military nature), which distinguishes them from the armed confrontations of previous epochs and refers to the fourth generation wars. The analysis described the following similar terms: «war», «military conflict», «armed conflict», and identified similarities, identities or substantive differences between them, which is important for the correct legal classification of war crimes. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that today the aggressor states in armed conflicts use the so-called «hybrid means of warfare», which include, in addition to confrontation on the battlefield in the classical sense, confrontation on economic, informational, political and cultural fronts. The emergence of these new weapons requires the study of the essence of «hybrid» confrontation: the means, methods and tactics used, the purpose of defeat by one means or another to deter the aggressor states, as well as to counter them. The urgency of the topic is also due to the fact that Ukraine today, unfortunately, found itself in a state of armed confrontation, fell victim to a «hybrid conflict» on the part of the Russian Federation. As practice shows, the nature of the discussion of this problem and the process of developing and approving specific measures aimed at counteracting and deterring the aggressor state proves the inability of most international organizations responsible for international peace and security to address such issues in practice. From this point of view, a historical and legal analysis of the formation of the institution of legal responsibility of servicemen during armed conflicts, given the crucial importance of bringing to justice those guilty of war crimes.
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Panasenko, Nataliya, Ľuboš Greguš, and Inna Zabuzhanska. "Conflict, Confrontation, and War Reflected in Mass Media: Semantic Wars, their Victors and Victims." Lege Artis 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 132–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lart-2018-0017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract War presented in mass media as a piece of hard news has three spaces: military, economic, and informational. From a linguistic point of view, conflict has two constituents: CONFLICT-STATE and CONFLICT-ACTION. The variety of conflict is confrontation, which includes physical collision, armed opposition, verbal collision, collision of outlooks and interests. Each conflict or confrontation has a cognitive script, on which confrontational substrategies are being built.
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I.P. CHURKIN. "Simulation Modeling of Armed Confrontation in Aerospace." Military Thought 27, no. 003 (September 30, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/mth.52543384.
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FITSULIAK, Myroslav. "NOVEMBER DAYS OF 1918 IN PRZEMYSL." Contemporary era 6 (2018): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2018-6-163-176.
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This paper intends to analyze events of the beginning of the Polish-Ukrainian War 1918–1919, which are controversial in Ukrainian and foreign historiography. The formation of the Ukrainian authorities in Przemysl, the activities of the county Ukrainian National Council (UNRada), and its measures to establish the coexistence of Ukrainian, Jewish, and Polish peoples are revealed. The loss of Ukrainian positions in Przemysl because of aggression by the numerical superiority of Polish forces is shown. These events played a significant role in the course of events in the future Polish-Ukrainian armed confrontation. The opposing forces had different approaches to an agreement during the unfolding of the armed conflict. The mention of the events of the November Uprising in the western outpost of Ukraine – Przemysl, will restore the historical memory of Ukrainians. It is very relevant during the current situation in the East of Ukraine. Keywords ZUNR, Przemysl, UNRada, armed confrontation, Polish aggression.
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Pion-Berlin, David. "Between Confrontation and Accommodation: Military and Government Policy in Democratic Argentina." Journal of Latin American Studies 23, no. 3 (October 1991): 543–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015844.
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After a prolonged period of authoritarian rule, the rebirth of democracy in Latin America has prompted a resurgent interest in civilian control of the armed forces. Few disagree that political leaders will be unable to consolidate their democratic gains without resolving ‘la cuestión militar’. Given the history of military political intervention in the region, scholars have long expressed scepticism over whether governments can ever fully subject the armed forces to their political will. Recently, the terms on which power has been transferred from military to civilian hands and developments subsequent to the transfer have prompted an even greater anxiety about the future of some of these new and fragile democracies.
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Ghais, Suzanne. "Consequences of Excluding Armed Groups from Peace Negotiations: Chad and the Philippines." International Negotiation 24, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-24011163.
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Abstract This article examines the relationship between inclusion/exclusion of armed groups and the achievement of durable peace, using process tracing in two case studies: the peace process between the government of Chad and the rebel group Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad, and the one between the government of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front. The cases support theoretical arguments that excluded armed actors are more likely to renew armed confrontation after the peace accord. The study further elaborates the causal link: included armed rebels tend to negotiate for private benefits such as government posts and amnesty but also moderate their stances and emerge committed to the agreement; excluded armed actors lack any such commitment and still have unresolved grievances. They are thus more likely to renew armed action against the government.
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Batiuk, Vladimir. "New ''Cold War''." Diplomatic Service, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2001-04.
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In this article, the ''Cold War'' is understood as a situation where the relationship between the leading States is determined by ideological confrontation and, at the same time, the presence of nuclear weapons precludes the development of this confrontation into a large-scale armed conflict. Such a situation has developed in the years 1945–1989, during the first Cold War. We see that something similar is repeated in our time-with all the new nuances in the ideological struggle and in the nuclear arms race.
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Dorosh, Lesia, Olha Ivasechko, and Jaryna Turchyn. "Comparative Analysis of the Hybrid Tactics Application by the Russian Federation in Conflicts with Georgia and Ukraine." Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 13, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 48–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51870/cejiss.a130202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The essence and main characteristics of the hybrid war are reviewed as a means of destroying the enemy country from inside due to the effective combination of conventional armed forces, subversion, propaganda, and dissemination of misinformation. The hybrid tactics used by the Russian Federation in Ukraine and Georgia are investigated. A comparativeanalysisof the military component in the confrontation between Russia, Ukraine and Georgia is conducted, the peculiarities of informational and psychological confrontation and factors that led to the significant achievements of the Russian side in the hybrid warfare are revealed, economic aspect of the hybrid confrontation are clarified (especially regarding the factors of financial, energy and raw material dependence) and, finally, the key conditions for the widespread use of hybrid methods of confrontation during modern armed conflicts are identified. Thedifference is proved between conflicts in Georgia and Ukraine, mainly in the use of military means. It is established that the conditions for the conflict in Crimea were unique, or at least extremely rare, and they can hardly be reproduced in any other place. It is noted that in the future, hybrid war will become rather a situational phenomenon, because the implementation of aggressive actions against another state without the necessary conditions for it will lead either to a quick defeat of the aggressor state, or will force such a state to move toconventional warfare, which requires significant financial costs and inevitably will cause decline in the prestige of such a state within the international community.
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Aleschenko, V. "THE INFORMATIONAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCE DURING THE ARMED STRUGGLE." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 1 (2018): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2018.38.6-10.
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The article highlights the essence of the concept and general trends in the implementation of the information-psychological influence in the course of armed struggle. Informational and psychological component in military affairs that dominates in countries such as the United States, Germany , Great Britain, France, China, Russia and the main tasks assigned to the special forces information (force) are considered. Some priority areas to counter the information-psychological influence in the course of armed struggle are proposed. Keywords: the information-psychological influence, informational and psychological confrontation, information and psychological operations, informational-psychological action, informational-psychological activities.
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Kolodinskaya, V. I., and V. Yu Nefyodova. "THE EXPERIENCE OF TEACHING THE THEME “MODELLING” BASED ON SOLVING APPLIED MILITARY CASES." Informatics in school, no. 9 (December 18, 2019): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32517/2221-1993-2019-18-9-7-15.
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The article is dealing with the theme “Modeling” basing it on applied military case studies. The universal educational actions were formulated, as well as educational outcomes. Math modeling tasks are reviewed using the available aerial photographs, and the modelling task for armed military confrontation is given.
Дисертації з теми "Armed confrontation"
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Allison, Benjamin V. "Through the Cracks of Detente: US Policy, the Steadfastness and Confrontation Front, and the Coming of the Second Cold War, 1977–1984." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1587394697039162.
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Barton, Jo. "Psychological factors on the trigger : police use of lethal force in Britain." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343336.
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Roberts, Aaron. "The working memory function of authorised firearms officers during simulated armed confrontations." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/6473/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the working memory (WM) function of authorised firearms officers (AFOs) after participation in a variety of simulated armed confrontations. In the UK, AFOs are required to operate and make decisions during situations in which there is a high degree of threat, novelty, time pressure, a large volume of perceptual information and a requirement to multi-task. A small amount of anecdotal evidence details the numerous perceptual distortions encountered by police officers in such situations. Whilst naturalistic decision making theories detail the cognitive heuristics employed by professionals who operate in comparable environments (e.g. fire fighters and military personnel), an investigation of the precise cognitive adaptations which occur during such demanding situations has not (to the knowledge of the researcher) been conducted. AFOs are required to use the conflict management model (CMM) to guide decision making; one of the main hypotheses in the present thesis is that the adequate use of the CMM requires Working Memory (WM) processing. As the multi-store model of WM is the accepted gold standard for behavioural experimentation; this was invoked as a template for the systematic examination of WM function in AFOs. To explore these issues, the researcher attended a variety of tactical training packages involving AFOs. In total over 200 training days were attended, including theoretical inputs. Discussions with firearms officers and their trainers facilitated the development of studies and subsequent interpretation of results. A total of 75 AFOs participated in 9 studies conducted around highly immersive simulated armed confrontations. Which were designed by firearms trainers to test AFOs tactic completion and decision making. A variety of standardised measures of WM function were sourced and administered to AFOs at various time points in relation to a simulated armed confrontation. This provided a body of work with high replicability and ecological validity. A variety of physiological measures were also collected, the rationale for which was as a test to establish if the simulated armed confrontations placed the anticipated level of demand on the officers. These measures were also used to make tentative inferences concerning the relationship between cognitive adaptations and physiological arousal which is well documented in the literature. The results suggest that the completion of tactics which are over learned (e.g. standard operating procedures) leads to a reduction in executive cognitive functioning whilst non-executive cognitive functioning simultaneously increases. It is reasonable to suggest that the available information processing capacity was devoted to following the standard operating procedure rather than making tactical decisions from scratch, hence the relative increase in non-executive functioning. The completion of novel and more complex tactics resulted in an increase in executive cognitive function whilst non-executive function decreased. It is also possible that the absence of experiential learning led to the allocation of information processing capacity to executive functioning in order to facilitate making novel tactical decisions in the absence of the ability to pattern match the cues from the environment. The demand placed on AFOs during a simulated armed confrontation appeared to lead to a shift in cognitive function. An increase in the processing of visuo-spatial information was observed, at the cost of phonological processing. The literature suggests this may represent a shift from left hemispheric cortical function to right hemispheric and more posterior activity. Information from two sources and particularly from different modalities cannot be simultaneously processed and attended to. In situations of high demand a faster speed of information processing and increased attention focus is achieved through decrease in PFC function. Attention is directed to the perceptual cue(s) most likely to facilitate with the coping/removing of the source of threat. It is suggested that these cognitive adaptations are defensive behaviours placing the officers in the optimum state to deal with the perceived threat. For example, the cognitive adaptations may reflect evolutionary responses to facilitate survival in situations of increased demand/threat. Hence these changes (even when decreases were observed) should not necessarily be viewed as deficits. Increases in physiological arousal demonstrated that the simulated armed confrontations placed increased demand on the AFOs resulting in a general adaptive response. Nevertheless, at all time points, in every test, performance was maintained at a relatively high level compared to control situations. The simulated armed confrontations conducted during the tactical training of authorised firearms officers provided a rare platform to investigate defensive behaviours in humans. The applications of the findings are discussed in terms of police training/policy, inputs to theory and methodological progress. It is also argued that, as well as demonstrating that defensive adaptations in humans result in cognitive shifts, more generally, the current studies may provide a foundation for the ethological study of human defensive behaviour.
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Staller, M. S. "Simulated (un-)armed confrontations and police decision making : examining influencing factors on tactical decision making." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3005407/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines how the tactical decision making of (mainly) German Police Officers was influenced by several factors that are salient in training and operational environments. First, the effects of conventional ammunition (CA) versus non-lethal training ammunition (NLTA) in training settings on psychophysiological parameters and working memory were compared. It was found, that there is no difference in psychophysiological response to a demanding training exercise with regards to different ammunition used. This indicates that there are no differences between CA and NLTA with regards to representativeness of training. Second, a tactical scenario and a physical exercise were compared with regards of the effects on executive functioning. The findings yielded that executive functioning was equally enhanced due to a physical exercise compared to tactical scenario. This leads to the conclusion that cognitive adaptions are probably caused by physical demand. Third, the effects of previous experience in (simulated) violent confrontations on threat-related attentional biases and risk taking were investigated. The results showed, that previous experience as a police officer or a martial artist had no effect on threat-related attentional biases or risk taking. Fourth, the impact of ego depletion on police officers when provoked by a role player in a scenario were quantitatively assessed. The findings revealed that a state of ego depletion shortened the time when police officers displayed offensive aggression towards a provocative role player compared to non-depleted officers. Taken together the current work provided evidence, that: (a) tactical decision making of officers is influenced by physiological load and ego depletion, and (b) the use of CA and NLTA does not influence psychophysiological demand. In line with previous research on human defensive behaviour, the observed cognitive shifts under conditions of threat can be interpreted as an adaptive behaviour in order to cope with the demand at hand. However, the current results indicate that these cognitive shifts may be mediated by physiological arousal. Further research is needed to further clarify this relationship. With regards to threat-related attentional bias, the current work indicates that current paradigms probably are not capable of capturing functional threat- related attentional bias. Furthermore, it could be argued, that current training settings do not provide enough valid cues in order to learn functional threat- related attentional bias. Therefore, future work should employ more valid cues in the context of police use of force to further investigate the development of functional threat-related attentional bias. Concerning ego depletion and self-regulation, the current work for the first time demonstrates that depleted self-control resources transfer to observable physical aggression. Since there is evidence that self-control performance varies across contexts the obtained results are important for both the aggression and the police use of force domain. As such the results are in line with current theories of self-control. From a practical perspective the results shed light on the design of representative learning and testing environment in the police of force domain: The use of NLTA in the police use of force training should be broadened at the expense of CA, allowing for safer and more representative training settings. Furthermore, police training should emphasize enhancing physical fitness and self-control. However, further research aiming at developing self- control in the police use of force context is clearly needed.
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Сопілков, Максим Романович. "Система прогнозування виникнення збройних конфліктів за допомогою ймовірнісно-статистичних методів". Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/23902.
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Магістерська дисертація: 111 с., 19 рис., 30 табл., 2 додатки, 27 джерел.
Об’єкт дослідження – прогнозування сучасних військових конфліктів за допомогою імовірнісно-статистичних методів.
Мета роботи – розробка та дослідження інтелектуальної системи прогнозування потенціального виникнення військового конфлікту у країнах світу , що дає можливість підготуватися до такої ситуації і, в деяких випадках, попередити її.
В роботі розглянуто і проаналізовано прогнозування виникнення сучасних військових (збройних) конфліктів, проаналізовані методи та алгоритми побудови байєсівських та нейронних мереж, їх використання у різноманітних галузях військового моделювання. Розроблено систему побудови прогнозу виникнення військового конфлікту у країні на основі використання методів побудови байєсівських та нейронних мереж.
Система побудови пронозу реалізована за допомогою мови програмування Java (Spring), JavaScript (Angular 2). Точність та правильність роботи системи показують результати наявної політичної ситуації у світі, які ми можемо з вами спостерігати за допомогою засобів масової інформації (ЗМІ).
Результати даної роботи рекомендується використовувати для передбачення виникнення військових збройних конфліктів, що допоможе попередити виникнення даного, або ж по можливості зменшити ризик його виникнення.Theme: “System of forecasting the emergence of armed conflicts via probability statistical methods”. Master’s thesis: 111 p., 19 fig., 30 tab., 2 appendices, 27 sources. The object of study - the prediction of modern military conflicts through bayesian and neural networks. The purpose of the work - research and development of intelligent system of forecasting the potential occurrence of military conflict in the world, which makes it possible to prepare for such situation and, in some cases, prevent it. In this work was reviewed and analyzed next problems: predicting the emergence of modern military (armed) conflict, was analyzed the methods and algorithms of bayesian and neural networks, their use in various fields of military simulation. Also was developed the system of forecasting the emergence of armed conflict in the country using constructing bayesian and neural networks methods. The forecasting system was implemented by using programming languages Java (Spring) and JavaScript (Angular 2). Precision and accuracy of the system shows the results of the political situation in the world which we can observe through the mass media (MSM) The results of this study are recommended for predicting the emergence of armed military conflict that will help prevent them, or as much as possible to reduce the risk of their occurrence.
Книги з теми "Armed confrontation"
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Command and Control Research Program (U.S.), ed. Confrontation analysis: How to win operations other than war. Vienna, VA: Evidence Based Research, Inc., 1999.
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New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage., ed. From emergency to confrontation: The New Zealand armed forces in Malaya and Borneo, 1949-1966. [South Melbourne, Vic.]: Oxford University Press published in association with the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2003.
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Jeffrey, Grey, ed. Emergency and confrontation: Australian military operations in Malaya & Borneo 1950-1966. St. Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1996.
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Bitzinger, Richard. Gearing up for high-tech warfare?: Chinese and Taiwanese defense modernization and implications for military confrontation across the Taiwan Strait, 1995-2005. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 1996.
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Meeting Gorbachev's challenge: How to build down the NATO-Warsaw Pact confrontation. London: Macmillan, 1989.
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Dean, Jonathan. Meeting Gorbachev's challenge: How to build down the NATO-Warsaw Pact confrontation. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
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Dean, Jonathan. Meeting Gorbachev's challenge: How to build down the NATO-Warsaw Pact confrontation. London: Macmillan, 1989.
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From confrontation to cooperation: The takeover of the National People's (East German) Army by the Bundeswehr. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1999.
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Meeting Gorbachev's Challenge: How to Build Down the Nato-Warsaw Pact Confrontation. Palgrave Macmillan, 1990.
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Loyle, Cyanne E. Transitional Justice During Armed Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.218.
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Armed conflict is ultimately about the violent confrontation between two or more groups; however, there is a range of behaviors, both violent and nonviolent, pursued by governments and rebel groups while conflict is ongoing that impacts the course and outcomes of that violence. The use of judicial or quasi-judicial institutions during armed conflict is one such behavior. While there is a well-developed body of literature that examines the conditions under which governments engage with the legacies of violence following armed conflict, we know comparatively little about these same institutions used while conflict is ongoing.Similar to the use of transitional justice following armed conflict or post-conflict justice, during-conflict transitional justice (DCJ) refers to “a judicial or quasi-judicial process initiated during an armed conflict that attempts to address wrongdoings that have taken or are taking place as part of that conflict” (according to Loyle and Binningsbø). DCJ includes a variety of institutional forms pursued by both governments and rebel groups such as human rights trials, truth commissions or commissions of inquiry, amnesty offers, reparations, purges, or exiles.As our current understanding of transitional justice has focused exclusively on these processes following a political transition or the termination of an armed conflict, we have a limited understanding of how and why these processes are used during conflict. Extant work has assumed, either implicitly or explicitly, that transitional justice is offered and put in place once violence has ended, but this is not the case. New data on this topic from the During-Conflict Justice dataset by Loyle and Binningsbø suggests that the use of transitional justice during conflict is a widespread and systematic policy across multiple actor groups. In 2017, Loyle and Binningsbø found that DCJ processes were used during over 60% of armed conflicts from 1946 through 2011; and of these processes 10% were put in place by rebel groups (i.e., the group challenging the government rather than the government in power).Three main questions arise from this new finding: Under what conditions are justice processes implemented during conflict, why are these processes put in place, and what is the likely effect of their implementation on the conflict itself? Answering these questions has important implications for understanding patterns of government and rebel behavior while conflict is ongoing and the impacts of those behaviors. Furthermore, this work helps us to broaden our understanding of the use of judicial and quasi-judicial processes to those periods where no power shift has taken place.
Частини книг з теми "Armed confrontation"
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Rothenberg, Daniel. "The Tragedy of the Armed Confrontation." In Memory of Silence, 179–93. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137011145_13.
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Jović-Lazić, Ana. "The Second Armed Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh – Causes and Implications." In Convergence and Confrontation: The Balkans and the Middle East in the 21st Century, 211–40. Belgrade: Institute of International Politics ; Economics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/iipe_conv_conf.2021.ch9.
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"THIRTEEN: Armed Confrontation: From Polls to Parangs." In Democracy Without Consensus: Communalism and Political Stability in Malaysia, 308–38. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400871612-020.
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Bobić, Marinko. "Moldova: Military Confrontation with Russian Forces." In Why Minor Powers Risk Wars with Major Powers, 103–36. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205206.003.0005.
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Chapter five focuses on the asymmetric conflict between Moldova and the Russian forces which supported separatists in Transnistria. The purpose was to uncover why Mircea Snegur’s Moldovan regime seemed unyielding to Russian demands, which resulted in armed conflict. The underlying argument is primarily based on the necessary condition, namely that Chisinau had a domestic crisis that needed immediate attention. Moldova was trying to claim its sovereignty, where an important step entailed establishing a common identity and territorial control. While Snegur’s presidency was stable and popular, it was dependent on nationalists’ support. Such dependency required policies that marginalised minorities and fuelled conflict with Russia, which wanted to retain Moldova within its sphere of influence. However, having perceived numerous crises unfolding in the late Soviet Union and emerging Russia, Snegur made a calculatable gamble that Russia would not be able to commit to a conflict. In other words, Snegur perceived a window of opportunity. The gamble failed, however. Nonetheless, with a counter-factual assessment, these findings are further strengthened.
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Steele, Abbey. "The Contemporary Civil War in Colombia, 1986–2012." In Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil War. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501713736.003.0004.
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Chapter three traces the evolution of the key armed actors in the contemporary civil war: the insurgents (primarily the FARC), the counterinsurgents, and state forces. It describes the confrontation among these groups in terms of the overall patterns of violence beginning in the 1980s through the 2000s. Finally it raises key questions about civilian displacement that the rest of the book sets out to answer, such as why displacement emerged when it did, only decades after the formation of insurgent groups and years after the counterinsurgency began.
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Hearty, Kevin. "Understanding a Fraught Historical Relationship." In Critical Engagement. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940476.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an historic overview of policing and the rule of law in Northern Ireland and the violent antagonistic relationship Irish republicanism has traditionally had with it. It traces the development of this problematic relationship from the earliest use of the colonial policy of plantation, through to the fostering of ‘divided society’ policing following the partition of the island of Ireland and the creation of a ‘Protestant state for a Protestant people’, eventually culminating in the open armed confrontation between the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and Irish republican armed groups during the most recent phase of conflict in the six counties. Linking the issue of policing to the prevailing political climate, the chapter closes by examining how the issue of policing was addressed in respect of the wider transition then taking place in Northern Ireland. It analyses how Irish republicans adapted their position on and attitude towards policing and the rule of law in tandem with a changing political relationship with the Northern Ireland state following the Good Friday Agreement (GFA).
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Quyền, Bùi. "Reflections of a Frontline Soldier." In The Republic of Vietnam, 1955-1975, 81–92. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501745126.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter turns to the Armed Forces of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Created to defend a new state facing formidable internal and external challenges, the ARVN was tasked with protecting the country and deterring its enemies. And when two countries were in conflict and could not resolve their differences peacefully, armed confrontation was the likely outcome. In this vein, the chapter considers the history of the ARVN and how it had to deal with a threat that did not come from outside the country. For the ARVN, communist commanders' goals were ranked as follows: first and foremost was “winning the enemy's heart and mind” or psychological warfare; second, dismantling the enemy's logistical supplies; and third, destroying the enemy's forces. Drawing on theorists such as Sun Tzu, the enemy prioritized psychological warfare in order to achieve its objectives while minimizing casualties. For the Republic of Vietnam, on the other hand, the major difficulty was to battle an enemy that belonged to the same nation and shared the same culture and language but was subjugated by the communist ideology.
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Singh, Zorawar Daulet. "War or Peace in the Subcontinent? 1950." In Power and Diplomacy, 71–98. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489640.003.0003.
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The first East Bengal crisis is perhaps the only time during the 1950s where India came close to an armed confrontation with an immediate neighbour. What makes this crisis even more interesting is that Nehru’s foreign policy authority at the apex was contested by powerful political rivals led by Vallabhbhai Patel who fiercely competed with the Prime Minister in shaping India’s strategy towards Pakistani intransigence on the question of atrocities against Hindus in East Bengal and the sudden exodus of refugees into India. More broadly, the 1950 crisis also reflects a historical pattern in India’s Pakistan policy: the tussle between the idea of strategic restraint and the impulse to employ coercive means to persuade Pakistani leaders to take Indian interests seriously.
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Nalbantian, Tsolin. "Making Armenians Lebanese: The 1957 Election and the Ensuing 1958 Conflict." In Armenians Beyond Diaspora, 167–95. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474458566.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 4 investigates Armenians’ stance in the 1957 elections and in the ‘general’ Lebanese and the intra-Armenian mini-civil war of 1958. Armenian parties participated in, and contributed to, political tensions in Lebanon. Simultaneously, they used their position in the Lebanese political system to jostle for power within their own community – a development that turned violent and ended only in December 1958, almost two months after the Lebanese mini-civil war had ended. This tension and violent confrontation between Armenian parties and their armed men had a crucial spatial effect: it unprecedentedly territorialized certain neighborhoods of Beirut. Whereas parts of Lebanon were organized by sects and classes, by relative contrast, it was according to political party affiliation that in 1957/1958 many Armenians of Mar Mikael, Sin el Fil, Bourj Hamoud, and Corniche el-Nahr were re-sorted and relocated, often by force. Lebanese Armenians aligned along the right-left fault lines that divided Lebanese politics and society— more than other confessions, indeed. Vice versa, the Lebanese state was Armenianized, as it were, in that it started to pay more attention to Armenian matters than before, intervening directly and by military force in Armenian neighborhoods in order to finally end the internecine Armenian confrontation.
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Walter, Ryan. "Doctrinal Contest II." In Before Method and Models, 175–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197603055.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter continues the study of the doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo by turning to the central topic of rent. Ricardo’s treatment of rent in his Principles developed the account that he had earlier established in his Essay on Profits by combining it with his theory of value. So armed, Ricardo could intensify his attack on the landlord class as parasitic on the nation’s wealth. At the same time, Smith and Malthus were subjected to doctrinal correction. Malthus’s reply drew on the formidable resources of natural theology to portray rent as a dispensation from God, while he simultaneously characterized Ricardo as a reckless theorist whose doctrines could endanger political harmony. Once again, what at first sight appears to have been a dry doctrinal contest was in fact an intensely political and ethical confrontation.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Armed confrontation"
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Myakotkina, G., O. Petizina, and E. Yanchenko. "DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS IN YOUNG PEOPLE LIVING IN A LOCAL ARMED CONFRONTATION ZONE." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-359-362.
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Abstract: One of the main diseases of occupational etiology in miners is pneumoconiosis. A retrospective analysis of 4,780 case histories of the occupational pathological department of the STATE ESTABLISHMENT «LUGANSK REPUBLICAN CLINICAL HOSPITAL» of the LUGANSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC with the first established diagnosis of an occupational disease was carried out. A sample of medical histories of patients with primary diagnosis of pneumoconiosis in young miners was carried out. The comparison was made with the years of «peaceful» life and the years of exposure to chronic stress caused by living in a zone of armed conflict. As a result, there was an increase in the number of reported cases of pneumoconiosis among young, most able-bodied miners living in an armed conflict zone. Changes in the lungs were characterized by the presence of nodular forms, greater prevalence and severity of fibrous process.